Era of Reforms Era of Reforms America’s Early 19America’s Early 19thth Century Society and Century Society and

CultureCulture

Unit IIIBUnit IIIB

AP United States HistoryAP United States History

The NorthThe North

►Commercial farming and industrial Commercial farming and industrial developmentdevelopment

►Organized labor and dependenceOrganized labor and dependence► Increased urbanizationIncreased urbanization►Development of Old NorthwestDevelopment of Old Northwest►Concentration of reform movementsConcentration of reform movements► ImmigrationImmigration

The SouthThe South

► ““King Cotton” and cash crops in a plantation King Cotton” and cash crops in a plantation system with slaverysystem with slavery

► ““Peculiar Institution”Peculiar Institution” From “necessary evil” to “positive good”From “necessary evil” to “positive good”

►Mudsill theoryMudsill theory Southern paternalismSouthern paternalism

► Southern ThoughtSouthern Thought Feudal-like systemFeudal-like system Education Education Slavery and religion bondingSlavery and religion bonding Attached to traditions and customs as the North Attached to traditions and customs as the North

reformedreformed

The WestThe West

► The Frontier meant new opportunity and a The Frontier meant new opportunity and a promising futurepromising future Fur tradingFur trading Cattle ranchesCattle ranches miningmining

► Extremely difficult life on the frontierExtremely difficult life on the frontier squatterssquatters

► Experienced frontiersmen helped expansionExperienced frontiersmen helped expansion► Settlement, agricultural overuse, Settlement, agricultural overuse,

deforestation, hunting decimated the deforestation, hunting decimated the landscape and environmentlandscape and environment

The LadiesThe Ladies► Cult of DomesticityCult of Domesticity

Women as moral leaders in the home, especially among Women as moral leaders in the home, especially among middle-class and urban familiesmiddle-class and urban families

► Urbanization and industrialization rigidly establish Urbanization and industrialization rigidly establish the American familythe American family Men out of the home at jobsMen out of the home at jobs Women at home for domestic dutiesWomen at home for domestic duties

► Single women mostly in factories while married Single women mostly in factories while married stayed homestayed home

► Chivalry toward Southern womenChivalry toward Southern women► Western women had hard livesWestern women had hard lives► Limited to no civic opportunitiesLimited to no civic opportunities► Women’s Rights MovementWomen’s Rights Movement

Increasing animosity toward secondary statusIncreasing animosity toward secondary status Letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the

Sexes Sexes (1837)(1837) Seneca Falls Convention (1848)Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

► Declaration of SentimentsDeclaration of Sentiments► Led to rise of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. AnthonyLed to rise of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

Seneca Falls DeclarationSeneca Falls Declaration► ““We hold these truth to be self-evident; that all men and women are created equal…”We hold these truth to be self-evident; that all men and women are created equal…”► “…“…establishment of an absolute tyranny over her.”establishment of an absolute tyranny over her.”► ““He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise…He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise…

thereby leaving her without representation…he has oppressed her on all sides.”thereby leaving her without representation…he has oppressed her on all sides.”► ““He has withheld from her rights which are given to the most ignorant and degraded men He has withheld from her rights which are given to the most ignorant and degraded men

– both natives and foreigners.”– both natives and foreigners.”► ““He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead.”He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead.”► ““He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns.”He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns.”► ““He has made her, morally, an irresponsible being, as she can commit many crimes with He has made her, morally, an irresponsible being, as she can commit many crimes with

impunity, provided they be done in the presence of her husband…compelled to promise impunity, provided they be done in the presence of her husband…compelled to promise obedience…he becoming to all intents and purposes, her master…”obedience…he becoming to all intents and purposes, her master…”

► ““He has monopolized nearly all profitable employments…[as] a teacher of theology, He has monopolized nearly all profitable employments…[as] a teacher of theology, medicine, or law, she is not known.”medicine, or law, she is not known.”

