September 16, 2005

Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing and Green-Purchasing—Japanese Challenges

Prof. Ryoichi YAMAMOTOInstitute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo JAPAN

A Birds-Eye View of Asian Region in the NightIllustration shows much emission of CO

©NASA

2

If the world were a village of 100 peopleby Donella H. Meadows

If we could shrink the earth’s population to a village of precisely 100 people, with all the existing human rations remaining the same, it would look something like the following:There would be

– 57 Asians– 21 Europeans– 14 from the Western Hemisphere, both north and south; and– 8 Africans– 52 would be female– 48 would be male– 70 would be non-white– 30 would be white– 70 would be non-Christian– 30 would be Christian– 89 would be heterosexual– 11 would be homosexual– 6 people would possess 59% of the entire world’s wealth, ･････

Global Change in One Secondedited by Ryoichi YAMAMOTO (DIAMOND Co. 2003)

Per second ･･･････

• 390,000 cubic meters of CO2 are emitted, • 1,629 cubic meters of glaciers in Greenland melt, • 710 tons of oxygen are decreasing from the atmosphere,• 2,300 square meters of arable land disappear,• 3 cattle, 7 pigs and 1,100 chickens are consumed, the meat production sums up to 6.9 tons,

• 5100 square meters of natural forest disappear • 1.3 motorcars, 4.2 television are produced,• 532 peoples go to Macdonald and consume more than 500 hamburgers,

• population increases by 2.4 persons (200,000 persons per day), ･･･

強大な台風

強風でなぎ倒された電柱 （沖縄 宮古島 2003）

高潮

（福岡 周防灘 1999）

集中豪雨

地下鉄の駅に流れ込む大量の水

洪水により流される家屋

August 15, 2002 Oregon (AP)

August 10, 2002

August 11, 2002

海面上昇による国土喪失

マーシャル諸島マジュロ環礁（1999）

食料不足

飢餓

水不足

水を求めて砂漠を見渡す子供 （サヘル地域）

砂漠化による環境難民 （モーリタニア 2002）

マラリアの北上

温度上昇によるマラリア発生リスクの増大

難民

ヒートアイランド

N.Y.のヒートアイランドマップ

Satellitenaufnahme des Larsen-Schelfeis an der antarktischen Halbinsel(Quelle: ESA. Analyse: AWI und IMGI.)

氷河の様々な形態

山岳氷河：シベリア

南半球で観測史上初めて出現したサイクロン（カタリーナ）

米国を襲った巨大ハリケーン“ジェーン”

Hurricane Jeanne struck the east coast of Florida on Sunday, September 26, 2004, as shown in the image above. The data in this image was collected by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite at 09:47 UTC (4:47 AM EDT), when the storm was at Category 3 on the Saffir/Simpson scale, with sustained surface winds of 110 mph.

台風23号の雲が日本全土をおおう（2004）

Tokage was located approximately 23 miles south-southeast of Okinawa, Japan, and was moving towards the north-northeast at 27 km/hr (15 mph). Generating winds of up to 173 km/hr (107 mph),

Source: NRC, 2002, Abrupt Climate Change: Inevitable surprise, National Academy of Science, USA.p.37

History of temperature in central Greenland over the last 100,000 years, as calculated by Cuffey and Clow (1997) from the data of

Grootes and Stuiver (1997). The large Younger Dryas temperature oscillation (labeled YD), and the smaller temperature change of the

event about 8,200 years ago (labeled 8ka) are just the most recent in a long sequence of such abrupt temperature jumps.

Record of atmospheric temperature, CO2 and CH4 from extracted from the Vostok ice core, Antarctic by Petit et al. (Nature,399, 429, 1999)

Hansen, J. (2004), The Scientific American, 290 (3),68-77

温暖化リスクへの対処：削減の道筋をどう取るか：

450・550ｐｐｍに安定化するには2050年以前に大幅な削減が必要

450ppm

550ppm

650ppm1,000ppm

750ppm

CO2排出量(Gt-C)

西暦（年）

様々な安定化水準に対応する世界のＣＯ２排出道筋の例示

最終の安定化水準

◎成り行きでの排出量（IPCC1995)

Some Examples of SD related concepts

DefinitionEco-materials concept was proposed by Professor Yamamoto and his colleagues in 1991. They are those designed by environmental life cycle engineering and that are superior to conventional materials in term of LCA.

Eco-materials

Ecological Rucksacks

Ecological Rucksacks was proposed by Schmidt Bleekin 1993 along with several terms such as Material Intensity Per unit Service (MIPS), and Factor 10.

The Natural Step (TNS) concept was first introduced by Dr. Robert Karl-Henrik in 1989 with the help of 50 scientists in Sweden. At this moment, TNS has established its pathfinders in 7 countries including Sweden, UK, US, Canada, Australia, Japan, and South Africa.

DefinitionThis concept consists of four ecological and social sustainable

system conditions as well as a framework of ABCD-analysis which utilized the methodology of backcasting for envisioning the future before planning to tackle problem.

Zero Emission concept was introduced first in 1994 by Gunter Pauli at United Nations University (UNU) in Japan.

