EuroCham Vietnam Newsletter Q2 2011

8/3/2019 EuroCham Vietnam Newsletter Q2 2011

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/eurocham-vietnam-newsletter-q2-2011 1/28

@FW@DM TB@W @WW]M

Azmmf(J`y :>55 ce}fgbmdet ~zmww goflmzmfgm ~&=

Ojwmz|etòfw of tbm fmqdzelt ~z`gm ceq ~&<

EWMEF Goh~mt`t`|mfmwwZm~ozt Zmcmewmd ~&2

5wt M](EWMEF J}w`fmwwW}hh`t f Iekezte ~&5>

M}zo~mef Lood Lmwt`|ec`f Befo` ~&51

@ftmzfetòfec Jz`jmzpCma`wcetòf9 \`mtfehLog}w ~&:>

M}zoGbeh |`w`tw WGWGgezao gmftzm ~&:4

Wmgofd U}eztmz :>55 @ww}m :>





Hmwweam lzoh tbm Gbe`zhef

Dmez M}zoGbeh Hmhjmzw#

Tb`w `ww}m ol tbm Fmqwcmttmz `w tbm jàamwt

ofm qm be|m m|mz bed q`tb hozm }~detmw of

m|mftw# ed|ogegp# cmaec efd j}w`fmww ww}mw&

Qm qo}cd c`km to log}w of tbm }~goh`fa

Azmmf(J`y :>55 tbm jàamwt m|mz mrb`j`tòf

wboqgew`fa M}zo~mef Azmmf J}w`fmww

Woc}tòfw loz \`mtfeh& Azmmf(J`y :>55 q`cc

wbezm kfoqcmdam efd `dmew of M}zo~mef

Azmmf J}w`fmww Woc}tòfw loz \`mtfeh efd

q`cc log}w `f ~ezt`g}cez of w}wte`fejcm g`t`mw

Gbe`z

Ece`f Gefp# Iezd`fm Hetbmwof

\`gm Gbe`zw

Tohewo Efdzmette# @ftmwe Wef~eoco

Mzdec Mc|mz# W`mhmfw Ctd& \`mtfeh

Gbz`wto~bm B`zty# Wefol`(E|mft`w

^zmjmf Bioztc}fd# B@TG

Cm D}p Tbefb# Wbmcc \`mtfeh

Tzmew}zmz

B`mckm Jooì`fk# TFT \`mtfeh

Gohh`ttmm Hmhjmzw

^mtmz Jozf# Gohhmzyjefk EA

Imef(H`gbmc Gecdea}mw# MEDW

Kz`wtol Gcemw# Jzefd êztfmz

Mchez D}tt# Teffmz \`mtfeh

Oc`|`mz Iegu}mt# Wgbfm`dmz Mcmgtz`g

Q`mamz Ottmz# \G @f|mwt

Gowteft`fo Wehj}p# èaaò \`mtfeh

Efdzmew Wtollmzw# Dm}twgbm Jefk EA

Co}`w Tepcoz# Wtefdezd Gbeztmzmd Jefk

Mrmg}t`|m D`zmgtoz

Dz& Hettbèw Dóbf

Tbm M}zoGbeh fmqwcmttmz `w ~}jc`wbmd

u}eztmzcp jp tbm M}zo~mef Gbehjmz ol

Gohhmzgm `f \`mtfeh q`tb oll`gmw et9

A/L# Wol`tmc ^ceye Befo`

5 Tbefb F`mf Zoed# Je D`fb D`wtz`gt

Befo`# \`mtfeh

Tmc9 "24(4) 715= :::2

Ler9 "24(4) 715= ::52

Mhe`c9 flo(bfNm}zogbeh|f&oza

efd9

M}zoGmftzm40 Heg D`fb Gb` Wtzmmt# D`wtz`gt 5

Bo Gb` H`fb G`tp# \`mtfeh

Tmc9 "24(2) 72:1 :15=

Ler9 "24(2) 72:1 :147

Mhe`c9 flo(bghNm}zogbeh|f&oza

Botc`fm9 "24(2) 7001 5:<7

Qmjw`tm9 qqq&m}zogbeh|f&oza

Md`tozèc goftegt

Ief Q`mbcmz

Hezkmt`fa efd Wmz|`gmw Hefeamz

M}zoGbeh "Bo Gb` H`fb G`tp)

Tmc9 "24(2) 72:1 :15=

Mhe`c9 wmz|`gmwNm}zogbeh|f&oza

efd mfmzap mll`g`mfgp& L`fd hozm `flozhetòf ejo}t Azmmf(J`y :>55 of

~eam 4 ol tb`w Fmqwcmttmz& Qm q`cc ecwo goft`f}m o}z wmz`mw of d`llmzmft

~zo|`fgmw `f \`mtfeh q`tb e log}w of \}fa Te} ~zo|`fgm `f tb`w Fmqwcmttmz&

Ew }w}ec# po} q`cc l`fd tbm cetmwt }~detmw of o}z cojjp`fa mlloztw efd

otbmz zmgmft M}zoGbeh m|mftw efd egt`|`t`mw&

Zmgmftcp# M}zoGbeh bew jmmf |mzp egt`|m `f o}z ed|ogegp mlloztw of e

f}hjmz ol ~`mgmw ol fmq cma`wcetòf tbzo}ab o}z wmgtoz gohh`ttmmw efd

otbmz `f`tèt`|mw& Tbmzm bew jmmf gofgmzf ejo}t e dzelt ~z`gm ceq e`h`fa

to zma}cetm ~z`gmw ol |ezò}w aoodw "wmm ~eam <) efd Dmgzmm 4< tbet q`cc

goh~c`getm tbm zmgz}`thmft ~zogmww loz hefp lozmàf j}w`fmwwmw `f

\`mtfeh "wmm ~eam 52)&

Tbmzm be|m ecwo jmmf wohm ftmzmwt`fa dm|mco~hmftw f tbm EWMEF

zmaòf zmgmftcp tbet ezm e wàf ol M}zo~mef j}w`fmwwmw ae`f`fa

gofl`dmfgm to zm~zmwmft j}w`fmww `ftmzmwtw efd to w}~~ozt tbm azoqtb

efd `ftmazetòf ol tbm zmaòf& Tbm M](EWMEF J}w`fmww Go}fg`c qew

mwtejc`wbmd et e hmmt`fa jmtqmmf M}zo~mef Gohh`wwòfmz loz Tzedm

Hz& Kezmc Dm A}gbt q`tb zm~zmwmftet`|mw ol M}zo~mef J}w`fmww

Ozaef`wetòfw et tbm EWMEF(M] J}w`fmww W}hh`t f Iekezte& @ eh ecwo

~cmewmd tbet M}zo~mef goh~ef`mw `f tqo ol \`mtfeh‐w fmàbjoz`fa

go}ftz`mw# Ceow efd Gehjodè be|m }f`tmd to mwtejc`wb M}zo~mef

Gbehjmzw ol Gohhmzgm `f jotb go}ftz`mw `f tbm cewt u}eztmz# wboq`fa

gofl`dmfgm f tbm zmaòf&

M}zoGbeh bew ozaef`ymd e cezam f}hjmz ol ftmzmwt`fa m|mftw `f tbm

cewt u}eztmz w}gb ew tbm wmh`fez of @f|mwthmft Mf|`zofhmft ,

O~~ozt}f`t`mw f BGHG :>55 ‗ :>5= q`tb tbm BGHG ^mo~cm‐w Gohh`ttmm

cmedmzw efd d`wt`fa}`wbmd dm~ezthmftw bmedw# j}t ecwo wogèc m|mftw

c`km tbm Lood Lmwt`|ec `f Befo`# ettzegt`fa o|mz 5#:>> a}mwtw& T}zf to~eam 54 loz ef }~detm ol o}z zmgmft m|mftw efd qm cook lozqezd to

