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자동제어(Automatic Control) 9장 근궤적 기법 교재: Automatic Control Systems

자동제어(Automatic Control) 9장근궤적기법 · 2020-06-24 · %rlocfindcommand in MATLAB can choose %the desired poles on the locus-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0-8-6-4-2 0 2 4

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Page 1: 자동제어(Automatic Control) 9장근궤적기법 · 2020-06-24 · %rlocfindcommand in MATLAB can choose %the desired poles on the locus-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0-8-6-4-2 0 2 4

자동제어(Automatic Control) 9장 근궤적 기법

교재: Automatic Control Systems

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서론

• 선형제어시스템– 폐루프전달함수의극점과영점– 극점

•선형 SISO 시스템의절대및상대안정도를결정– 영점

•시스템의과도성질결정– 시스템의임의의파라미터가변할때특성방정식의근궤적

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서론

• 근궤적기법– 하나또는그이상의변수파라미터를가지는대수방정식의근의성질을연구하는데응용

( ) ( ) ( ) 0F s P s KQ s= + =

11 1 0( ) n n

nP s s a s a s a--= + + + +!

11 1 0( ) m m

mQ s s b s bs b--= + + + +!

• K : 실정수, -∞ < K < ∞• n, m : 양의정수• a0, a1, …, an-1, b0, b1, …, bm-1 : 실수, 일정

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서론

• 근콘투어(root contour)– 다변수파라미터에서한번에한개의파라미터를변화시키면서얻어낸근궤적

– 식(9-1) ~ (9-3) 의 s를 z로치환함으로써선형이산치제어시스템특성방정식의근궤적을구성할수있음(부록 E)

• K 값에근거한영역의정의– RL(root loci) : -∞ < K < ∞ 의전체근궤적– RC(root contour) : 한개이상의파라미터가변할때의근궤적

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근궤적의 기본 성질

• 단일루프제어시스템의폐루프전달함수

– 폐루프시스템의특성방정식은 Y(s)/R(s) 의분모다항식을 ‘0’

– G(s)H(s) 는가변파라미터 K를곱셈인자로포함한다고가정

– 유리함수

( ) ( )( ) 1 ( ) ( )

Y s G sR s G s H s

=+

1 ( ) ( ) 0G s H s+ =

( )( ) ( )( )

KQ sG s H sP s

=

• P(s)=sn+an-1sn-1+…+a1s+a0• Q(s)=sm+bm-1sm-1+…+b1s+b0

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근궤적의 기본 성질

• Ex. 제어시스템의특성방정식이다음과같다고가정

1 ( ) ( ) 0( ) ( ) ( )1 0( ) ( )

G s H sKQ s P s KQ sP s P s

+ =+

Û + = =

2( 1)( 2) (3 2 ) 5 0s s s s K s+ + + + + + =

2

3

21 0( 1)( 2) 3 5

( ) 2( ) 4 5 5

Kss s s s s

Q s sP s s s s

Þ + =+ + + + +

\ =+ + +

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근궤적의 기본 성질

• G(s)H(s) 를다음과같이표기

1 1( ) ( ) ( ) ( )G s H s KG s H s=

G1(s)H1(s) 는가변파라미터 K를포함하지않음.

1 1

1 1

1 ( ) ( ) 01 ( ) ( ) 0

1( ) ( )

G s H sKG s H s

G s H sK

+ =Û + =

Û = -

(9-11)

(9-12)

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근궤적의 기본 성질

• 식(9-12)가충족되기위한조건– 크기조건

– 각도조건 (i = 0, ±1, ±2, …(임의의정수))

1 11( ) ( ) ,G s H s KK

= -¥ < < ¥

1 1

1 1

( ) ( ) (2 1) , 0

( ) ( ) 2 , 0 odd multiples of radians or 180

even multiples of radians or 180

G s H s i K

G s H s i K

pp

pp

Ð = + ³= °

Ð = £= °

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근궤적의 기본 성질

• 각도조건은 s 평면내근궤적을그리는데이용• 근궤적이그려지면궤적상 K의값은크기조건을이용

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근궤적의 기본 성질

• 근궤적의도해적구성

•크기조건

•각도조건

1 21 1

1 2

( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( )( ) ( )m

n

K s z s z s zG s H s KG s H s

s p s p s p+ + +

= =+ + +

!!