► ““He has denied her the facilities for obtaining a thorough education…”He has denied her the facilities for obtaining a thorough education…”► ““He allows her in Church, as well as State, but a subordinate position, claiming Apostolic He allows her in Church, as well as State, but a subordinate position, claiming Apostolic

authority for her exclusion from the ministry…”authority for her exclusion from the ministry…”► ““He has created a false public sentiment by giving to the world a different code of morals He has created a false public sentiment by giving to the world a different code of morals

for men and women…”for men and women…”► ““He has endeavored, in every way that he could, to destroy her confidence in her own He has endeavored, in every way that he could, to destroy her confidence in her own

powers, to lessen her self-respect and to make her willing to lead a dependent and abject powers, to lessen her self-respect and to make her willing to lead a dependent and abject life.”life.”

► ““ResolvedResolved, That the speedy success of our cause upon the zealous and untiring efforts of , That the speedy success of our cause upon the zealous and untiring efforts of both men and women, for the overthrow of the monopoly of the pulpit, and for the both men and women, for the overthrow of the monopoly of the pulpit, and for the securing to women an equal participation with men in various trades, professions, and securing to women an equal participation with men in various trades, professions, and commerce.”commerce.”

► ““Resolved, thereforeResolved, therefore, That, being invested by the Creator with the same capabilities, and , That, being invested by the Creator with the same capabilities, and the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause by every and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause by every righteous means…”righteous means…”

Blacks and SlavesBlacks and Slaves► North provided economic opportunities but limited skilled labor North provided economic opportunities but limited skilled labor

and little to no civic rightsand little to no civic rights► Northern blacks displaced by increasing immigrationNorthern blacks displaced by increasing immigration► Southern free blacksSouthern free blacks► SlaverySlavery

Increased due to King CottonIncreased due to King Cotton Despite conditions and separations, slaves bonded with family and Despite conditions and separations, slaves bonded with family and

faithfaith► Rise and establishment of Anti-Slavery Reforms and Rise and establishment of Anti-Slavery Reforms and

AbolitionismAbolitionism Religious conviction and sectional differencesReligious conviction and sectional differences American Colonization SocietyAmerican Colonization Society

► Colony in LiberiaColony in Liberia American Antislavery SocietyAmerican Antislavery Society

► William Lloyd Garrison and William Lloyd Garrison and The LiberatorThe Liberator Liberty PartyLiberty Party Frederick DouglassFrederick Douglass

► Former slave who promoted political and direct actionsFormer slave who promoted political and direct actions► Led to leaders such as Sojourner Truth and Harriet TubmanLed to leaders such as Sojourner Truth and Harriet Tubman

Nat TurnerNat Turner► Inspired by rhetoric for direct action and resistanceInspired by rhetoric for direct action and resistance► Revolt in Virginia in 1831 led to 55 white deathsRevolt in Virginia in 1831 led to 55 white deaths► Whites retaliated with brutality and quashed anti-slavery discussions in Whites retaliated with brutality and quashed anti-slavery discussions in

the Souththe South

Lines Being DrawnLines Being Drawn

William Lloyd Garrison

Frederick Douglass

John C. Calhoun

James Henry Hammond

Free and Slave States (1789-Free and Slave States (1789-1861)1861)

The LiberatorThe Liberator First Issue, William First Issue, William Lloyd Garrison (1831)Lloyd Garrison (1831)

► ““During my recent tour for the purpose of exciting the minds During my recent tour for the purpose of exciting the minds of the people by a series of discourses on the subject of of the people by a series of discourses on the subject of slavery, every place that I visited gave fresh evidence of the slavery, every place that I visited gave fresh evidence of the fact, that a greater revolution in public sentiment was to be fact, that a greater revolution in public sentiment was to be effected in the free states – and particularly in New England – effected in the free states – and particularly in New England – than at the south. I found contempt more bitter, opposition than at the south. I found contempt more bitter, opposition more active, detraction more relentless, prejudice more more active, detraction more relentless, prejudice more stubborn, and apathy more frozen, than among slave owners stubborn, and apathy more frozen, than among slave owners themselves.”themselves.”

► “…“…yea, till every chain be broken, and every bondman set yea, till every chain be broken, and every bondman set free! Let Southern oppressors tremble – let their secret free! Let Southern oppressors tremble – let their secret abettors tremble – let their Northern apologists tremble – let abettors tremble – let their Northern apologists tremble – let all the enemies of the persecuted blacks tremble.”all the enemies of the persecuted blacks tremble.”