qmcgoh`fa po} et o}z l}t}zm ofmw&

Ew ecqepw# qm ezm kmmf to bmez lzoh po} of boq qm gef h~zo|m o}z

egt`|`tp efd wmz|`gmw tb`w pmez& @ f|`tm po} to amt f to}gb q`tb }w efd |`w`t

o}z qmjw`tm to wmm qbet hozm qm gef do loz po}z j}w`fmww `f \`mtfeh&

Of jmbecl ol tbm M}zoGbeh Mrmg}t`|m Joezd# @ tbefk po} loz po}z

goft`f}o}w w}~~ozt efd q`wb po} ecc e welm efd ~cmeweft w}hhmz%

Q`tb k`fd zmaezdw#

Ece`f Gefp# Gbe`zhef



Azmmf(J`y :>559 W}wte`fejcm G`t`mw

M}zoGbeh# `f ~eztfmzwb`~ q`tb tbm \`mtfeh Gbehjmz ol Gohhmzgm efd @fd}wtzp"\GG@) efd tbm @f|mwthmft , Tzedm zohotòf Gmftzm f BGHG "@T^G) w bowt`fatbm wmgofd md`tòf ol `tw –AzmmfJ`y Goflmzmfgm efd Mrb`j`tòf of M}zo~mefAzmmf J}w`fmww Woc}tòfw‘ "AzmmfJ`y :>55) of Wm~tmhjmz 5=tb efd 5<tb et tbmQb`tm êcegm Gof|mftòf Gmftmz `f BGHG& AzmmfJ`y :>55 he`f to~`g q`cc jm–W}wte`fejcm G`t`mw‘9 @t `w mwt`hetmd tbet hozm tbef =>- ol tbm qozcd‐w ~o~}cetòffoq c`|mw f g`t`mw efd }zjef ezmew& E w}wte`fejcm g`tp w dmwàfmd f gofw`dmzetòfol mf|`zofhmftec `h~egt# h`f`h`yetòf ol mfmzap gofw}h~tòf# o~t`h`yetòf ol qewtm o}t~}t efd goftzoc ol e`z(# GO: efd qetmz ~occ}tòf& E w}wte`fejcm g`tp geflmmd twmcl q`tb h`f`hec zmcèfgm of tbm w}zzo}fd`fa go}ftzpw`dm# gef ~oqmz twmcl q`tb zmfmqejcm wo}zgmw ol mfmzap efd `w o|mzecc mfmzap mll`g`mft& Tbm AzmmfJ`y:>55 mrb`j`tòf q`cc wboqgewm woc}tòfw loz w}wte`fejcm g`t`mw `f ecc ezmewgofgmzfmd9 Lzoh w}wte`fejcm j}`cd`faw# bmectbgezm efd ~}jc`g edh`f`wtzetòfleg`c`t`mw to tzefw~oztetòf# bezjo}zw efd e`z~oztw&

Tbm e`h ol w}wte`fejcm g`t`mw w gzmet`fa tbm wheccmwt ~oww`jcm –mgocoa`gec loot~z`ft‘9 @t bew jmmf mwt`hetmd tbet zmdmwàf`fa

g`t`mw go}cd ~ow`t`|mcp flc}mfgm }~ to 1> ~mzgmft ol b}hef`tp‐w mgocoa`gec loot~z`ft "ML)& Tbm ML w gecg}cetmd jp goh~ez`fao}z gofw}h~tòf ol zmwo}zgmw efd amfmzetòf ol qewtm q`tb fet}zm‐w ge~eg`tp to amfmzetm fmq zmwo}zgmw efd ejwozjo}z qewtm& Tbm ML `w oltmf mr~zmwwmd `f –Meztbw Gofw}hmd‘ "MG)& @f :>>=# b}hef`tp‐w mgocoa`gec dmj`t wtood et 7>~mzgmft# hmef`fa tbet qm qmzm zmeccp gofw}h`fa ew hefp zmwo}zgmw efd ~zod}g`fa ew h}gb qewtm ew `l qm bed 5&7meztbw et o}z d`w~owec& Jotb Cofdof‐w efd \efgo}|mz‐w ML mu}ecw m|mf 7&>= ~cefmtw& Cofdof‐w 1&< h`ccòf fbej`teftw#loz mreh~cm# j}zf }~ 50&1 h`ccòf acojec bmgtezmw; tbet‐w 5:= t`hmw `tw amoaze~b`g ezme& @f :>>># Jmzc`f gofw}hmd 2:t`hmw `tw amoaze~b`g ezme&

Là}zmw c`km tb`w hekm `t |mzp gcmez tbet g`t`mw q`cc dmtmzh`fm qbmtbmz tbm wb`lt tow}wte`fej`c`tp w}ggmmdw oz le`cw& Tbet‐w qbp t‐w wo gz`t`gec loz g`tp wtekmbocdmzw tohekm tbm zàbt `f|mwthmft dmg`wòfw todep& W}wte`fejcm }zjef `flzewtz}gt}zmwgef zmd}gm e g`tp‐w ML efd ecwo we|m gowtw efd h~zo|m u}ec`tp ol c`lm& W}wte`fej`c`tpzmwtw of lo}z ~`ccezw9 goh~mt`t`|mfmww# mf|`zofhmft# u}ec`tp ol c`lm efd aood

ao|mzfefgm ew ef o|mzezgb`fa ~z`fg`~cm& Tbm kmp gbeccmfam w to tzefwcetm tbmwm~z`fg`~cmw `fto gowt(mll`g`mft# lmew`jcm efd w}`tejcm woc}tòfw "jewmd of mr`wt`fatmgbfocoap efd ~oztlocò)9 ]zjef ezmew ezm leg`fa e bowt ol mf|`zofhmftec~zojcmhw# lzoh e`z ~occ}tòf to qewtmqetmz hefeamhmft efd azmmf w~egmdmazedetòf& W}wte`fejcm }zjef dm|mco~hmft ~zohotmw azmetmz }wm ol ectmzfet`|mmfmzap wo}zgmw efd hozm mfmzap( mll`g`mft j}`cd`faw efd tzefw~ozt# hmew}zmwtbet zmd}gm gofamwtòf efd GO: mh`wwòfw# zmgpgc`fa ol qetmz efd qewtm efdtbm }wm ol |mamtetòf to l`ctmz ~occ}tòf efd ge~t}zm gezjof dòr`dm&

Qb`cm tbm tmgbfocoa`mw to egb`m|m w}wte`fejcm g`t`mw hep jm zmedp loz `h~cmhmftetòf# tbm heaf`t}dm efd cofa(tmzh `h~egt ol tbm fmgmwwezp`f|mwthmftw ezm eggoh~ef`md jp bàb z`wk efd }fgmzte`ft`mw& Tb`faw#boqm|mz# ezm fot ew d`ll`g}ct ew tbmp hep wmmh9 Loz Cofdof# `t qewwboqf tbet tbm totec f|mwthmft fmmdmd to egb`m|m wàf`l`geft w}wte`fej`c`tp

tezamtw qew cmww tbef 5 ~mzgmft ol tbm g`tp‐w azoww dohmwt`g ~zod}gt& Ecwo# e W`mhmfw wt}dp of H}f`gb wboqmd tbet e goh~ezejcm g`tp gefzmd}gm tw GO: mh`wwòfw jp 0> ~mzgmft jp h`d(gmft}zp q`tbo}t h~e`z`fatbm u}ec`tp ol c`lm loz tbm`z `fbej`teftw& Tbmwm wt}d`mw be|m ecwo wboqftbm goffmgtòf jmtqmmf ejetmhmft ~otmftècw efd f|mwthmftw efd Zo@"zmt}zf of `f|mwthmft)& Tb`w bmc~w g`tp dmg`wòf(hekmzw ~zòz`t`ym tbm`z `f|mwthmftw efd o~t`h`ym gowtw& Egb`m|`fa w}wte`fej`c`tp zmu}`zmw tbet

dmg`wòf(hekmzw tb`fk efd egt gobmw`|mcp9 tmgbfocoa`gec# mf|`zofhmftec# efd ~oc`t`gec ~mzw~mgt`|mw fmmd to jm tekmf`fto gofw`dmzetòf f ozdmz to lozh}cetm e~~zo~zètm woc}tòfw&



Tbm l`zwt AzmmfJ`y ^zmww Goflmzmfgm qew w}ggmwwl}ccp bmcd `f BGHG# a`|`fa tbm m|mft ef oll`gèc k`gk(oll& Ezo}fd <> io}zfec`wtw ettmfdmd wboq`fa azmet `ftmzmwt `f tbm m|mft ~zmwmftetòfw hedm jp o}z d`wt`fa}`wbmd ~efmc ol w~mekmzw#`fgc}d`fa tbm ozaef`wmzw# Hz& Ece`f Gefp "Gbe`zhef ol M}zoGbeh)# Hw& Fa}pmf Bofa Be "\GG@ BGHG Dm~}tp D`zmgtoz)

efd Hz& T} H`fb Tb`mf "@T^G D`zmgtoz); o}z w}~~oztmz Hz& Imef Iegu}mw Jo}lcmt lzoh M] Dmcmaetòf f \`mtfeh ew qmccew o}z w~ofwozw fehmcp Hz& Mzdec Mc|mz "W`mhmfw)# Hz& Tbefb Cm "Wbmcc)# Hz& Ecmr Faèf "^b`c`~w)# Hz& Oc`|`mz Iegu}mt"Wgbfm`dmz Mcmgtz`g) efd tbm ~eztfmz lzoh ]j`lzefgm# Hz& Imef Co}`w ôc`&