11 1

1

1( ) ( ) ,

m

iin

kk

s zG s H s K

Ks p

=

=

+= = -¥ < < ¥

+

Õ

Õ

1 11 1

1 11 1

0 : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (2 1)

0 : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2

( 0, 1, 2, )

where

where

m n

k jk j

m n

k jk j

K G s H s s z s p i

K G s H s s z s p i

i

p

p

= =

= =

£ < ¥ Ð = Ð + - Ð + = +

-¥ £ < Ð = Ð + - Ð + =

= ± ±

å å

å å!

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근궤적의 기본 성질

• 근궤적의도해적해석– K의양인값에대응하는근궤적상의임의의점 s1이다음조건을만족시켜야함

• G(s)H(s) 의영점과 s1의벡터각의합과극점과 s1의벡터각의합과의차이가180°의홀수배

– K의음인값에대응하는근궤적상의임의의점 s1이다음조건을만족시켜야함• G(s)H(s) 의영점과 s1의벡터각의합과극점과 s1의벡터각의합과의차이가 0°를포함해서 180°의짝수배

– 근궤적상의 K 의값

1

1

n

jjm

ii

s pK

s z

=

=

+=

+

Õ

Õ

극점 ~ s1의벡터길이의곱

영점 ~ s1의벡터길이의곱

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근궤적의 기본 성질

• 전달함수

•각도조건– 양의 K

– 음의 K

1

2 3

( )( ) ( )

( )( )K s z

G s H ss s p s p

+=

+ +

1 1 1 1 2 1 3

1 1 2 3

( ) ( ) ( )(2 1)z p p p

s z s s p s piq q q q p

Ð + -Ð -Ð + -Ð +

= - - - = +

1 1 1 1 2 1 3

1 1 2 3

( ) ( ) ( )2z p p p

s z s s p s piq q q q p

Ð + -Ð -Ð + -Ð +

= - - - =

1 1 2 1 3

1 1

s s p s pK

s z+ +

= =+

BCDA

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근궤적의 성질

• K=0 과 K=±∞ 인점•근궤적상 K=0 인점은 G(s)H(s) 의극점•근궤적상 K=±∞ 인점은 G(s)H(s) 의영점

•극점과영점은필요시무한대에있는점도포함

1 11( ) ( )G s H sK

= -

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근궤적의 성질

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근궤적의 성질

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근궤적의 성질

• 근궤적의지로의수– F(s) = P(s) + KQ(s) = 0 의근궤적의지로의수는다항식의차수와같다.

– Ex. • s(s+2)(s+3)+K(s+1) = 0• 방정식이 3차이기때문에근궤적의지로의수는세개• = 방정식의근이 3개이기때문에근궤적의지로의수는세개

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근궤적의 성질

• 근궤적의대칭•근궤적은 s 평면의실수축에대하여대칭•일반적으로근궤적은 G(s)H(s) 의극과영점의대칭축에대하여대칭

– Ex.( 1)( 2) 0s s s K+ + + =

( ) ( )( 1)( 2)