► ““I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. No! no! Tell a man whose house is on fire, to give moderation. No! no! Tell a man whose house is on fire, to give a moderate alarm… but urge me not to use moderation in a a moderate alarm… but urge me not to use moderation in a cause like the present. I am in earnest – I will not equivocate – cause like the present. I am in earnest – I will not equivocate – I will not excuse – I will not retreat a single inch – AND I WILL I will not excuse – I will not retreat a single inch – AND I WILL BE HEARD.”BE HEARD.”

John C. Calhoun’s John C. Calhoun’s Speech on the Reception of Speech on the Reception of Abolition PetitionsAbolition Petitions (1837)(1837)

► Such…is the language held towards us and ours. The peculiar institution of the South—that, on the maintenance of Such…is the language held towards us and ours. The peculiar institution of the South—that, on the maintenance of which the very existence of the slaveholding States depends, is pronounced to be sinful and odious, in the sight of which the very existence of the slaveholding States depends, is pronounced to be sinful and odious, in the sight of God and man; and this with a systematic design of rendering us hateful in the eyes of the world—with a view to a God and man; and this with a systematic design of rendering us hateful in the eyes of the world—with a view to a general crusade against us and our institutions. This, too, in the legislative halls of the Union; created by these general crusade against us and our institutions. This, too, in the legislative halls of the Union; created by these confederated States, for the better protection of their peace, their safety, and their respective institutions—and yet, confederated States, for the better protection of their peace, their safety, and their respective institutions—and yet, we, the representatives of twelve of these sovereign States against whom this deadly war is waged, are expected to we, the representatives of twelve of these sovereign States against whom this deadly war is waged, are expected to sit here in silence, hearing ourselves and our constituents day after day denounced, without uttering a word; for if sit here in silence, hearing ourselves and our constituents day after day denounced, without uttering a word; for if we but open our lips, the charge of agitation is resounded on all sides, and we are held up as seeking to aggravate we but open our lips, the charge of agitation is resounded on all sides, and we are held up as seeking to aggravate the evil which we resist. Every reflecting mind must see in all this a state of things deeply and dangerously the evil which we resist. Every reflecting mind must see in all this a state of things deeply and dangerously diseased.diseased.

► I do not belong to the school which holds that aggression is to be met by concession. Mine is the opposite creed, I do not belong to the school which holds that aggression is to be met by concession. Mine is the opposite creed, which teaches that encroachments must be met at the beginning, and that those who act on the opposite principle which teaches that encroachments must be met at the beginning, and that those who act on the opposite principle are prepared to become slaves. In this case, in particular, I hold concession or compromise to be fatal. If we concede are prepared to become slaves. In this case, in particular, I hold concession or compromise to be fatal. If we concede an inch, concession would follow concession—compromise would follow compromise, until our ranks would be so an inch, concession would follow concession—compromise would follow compromise, until our ranks would be so broken that effectual resistance would be impossible. We must meet the enemy on the frontier, with a fixed broken that effectual resistance would be impossible. We must meet the enemy on the frontier, with a fixed determination of maintaining our position at every hazard.determination of maintaining our position at every hazard.

► But let me not be understood as admitting, even by implication, that the existing relations between the two races in But let me not be understood as admitting, even by implication, that the existing relations between the two races in the slaveholding States is an evil—far otherwise; I hold it to be a good, as it has thus far proved itself to be to both, the slaveholding States is an evil—far otherwise; I hold it to be a good, as it has thus far proved itself to be to both, and will continue to prove so if not disturbed by the fell spirit of abolition. I appeal to facts. Never before has the and will continue to prove so if not disturbed by the fell spirit of abolition. I appeal to facts. Never before has the black race of Central Africa, from the dawn of history to the present day, attained a condition so civilized and so black race of Central Africa, from the dawn of history to the present day, attained a condition so civilized and so improved, not only physically, but morally and intellectually. It came among us in a low, degraded, and savage improved, not only physically, but morally and intellectually. It came among us in a low, degraded, and savage condition, and in the course of a few generations it has grown up under the fostering care of our institutions, as condition, and in the course of a few generations it has grown up under the fostering care of our institutions, as reviled as they have been, to its present comparatively civilized condition. This, with the rapid increase of numbers, reviled as they have been, to its present comparatively civilized condition. This, with the rapid increase of numbers, is conclusive proof of the general happiness of the race, in spite of all the exaggerated tales to the contrary.is conclusive proof of the general happiness of the race, in spite of all the exaggerated tales to the contrary.