Eh~cm u}mwtòfw qmzm go|mzmd `f tbm d`llmzmfgmw jmtqmmf AzmmfJ`y :>>0 efd AzmmfJ`y :>55# M}zo~mef‐w eww`wtefgmloz \`mtfeh `f edo~t`fa azmmf tmgbfocoa`mw efd woc}tòfw# ew qmcc ew ed|efteamw efd d`wed|efteamw loz tbm`z e~~c`getòf`fto ~zegt`gm& Ew e zmw}ct# tbm go|mzeam ol 7< ezt`gcmw efd 4 tmcm|`wòf w~otw qew egb`m|md# q`tb hozm ezt`gcmw to jm~}jc`wbmd woof& Tb`w# ofgm eae`f# bew zmell`zhmd AzmmfJ`y‐w zmàf ew tbm \`mtfeh‐w Fo&5 goh~zmbmfw`|m m|mft ofazmmf j}w`fmww woc}tòfw&

Tbm ~efmc ecwo geccmd loz tbm l`zh goo~mzetòf jmtqmmf tbm hmdè g`zgcm efd tbm ozaef`ymzw/w~ofwozw `f ~zohot`fa tbmm|mft to hozm e}d`mfgm# mw~mgèccp to \`mtfehmwm goh~ef`mw# qbo ezm tbm he`f jmfml`gèz`mw ol tbm ~zoimgt& Wohmw~mgèc fgmft`|mw# }~ to =>- azeftmd of tbm mrb`j`tòf‐w ~z`gmw loz \`mtfehmwm goh~ef`mw# qmzm ecwo effo}fgmd et tbm^zmww Goflmzmfgm&

BGHG 5<tb I}fm :>55 ( M}zoGbeh ^zmww Goflmzmfgm9 Azmmf(J`y :>55 Ce}fgb

qqq&azmmfj`y:>55&goh

M} zo~ me f Azmmf J} w`f mww Woc} t ò f w l oz \ `m tf e h

5=( 5< Wm~ tmh jmz :>5 5—Qb` tm êcegm # BGHG

\`mtfeh ‐w Fo&5 Goh~ zmb mfw `|m M|mf t of Azmmf Woc}t òfw

GOFLMZMFGM66 E goh~zmbmfw`|m Goflmzmfgm ofW}wte`fejcm G`t`mw# Azmmf Hef}legt}z`fa# efdGc`hetm Gbefam , Mfmzap W}~~cp q`tb d`wt`fa}`wbmdw~mekmzw lzoh tbm Ao|mzfhmft# Egedmhè# ~z`|etmgoh~ef`mw# efd FAOw&

MRB@J@T@OF66 E h}ct`legmtmd Mrb`j`tòfwboqgew`fa g}tt`fa(mdam M}zo~mef tmgb(focoa`mw efd woc}tòfw to \`mtfeh‐wdm|mco~hmft gbeccmfamw&

WÔFWOZW9

Mrgc}w`|m Dèhofd9

Aocd9

W`c|mz9

ÊZTFMZW9

HMD@E ÊZTFMZW9



Tbm dzelt ^z`gm Ceq ‗M}zo~mef j}w`fmww gohh}f`tp cookw loz hozm gcez`tp

Tbm H`f`wtzp ol L`fefgm "HoL) w wmmk`fa gohhmftw of tbm z`gm Ceq dzelt mr~mgtmd to jm w}jh`ttmdto tbm Fetòfec Ewwmhjcp tb`w pmez& ]fdmz tbm cetmwt z`gm Ceq dzelt# j}w`fmwwmw f \`mtfeh q`cc legm~z`gm zma`wtzetòf zmu}`zmhmftw efd ~z`gm wtej`c`wetòf hmew}zmw& Dz& Hettbèw Dóbf# Mrmg}t`|mD`zmgtoz ol M}zoGbeh mr~zmwwmw b`w qozz`mw ejo}t tbm ~zo~owmd zma}cetòfw `f tb`w dzelt&

5& Qbet `w tbm jegkazo}fd ol tb`w ceq? Lozhmzcp# `w tbmzm efp w`h`cez ceq of ~z`gm hefeamhmft `f \`mtfeh?

Qbet `w tbm fmq ~o`ft ol tbm ceq?

:& Gef po} gohhmft ejo}t ~z`gm hefeamhmft hmew}zmw?

Tbm Dzelt ^z`gm Ceq gofte`fw e cezam f}hjmz ol –~z`gm hefeamhmft‘ hmew}zmw# `fgc}d`fa ehofawt otbmz hmew}zmw~z`gm wtej`c`yetòf# ~z`gm dmtmzh`fetòf# ~z`gm gofw}ctetòf# ~z`gm zma`wtzetòf( efd dmgcezetòf# ~}jc`g effo}fgmhmft ol ~z`gm `flozhetòf efd ~z`gm e~~ze`wec& Tbm fmq Dzelt ^z`gm Ceq ~zo|`dmw tbet ofcp –`h~ozteft efd mwwmftèc aoodw efdwmz|`gmw– ezm w}jimgt to ~z`gm wtej`c`yetòf efd ofcp aoodw efd wmz|`gmw –`h~ozteft to ~zod}gtòf efd ~mo~cmw‐ c`|mw– ezmw}jimgt to ~z`gm dmtmzh`fetòf& W`fgm tbm c`wt ol ~zod}gtw w}jimgt to ~z`gm dmtmzh`fetòf jp tbm Wtetm wbecc jm `ww}md jptbm Ao|mzfhmft# `t zmhe`fw to jm wmmf `f boq lez tbm Wtetm q`cc `ftmzlmzm `fto tbm hezkmt9 Tbm Dzelt ^z`gm Ceq domw fotdml`fm efp ol tbm ~zod}gtw oz wmz|`gmw w}jimgt to ~z`gm wtej`c`yetòf efd ~z`gm dmtmzh`fetòf# j}t cme|mw d`wgzmtòf to tbm

^z`hm H`f`wtmz efd Ao|mzfhmft to w~mg`lp tbm c`wt& Tbm fmq Dzelt z`gm Ceq l}ztbmz e}tboz`ymw tbm h`f`wtz`mw efd ~zo|`fgèc^mo~cm‐w Gohh`ttmm to hekm dmg`wòfw efd effo}fgmhmft of tbm e~~c`getòf ol ~z`gm wtej`c`yetòf hmew}zmw of aoodwoz wmz|`gmw# dm~mfd`fa of tbm wgo~m ol tbm hmew}zm "m&a&# fetòfec oz zmaòfec)& W`h`cez to ~zm|ò}w zma}cetòfw# tbm c`wtol ~zod}gtw efd wmz|`gmw w}jimgt to ~z`gm wtej`c`yetòf efd dmtmzh`fetòf gef jm ehmfdmd lzoh t`hm to t`hm& Qm fotmtbet tb`w cme|mw b}am d`wgzmtòf to tbm Ao|mzfhmft efd hep zmw}ct `f }fgmzte`ftp loz tbm goh~ef`mw ellmgtmd jp ~z`gmwtej`c`yetòf efd ~z`gm dmtmzh`fetòf hmew}zmw&

7& Qbet `w po}z o|mzecc |`mq ejo}t tbm Dzelt ^z`gm Ceq?

Qb`cwt M}zoGbeh l}ccp }fdmzwtefdw tbm fmmd to kmm~ `flcetòf }fdmz goftzoc# `t `w }flozt}fetm tbet tbm Dzelt ^z`gm Ceqbew fot tekmf `fto eggo}ft hefp ol tbm zmgohhmfdetòfw tbet qmzm hedm q`tb zmaezdw to G`zg}cez 5:: of ^z`gmWtej`c`yetòfw& Tbm fmq ^z`gm Ceq `w eae`f dzeltmd `f e qep tbet q`cc gzmetm }fgmzte`ftp `f tbm j}w`fmww gohh}f`tp9 Loz mreh~cm# tbm g`zg}hwtefgmw ol –ejfozhec lc}gt}etòfw‘ ol ~z`gmw `f Ezt`gcmw 0 efd 5> ol tbm fmq ^z`gm Ceq ezm |mzp

|ea}mcp dml`fmd "efd fgc}d`fa –gewmw ol ejfozhec`tp‘)# cme|`fa e |mzp jzoed d`wgzmtòf loz wtetm e}tboz`t`mw& L}ztbmz# tbmtmzh –wogò(mgofoh`g dm|mco~hmft ~oc`g`mw ol tbm Wtetm‘ w }wmd f |ezò}w ~cegmw f tbm dzelt z`gm Ceq "m&a& f Ezt`gcm<)# j}t t w }fgcmez qbet ezm tbmwm ~oc`gmw? L}ztbmz# }fdmz tbm fmq Dzelt z`gm Ceq# f edd`tòf to tbm Ao|mzfhmft efd^z`hm H`f`wtmz# ecc otbmz zmcm|eft h`f`wtz`mw et tbm fetòfec cm|mc efd ~zo|`fgèc ^mo~cm!w Gohh`ttmmw ezm mr~c`g`tcpmft`tcmd to e~~cp ~z`gm dmtmzh`fetòf hmew}zmw "w}gb ew w~mg`lp`fa wtefdezd(# her`h}h( efd h`f`h}h ~z`gmw ew qmccew to dmtmzh`fm ~z`gm jzegkmtw) efd goftzoc ~z`gm goh~ofmftw&