DefinitionZE is a practical approach to satisfying humanity's needs for

water, food, energy, jobs, shelter and more, in an environmentally sustainable manner, by applying science and technology and involving government, business and academia

The Natural Step

Zero emission

The Sustainable Development Related Concepts/Methodologies proposed

Life Cycle Assessment (1968)Friend of Earth (1971)CSR/SRI (1970s)Precautionary Principles (1970s)Eco-Balance (1970s)Carrying Capacity (1977)

Environmental Space (1980s)Polluter Pays (1984)Life Cycle Thinking (1980's)Toxic Release Inventory (1986)Sustainable development (1987)The Natural Step (1987)Responsible Care (1987)Resource Productivity (1989)Eco-Tax (1989)Industrial Ecology (1989)

Green Chemistry (1991)Ecomaterials (1991)EPR (1991)British Standard (1992)Eco-efficiency (1992)MIPS (1992)Dematerialization (1992)Factor 4/Factor 10 (1993)EMAS (1993)Product Stewardship (1994)Pollution Prevention (1993)Cleaner Production (1994)Ecological Footprint (1994)Inverse Manufacturing (1994)Zero Emission (1994)Green Productivity (1994)Natural Capitalism (1994)Genuine Progress Indicator (1994) ISO 14000s (1996) Circular Economy (1996)Green Purchasing Network (1996)Social Accountability (1996)Ecodesign (1997)Product-Service System (1997)Functional Economy (1997)Eco-town (1997)Global Reporting Initiatives (1997)Triple Bottom Line (1998)Integrated Product Policy (1998)Eco-product exhibition (1999)Servicizing (1999)Sustainable Service and System (1999)

Sustainable ManagementSystem (SMS) (2000)Glocal Forum (2001)QFDE (2001)

1970'S

1980'S

1990'S

2000'S

Europe

North America

Japan

UN Organization / International NGOs

Major Concepts and Methodologies proposed for SD from three regions

Japan EU USA/CanadaProduct Assessment (1990s) Precautionary Principles (1970s) Life Cycle Assessment (1970s)

Ecomaterials (1991, Yamamoto et al)

Eco-Balance (1970s, Muller-Wenk) CSR/SRI (1970s)

Inverse Manufacturing (1994, Yoshikawa et al)

Environmental Space (1980s) Toxic Release Inventory (1986, US-EPA)

Zero Emission (1994, UNU) Polluter Pays Principles (1984) Responsible Care (1987)

Green Productivity (1994, APO) Four System Conditions (1987, TNS) Green Design (1990s)

Green Purchasing (1996) Resource Productivity (1989, Wuppertal) Functional Economy (1990s)

Eco-town (1997) Eco-tax (1989) Green Chemistry (1991)

Eco-product exhibition (1999) Eco-efficiency (1992, WBCSD) Ecological Footprint (1994)

Factor 4 / Factor 10 (1993) Industrial Ecology (1994,Graedel et al)

EMAS, ISO 14000s (1993, 1997) Natural Capitalism (2001)

Circular Economy (1996, German Law)

Eco-design (1997, UNEP manual)

Product-Service System (1997)

Triple Bottom Line (1998, Elkington)

Integrated Product Policy (1999)

“How to make the step from the industrial Economy to the Dematerialized Service Economy”• Attaching greater importance to the utility value of products rather than their

exchange value.• Attaching greater importance to maximizing the functional utility of products.• Endeavoring to maximize system functions on a long-term basis.• Manufacturers have to change their business model in the sense of selling functions,

performance and results rather products.• The product is a service-providing instrument and the service it provides must be its

ultimate luxury.• We have to change our relation to the product from owning it to benefiting from its

service, in other words, from ownership to usership.• We need to get away from an economy focusing on the consumption of “things” to

one that focuses on the consumption of “services.”• We need to reduce environmental impact through IT and develop high-quality digital

goods.• We need to provide high-quality public services (education, medical care, security,

parks, amusement/entertainment, etc.)• Taxation and subsidies have to give a green content.

Proposition: We need to make further progress in getting away from a material-centered economy (reducing the volume of resource and the amount of materials and energy we consume)

9.6

3.9

1.40.8

6.2

2.5

1.1

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

US Japan China India high middle low

Footprint[global hectares /capita]

High GDP: Over $9000/capitaMiddle GDP:　$1000-$9000/capitaLow GDP:　Under $1000/capita

Ecological Footprint is an indicator to show the economic activity by the area of ecosystem which supports it

Factor5 Ryoichi Yamamoto, 2004

EF=Ecological Footprint in 2000A : EF per capita of non-OECD countries(1.4 ha)B : EF per capita of OECD countries(5.5 ha)C : EF per capita of OECD countries in 2050 (It is assumed that EF per

capita of non-OECD and OECD should be equal)B=4A OECD uses four times “Environmental space” per capita over that of non-OECD, now.47A+11B=1.2S At present, Ecological Footprint is 20% over the sustainable level 77C+11C=S It should be decreased to a sustainable level until 2050.

Non-OECD countries should reduce EF by 14%. OECD countries should reduce EF to 1/5.(The improvement of resource productivity of Factor 5 is required. )

AC

105.691 =0.86, B

C =0.21～ 51=

Eco-efficiency and Factor X

• The Life Cycle Assessment Society of Japan was established in October, 2004.

