EPISTAXIS

AMAN OPNEJA

BLOOD SUPPLY

NASAL SEPTUMOF

EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY

FACIAL ARTERY MAXILLARYARTERY

SUPERIORLABIAL ARTERY

GREATERPALATINEARTERY

SEPTAL BRANCH

SPHENO-PALATINE

NASOPALATINESEPTAL BRANCH

INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY

ANTERIOR ETHMOID ARTERY

POSTERIOR ETHMOID ARTERY

LITTLE’s AREA

1/2 INCH FROM THE CAUDAL BORDER OF SEPTUM ANTERO-INFERIORILY.

VESSELS ANASTOMOSING ARE: ANTERIOR ETHMOID GREATER PALATINE SPHENOPALATINE SEPTAL BRANCH OF SUPERIOR LABIAL.

LITTLE’s AREA

WOODRUFF’s PLEXUS

INFERIOR TO POSTERIOR END OF INFERIOR TURBINATE

FREQUENT SITE OF ADULT EPISTAXIS VENOUS PLEXUS

CAUSES

OF

EPISTAXIS

LOCAL CAUSESTRAUMATIC

NASAL FRACTURE WITH DISRUPTION OF THE NASAL MUCOSA

NASAL SURGICAL PROCEDURE

NASAL INTUBATION DIGITAL TRAUMA NASAL FOREIGN BODY ANTIHISTAMINICS AND

STEROID NASAL SPRAY NASAL OXYGEN OR

CONTINOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY BREATHING

STRUCTURAL

NASAL SEPTAL DEFORMITY ( DEFLECTIONS AND SPUR )

SEPTAL PERFORATIONS

INFLAMMATORY DISEASE

VIRAL UPPER RESPPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION BACTERIAL SINUSITIS ALLERGIC SINUSITIS PYOGENIC GRANULOMA GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE ( WEGNER’S GRANULOMATOSIS,

TUBERCULOSIS, SARCOIDOSIS, SYPHILLIS) ENVIRONMENTAL IRRITANT ( CIGARETTE SMOKING, CHEMICALS,

POLLUTION)

TUMOUR OR

VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS

ANGIOFIBROMA ANEURYSMS EPIDERMOID CARCINOMAS NASAL PAPILLOMA ADENOCARCINOMA ENCEPHALOMA ESTHESIONEUROBLASTOMA HEMANGIOMA

SYSTEMIC CAUSESCOAGULATION DEFICITS

THROMBOCYTOPENIA ACQUIRED COAGULOPATHY CONGENITAL CPAGULOPATHY VITAMIN A, D, C, E & K DEFICIENCY LIVER DISEASE RENAL FAILURE CHRONIC ALCOHOL ABUSE MALNUTRITION POLYCYTHEMIA VERA MULTIPLE MYELOMA

LEUKEMIA

ANTICOAGULANT DRUGS ASPIRIN HEPARIN WARFARIN

VASCULAR DISEASE

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

COLLAGEN ABNORMALITIES

HEREDITY HEMORRHAGIC TELANGIECTASIA

CARDIOVASCULAR CONDITION

THAT INCREASE VENOUS PRESSURE

CHF

MITRAL VALVE STENOSIS

HYPERTENSION

UNPROVEN RELATIONSHIP

CLASSIFICATION OF

CAUSES OF EPISTAXIS

1. BASED ON LOCATION

2. BASED ON ETIOLOGY

3. BASED ON CAUSE

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