Tbm Dzelt ^z`gm Ceq `w w}~~owmd to gofwoc`detm `f ofm ceq e f}hjmz ol mezc`mz zma}cetòfw# `fgc}d`fa `f ~ezt`g}cez tbm ^z`gm Ozd`fefgm# G`zg}cez 5::# Dmgzmm 51># Dmgzmm 1=# efd Dmgzmm 5>5& Tbm Dzelt ^z`gm Ceqgohj`fmw tbm ~zm|ò}wcp wgettmzmd ~z`gm(zmcetmd ~zo|`wòfw `fto ofm w`facmceq# tbmzmjp a`|`fa tbmh bàbmz cmaec wtet}w "e ceq `fwtmed ol e g`zg}cez#

dmgzmm oz ef ozd`fefgm)& Tbm fmq Dzelt ^z`gm Ceq ecwo gofte`fw edd`tòfecojcàetòfw efd e c`wt ol ~zob`j`tmd egtw& @f goh~ez`wof q`tb tbm ^z`gmOzd`fefgm# tbm Dzelt ^z`gm Ceq mrtmfdw ~zob`j`tmd egtw to tbm –E~~c`getòfol d`llmzmft ~z`gmw "`fgc}d`fa d`llmzmft ~z`gmw zmaezd`fa qbocmwecm oz zmte`c~z`gm) qbmf ~zo|`d`fa tbm wehm k`fdw ol aoodw oz wmz|`gmw loz otbmz ozaef`yetòfw efd `fd`|`d}ecw&‘ @f goh~ez`wof q`tb tbm ^z`gm Ozd`fefgm

qb`gb bew jmmf mllmgt`|m w`fgm :>>:# efd G`zg}cez 5:: mllmgt`|m w`fgm:>5># tbm Dzelt z`gm Ceq ~zo|`dmw fmq dml`f`tòfw efd edd`tòfec ~zo|`wòfwzmcet`fa to ~}jc`g effo}fgmhmft ol ~z`gm `flozhetòf# ~z`gm e~~ze`wec#wmttcmhmft ol |òcetòfw of ~z`gm efd ~z`gm e~~ze`wec egt`|`t`mw& Boqm|mz#tbm Dzelt ^z`gm Ceq o|mzce~w ~eztcp q`tb otbmz ceqw# `f ~ezt`g}cez tbmGoh~mt`t òf Ceq "q`tb zmaezdw to hofo~ocp ~z`gmw)# efd tbm ter ceqw "q`tbzmaezdw to tzefwlmz ~z`g`fa)& Qb`cwt tbm gofwoc`detòf ol wgettmzmd ~zo|`wòfw

`ftofm ceq w amfmzeccp e aood wtm~# tbm zmw}ct`fa o|mzce~w q`tb otbmz mr`wt`fa ceqw "w}gb ew tbm goh~mt`tòf ceq efd tbm

ter ceqw) `w c`kmcp to cmed to ~zojcmhw `f tbm `ftmz~zmtetòf efd e~~c`getòf ol tbm fmq Dzelt ^z`gm Ceq&



Ezme 9

1

Tb`w q`cc ~otmftèccp cmed to o|mzce~ jmtqmmf tbm ~oqmzw efd e}tboz`tp ol tbm gmftzec efd ~zo|`fgèc e}tboz`t`mw& Azeft`fa

e}tboz`tp to e~~cp ~z`gm dmtmzh`fetòf hmew}zmw to e cogec ^mo~cm‐w Gohh`ttmm hep ecwo gzmetm `fgofw`wtmft ~zegt`gmw

`f d`llmzmft cogetòfw `f zmw~mgt ol tbm wehm aoodw oz wmz|`gmw& Ecwo# tbmzm `w fo zmu}`zmhmft of boq cofa `f ed|efgm

j}w`fmwwmw h}wt zma`wtmz tbm`z ~z`gm "gbefamw) efd tbmzm `w fo t`hm c`h`t loz wtetm e}tboz`t`mw to zmw~ofd to tbm

j}w`fmwwmw of tbm`z zma`wtzetòf l`cmw& Tbm cegk ol e dmedc`fm to zmw~ofd to zma`wtzetòf l`cmw cme|mw tbm j}w`fmwwmw `f

azmet }fgmzte`ftp& Hozmo|mz# tbm Dzelt ^z`gm Ceq domw fot ~zo|`dm loz efp ojcàetòf ol wtetm e}tboz`t`mw to kmm~ `flozhetòfw}~~c`md jp j}w`fmwwmw loz tbm ~}z~owmw ol ~z`gm goftzoc gofl`dmftèc& L`feccp# m|mf tbo}ab tbm fmq Dzelt ^z`gm Ceq

e~~c`mw to jotb dohmwt`g efd lozmàf(`f|mwtmd goh~ef`mw# tbm zmec `ww}m loz `f|mwtozw `w tbet ~eww`fa tbm fmq Dzelt

^z`gm Ceq q`cc zmw}ct `f bme|p edd`tòfec edh`f`wtzet`|m j}zdmfw loz goh~ef`mw efd tbm`z wtell&

4& Ezm tbmzm efp }fzmewofejcm zma}cetòfw?

Tbm ejo|m(hmftòfmd ~zob`j`tòf ol e~~c`getòf ol d`llmzmft ~z`gmw `w e ~ezt`g}cezcp }fzmewofejcm zma}cetòf9 @t `w fot

gofw`wtmft `l tbm wehm egtw ezm gofw`dmzmd e jzmegb ol tbm ^z`gm Ceq# j}t ezm fot `f jzmegb ol tbm Goh~mt`tòf Ceq&

Gohhmzgèccp# t w oltmf i}wt`l`md to wmcc ~zod}gtw efd wmz|`gmw to d`llmzmft g}wtohmzw et d`llmzmft ~z`gmw& ]fdmz tbm fmq

Dzelt ^z`gm Ceq# e wmccmz geffot m|mf a`|m e zmqezd oz d`wgo}ft to e aood g}wtohmz# m|mf tbo}ab tb`w qo}cd fot jm ef

`ww}m }fdmz tbm Goh~mt`tòf Ceq "}fcmww tbm wmccmz bocdw e hofo~ocp oz tbm zmqezd oz d`wgo}ft qo}cd cmed to e doh`feft

~ow`tòf)& @t `w gohhmzgèccp }fzmewofejcm efd cmaeccp }ffmgmwwezp to kmm~ wmccmzw lzoh a`|`fa zmqezdw to tz}wtmdg}wtohmzw oz d`wgo}ftw to d`llmzmft k`fdw ol g}wtohmzw& Wmccmzw hep ecwo e~~cp bàbmz ~z`gmw to fmq g}wtohmzw qbmzm

`t `w fot gcmez qbmtbmz ~ephmftw q`cc jm l}ccp hedm oz fot# efd jmlozm e cofa(tmzh zmcetòf `w mwtejc`wbmd& L`feccp# `t `w

u}`tm }w}ec tbet wmccmzw wmcc et d`llmzmft ~z`gmw `f d`llmzmft cogetòfw# to go|mz loz tzefw~oztetòf efd otbmz zmcetmd gowtw&

Tbm ww}m ol fgofw`wtmft tzmethmft ol tbm wehm egt jp tbm Goh~mt`tòf Ceq efd tbm Dzelt Ceq w ~zojcmhet`g& Ectbo}ab

tbm Dzelt ^z`gm Ceq hmftòfw tbet –`f w~mg`l`g gewmw zmcetmd to ~z`gm efd ~z`gm goftzoc ol w~mg`l`g aoodw efd wmz|`gmw oz

~z`gm e~~ze`wec fot `f |òcetòf ol tb`w Ceq "`&m& tbm Dzelt Ceq)# tbm cettmz wbecc e~~cp eae`fwt tbm lozhmz‘# efd –`f gewmw

ol d`llmzmfgmw jmtqmmf w~mg`l`g ceq of ~z`gm# ~z`gm e~~ze`wec efd tb`w Ceq# tbm cettmz wbecc e~~cp‘# `t `w wt`cc }fgcmez

qbmtbmz goh~mt`tòf ceq oz tbm dzelt ^z`gm Ceq wbecc ~zm|e`c `f w}gb gewm&

=& Wo do po} be|m efp ~zo~owecw to tbm ceq?