• Japan Eco-Efficiency Forum was established in 2004.

• The aim of eco-efficiency forum is: establishing factors (indicator or index) for product and services to describe the environmental quality and its improvement.

• Two main focuses: resource productivity and eco-efficiency.

Case Studies 1GHG factor 4.7

Resource factor 4.5CRT

Television<1993> <2003>

<2002>

Drum-typeWasher-Dryer

Refrigerator

GHG factor 1.6

Resource factor 1.7

<1997> <2003>

GHG factor 5.2

Resource factor 1.0

<1991>

GHG factor 3.1

Resource factor 1.4Air

Conditioner<1990> <2002>

All Rights Reserved. http://www.matsushita.co.jp/environment/factor_x/ Aoe Taeko

Case Studies 2

Lamp

MobilePhone

IPD(Intelligent Power Device)

that reducesstandby power consumption

<Bulb-typefluorescent lamp>

<Incandescentbulb>

<2003><1995>

GHG factor 4.1

Resource factor 2.2

GHG factor 2.3

Resource factor 2.0

GHG factor 5.2

Resource factor 3.9

Ref. product: Conventional Control IC

Facsimile

<2003><1991>

GHG factor 20.8

Resource factor 4.8

All Rights Reserved. http://www.matsushita.co.jp/environment/factor_x/ Aoe Taeko

“To overcome the Obstacle of Dematerialization with Eco-Design

• Many industrial products are manufactured for direct use by human being or in relation to the size of man, and the size of such products can not be down sized arbitrarily. (eg. Notebook, desk, chairs, PC, PDA, keyboard, cellular phone, houses, automobiles, trains, TV sets, roads, traffic signal) Source; Industrial Ecology by Gradel & Allenby (translated by Goto; Toppan)

• To provide affluent services to the World’s population of 9 billion people in 2050, there is no way other than to thoroughly develop the eco-design

• Eco design maximizes the environment efficiency (energy efficiency, resource efficiency) in the whole life cycle of products

Resources saving, energy saving, longer life, easy repair, easy expansion of functions, reuse of parts (remanufacturing), recycle, recovery of thermo energy, timeless design

• Substitution by services of products (rental, common sharing, etc.)• Zero emission in various scales

History of Eco-design

Development of Eco-Design in Japan

Factor2

Green Cable (Furukawa etc)100% Recycled Paper (Oji)Eco Steels (Nippon Steel etc .)Nozomi 500 and 700 Series (JR)Hybrid Car (Toyota, HONDA)TULC Steel Can (Toyo Seikan)Hydrothermally Solidif ied Soil ( INAX)Mg-alloy TV cabinet (National)Copier (Fuji-Xerox, Ricoh, Canon)

Factor10

Energy Service Company(HITACHI)Special Coating Technology(TOTO)TV with liqu id crystal display(SHARP)Rechargeable Li- ion Battery(SONY)

Factor5

Ecodrive Watch (solar energy) (Citizen)Thermic Watch (e lectric ity generation bytemperature dif ference) (SEIKO)Instant Camera (Fuji Film)Air Conditioner (Daikin , Mitsubish i)Personal Computer (NEC, Toshiba)Zero Energy House (MISAWA)BJ Printer (Canon)

Factor20

Providing Music in Web

Rental Clean Care Service(Duskin)

ICVS (Honda)

Inventory Concentration Impact Category Category Endpoint Safeguard Subjects

Single Index

Single index

Thermal Stress

Infectious diseases

Skin Cancer

Cancer

Respiratory Disease

Cataract

Aquatic

Terrestrial

Fishery

Crop

Energy Loss

Land Loss

Global Warming

Acidification

Human Toxicity

Eco-toxicity

Ozonelayer Dep.

Eutrophication

Ozone Creation

Land use

Damage AssessmentFate Analysis Quality Analysis Weighting

CO2

NOx

SOx

Benzene

NMVOC

TCDD

Lead

Total N

Total P

Oil

Waste

Copper

Land

HCFCs

GHS in Air

Toxic. In Water

Toxic. In Soil

ODS in Stratosphere

Toxic. In Air

Conc. of Oxidant

Conc. of DO

Dep. of Acidifying sub.

Resource Consumption

Yen

DALY

Ecosystem

Biodiversity

EINES

NPP

Human life

Waste

Exposure Analysis

Plant

Human health

Social welfare

Air pollution

Disaster

Primary Productivity

Cost

Eco-indexYen

Starvation

LIME (Life-cycle Impact assessment Method based on Endpoint modeling)

Norihiro Itsubo(AIST)