► In one thing only are we inferior—the arts of gain; we acknowledge that we are less wealthy than the Northern In one thing only are we inferior—the arts of gain; we acknowledge that we are less wealthy than the Northern section of this Union, but I trace this mainly to the fiscal action of this Government, which has extracted much from, section of this Union, but I trace this mainly to the fiscal action of this Government, which has extracted much from, and spent little among us. Had it been the reverse—if the exaction had been from the other section, and the and spent little among us. Had it been the reverse—if the exaction had been from the other section, and the expenditure with us, this point of superiority would not be against us now, as it was not at the formation of this expenditure with us, this point of superiority would not be against us now, as it was not at the formation of this Government.Government.

► But I take higher ground. I hold that in the present state of civilization, where two races of different origin, and But I take higher ground. I hold that in the present state of civilization, where two races of different origin, and distinguished by color, and other physical differences, as well as intellectual, are brought together, the relation now distinguished by color, and other physical differences, as well as intellectual, are brought together, the relation now existing in the slaveholding States between the two, is, instead of an evil, a good—a positive good.existing in the slaveholding States between the two, is, instead of an evil, a good—a positive good.

► I might well challenge a comparison between them and the more direct, simple, and patriarchal mode by which the I might well challenge a comparison between them and the more direct, simple, and patriarchal mode by which the labor of the African race is, among us, commanded by the European. I may say with truth, that in few countries so labor of the African race is, among us, commanded by the European. I may say with truth, that in few countries so much is left to the share of the laborer, and so little exacted from him, or where there is more kind attention paid to much is left to the share of the laborer, and so little exacted from him, or where there is more kind attention paid to him in sickness or infirmities of age. Compare his condition with the tenants of the poor houses in the more civilized him in sickness or infirmities of age. Compare his condition with the tenants of the poor houses in the more civilized portions of Europe—look at the sick, and the old and infirm slave, on one hand, in the midst of his family and portions of Europe—look at the sick, and the old and infirm slave, on one hand, in the midst of his family and friends, under the kind superintending care of his master and mistress, and compare it with the forlorn and friends, under the kind superintending care of his master and mistress, and compare it with the forlorn and wretched condition of the pauper in the poor house.wretched condition of the pauper in the poor house.

► Be assured that emancipation itself would not satisfy these fanatics—that gained, the next step would be to raise Be assured that emancipation itself would not satisfy these fanatics—that gained, the next step would be to raise the negroes to a social and political equality with the whites; and that being effected, we would soon find the the negroes to a social and political equality with the whites; and that being effected, we would soon find the present condition of the two races reversed. They and their northern allies would be the masters, and we the slaves; present condition of the two races reversed. They and their northern allies would be the masters, and we the slaves;

NativesNatives

► Forced to settle farther west or decimated Forced to settle farther west or decimated by war, famine, diseaseby war, famine, disease

►HorsesHorses Nomadic lifeNomadic life Hunting of buffaloHunting of buffalo Tactical advantageTactical advantage

►Native removalNative removal Indian Removal Act (1830)Indian Removal Act (1830) Cherokee Nation v. Georgia Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and and Worcester v. Worcester v.

GeorgiaGeorgia Trail of TearsTrail of Tears

ImmigrationImmigration

► Immigrants continue to arrive in Immigrants continue to arrive in United States seeking opportunity United States seeking opportunity and/or fleeing European difficultiesand/or fleeing European difficulties

►Democratic PartyDemocratic Party► Irish Potato Famine (1840s)Irish Potato Famine (1840s)►GermansGermans►NativistsNativists

The Second Great AwakeningThe Second Great Awakening

► Religious revivalist reaction to Enlightenment Religious revivalist reaction to Enlightenment principles and conservative Puritan ideals principles and conservative Puritan ideals beginning in 1790s and into early 19beginning in 1790s and into early 19thth century century