Qm zmgohhmfd9 L`zwt# gcez`lp`fa qbet `w –ejfozhec lc}gt}etòf‘ oz –ejfozhec gbefam‘ `f ~z`gm loz hettmzw ol ~z`gm dmtmzh`fetòf efd

~z`gm wtej`c`yetòf& Qm w}aamwt dml`f`fa –ejfozhec‘ ew9 –`f tbm

h`f`h}h ol 5= gofwmg}t`|m depw# tbm ~z`gm `fgzmewm hozm tbef :>-

ew goh~ezmd to tbm ~z`gm jmlozm lc}gt}etòf&‘ Ofcp `f gewmw `f qb`gb

tbm wmccmz qeftw to gbefam ~z`g`fa ejo|m tbm zetm w~mg`l`md# bm qo}cd

zmu}`zm e~~zo|ec& Wmgofd# qm ~zo~owm to w~mg`lp mregtcp tbm c`wt ol

aoodw efd wmz|`gmw w}jimgt to ~z`gm wtej`c`yetòf efd ~z`gm dmtmzh`fetòf&

Tb`zd# qm zmgohhmfd zmho|`fa tbm ejo|m hmftòfmd ~zob`j`tòf ol

–E~~c`getòf ol d`llmzmft ~z`gmw "`fgc}d`fa d`llmzmft ~z`gmw zmaezd`fa

qbocmwecm oz zmte`c ~z`gm) qbmf ~zo|`d`fa tbm wehm k`fdw ol aoodw oz

wmz|`gmw loz otbmz ozaef`yetòfw efd `fd`|`d}ecw&‘ @f tb`w goftmrt qm

ecwo w}aamwt zmho|`fa lzoh tbm Dzelt ^z`gm Ceq ecc ~zo|`wòfw zmcet`fa

to goh~mt`tòf efd hofo~ocp `ww}mw# ew tbmwm ezm w}ll`g`mftcp

eddzmwwmd `f tbm mr`wt`fa Goh~mt`tòf Ceq& Tbm wehm `w tz}m loz

~zo|`wòfw zmcet`fa to tzefwlmz ~z`g`fa# ew tbmp ezm jmttmz eddzmwwmd `f

ter ceqw& Hozmo|mz# qm ecwo zmgohhmfd `fgc}d`fa gcmez t`hmc`fmw loz

wtetm e}tboz`t`mw to zmw~ofd to tbm j}w`fmwwmw of tbm`z zma`wtzetòf

l`cmw& Qm l`feccp wtzofacp ed|`wm to `fgc}dm `fto tbm Dzelt ^z`gm Ceq ef

mr~c`g`t efd ~}f`wbejcm ojcàetòf loz tbm wtetm e}tboz`t`mw `f|oc|md to

kmm~ `flozhetòf w}~~c`md jp j}w`fmwwmw loz tbm ~}z~owmw ol ~z`gm

hefeamhmft hmew}zmw gofl`dmftèc&

<& Boq q`cc tbm ceq `h~egt `ftmzfetòfeccp?

Qm jmc`m|m tbet tbm Fmq z`gm Ceq z}fw eae`fwt \`mtfeh‐w ew~`zetòfw to azed}etm to –Hezkmt Mgofohp Wtet}w‘ "HMW)}fdmz M}zo~mef ]fòf "M]) z}cmw9 @f ~ezt`g}cez# qm fotm tbet \`mtfeh bew eczmedp hmt tbm l`zwt gz`tmzòf of –cegk of

ao|mzfhmft `ftmzlmzmfgm of dmg`wòfw ol mftmz~z`wmw# d`zmgtcp oz `fd`zmgtcp# `fgc}d`fa tbzo}ab tbm }wm ol Wtetm(l`rmd

~z`gmw‘& Tbm dzelt z`gm Ceq# l h~cmhmftmd# qo}cd mfdefamz tb`w aood ~zoazmww& @f gofgc}wòf# tbm Wtetm hefeamhmft

hmew}zmw }fdmz tbm Dzelt ^z`gm Ceq hep kmm~ \`mtfeh lzoh mezcp azed}etòf to HMW9 M|mf tbo}ab tbmzm `w e azed}ec

wb`lt to ~z`gm |ec}etòfw jewmd of hezkmt hmgbef`whw# tbm Dzelt Ceq wt`cc wboqw dmm~ Wtetm `f|oc|mhmft `f tbm hezkmt&



EWMEF Goh~mt`t`|mfmww Zm~ozt :>5> zmcmewmdTbm EWMEF Goh~mt`t`|mfmww Zm~ozt :>5> `w tbm

`fe}a}zec ewwmwwhmft ol tbm zmaòf‐w goh~mt`t`|mfmww

jp tbm Ewè Goh~mt`t`|mfmww @fwt`t}tm "EG@) et tbm Cmm

K}ef Pmq Wgbooc ol ^}jc`g ôc`gp# Fetòfec ]f`|mzw`tp

ol W`fae~ozm&

Tbm Zm~ozt gewtw `fto ~mzw~mgt`|m tbm dpfeh`gw ol

mgofoh`g gofd`tòfw efd `fwt`t}tòfec dm|mco~hmftw

ew qmcc ew tbm cofamz(tmzh mgofoh`g ~mzlozhefgm ol

EWMEF efd mreh`fmw tbm l}fdehmftec goh~mt t`|mfmww

ol tbm zmaòf& Tbm goh~mt`t`|mfmww efecpw`w `w ozaef`ymd

jewmd of tbm gofgm~t}ec lzehmqozk dm|mco~md jp

^zolmwwoz H`gbemc ôztmz ol tbm Bez|ezd J}w`fmww

Wgbooc efd Gbe`zhef ol EG@‐w @ftmzfetòfec Ed|`wozp

êfmc& @f zmgoaf`tòf ol jotb tbm |ezp`fa g`zg}hwtefgmw

egzoww EWMEF mgofoh`mw efd EWMEF‐w zmwoc|m towmmk }f`tp f d`|mzw`tp# tbm efecpw`w `w gofd}gtmd et tqo cm|mcw ‗ o|mzecc EWMEF efd jp fd`|`d}ec EWMEF go}ftzp&

Tbm Zm~ozt wmmkw to mr~cozm EWMEF‐w acojec goh~mt`t`|mfmww ~ow`tòf l t qmzm e w`facm mgofoh`g mft`tp& @t ecwo zm|`mqw

tbm goh~mt`t`|mfmww ol megb hmhjmz go}ftzp to dmft`lp ezmew ol wtzmfatbw efd qmekfmwwmw tbet ~zm|e`c egzoww hozm ol

tbm EWMEF go}ftz`mw tbet ezm qmcc w}`tmd loz ~oc`gp wbez`fa efd gohhof ~oc`gp egtòf et tbm zmaòfec cm|mc& Tbm Zm~ozt

e`hw to ollmz w}aamwtòfw of tbm d`zmgtòf ol ~oc`g`mw tbet gef jm a`|mf mh~bew`w f tbm EWMEF ~zogmww& @t w ecwo bo~md

tbet efecpw`w et tbm `fd`|`d}ec go}ftzp cm|mc q`cc eww`wt ~oc`gp hekmzw `f tbm `dmft`l`getòf ol ezmew loz ~zòz`tp fetòfec

egtòf&

Kmp Hmwweamw9

EWMEF w leg`fa ~zolo}fd gbefamw `f tbm acojec mgofoh`g gc`hetm q`tb tbm z`wm ol Gb`fe efd @fdè efd qmekmfmd

mgofoh`g ~zow~mgtw f heioz ed|efgmd go}ftz`mw& @t w ecwo mftmz`fa e fmq ~bewm f tw goo~mzetòf ew hmhjmzwho|m toqezdw j}`cd`fa ef EWMEF Gohh}f`tp jp :>5=&

EWMEF mgofoh`mw be|m qmetbmzmd tbm acojec gz`w`w qmcc# j}t e cofamz(tmzh goh~mt`t`|mfmww zm|`mq bàbcàbtw

tbm fmmd efd wgo~m to w}jwteftèccp ze`wm goh~mt`t`|mfmww egzoww EWMEF mgofoh`mw efd loz EWMEF ew e qbocm&

EWMEF‐w g}zzmft ~zow~mz tp oz AD^ ~mz ge~`te# qb`gb `w tbm o}tgohm ol ~ewt goh~mt`t`|mfmww# `w jmb`fd tbet ol