List of Damage Factor (1045 Substances, 77types of land use)Impact categories Safeguard subject Human health Social assets Biodiversity Primary production

unit DALY/kg Yen/kg EINES/kg, EINES/m2 kg/kg, kg/m2

4.66E-9

4.78E-9

3.72E-10

5.59E-10

2.36E-14

3.62E-15

1.34E-13

6.70E-14

Global warming CO2 7.25E-8 9.18E-1

83substances CH4 1.67E-6 2.11E+1

N2O 2.15E-5 2.72E+2

Ozonelayer depletion CFC-11 1.34E-3 9.03E+1 1.07E+2

96substances HCFC-22 5.41E-5 3.63E+0 4.29E+0

Acidification SO2 5.33E+1 3.23E-1

5substances NO2 3.81E+1 2.31E-1

Eutrophication T-N 8.25E+1

6substances T-P 9.74E+2

Photo. Oxidant NMVOC 6.74E-6 2.62E+1 3.47Ｅ-3

685substances Toluene 4.27E-7 5.03E+0 5.20E-4

Urban air pollution NOx 1.46E-5

4substances SO2 1.04E-4

Chemical substances Cadmium 2.49E-3

33substances Arsenic 1.84E-3

Eco-toxicity Lead

87substances Chromium (VI)

Land use Road construction 1.00E+2

77types of land use Landfill 1.09E+1

Resource depletion Coal 1.77E-1 6.75E-5

27substances Iron 1.01E+0 6.80E-6

Waste Sludge 3.14E-2

19substances Metal 1.57E-2

Norihiro Itsubo(AIST)

Recent Status of Sustainable Japan Number of Ecomaterials on the market (2003)

Membership of Green-Purchasing Network

Procurement Item of Green-Purchasing Law

Annual Production of Ecoproduct

Start of trial open of the LCA DB

Ecoproduct Exhibition (2004)

Socially Responsible Investment (2003)

Number of sites which introduced ISO 14001

Number of companies which issue annual environmental or sustainability report

More than 1,900

2900 Organizations

199 (from 2004)

50,000 billion Yen (2003) March, 2003

450 exhibitors and 124,000 visitors

150 billion Yen

More than 19,000

More than 900

Conceptual model of eco-material by Japan Eco-materials Forum (2004)

And if there is a tradeoff, all life cycle environmental data must be available (III).

(I) The prerequisites of eco-materials include the optimization of physical and/or chemical properties, etc.

The necessary conditions are: significant environmental improvement (II); and no tradeoff of the environmental load throughout the whole life cycle.

Six vectors of eco-material guidelines by Japan Eco-materials Forum (2004)

1. Green resource profile: “materials are from resources with a green resource profile.”

2. Production process with minimal environmental impacts: “materials are fabricated, disposed of, and recycled through a process with low environmental impact.”

3. High productivity: “materials can exhibit high productivity in the applied product.”

4. Minimal hazardous substances: “materials could reduce the emission of hazardous chemical substances from the product and its waste.”

5. High recyclability: “material could contribute to efficiency recycling.”

6. High environmental treatment efficiency: “material can increase the efficiency of environmental treatment or purification processes.”

Some Examples of Eco-materials in Japan

• Soil ceramics (INAX)• Toyo Ultimate Can-TULC (Toyo Seikan)• Banana Paper (Banana Paper Project)• Eco-cement (Taiheiyo Cement)• Water based paint (Nippon Paint)• Ultra steel (or Super steel) (NIMS et al.)• Super-hydropholic Photocatalyst (TOTO)• Ecopet (Teijin)• M-wood (Misawa Home)• Steel sheet “ZAM” (Nisshin Steel)• TSOP (Toyota Motor Car)• Non-oriented electrical steel sheet (Nippon Steel)• Chromate-free coated steel sheet (Kobe steel)• Weathering steel (JFE)• Viewcote (Nippon Steel) • NuCycle (NEC)• Mg alloys for electric appliances (National/Panasonic etc.)

Examples of Eco-material

HI-ZEX Non-woven Fabric for Sanitary ArticlesAspac Sarasara™ Bemberg™

Biodegradable oil ( Bio Green Grass )Banana PaperEcology α Yupo

EcoTire DNA Series

Toyota TSOP Corrosion resistant pipe fittingsSumitomo TPE

Suntec™ coating powderSolid-Oxide Fuel Cells

Styropor JFN

Lead-free steel sheet

Examples of Eco-material

CARBOFIT CERACAT™

Folium®

TULC® (Toyo Ultimate Can）

M-Wood Eco soil ceramics

Lead-free copper alloy Ecobrass

Lead-free lens

Boneceram

Ultra High Strength Steel Sheet

Marine Blocks

Hydrogen absorbing alloy powder

M-WoodWoodMaterial type:

I.B (Renewable Material)Category:Company name: Misawa Home

Description• M-Wood is a synthetic wood blend product combining

various types of plastics (polyvinyl chloride or polypropylene) with wood chips. The wood composition in this material is about 51-55% or less (by weight). The other components consist of about 25-30% of plastic wastes such as polypropylene trays, automobile bumpers, agricultural PVC, and less than 20% of pigments and additives which are normally used in olefin resins. The production of this M-Wood2 will not produce any VOCs. In addition, 100% recycled materials are used for the production of M-Wood2. Furthermore, the testing phase reported that M-Wood2 could be recycled 10 times without losing its characteristics.

• M-Wood2 has superior characteristics compared to normal wood such as ease to process, light, natural color and pattern. This material is used in many houses built by Misawa House Company. The material which is used PP resin can be incinerated without any formation of dioxin.