KG s H ss s s

=+ +

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근궤적의 성질

• 근궤적의대칭•근궤적은 s 평면의실수축에대하여대칭•일반적으로근궤적은 G(s)H(s) 의극과영점의대칭축에대하여대칭

– Ex.2( 1)( 2)( 2 2) 0s s s s s K+ + + + + =

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근궤적의 성질

• 근궤적의점근선각도 : |s|=∞ 에서근궤적의성질

• s의값이커지면 K ≥ 0 에대한근궤적은다음식으로주어지는각도를가진점근선에점근

– i = 0, 1, 2, …, |n-m|-1– n : G(s)H(s) 의유한극– m : G(s)H(s) 의영점

• K ≤ 0 인경우근궤적의점근선은 K ≥ 0 인경우의점근선의연장선

2 1 180 ii n mn m

q += ´ ° ¹

-

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근궤적의 성질

• 점근선의교차점(도심)• 근궤적의 2|n-m| 개점근선의교차점은 s 평면의실수축상,

1( ) ( ) ( ) ( )finite pole of finite zeros of G s H s G s H s

n ms

S -S=

-

• n : G(s)H(s) 의유한극의수• m : G(s)H(s) 의유한영점의수• σ1 : 근궤적의무게중심, 항상실수

1( ) ( ) ( ) ( )real parts pole of real parts zeros of G s H s G s H s

n ms

S -S=

-

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근궤적의 성질

• -∞ < K < ∞ 의근궤적과점근선– ( 2)( 3) ( 1) 0s s s K s+ + + + =

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근궤적의 성질

• Ex.–

– 특성방정식 : – 근궤적의 6가지특성

1. K = 0 : 근궤적위의 K = 0 이되는점은 G(s)H(s) 의극점§ s = 0, -4, -1 + j, -1 - j

2. K = ±∞ : 근궤적위의K = ±∞ 인점은 G(s)H(s) 의영점§ s = -1, ∞, ∞, ∞

3. 식이 4차식이므로근궤적은 4개의지로4. 근궤적은실수축에대칭

2

( 1)( ) ( )( 4)( 2 2)

K sG s H ss s s s

+=

+ + +2( 4)( 2 2) ( 1) 0s s s s K s+ + + + + =

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근궤적의 성질

• Ex.–

– 특성방정식 : – 근궤적의 6가지특성

5. G(s)H(s) 의유한극점의수가유한영점의수보다3개많기때문에(n-m = 4-1 = 3), K=±∞ 일때, 세근궤적은 s = ∞ 에접근– 근궤적(K ≥ 0)의점근선의각도

– 근궤적(K ≤ 0)의점근선의각도0°, 120 °,240 °

2

( 1)( ) ( )( 4)( 2 2)

K sG s H ss s s s

+=

+ + +2( 4)( 2 2) ( 1) 0s s s s K s+ + + + + =

0

1

2

1800 : 603

5401: 18039002 : 3003

j

j

j

q

q

q

°= = = °

°= = = °

°= = = °

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근궤적의 성질

• Ex.–

– 특성방정식 : – 근궤적의 6가지특성

6. 점근선의교차점

2

( 1)( ) ( )( 4)( 2 2)

K sG s H ss s s s

+=

+ + +2( 4)( 2 2) ( 1) 0s s s s K s+ + + + + =

1( 4 1 4) ( 1) 5

4 1 3s - - - - -

= = --

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근궤적의 성질

• 여러방정식의근궤적의점근선

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근궤적의 성질

• 여러방정식의근궤적의점근선

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근궤적의 성질

• 실수축상의근궤적– s평면의전체실수축은 K의모든값의근궤적으로점유

– K ≥ 0 의근궤적•실수축상의특정한부분에대해서이부분의오른쪽에위치한 G(s)H(s)의극과영점의개수의합이기수일경우에만이부분이근궤적이됨

– K ≤ 0 의근궤적•실수축상의나머지부분

– G(s)H(s) 의공액복소쌍의극과영점은실수축상의근궤적의형태에영향을미치지못함

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근궤적의 성질

• 실수축상의근궤적– Ex.

•두개의극점과영점을가진 G(s)H(s) 의실수축상의근궤적•전체실수축은 K 의모든값의근궤적으로점유

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근궤적의 성질

• 근궤적의출발각과도착각– G(s)H(s) 의극이나영점에서근궤적의출발각과도착각은각각그점부근의궤적에서접선각

•극 s = -1 + j 부근의근궤적은극점을떠나는근궤적의각도를알면좀더정확히그릴수있음

• s = -1 + j 에서근궤적의출발각도 : θ2• s1 은 -1 + j 에서극을떠나는근궤적상의점

– 극점과매우가까움• s1 은반드시각도조건을만족해야함

1 1 1 2 3 4( ) ( ) ( ) (2 1)G s H s iq q q q pÐ = - + + + = +

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근궤적의 성질

• 근궤적의출발각과도착각– G(s)H(s) 의극이나영점에서근궤적의출발각과도착각은각각그점부근의궤적에서접선각

•극 s = -1 + j부근의근궤적은극점을떠나는근궤적의각도를알면좀더정확히그릴수있음

• s = -1 + j에서근궤적의출발각도 : θ2

• s1은 -1 + j에서극을떠나는근궤적상의점– 극점과매우가까움

• s1은반드시각도조건을만족해야함

• i를 -1 로두면, θ2 = -71.6°

1 1 1 2 3 4

2

( ) ( ) ( ) (2 1)(135 90 26.6 ) (2 1)

G s H s ii

q q q q pq p

Ð = - + + + = +

= - ° + + ° + ° = +

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근궤적의 성질

• 근궤적의출발각과도착각– 단순극, 단순영점에서 K ≥ 0 에대한근궤적의출발각, 도착각이정해지면, K ≤ 0 에대한근궤적의출발각, 도착각은같은점에서 180°만큼다르다.