► Educated ministers promote salvation for all Educated ministers promote salvation for all and life void of vicesand life void of vices

► Revivals meetingsRevivals meetings► Protestant domination by Baptists and Protestant domination by Baptists and

MethodistsMethodists►Millennialism and Seventh-Day Adventist Millennialism and Seventh-Day Adventist

ChurchChurch

Mormons and Church of the Mormons and Church of the Latter-Day SaintsLatter-Day Saints

► Joseph Smith, founder in 1830, Joseph Smith, founder in 1830, gathered flock from New York to gathered flock from New York to IllinoisIllinois

►Brigham Young led Mormons west and Brigham Young led Mormons west and eventually settled in Utah Territoryeventually settled in Utah Territory

►Book of Mormon aka ScriptureBook of Mormon aka Scripture►Open canon, exaltation, polygamy lead Open canon, exaltation, polygamy lead

to harassmentto harassment

Reform MovementsReform Movements► Communal SocietiesCommunal Societies

Expansion provided opportunities for development of Expansion provided opportunities for development of utopiasutopias

Shakers – common ownership, shared rewards, strict Shakers – common ownership, shared rewards, strict celibacy, against vices, “separate but equal”celibacy, against vices, “separate but equal”

Robert Owen’s New Harmony and Oneida Community and Robert Owen’s New Harmony and Oneida Community and Fourier PhalanxesFourier Phalanxes

► TemperanceTemperance Reform movement which gathered political support against Reform movement which gathered political support against

society’s vices (alcoholism, gambling, prostitution)society’s vices (alcoholism, gambling, prostitution) American Temperance Society and WashingtoniansAmerican Temperance Society and Washingtonians

► Rehabilitation and InstitutionsRehabilitation and Institutions Mental hospitals and Dorothea DixMental hospitals and Dorothea Dix Educational and rehabilitation for handicappedEducational and rehabilitation for handicapped Prisons and penal societiesPrisons and penal societies

► EducationEducation Support for public educationSupport for public education Horace Mann and rigid public educationHorace Mann and rigid public education Private and religious schools incorporate morality in literacyPrivate and religious schools incorporate morality in literacy

America’s Culture ChangesAmerica’s Culture Changes► RomanticismRomanticism► TranscendentalismTranscendentalism

Spiritual gain over materialismSpiritual gain over materialism Individual over the organization/groupIndividual over the organization/group Ralph Waldo Emerson and Ralph Waldo Emerson and The American ScholarThe American Scholar Henry David Thoreau (Henry David Thoreau (WaldenWalden, , On Civil DisobedienceOn Civil Disobedience))

► PaintingsPaintings Portraits of ordinary American lifePortraits of ordinary American life American landscapesAmerican landscapes

► ArchitectureArchitecture Classical constructionClassical construction

► LiteratureLiterature Transition from European/British style to more American Transition from European/British style to more American

stylestyle The Last of the MohicansThe Last of the Mohicans, , The Scarlet LetterThe Scarlet Letter, , Moby-DickMoby-Dick

Hudson River School – Thomas Hudson River School – Thomas ColeCole

Themes in American Themes in American LiteratureLiterature

► The Last of the MohicansThe Last of the Mohicans by James Fenimore Cooper by James Fenimore Cooper tragedy of encroachment of European/American civilization tragedy of encroachment of European/American civilization

on Nativeson Natives Use of nature as a form of developing charactersUse of nature as a form of developing characters SpiritualitySpirituality

► The Scarlet LetterThe Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne by Nathaniel Hawthorne Satire on America’s puritanical lifestyle and conformitySatire on America’s puritanical lifestyle and conformity Sin more as an opportunity for growth rather than a Sin more as an opportunity for growth rather than a

hindrancehindrance Strength of the individual over the communityStrength of the individual over the community

► Moby-DickMoby-Dick by Herman Melville by Herman Melville No matter how much knowledge acquired, no way to fully No matter how much knowledge acquired, no way to fully

understand the force of natureunderstand the force of nature Captain Ahab views Moby-Dick as embodiment of evil and Captain Ahab views Moby-Dick as embodiment of evil and

his vengeance leads to his destructionhis vengeance leads to his destruction