Environmental performance

Reducing the use of wood as well as longer useful life span of material

online access at http://www.misawa.co.jp/reason/reason05/index.htmlSource

Folium® -Photocatalyst coating agent InorganicMaterial type:

II.B (Material for environmental load reduction)Category:Company name: Hitachi Metals Ltd.

Description• Folium is a titanium dioxide photocatalyst coating agent which is used in

building (external and internal wall, transparent glass), and transportation (car body, roads). The Folium will help to protect environment especially reducing the concentration of formaldehyde and CO2 in the atmosphere under the exposure of UV radiation. Immediately after exposure to ultraviolet light irradiation, formaldehyde concentration is decreased sharply to almost zero in about 20 minutes.

• In addition, the use of titanium oxide as anti-bacteria could dramatically reduce the contamination of bacteria such as colon bacillus (Escherichia col) and Staphylococcus. An anti-bacteria effect test reported that after 24 hours, the Coliform and Staphylococcus count have fallen to less than 10 counts while the untreated samples shown about millions counts from coliform and thousands counts for Staphylococcus.

• Another function of Folium is to keep the coated surface from dirty. As the dirt becomes difficult to attach to the coated surface, Folium coated surface will be able to remain original features, while the non coated surface will become dirty and deteriorate.

Environmental performance

Reduction of concentrations of NOx, SOx and other harmful compounds in the atmosphere

Source http://www.khi.co.jp/folium/

Toyota Super Olefin Polymer (TSOP)

• In the effort to reduce the total weight of vehicle is to replace steel by other materials such as aluminum or plastics as much as possible without reducing the safety. Car’s bumpers and interior are now made of plastic. Recently, Toyota Company introduced their TSOP (Toyota Super Olefin Polymer) which had excellent recyclability in their car bumper. The TSOP is a polypropylene based blend material. The bumper could reduce 18-30% (by weight) compared to the traditional plastic bumper with similar safety properties. At the moment, TSOP is used in a wide range of interior and exterior parts in Toyota cars such as new model of Corolla.

PlasticsMaterial type:II.C (Material for easy disposal)Category:

Company name: Toyota Motor Co., Ltd.

Description

Environmental performance

Easy to be recycled or thermal recovery

Source Toyota Environmental Report 2002, p.34

Sony’s Vegetable-based PlasticsPlasticsMaterial type:

I.B (Renewable Material)Category:Company name: Sony Corporation

Description• This vegetable-based plastic is actually made from starch taken

from corn. Two of its most attractive features are that it is made from a vegetable material that can be harvested year after year,rather than from a limited resource, such as petroleum, and that it breaks down into harmless water and carbon dioxide when mixed in with landfill.

• The new plastic material made from renewable corn-based polylactide is claimed to be as strong as ABS (acrylonitrilebutadiene styrene). Apart from being environmentally friendly, the polylactide based polymer is also non-flammable.

• Beginning in the autumn of 2000, Sony began using this vegetable-based material as the plastic packaging film for the Neige mini disc. The most exciting development, however, was when it was incorporated as the material for making Sony Walkman cases, the front panel material for DVD players and the recharging stand for the Aibo entertainment robot.

Environmental performance

Enabling use of renewable materials

Sony Corporate Social Responsibility Report 2004, online at http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/Environment/products/eco/index.htmlSource

Ultra-Steels

SteelMaterial type:I.C (Material for efficiency)Category:

Company name: National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)

Description• In Japan, automobile industry was greatly involved in the

development of eco-materials including steel, non-ferrous and bio-plastics for their “eco-car”. For energy efficiency, some studies indicated that a 10% decrease in automobile weight would improve 10-12% fuel efficiency. Whole life cycle energy consumption of a passenger car was mainly due to driving (accounted for 75-80%) and material production, (accounted for 15-20%) (Marukawa, 2001). In addition, about 75% (by weight) of a car was made of steel. It was obvious that if the weight of steel was reduced, energy efficiency of the car would increase. This could be achieved by selecting a high tensile strength steel without any reduction in safety of vehicle. According to Ultra-Light Steel Auto Body (ULSAB) project, a car body could reduce 23% of the weight contributing to the total 5% weight reduction of a passenger car (Kawai, 2001). High strength steel specifications range from 210 to 800 MPa yield strengths with thickness range from 0.65 mm to 2.0 mm. Further more, the use of materials which enable high-efficiency power generation would also improve the whole life cycle energy consumption.

Environmental performance

Reducing the energy consumption in automobile and increasing material efficiency

Source http://www.nims.go.jp/stx-21/eg/index-e.html

Eco-materials in Japanese industries

Steel38%

Non Ferrous10%

Inorganic8%

Ceramic6%

Organic5%

Plastic and Rubber

28%

Wood and Paper3%

Composite1% Textile

1%

Four-Step Model of Eco-materials Developmentby R. Yamamoto

The Augsburg Materials DeclarationE-MRS and MRS, Matforum2002

In order to achieve sustainable product realization, the materials research community must consider the following factors:• Integration of environmentally benign design, materials, and

manufacturing over all stages of the life-cycle• Exploration and mining of raw materials respecting socio-

economic standards and preserving the eco-sphere• Optimal exploitation of raw materials and natural resources

including synergetic utilization of by-products• Energy efficient production technologies and product

distribution, if possible based on regenerative energy sources• Mineral harmful effects caused by the emission of secondary

products• Durability, recyclability, and closed loops• Traceable and accountable waste management• Appropriate information and education of the stakeholders in

the materials and products

Eco-Products ExhibitionTokyo Big Sight East Exhibition Hallthree days in December, every year from 1999 organized by JEMAI and