Gb`fe efd h}gb coqmz tbef tbet ol qozcd cmedmzw& @tw wbezmw ol qozcd mr~oztw efd `fqezd lozmàf d`zmgt `f|mwthmft

lcoqw be|m m`tbmz leccmf oz wteafetmd o|mz tbm cewt dmgedm&

EWMEF‐w zefk`fa of goh~mt`t`|mfmww l}fdehmftecw# ew hmew}zmd jp e q`dm zefam ol hegzomgofoh g efd

h`gzomgofoh`g legtozw# w =1 ol 57: go}ftz`mw f :>5>& Tb`w ~ow`tòf bew zmhe`fmd zmcet`|mcp }fgbefamd o|mz tbm

cewt l`|m pmezw&

Qb`cm tbm ~zòz`tp `ww}mw tbet megb go}ftzp bew to eddzmww to ze`wm fetòfec goh~mt`t`|mfmww hep d`llmz# tb`wZm~ozt bew wboqf tbet tbmzm `w h}gb azo}fd loz ~oc`gp cmezf`fa efd egtòf et tbm zmaòfec cm|mc&

Goccmgt`|mcp# t `w h~mzet`|m loz EWMEF to egb`m|m dmm~mz ftmazetòf f e t`hmcp heffmz to amfmzetm fmq wo}zgmw

ol azoqtb efd zmd}gm tw zmcèfgm of tzed`tòfec mr~ozt hezkmtw f heioz ed|efgmd mgofoh`mw& Et tbm wehm t`hm#

EWMEF wbo}cd mr~efd `tw goo~mzetòf q`tb mrtmzfec ~eztfmzw# `f ~ezt`g}cez Gb`fe efd @fdè# to te~ o~~ozt}f`t`mw

ollmzmd jp tbm`z ze~`d azoqtb&

EWMEF gef mrtzegt azmetmz ae`fw lzoh `tw `ftmazetòf mlloztw jp edo~t`fa ef `ftmazetmd# h}ct`(~zofamd EWMEF

Goh~mt`t`|mfmww Eamfde tbet log}wmw of ezmew qbmzm goccejozetòf gzmetmw d`zmgt jmfml`tw loz ~ezt`g`~eftw&

To gzmetm ef ettzegt`|m mf|`zofhmft loz cogec efd lozmàf j}w`fmwwmw# `t `w zmgohhmfdmd tbet EWMEF j}`cdw of

`tw zmcet`|m wtzmfatbw to `ftmfw`lp gc}wtmz dm|mco~hmft# wtzmfatbmf ge~`tec hezkmt `flzewtz}gt}zm# f}zt}zm cogec

mftmz~z`wmw efd wtm~ }~ hegzomgofoh`g ~oc`gp dècoa}m& EWMEF ecwo fmmdw to }zamftcp eddzmww `tw he`f

qmekfmwwmw jp ~zohot`fa edh`f`wtzet`|m zma}cetozp zmlozhw# mfbefg`fa b}hef zmwo}zgm dm|mco~hmft efdwtzmfatbmf`fa tbm z}cm ol ceq&

Loz EWMEF to w}ggmwwl}ccp ho|m lzoh |`wòf to egtòf# tw `fwt`t}tòfec hmgbef`whw efd ge~eg`tp be|m to jm wtzmfatbmfmd

to mfejcm jotb tbm EWMEF Wmgzmtezèt efd hmhjmz mgofoh`mw to mllmgt`|mcp l}cl`cc tbm tewkw zmu}`zmd& Tbm ~oc`t`gec q`cc

to edbmzm to tbm jc}m~z`ftw loz egtòf `w ecwo ~ezeho}ft&



0

\`mtfeh‐w he`f wtzmfatbw efd qmekfmwwmw

\`mtfeh‐w o|mzecc goh~mt`t`|mfmww `w jmcoq tbet ol =0 ~mzgmft ol go}ftz`mw `f tbm weh~cm& @t `w wtzofamz `fh`gzomgofoh`g goh~mt`t`|mfmww tbef hegzomgofoh`g goh~mt`t`|mfmww# j}t tbmzm ezm ezmew q`tb`f megb tbet

fmmd to jm w}jwteftèccp mfbefgmd zmcet`|m to tbm qozcd&

Goh~ez`fa egzoww goh~mt`t`|mfmww getmaoz`mw q`tb`f \`mtfeh# tbm go}ftzp `w wtzofamwt of `tw w}~~ozt`fa efdzmcetmd `fd}wtz`mw efd gc}wtmzw# mw~mgèccp of legtozw zmcetmd to gc}wtmz dm|mco~hmft# tbet `w# tbm mrtmft ol gc}wtmz ~oc`gp# wtetm ol gc}wtmz dm|mco~hmft efd mrtmft ol goccejozetòf `f gc}wtmzw& Boqm|mz# hozm fmmdw to jmdofm to joowt tbm e|e`cej`c`tp ol cetmwt tmgbfocoa`mw efd cogec e|e`cej`c`tp ol w~mgèc`ymd zmwmezgb efd tze`f`fawmz|`gmw& \`mtfeh‐w ge~`tec hezkmt `flzewtz}gt}zm `w ecwo zmcet`|mcp wtzofa# mw~mgèccp `f tbm dmazmm to qb`gb ceqwleg`c`tetm amtt`fa eggmww to gzmd`t# mrtmfd`fa dohmwt`g gzmd`t to tbm ~z`|etm wmgtoz efd l`fefg`fa tbzo}ab tbm cogecmu}`tp hezkmt&

ôc`t`gec `fwt`t}tòfw `w efotbmz ezme ol zmcet`|m wtzmfatb# qbmzm \`mtfeh `w ewwmwwmd to jm wtzofa `f tbmdmgmftzec`yetòf ol mgofoh`g ~oc`gphek`fa# ao|mzfhmft mllmgt`|mfmww f zmd}g`fa ~o|mztp efd `fmu}ec`tp# ~}jc`gtz}wt ol ~oc`t`gèfw efd mllmgt`|mfmww ol ceq(hek`fa jod`mw# ectbo}ab |o`gm efd eggo}ftej`c`tp fmmdw to jm`h~zo|md&

\`mtfeh‐w qmekmwt ezme `w `tw hegzomgofoh`g ~oc`gp# qbmzm `t `w gbeccmfamd to goftzoc `flcetòf& @tw`flcetòf `f :>>0# tbo}ab h}gb jmcoq tbm z}feqep zetm `f :>>2# bew zmhe`fmd bàb# efd `w mda`fa }~ u}`gkcp `f:>5>& Tbm ~zojcmh ol bàb j}damt dml`g`t ecwo bew to jm eddzmwwmd&

Tqo d`hmfwòfw }fdmz legtoz `f~}t gofd`tòfw# fehmcp edh`f`wtzet`|m efd coa`wt`gec `flzewtz}gt}zm# ezm ecwoehofa \`mtfeh‐w qmekmwt ezmew& \`mtfeh bew to `h~zo|m of e zefam ol `fd`getozw }fdmz edh`f`wtzet`|m`flzewtz}gt}zm# mw~mgèccp `f zmd}g`fa tbm j}zdmf ol ao|mzfhmft zma}cetòf# tbm t`hm efd f}hjmz ol ~zogmd}zmwzmu}`zmd to wtezt e j}w`fmww efd tbm j}zdmf ol g}wtohw ~zogmd}zmw& @t ecwo bew to wtzmfatbmf `tw coa`wt`gec`flzewtz}gt}zm# mw~mgèccp `tw u}ec`tp ol zoedw# ~oztw efd e`z tzefw~ozt& Q`tb`f tbm goftmrt loz wtzetmap efd z`|eczp#tbmzm ezm ~ogkmtw ol ~ezt`g}cez qmekfmww tbet zmu}`zm ettmftòf& Tbmwm `fgc}dm tbm ~zm|ecmfgm ol tzedm jezz`mzw#hezkmt d`wz}~tòf lzoh wtetm(oqfmd mftmz~z`wmw# `fedmu}etm `f|mwtoz efd `ftmccmgt}ec ~zo~mztp ~zotmgtòf# efdqmek e}d`t`fa efd zm~ozt`fa wtefdezdw&

Tbm qbocm EWMEF Goh~mt`t`|mfmww Zm~ozt `w e|e`cejcm lzmm ol gbezam lzoh tbmFetòfec ]f`|mzw`tp ol W`fae~ozm# Cmm K}ef Pmq Wgooc ol ^}jc`g ôc`gp qmjw`tmet9 qqq&w~~&f}w&md}&wa



M}zo~mef J}w`fmww Ozaef`wetòfw `f EWMEF ce}fgb e fmq ~cetlozh loz zmaòfec

goccejozetòf et tbm 5wt EWMEF(M] J}w`fmww W}hh`t

M}zo~mef Gbehjmz ol Gohhmzgm `f Gehjodè mwtejc`wbmd

Zmaòfec ]~detm

IEKEZTE ( Tbm M}zo~mef J}w`fmww Ozaef`wetòfw "MJOw) zm`flozgm tbm`z t`mw egzoww EWMEF to jmttmz zm~zmwmft