– -1 + j에서 K ≤ 0 에대한근궤적의출발각• 180 – 71.6 = 108.4°

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근궤적의 성질

• 근궤적과허수축과의교차– 근궤적이 s 평면허수축과교차하는점이있다면, 이에대응되는 K의값은

Routh-Hurwitz 판별법으로결정

– 다중교차하는 경우교차점과 K의임계값은컴퓨터프로그램을이용

•2

4 3 2

( 3)( 2 2) 05 8 6

s s s s Ks s s s K+ + + + =

Þ + + + +

4

3

2

1

0

1 85 6 01 8 1 1 05 6 5 0 5 05 5 56.8 0

5 6 5 06.8 6.8 0 06.8 6.8(5 40.8) 06.8

0 0

s Ks

K

s

K

Ks

K

s K

- - -

= = =

- -

- - ==

8.16K\ £

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근궤적의 성질

• 근궤적상이탈점– 방정식의근궤적상이탈점은그방정식의다중근에대응

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근궤적의 성질

• 근궤적상이탈점

• 의근궤적상이탈점은다음식을만족시켜야함

• 필요조건1. 식(9-32)의모든실수해는모든 K의값에대하여근궤적상이탈점2. 식(9-32)의모든공액복소해는특성방정식을만족하거나근궤적상에있는경우에만이탈점

1 11 ( ) ( ) 0KG s H s+ =

1 1( ) ( )0

dG s H sds

= (9-32)

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근궤적의 성질

• 근궤적상이탈점

3. 근궤적의조건이아래식과같기때문에양변을미분하면,

따라서, 이탈점의조건은

[ ]1 1

21 1 1 1

( ) ( ) /1( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

dG s H s dsdKKG s H s ds G s H s

= - Þ =

0dKds

=

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근궤적의 성질

• Toolbox 7-3-1

%%Toolbox 7-3-1%%그림 7-3 을 위한 MATLAB 명령num = [1 1];den = conv([1 0], [1 2]);den = conv(den, [1 3]);mysys = tf(num, den);rlocus(mysys);title('Root loci for equation 7.27');axis([-3 0 -8 8]);[k, poles]=rlocfind(mysys);%rlocfind command in MATLAB can choose%the desired poles on the locus

-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8Root loci for equation 7.27

Real Axis (seconds-1)

Imag

inar

y Ax

is (s

econ

ds-1

)

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근궤적의 성질

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근궤적의 성질

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근궤적의 성질

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근궤적의 성질

• 근의민감도– K 가변할때특성방정식근의민감도

•이탈점에서근의민감도는무한대•특성방정식의다중근에대응하는이탈점에서동작하는 K의값은피해야함•시스템이파라미터변화에민감하지않아야하는것이중요•강인시스템(robust system)

– 파라미터변화에민감하지않은시스템

//K

ds s K dsSdK K s dK

= = (7-35)

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근궤적의 성질

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근궤적의 성질

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근궤적의 성질

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근궤적의 성질

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근궤적의 성질

%%Toolbox 7-3-2%%식 7-36과 7-37에 대한 MATLAB 명령num1 = [1 1];den1 = conv([1 0], [1 1]);mysys1 = tf(num1, den1);subplot(2, 1, 1);rlocus(mysys1);title('Root loci for equation 7.36');[k, poles] = rlocfind(mysys1);

num2 = [1 2];den2 = conv([1 0 0], [1 1]);den2 = conv(den2, [1 1]);subplot(2, 1, 2);mysys2 = tf(num2, den2);rlocus(mysys2);title('Root loci for equation 7-37');axis([-3 0 -8 8]);[k, poles] = rlocfind(mysys2);

-3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2Root loci for equation 7.36

Real Axis (seconds-1)

Imag

inar

y Ax

is (s

econ

ds-1

)

-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0

-5

0

5

Root loci for equation 7-37

Real Axis (seconds-1)

Imag

inar

y Ax

is (s

econ

ds-1

)

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근궤적의 성질

• 근의민감도

0

1/22

20.5

( 1) 0 ( 1)1

2 1( )