Nikkei Journal, supported by METI Japan http:// eco-pro.com/Objectives1. transition from old industrial economy to circular economy (or new service

economy)2. prevolutionizing consumer awareness on wider use of eco-products and

eco-services

Exhibitors Visitors Keynote Speaker1999 288 47,449 Prof. Von Weizsacker2000 305 67,838 Dr. Stahel2001 350 88,604 CEO of Hitachi, Dr. Stevel2002 370 100,483 CEO of Ricoh2003 416 114,000 CEO of National/Panasonic2004 450 124,000 CEO of Sharp

• This directory was edited by Prof. R. Yamamoto and published by the Asian Productivity Organization in September, 2004.

• This databook includes about 700 eco-materials, eco-components, and eco-products manufactured in Japan.

Examples of eco-componentsGlobal warming

High performance roofing “ecolony” Silicon-based TV tuner4mm square isolator

Magnet wireLightweight hub-unit bearingGS ceramic halide lamp

ATULC canRENESIS engineRecycled toner

Examples of eco-componentsHazardous-free components

Murata lead-free transparent ceramics

NEC halogen-free Noise suppression sheet

ALMT Cd-free electrical contact

Pb-free electric wire Toyo soybean oil-based ink Toyo water-based ink

Toyobo water-based printing plate Mabuchi Cd-free motor Furukawa halogen and lead-free electric wire

Examples of eco-componentsHigher quality

Citizen high luminance LEDCellular analog one chip Nichicon advancing condenser

Nichicon power conditionerNEC Tantalum chip capacitors Sanyo Al-resin sash

Sekisui corrosion resistant house structure Nishimatsu FRP form

Examples of eco-componentsResource saving

Obayashi Alcelite glassUltra-small ceramic capacitor PTC thermistor

Taiyo recyclable feederFDK actuator unit

Taiyo high-loss inductor

NSK lube guard bearingShowa Denko heat sink Neomax permanent magnet

Examples of eco-productsHome electric appliances

Toshiba Energy saving air conditioner Victor video camera Cassette with recycled resin

Sony Walkman using bio-plastic Victor Compact DVD system

Sharp Plasma-cluster Ion Air purifier

Liquid crystal color television

Sony Notebook computerVictor Digital LCA TV

Examples of eco-productsHome electric appliances

Toshiba Aero-cyclone vacuum Sharp Washer and dryer Water-saving dishwasher

Sanyo water heater

Compact fluorescent lamp

Mitsubishi FHT fluorescent lamp

Sharp Plasma-cluster Ion refrigerator

Solar-powered charger

Induction heat stove

Home sewing machine

Examples of eco-productsAutomobiles

Honda Hybrid power carIsuzu Giga

Honda Fuel-cell car

Natural gas Truck

Yamaha Cygnus X scooter

New Eco-body Truck Model

Isuzu Elf CNG Truck

Car Navigation system

Examples of eco-productsOA/IT equipments

Panasonic high performance fax NEC Multi-functional copierNEC Lightest Fax

Fuji Digital multi-functional machine

Canon Energy saving scannerNEC Water-cooled computer

Kokuyo Computer mouse made from recycled ABS

NEC Wireless broadband routerCanon Inkjet printer using recycled plastic

Examples of eco-productsCommodity

Table made from agriculture wastes Recycled resin office chairs

Eco-hand soap Bio-plastic spoon, fork and cup Home water purifier Bio-degradable diaper

Hyper Mat bedclothes Hyper selan curtain

Clothes made from recycled plastics

S-wood mouse pad S-wood desk mat

Examples of eco-productsConstruction

SATIS lavatory stool Inax Sensor-attached urinal Water/energy saving bathroom

Kajima Sewer pipe with high acid resistance Sidewalk “wet” pavement Recycled aggregate concrete

Daiwa Insulation external wall C-Pro Selan tileSumitomo screw penetrating

steel pipe

Examples of eco-productsMachines

Ebara 850VA fuel cell system Ebara wind generator JSW cogeneration system

Komatsu construction crusher JFE bigadan biogas system

Yamatake green Bio-Tower

Asashi oil filter

Hitachi laboratory automatic analyzer

Recently introduced Laws for Resource Management and Environmental Protection in Japan

Recycling law (1991)Packaging recycling law from 2000 (1995)Revised law for preventing air pollution (1996)Manifest system for pursuing industrial wastes (1997)Revised law for preventing water pollution (1997)Revised law for wastes management for PCB (1998)Revised law for energy saving (top runner style) (1998)Electric consumer goods recycling law from 2001 (1998)Law for PRTR (1999)Law for Dioxins (1999)

2000 Fundamental Law for eco-cycle system (Circular Economy)Law for recycling of industrial wastes in the construction sectorLaw for recycling of food wastesLaw for promoting the green procurement by the GovernmentLaw for recycling of automobilesLaw for promoting environmental management