M}zo~mef j}w`fmww `ftmzmwtw efd to w}~~ozt tbm azoqtb efd `ftmazetòf ol tbm zmaòf& Et tbm oggewòf ol tbm 5wt

EWMEF(M] J}w`fmww W}hh`t `f Iekezte# tbmp wàfmd e Hmhozefd}h ol ]fdmzwtefd`fa of zmaòfec goccejozetòfehofa tbm`z zmw~mgt`|m MJOw&

Tbm w`r EWMEF MJOw be|m mwtejc`wbmd tbm M](EWMEF J}w`fmww Go}fg`c tbet ~zo|`dmw e ~ef(EWMEF lzehmqozk towbezm kfoqcmdam# zmwo}zgmw efd wmz|`gmw# w}gb ew wmgtozec qozk`fa azo}~w& Tbm M](EWMEF J}w`fmww Go}fg`c gzmetmwe wmfòz cm|mc ~mmz fmtqozk ol j}w`fmww zm~zmwmftet`|mw tbet eccoqw tw hmhjmzw to ed|ogetm j}w`fmww ftmzmwtw efd gefegt ew ef `ftmzlegm loz `fwt`t}tòfw `f tbm M}zo~mef ]fòf "M]) efd EWMEF to mfaeam `f e dècoa}m q`tb j}w`fmwwmw#`fgc}d`fa `f tbm lzehmqozk ol tbm M] EWMEF J}w`fmww W}hh`tw&

Tbm zm`flozgmhmft ol tbm zmaòfec goccejozetòf ehofa EWMEF MJOw `w w}~~oztmd jp tbm M}zo~mef ]fòf& TbmM}zo~mef Gohh`wwòfmz loz Tzedm# Kezmc Dm A}gbt ecwo hmt q`tb zm~zmwmftet`|mw ol tbm M](EWMEF J}w`fmwwGo}fg`c tbet tze|mccmd to Iekezte loz tb`w oggewòf ew tbm l`zwt lozhec hmmt`fa ol tbm Go}fg`c et EWMEF cm|mc& @f mfdozw`fa

tb`w `f`tèt`|m# Gohh`wwòfmz Dm A}gbt we`d9 –@ wmm tb`w `f`tèt`|m ew e wtm~ lozqezd to mfbefg`fa tbm j}w`fmww dècoa}mjmtqmmf jotb zmaòfw efd goftz`j}t`fa to ed|ogetm M}zo~mef j}w`fmww ftmzmwtw f tbm EWMEF zmaòf&‘

Hz& Iekoj Lz``w Wozmfwmf# Gbe`zhef# M}zo~mefJ}w`fmww Gbehjmz ol Gohhmzgm `f @fdofmwè we`d9–EWMEF bew tbm `ftmft to `ftmazetm ew qm be|m wmmftbm M] do `f M}zo~m& @t foq jma`fw to ho|m `f w}gbd`zmgtòf c`km qm be|mf!t wmmf jmlozm efd tbm ~otmftècloz EWMEF efd M}zo~mef j}w`fmww w mfozho}w‘&

Tbm fmtqozk ol EWMEF MJOw `w goh~owmd ol tbmM}zo~mef Gbehjmz ol Gohhmzgm `f @fdofmwè# tbmM](Hecepwè Gbehjmz ol Gohhmzgm efd @fd}wtzp#tbm M}zo~mef Gbehjmz ol Gohhmzgm ol tbm^b` c`~~`fmw# tbm M}zo~mef Gbehjmz ol Gohhmzgm(W`fae~ozm# tbm Tbe`(M}zo~mef J}w`fmww Ewwogètòfefd tbm M}zo~mef Gbehjmz ol Gohhmzgm `f\`mtfeh& O|mz tbm cewt dmgedm# tbm Ewwogètòf ol Wo}tbmewt Ewèf Fetòfw "EWMEF) bew jmgohm ofmol lewtmwt azoq`fa zmaòfw `f tbm qozcd efd `w ew w}gbe |ec}ejcm tzed`fa efd `f|mwthmft ~eztfmz ol M}zo~mef

j}w`fmwwmw& Hefp M}zo~mef `f|mwtozw be|m t}zfmd tbm`z ettmftòf to tb`w ~ezt ol Ewè# qb`gb bew goft`f}o}wcp coqmzmd`tw tzedm efd f|mwthmft jezz`mzw efd ettzegtmd f :>5> M]Z 5> j`ccòf qoztb ol M}zo~mef f|mwthmftw efd totec`fa ejo}tM]Z 5=> j`ccòf `f tzedm jmtqmmf tbm M] efd EWMEF# hek`fa tbm M] `tw cezamwt tzed`fa ~eztfmz& Tbm fmtqozkegkfoqcmdamw tbm `h~oztefgm ol tbm zmaòf ew e hezkmt loz M}zo~mef goh~ef`mw to mr~efd ejzoed ew qmcc ew e jewmloz ~zod}gtòf efd tzed`fa q`tb tbm zmwt ol tbm qozcd efd wtzofacp w}~~oztw EWMEF azoqtb efd `ftmazetòf&

To l`fd o}t hozm ejo}t Tbm M}zo~mef J}w`fmww Ozaef`wetòfw "MJOw) |`w`t qqq&mjofmtqozk&m}

Gb`ml Zm~zmwmftet`|mw ol EWMEF MJO‐w q`tb M}zo~mef Gohh`wwòfmz loz Tzedm#

Kezmc Dm A}gbt "4tb lzoh cmlt)&

Doh`fù}m Getzp# GMO efd

^zmw`dmft ol Goh`f Kbhmzm

w~mek`fa et tbm gmzmhofp&

^BFOH ^MFB ( Tbm M}zo~mef Gbehjmz ol Gohhmzgm `fGehjodè qew oll`gèccp mwtejc`wbmd et e gmzmhofp of I}fm:fd& Tbm Gbehjmz# qb`gb e`hw to eww`wt M}zo~mef `f|mwtozw

qbo qeft to mr~cozm Gehjodè‐w j}w`fmww ~otmftèc# bew zmgm`|md w}~~ozt lzoh tbmLzmfgb(Gehjodèf Gbehjmz ol Gohhmzgm "GGLG `f Lzmfgb)# tbm Jz`t`wb J}w`fmww Ewwogètòf ol Gehjodè "JJEG) efd tbm Amzhef J}w`fmww Azo}~ Gehjodè&

M}zogbeh Gehjodè q`cc be|m e zotet`fa ~zmw`dmfgp w}~~oztmd jp tbm lo}fd`fa gbehjmzw

ol gohhmzgm# qb`cm otbmz ozaef`yetòfec wtz}gt}zmw q`cc jm dm|mco~md tb`w pmez to mfw}zmtbet ecc :1 M}zo~mef fetòfw be|m e ~zmwmfgm f Gehjodè& Ew M}zogbeh bew jmmf mwtejc`wbmd to zm~zmwmft M}zo~mefj}w`fmwwmw efd mftzm~zmfm}zw c`|`fa efd qozk`fa `f Gehjodè# `tw h`wwòf `w to l}fgtòf ew e wàf`l`geft zmwo}zgm loz `ww}mw zmcetmd to tzedm# `f|mwthmft efd j}w`fmww flozhetòf f tbm go}ftzp& @tw ojimgt`|m w to egt of jmbecl ol M}zo~mefj}w`fmww ozaef`yetòfw efd `fd`|`d}ecw loz j}w`fmww leg`c`tetòf# zma}cetozp mrgbefamw efd d`w~}tm zmwoc}tòfw ew qmccew to ~zohotm M}zo~mef mgofoh`g efd g}ct}zec zmcetòfw q`tb Gehjodè efd |`gm |mzwe&



@f Log}w

Dm|mco~hmft

Tbm ~zo|`fgm bew 54 fd}wtzèc yofmw mwtejc`wbmd q`tb e totec cefd ezme ol 2#2>> be# ol qb`gb9 tbm fd}wtzèc ezme ol ejo}t <#>>> be& Totec ezme cmewmdhozm tbef :#>>> be# ejo}t 7=- zetm& Tbmzm be|m jmmf wm|mzec heioz `fd}wtzèc ~ceftw eggo}ft`fa loz cezam hezkmt wbezm# w}gb ew mcmgtz`g`tp#wtmmc efd lmzt`c`ymz ehofa otbmzw& ]~ to :>5> `f tbm ~zo|`fgm 7> `fd}wtzèc~ezkw be|m ~ceffmd to dm~cop `flzewtz}gt}zm `f|mwthmft# q`tb e totec ezmeol :#>>> be to ettzegt f|mwthmft ~zoimgtw ol whecc efd hmd`}h mftmz~z`wmw&@f tbm l`zwt < hoftbw :>55# ~zo|`fgm bew ettzegtmd < ~zoimgtw qb`gb`f|mwtmd `f `fd}wtzèc l`mcd q`tb totec zma`wtmzmd ge~`tec ol ]WD 0>&:=h`ccòf# `fgc}dmd 4 LD@ ~zoimgtw efd : dohmwt`g ofmw& Amfmzeccp# }~ tofoq# ~zo|`fgm bew fmezcp 7>> ~zoimgtw q`tb totec ge~`tec ol ]WD :1&= j`ccòf&