12 1

0.254

K

K

K

s s K K s sds K sSdK s s

s j

S

S

w

s

s wss

ww

=

=-

+ + = Û = - ++

= =+

= +

+=

+

æ ö+= ç ÷è ø

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근궤적의 성질

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근궤적 작도에 있어서 중요한 점

• G(s)H(s) 에극과영점추가로인한영향

• G(s)H(s) 에극추가– 근궤적을우반면쪽으로이동시키는효과

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근궤적 작도에 있어서 중요한 점

• G(s)H(s) 에극과영점추가로인한영향

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근궤적 작도에 있어서 중요한 점

• G(s)H(s) 에극과영점추가로인한영향

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근궤적 작도에 있어서 중요한 점

• G(s)H(s) 에극과영점추가로인한영향

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근궤적 작도에 있어서 중요한 점

• G(s)H(s) 에극과영점추가로인한영향

%%Toolbox 7-4-1%%식 7-6을 위한 MATLAB 명령a = 2; b = 3; c = 5;num4 = [1];den4 = conv([1 0], [1 a]);subplot(221);mysys4 = tf(num4, den4);rlocus(mysys4);axis([-3 0 -8 8]);

num3 = [1];den3 = conv([1 0], conv([1 a], [1 a/2]));subplot(222);mysys3 = tf(num3, den3);rlocus(mysys3);axis([-3 0 -8 8]);

num2 = [1];den2 = conv([1 0], conv([1 a], [1 b]));subplot(223);mysys2 = tf(num2, den2);rlocus(mysys2);axis([-3 0 -8 8]);

num1 = [1];den1 = conv([1 0], conv([1 a], [1 b]));den1 = conv(den1, [1 c]);subplot(224);mysys1 = tf(num1, den1);rlocus(mysys1);

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근궤적 작도에 있어서 중요한 점

• G(s)H(s) 에극과영점추가로인한영향

-3 -2 -1 0

-5

0

5

Root Locus

Real Axis (seconds-1)

Imag

inar

y Ax

is (s

econ

ds-1

)

-3 -2 -1 0

-5

0

5

Root Locus

Real Axis (seconds-1)

Imag

inar

y Ax

is (s

econ

ds-1

)

-3 -2 -1 0

-5

0

5

Root Locus

Real Axis (seconds-1)

Imag

inar

y Ax

is (s

econ

ds-1

)

-20 -10 0 10-10

-5

0

5

10Root Locus

Real Axis (seconds-1)

Imag

inar

y Ax

is (s

econ

ds-1

)

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근궤적 작도에 있어서 중요한 점

• G(s)H(s) 에극과영점추가로인한영향

• G(s)H(s) 에영점추가– 근궤적을좌반면쪽으로구부리고이동

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근궤적 작도에 있어서 중요한 점

• G(s)H(s) 에극과영점추가로인한영향

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근궤적 작도에 있어서 중요한 점

• G(s)H(s) 에극과영점추가로인한영향

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근궤적 작도에 있어서 중요한 점

• G(s)H(s) 에극과영점추가로인한영향

-20 -10 0 10-10

-5

0

5

10Root Locus

Real Axis (seconds-1)

Imag

inar

y Ax

is (s

econ

ds-1

)

-6 -4 -2 0

-5

0

5

Root Locus

Real Axis (seconds-1)

Imag

inar

y Ax

is (s

econ

ds-1

)

-6 -4 -2 0

-5

0

5

Root Locus

Real Axis (seconds-1)

Imag

inar

y Ax

is (s

econ

ds-1

) %%Toolbox 7-4-2%%그림 7-7을 위한 MATLAB 명령a = 2; b = 3; c = 20; d = 6;num4 = [1 d];den4 = conv([1 0], [1 a]);subplot(221);mysys4 = tf(num4, den4);rlocus(mysys4);

num3 = [1 c];den3 = conv([1 0],[1 a]);subplot(222);mysys3 = tf(num3, den3);rlocus(mysys3);axis([-6 0 -8 8]);

num2 = [1 d];den2 = conv([1 0], conv([1 a], [1 b]));subplot(223);mysys2=tf(num2, den2);rlocus(mysys2);axis([-6 0 -8 8]);