Quantitative Targets for Indicators Concerning Material Flows in the Basic Plan for a Recycling-based society

Resource productivity = GDP/DMI2000 539×1012 Yen/19.1×108ton

=280,000 Yen/ton2010 390,000 Yen/ton

(40% increase)Material Circulation rate=recycled and re-used material/(DMI+ recycled and re-used

material)2000 10%2010 14%

(40% increase)Final disposal

2000 56 million tons2010 28 million tons

(50% reduction)

“Greening our Industrial-Economic System by expanding the Environmental Management System (ISO14000 Series)”

Proposition:(1) There is a need not only to prepare, and expand the practice of environmental reports,

environmental accounting, and environmental performance index guidelines but also to prepare guidelines on “environmental ranking.”

(2) When public institution such as Government agencies and public corporations operate their assets in term of investing in shares, government bonds and company bonds, it should be made compulsory to invest in Eco-funds and Eco-bonds.

(3) Suppliers of materials (products) and works (services) should be required to state whether they have ISO 14001 certification or not, when they register for participation in bidding procedures.

The Basic Policy for the Promotion of Procurement of Eco-Friendly Goods and Services

(Green-Purchasing Law, Japan, 2001)

Basic Philosophy1. Viewpoint of environmental conservation must be

added to price and quality.2. Make selection based on diverse viewpoints,

including formation of socioeconomic system with environmentally sound material cycle and combating global warming.

3. Give consideration to reducing environmental impact throughout the product lifecycle, from manufacture to disposal.

4. Commit to long-term use, correct utilization, and sorted disposal of procured goods, etc.

Designated Procurement Items and Evaluation Criteria

1. As a rule, clear numerical criteria shall be used for selecting designated procurement items.

2. Even in the case that clear numerical criteria cannot be established at the present time, however, factors that have importance with respect to reducing environmental impact shall be defined as “factors for consideration.”

3. These standards shall be revised as appropriate, in response to improvements in the state of development or our scientific understanding of goods, etc…

199 procurement items from April, 2004

Reduction of Environmental Impact by Green-Procurement of Government

Preliminary estimation by the Ministry of Environment,Japan, 2001

ExamplesCopier papers 285,000 trees (30cm×10m)Stationary products 21 tons of plasticsFile made of paper, Binder 1,734 tons of pulpFile made of plastics, Binder 57 tons of plasticsEco Copier 351 tons CO2Eco PC 22, 802 tons CO2Eco TV 52 tons CO2

LEV 417, 258 tons CO2Slag-cement etc. 470,000 tons CO2

Japanese Successful ExperienceGreen Purchasing Network(GPN)

• Founded in February 1996 to promote green purchasing in Japan by the initiative of the Environment Agency

• The mission of GPN – to promote the concept and practices of

green purchasing– to provide guidelines and information

necessary for practicing green purchasing.

• Since then GPN has taken a leading l i ti h i i

GPN - One of the Largest Environmental Organization in Japan -

• Independent non-profit organization

• 2,823 members (April 2005)– 2,228 corporations – 318 governments– 277 NGOs, NPOs

ex. TOYOTA, NEC, Canon, SONY, Matsushita, Nippon Steel, Ricoh, Fuji Xerox, Nissan,Mitsubishi Co., Toshiba, HITACHI,Tokyo Electric Power, Teijin,……City of Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya,

BusinessBusinessBusiness

GovernmentGovernmentGovernment NGONGONGO

Activities of GPN• Conferences, Seminars,

Exhibitions• “Green Purchasing Award”• Training Course• Case study on success stories• Newsletter, Website• Promotion pamphlet, posters• Regional Networks• Annual Surveys• Principles of Green Purchasing• Purchasing Guidelines• Products Database

Green Purchasing Guidelines for 15 Products and Service Areas

Products• Printing and Copying Paper • Copiers, Printers,

Facsimiles• Personal Computers• Stationery and Office

Supplies • Office Furniture• Motor Vehicles• Refrigerators• Washing Machines• TV Sets

Services• Offset Printing

Service• Hotels and Inns

Suppliers Evaluation Checklist

• Air ConditionersT il t d Ti P

Products Registered in the GPN Database

Number of Products

12,000

34384,730

7,440

9,143

10,73011,250

10,000

8,000

6,000

4,000

2,000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 year

GP Law Enforcement

Product Related Information Used by Green Institutional Purchasers

Eco Mark （ISO TypeⅠLabel）Eco Mark （ISO TypeⅠLabel） 88%88%

GPN Guidelines/DatabaseGPN Guidelines/Database 48%48%

Symbols from Third partiesSymbols from Third parties 43%43%Criteria of Green Purchasing LawCriteria of Green Purchasing Law 33%33%

Self Declaration LabelSelf Declaration Label 23%23%

ISO Type Ⅲ Label（e.g Eco-Leaf）ISO Type Ⅲ Label（e.g Eco-Leaf） 7%7%Source: ＧＰＮ “Green Purchasing Questionnaire Survey”(２００３）

GPN Information Plaza Website Catalog of Various Products and Services

The 1st International Conferenceon Green Purchasing in SendaiHosted by : Sendai City

Green Purchasing Network (GPN)Supported by : Ministry of the Environment (MOE)In cooperation with : ICLEI, GEN, Nippon KeidanrenIn collaboration with : UNDESA, UNEP

Number of Participants : 1,000 from 37 countries

The 1st International Conferenceon Green Purchasing in Sendai

Green Purchasing Award CeremonyConference Venue

Vice Minister of Ministry of Environment Panel Session

SENDAI DECLARATIONON GREEN PURCHASING

Oct. 7, 2004, Sendai, Japan • In order to further promote Green Purchasing around

the world, all stakeholders (citizens, NGOs, businesses and public organizations) are urged to work together actively in sharing information and cooperating in common programs.