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근궤적 작도에 있어서 중요한 점

• G(s)H(s) 에극과영점추가로인한영향

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근궤적 작도에 있어서 중요한 점

• G(s)H(s) 에극과영점추가로인한영향

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근궤적 작도에 있어서 중요한 점

• G(s)H(s) 에극과영점추가로인한영향

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근궤적 작도에 있어서 중요한 점

• G(s)H(s) 에극과영점추가로인한영향

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근궤적 작도에 있어서 중요한 점

• G(s)H(s) 에극과영점추가로인한영향

Page 63: 자동제어(Automatic Control) 9장근궤적기법 · 2020-06-24 · %rlocfindcommand in MATLAB can choose %the desired poles on the locus-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0-8-6-4-2 0 2 4

근궤적 작도에 있어서 중요한 점

• G(s)H(s) 에극과영점추가로인한영향

Page 64: 자동제어(Automatic Control) 9장근궤적기법 · 2020-06-24 · %rlocfindcommand in MATLAB can choose %the desired poles on the locus-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0-8-6-4-2 0 2 4

근궤적 작도에 있어서 중요한 점

• G(s)H(s) 에극과영점추가로인한영향

%%Toolbox 7-4-3%%그림 7-8을 위한 MATLAB 명령a1 = 10; a2 = 9; a3 = 8; a4 = 3; b = 1;num1 = [1 b];den1 = conv([1 0 0], [1 a1]);subplot(221);mysys1=tf(num1, den1);rlocus(mysys1);

num2 = [1 b];den2 = conv([1 0 0], [1 a2]);subplot(222);mysys2 = tf(num2, den2);rlocus(mysys2);

num3 = [1 b];den3 = conv([1 0 0], [1 a3]);subplot(223);mysys3 = tf(num3, den3);rlocus(mysys3);num4 = [1 b];den4 = conv([1 0 0], [1 a4]);subplot(224);mysys4 = tf(num4, den4);rlocus(mysys4);

Page 65: 자동제어(Automatic Control) 9장근궤적기법 · 2020-06-24 · %rlocfindcommand in MATLAB can choose %the desired poles on the locus-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0-8-6-4-2 0 2 4

근궤적 작도에 있어서 중요한 점

• G(s)H(s) 에극과영점추가로인한영향

-15 -10 -5 0 5-10

-5

0

5

10Root Locus

Real Axis (seconds-1)

Imag

inar

y Ax

is (s

econ

ds-1

)

-10 -5 0 5-10

-5

0

5

10Root Locus

Real Axis (seconds-1)

Imag

inar

y Ax

is (s

econ

ds-1

)

-10 -5 0 5-10

-5

0

5

10Root Locus

Real Axis (seconds-1)

Imag

inar

y Ax

is (s

econ

ds-1

)

-4 -2 0 2-10

-5

0

5

10Root Locus

Real Axis (seconds-1)

Imag

inar

y Ax

is (s

econ

ds-1

)

Page 66: 자동제어(Automatic Control) 9장근궤적기법 · 2020-06-24 · %rlocfindcommand in MATLAB can choose %the desired poles on the locus-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0-8-6-4-2 0 2 4

근궤적 작도에 있어서 중요한 점

• G(s)H(s) 에극과영점추가로인한영향

Page 67: 자동제어(Automatic Control) 9장근궤적기법 · 2020-06-24 · %rlocfindcommand in MATLAB can choose %the desired poles on the locus-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0-8-6-4-2 0 2 4

근궤적 작도에 있어서 중요한 점

• G(s)H(s) 에극과영점추가로인한영향

Page 68: 자동제어(Automatic Control) 9장근궤적기법 · 2020-06-24 · %rlocfindcommand in MATLAB can choose %the desired poles on the locus-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0-8-6-4-2 0 2 4

근궤적 작도에 있어서 중요한 점

• G(s)H(s) 에극과영점추가로인한영향

Page 69: 자동제어(Automatic Control) 9장근궤적기법 · 2020-06-24 · %rlocfindcommand in MATLAB can choose %the desired poles on the locus-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0-8-6-4-2 0 2 4

근궤적 작도에 있어서 중요한 점

• G(s)H(s) 에극과영점추가로인한영향

Page 70: 자동제어(Automatic Control) 9장근궤적기법 · 2020-06-24 · %rlocfindcommand in MATLAB can choose %the desired poles on the locus-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0-8-6-4-2 0 2 4

근콘투어 : 다중 파라미터의 변화

• 다중파라미터변화

– 한개이상의파라미터가 -∞ 에서 ∞ 까지연속적으로변화

– 그근궤적을근콘투어(RC : root contours)• 방정식

• 근궤적

1 1 2 2( ) ( ) ( ) 0P s K Q s K Q s+ + = (7-50)

• K1, K2 : 가변파라미터• P(s), Q1(s), Q2(s) : s의다항식

1 1( ) ( ) 0P s K Q s+ = (7-51)

2 0K =

1 1( )1 0( )

K Q sP s

+ = (7-52)

Page 71: 자동제어(Automatic Control) 9장근궤적기법 · 2020-06-24 · %rlocfindcommand in MATLAB can choose %the desired poles on the locus-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0-8-6-4-2 0 2 4

근콘투어 : 다중 파라미터의 변화

• 다중파라미터변화

– 한개이상의파라미터가 -∞ 에서 ∞ 까지연속적으로변화

– 그근궤적을근콘투어(RC : root contours)• 방정식

• 근콘투어(K2 가변할때 K1 은고정)

1 1 2 2( ) ( ) ( ) 0P s K Q s K Q s+ + = (7-50)

• K1, K2 : 가변파라미터• P(s), Q1(s), Q2(s) : s의다항식

(7-53)

1 :K 일정

22 2

1 1

( )( ) ( )

( ) ( )Q s

G s H sP s K Q s

=+

(7-54)

2 2

1 1

( )1 0

( ) ( )K Q s

P s K Q s+ =

+

Page 72: 자동제어(Automatic Control) 9장근궤적기법 · 2020-06-24 · %rlocfindcommand in MATLAB can choose %the desired poles on the locus-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0-8-6-4-2 0 2 4

근콘투어 : 다중 파라미터의 변화

• 다중파라미터변화

Page 73: 자동제어(Automatic Control) 9장근궤적기법 · 2020-06-24 · %rlocfindcommand in MATLAB can choose %the desired poles on the locus-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0-8-6-4-2 0 2 4

근콘투어 : 다중 파라미터의 변화

• 다중파라미터변화

Page 74: 자동제어(Automatic Control) 9장근궤적기법 · 2020-06-24 · %rlocfindcommand in MATLAB can choose %the desired poles on the locus-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0-8-6-4-2 0 2 4

근콘투어 : 다중 파라미터의 변화

• 다중파라미터변화

Page 75: 자동제어(Automatic Control) 9장근궤적기법 · 2020-06-24 · %rlocfindcommand in MATLAB can choose %the desired poles on the locus-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0-8-6-4-2 0 2 4

근콘투어 : 다중 파라미터의 변화

• 다중파라미터변화

-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2Root Locus

Real Axis (seconds-1)

Imag

inar

y Ax

is (s

econ

ds-1

)

%%Toolbox 7-5-1%%식 7-10을 위한 MATLAB 명령for k1 = [0.0184 0.25 2.56];

num = [1 0 0];den = [1 0 k1 k1];mysys = tf(num, den);rlocus(mysys);hold on;

end;

Page 76: 자동제어(Automatic Control) 9장근궤적기법 · 2020-06-24 · %rlocfindcommand in MATLAB can choose %the desired poles on the locus-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0-8-6-4-2 0 2 4

근콘투어 : 다중 파라미터의 변화

• 다중파라미터변화

Page 77: 자동제어(Automatic Control) 9장근궤적기법 · 2020-06-24 · %rlocfindcommand in MATLAB can choose %the desired poles on the locus-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0-8-6-4-2 0 2 4

근콘투어 : 다중 파라미터의 변화

• 다중파라미터변화

Page 78: 자동제어(Automatic Control) 9장근궤적기법 · 2020-06-24 · %rlocfindcommand in MATLAB can choose %the desired poles on the locus-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0-8-6-4-2 0 2 4

근콘투어 : 다중 파라미터의 변화

• 다중파라미터변화

Page 79: 자동제어(Automatic Control) 9장근궤적기법 · 2020-06-24 · %rlocfindcommand in MATLAB can choose %the desired poles on the locus-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0-8-6-4-2 0 2 4