• We will organize the International Green Purchasing Network (IGPN) in order to share information on purchasing principles, product guidelines, good practices, and know-how among its participant members.

International Green Purchasing Network (IGPN)

• Launched in April 2005• Based on Sendai Declaration (Oct. 2004)■ Mission

•Globally promote the spread of environmentally friendly product and service development and Green Purchasing activities•Share information and know-how internationally on Green Purchasing and environmentally friendly products •Harmonize the efforts of Green Purchasing and the development of environmentally friendly products and services from a global viewpoint

Outline of IGPN Activities1.Collect and deliver information on global Green

Purchasing activities via an internet web page.2.Hold workshops in each region

- Bangkok(Oct. 7-8, 2005), China, etc3.Hold regular international conferences on a

global scale - planning in 2006

4.Cooperate to develop tools that can be used internationally

- mid to long-term activity objective

Council Members of IGPN★Green Purchasing Network (GPN)

Ryoichi Yamamoto, Honorary Chair, The University of Tokyo ＊IGPN Chair

★ICLEI Konrad Otto-Zimmermann, Secretary General ＊IGPN Vice-Chair

★Sweden Environmental Management Council (SEMCO)Peter Nohrstedt, Lead Manager

★North American Green Purchasing Initiative (NAGPI)Scot Case, Director of procurement strategy

★Korean Green Purchasing NetworkDuk Seung Lee, Secretary General

★Green Purchasing Network MalaysiaKiyau Loo Lee, President

Eco-labelling

Simple ComplexDegree of Information Disclosure

Part

Full

Type Ieco-label

Type IIIeco-label

Type IIeco-label

Quantitative Type II eco-label

Life Cycle Consideration

CompleteLCA

Type I Eco-label in the World

Australia and New

Zealand

Brazil

Canada

Czech Republic

Denmark, Norway, Sweden

European Union, Greece, Luxembourg,

and UK

Germany

Hong Kong

India

Japan

Korea

Philippines

Republic of China

(Taiwan)

Singapore

Spain

Sweden

Thailand

USA

Examples of Type II Eco-label in Japan

Hitachi, Ltd. The SEIKO instruments (Inc.)

Toppan Printing Co.

The SEIKO instruments (Inc.)

Ltd. Okamura Corporation

Sharp (Inc.)

NEC Matsushita Electric Group

Type III Eco-label in the WorldGlobal Type III Environmental Product Declarations Network

JapanEco-leaf

SwedenEPD® system

CanadaEDPS

KoreaKELA EDP Program

NorwayNHO Type III program

Eco-LabellingCountry GP Law GP network

Type I Type III

Bangladesh × × × × × ○（2）

Taiwan, China ○ ○ ○ ○ × ○ (1337)

Fiji × × × × × ○ (1)

India × × ○ ○ ○ ○ (605)

Indonesia × ○ ○ × × ○ (245)

Iran × × × × × ○ (98)

Japan ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ (15248)

Korea ∆ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ (1495)

Malaysia × × × × ○ ○(367)

Nepal × × ○ × × ○ (1)

Pakistan × × × × × ○ (26)

Philippines ∆ ○ ○ × × ○ (189)

Singapore × × ○ ? ○ ○ ( 473)

Sri Lanka × × × × × ○ (13)

Thailand × ○ × × × ○ (736)

Vietnam × ○ × × ○ ○ (56)

China × × ○ ○ × ○ (5064)

Eco-ProductExhibition EMS or ISO14000

Eco-labelling, Eco-product exhibition and EMS activities in Asian countries

Source: ISO World. http://www.ecology.or.jp/isoworld/english/iso_14k.htm. [August 2004]

Statement of G8 Climate Change Roundtable

・Establish a long term,market-based policy framework extending to 2030 that will give investors in climate change mitigation confidence in the long term value of their investiments. Establishing indicative signals extending to 2050 would also be beneficial.

・Ensure that the policy framework is global in scope-utilizing a coordinated and consistent set of national or regional regimes, with maximum fungibility between regimes, and opportunity for future consolidation into a single regime.

・Define greenhouse gas emissions rights through a cap-and-trade system or other market-based mechanisms that can be adjusted over time to reflect evolving scientific, technological and/or economic developments and that will help shape consumer choices.

・Address climate change as part of an overall sustainable development agenda, putting in place mechanisms which address the challenges of poverty, energy, and economic growth in emerging markets while mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.

・Convened by the World Economic Forum in collaboration with her Majesty’s Government, United Kingdom