근콘투어 : 다중 파라미터의 변화

• 다중파라미터변화

Page 80: 자동제어(Automatic Control) 9장근궤적기법 · 2020-06-24 · %rlocfindcommand in MATLAB can choose %the desired poles on the locus-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0-8-6-4-2 0 2 4

근콘투어 : 다중 파라미터의 변화

• 다중파라미터변화

Page 81: 자동제어(Automatic Control) 9장근궤적기법 · 2020-06-24 · %rlocfindcommand in MATLAB can choose %the desired poles on the locus-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0-8-6-4-2 0 2 4

근콘투어 : 다중 파라미터의 변화

• 다중파라미터변화

%Toolbox 7-5-2%MATLAB statements for Example 7-5-2%T = 0num=[1];den=conv([1 0],conv([0 1],[1 2 2]));mysys=tf(num,den);subplot(2,2,1);rlocus(mysys);%k>4for k=4:10;

num = conv([1 0 0],[1 2 2]);den = conv([1 0],[1 2 2]);den = den+k;mysys = tf(num,den);subplot(2,2,2);rlocus(mysys);

end;

k=0.5;num = conv([1 0 0],[1 2 2]);den = conv([1 0],[1 2 2]);den = den+k;mysys = tf(num,den);subplot(2,2,3)rlocus(mysys);%k<0.5for k=-100:0.5;

num = conv([1 0 0],[1 2 2]);den = conv([1 0],[1 2 2]);den = den+k;mysys = tf(num,den);subplot(2,2,4);rlocus(mysys);

end;

Page 82: 자동제어(Automatic Control) 9장근궤적기법 · 2020-06-24 · %rlocfindcommand in MATLAB can choose %the desired poles on the locus-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0-8-6-4-2 0 2 4

근콘투어 : 다중 파라미터의 변화

• 다중파라미터변화

-6 -4 -2 0 2-5

0

5Root Locus

Real Axis (seconds-1)

Imag

inar

y Ax

is (s

econ

ds-1

)

-4 -2 0 2-2

-1

0

1

2Root Locus

Real Axis (seconds-1)

Imag

inar

y Ax

is (s

econ

ds-1

)

-3 -2 -1 0 1-2

-1

0

1

2Root Locus

Real Axis (seconds-1)

Imag

inar

y Ax

is (s

econ

ds-1

)

-2 -1 0 1-2

-1

0

1

2Root Locus

Real Axis (seconds-1)

Imag

inar

y Ax

is (s

econ

ds-1

)

Page 83: 자동제어(Automatic Control) 9장근궤적기법 · 2020-06-24 · %rlocfindcommand in MATLAB can choose %the desired poles on the locus-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0-8-6-4-2 0 2 4

근콘투어 : 다중 파라미터의 변화

• 다중파라미터변화

Page 84: 자동제어(Automatic Control) 9장근궤적기법 · 2020-06-24 · %rlocfindcommand in MATLAB can choose %the desired poles on the locus-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0-8-6-4-2 0 2 4

근콘투어 : 다중 파라미터의 변화

• 다중파라미터변화

Page 85: 자동제어(Automatic Control) 9장근궤적기법 · 2020-06-24 · %rlocfindcommand in MATLAB can choose %the desired poles on the locus-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0-8-6-4-2 0 2 4

근콘투어 : 다중 파라미터의 변화

• 다중파라미터변화

Page 86: 자동제어(Automatic Control) 9장근궤적기법 · 2020-06-24 · %rlocfindcommand in MATLAB can choose %the desired poles on the locus-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0-8-6-4-2 0 2 4

근콘투어 : 다중 파라미터의 변화

• 다중파라미터변화

Page 87: 자동제어(Automatic Control) 9장근궤적기법 · 2020-06-24 · %rlocfindcommand in MATLAB can choose %the desired poles on the locus-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0-8-6-4-2 0 2 4

근콘투어 : 다중 파라미터의 변화

• 다중파라미터변화

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10Root Locus

Real Axis (seconds-1)

Imag

inar

y Ax

is (s

econ

ds-1

)

%Toolbox 7-5-3%MATLAB statements for Fig. 7-17%Same results as Fig. 7-17 can be obtained by using the following MATLAB statements:for k= [3 6 20];

num=[k 0];den=conv([1 0],conv([1 1],[1 2]));den=den+k;mysys=tf(num,den);rlocus(mysys);axis([-4 4 -10 10]);

hold onend;