@flzewtz}gt}zm

Tbm e}tboz`t`mw g}zzmftcp ~zòz`t`ym tbzmm ~zoimgtw `f `flzewtz}gt}zm&9 "5)Weàof(\}fa Te} bàbqep "q`tb tbm Gmftzec Ao|mzfhmft efd ~zo|`fgmw`f|oc|md)# ":) Dm|mco~ Tbị \ầ`(Gå` Hà~ io`ft ~ozt eggmww to zmd}gm tzefw~ozt efd tzell`g of Bàbqep =5# "7) }~azedm efd mr~efd tbm mr`wt`fa Bàbqep =5&

Eggozd`fa to tbm ^zo|`fgèc Goh~mt`t`|mfmww @fdmr "wmm cewt `ww}m ol tbmM}zoGbeh Fmqwcmttmz loz dmte`cw) tbm ezmew q`tb e bàb ^G@ zefk`fa#`flzewtz}gt}zm ed|efteamw efd bàbcp |ec}md mgofoh`g ao|mzfefgm& @t `wfot d`ll`g}ct to ~zmd`gt tbet tbm z`w`fa wtezw `f j}w`fmww dm|mco~hmft efd`f|mwthmft ettzegtòf o|mz tbm ~ewt tqo dmgedmw lecc `f tb`w ezme& Tbmwm`fgc}dm J`fb D}ofa# Dofa Fe`# BGHG# De Fefa# Jeg F`fb efd Je Zè(\}fa Te}& ^cmewm wmm wohm ol tbm gbezegtmz`wt`gw ol tbm ~zo|`fgm jmcoq&

54

$ =#21:

5#021&4 Khº

004#271==- ol totec

qozklozgm

<#>>> be

o`c , aew# bme|p`fd}wtzp# mcmgtz`g`tp#

lmzt`c`ymz# wtmmc#to}z`wh# wb`~~`fa

efd wmelood

$ :1&= Jf `f :21

^zoimgtw

Ezme 9

ô~}cetòf "~~c&)9Tze`fmd cejoz9

@fd}wtzèc Cefd9@fd}wtzèc Yofmw9

AD^ ~mz ge~`te ":>5>)

He`f `fd}wtz`mw9

Lozmàf `f|mwthmft9

@f Log}w9 Jî Ze ( \Šfa Tî}

55

Ehofa tbm to~(:> ~mzlozh`fa ~zo|`fgmw `f tbm \`mtfeh^zo|`fgèc Goh~mt`t`|mfmww @fdmr :>5> `w Jî Zịe (\Šfa Tî} "JZ\T)& Wmgofd `f o}z –@f Log}w‘ wmz`mw#qm qo}cd c`km to tekm e gcowmz cook et tb`w ~zo|`fgm

tbet `w `fgzmew`facp ettzegt`fa tbm ettmftòf ol M}zo~meflozmàf d`zmgt f|mwthmft&

Goewtec JZ\T `w cogetmd `f kmp mgofoh`g ezmew wo}tb# `wcogetmd f wo}tbmewtmzf \`mtfeh efd jozdmzmd f tbm

foztb jp Dofa Fe` ~zo|`fgm `f tbm qmwt jp Bo Gb`H`fb G`tp efd `f tbm mewt jp J`fb Tb}ef ~zo|`fgm&

@t bew ef ezme ol fmezcp :#>>> kh: q`tb ejo}t 5 h`ccòf ~mo~cm& Tbm ~zo|`fgm `w z`gb `ffet}zec zmwo}zgmw efd `w ofm ol tbm ezmew q`tb le|o}zejcm gofd`tòfw to dm|mco~ tbmhez`fm mgofohp f zmgmft pmezw& Tbm totec |ec}m eddmd "AD^) ol JZ\T f :>5> fgzmewmdhozm tbef :&:1 t`hmw o|mz :>>=; AD^ ~mz ge~`te `f :>5> zmegbmd $=#21:# `fgzmewmd

jp :&:2 t`hmw; o}t~}t |ec}m `fd}wtzp `fgzmewmd jp :&75 t`hmw

Jî Zịe(\Šfa Tî} ~zo|`fgèc mgofoh`g egt`|`t`mw `fgc}dm9 ~mtzocm}h "tbm howt `h~ozteft)#mcmgtz`g`tp et ^bù HỰ ôqmz Gmftmz efd Jî Zịe ôqmz ^ceft "eggo}ft`fa loz e~~zor& 4>- ol tbm go}ftzp‐w totec ~oqmz ge~eg`tp)# ~mtzogbmh`gecw9 bù HỰ ]zme ceft "2>>#>>>

hmtz`g toffmw ~mz pmez)# ~ocpmtbpcmfm "5>>#>>> hmtz`g toffmw/pmez)# wtmmc ~zod}gtòf#efd gmhmft ~zod}gtòf& To}z`wh# gohhmzgm efd l`wb`fa ezm ecwo `h~ozteft mgofoh`g

egt`|`t`mw ol tbm ~zo|`fgm&

Jî Zịe ( \Šfa Tî}



Jmc}rgbeh efd GehGbeh "Tbm Gefedèf Gbehjmz ol Gohhmzgm f \`mtfeh) go(bowtmd e fmtqozk`fa dz`fk of E~z`c :5wt :>55& Tbmdz`fk took ~cegm et tbm Mh~ozò Ezhef` gelà# of tbm azo}fd lcooz ol tbm \`fgoh Gmftzm `f BGHG& Tbm m|mft qew qmcc ettmfdmd jp

hmhjmzw ol jotb gbehjmzw meamz to q`f wohm ol tbm c}gkp dzeq ~z`gmw&

GG@L\‐w joezd zmfmqec

Tbm fmq GG@L\ Mrmg}t`|m Gohh`ttmm bew jmmf mcmgtmd cewt Hezgb :4tb loz : pmezw& @t qew tbm oggewòf to ~zmwmft of :>5>‐w egt`|`tp

efd :>55‐w o}tcookw& GG@L\ efd `tw hmhjmzw qo}cd c`km to tbefk Hezg \`ccezd# o}tao`fa ^zmw`dmft# loz b`w gohh`thmft `f tbm Gbehjmz

efd qmcgohm tbm fmq ^zmw`dmft9 ^`mzzm(Imef Hecao}pzmw&

@ftmzfetòfec Gezmmz Dep

Eff}ec kmp m|mft ol GG@L\ loz goh~ef`mw `f fmmd ol zmgz}`thmft# tb`w ioj le`z gmcmjzetmd`tw 5>tb pmez f :>55% Tbm ~}z~owm ol tb`w m|mft w to jz`fa toamtbmz goh~ef`mw mwtejc`wbmd

`f \`mtfeh be|`fa ioj o~~ozt}f`t`mw q`tb gefd`detmw& Tb`w md`tòf ettzegtmd o|mz :>>>

|`w`tozw loz hozm tbef 7>> ollmzmd iojw&

GG@L\/\GG@ Wmh`fez

GG@L\ ozaef`ymd cewt Hep `f ~eztfmzwb`~ q`tb \GG@ "\`mtfeh Gbehjmz ol Gohhmzgm efd

@fd}wtzp) e wmh`fez ejo}t –Tbm Lzmfgb hezkmt 9 o~~ozt}f`t`mw , ~zegt`gmw‘&

^zmwmftetòf ol tbm Lzmfgb hezkmt# j}w`fmww efd `f|mwthmft o~~ozt}f`t`mw# cmaec ~zogmwwmw#

coa`wt`g# `h~ozt/mr~ozt# w}~~ozt loz \`mtfehmwm goh~ef`mw9 ecc tbmwm ew~mgtw qmzm ~zmwmftmd

efd `cc}wtzetmd jp ~zolmwwòfecw lzoh tbm j}w`fmww mf|`zofhmft&

C}fgb teck q`tb tbm fmq Gofw}c Amfmzec

O}z hmhjmzw efd fof(hmhjmzw bed tbm o~~ozt}f`tp to hmmt tbm fmq Gofw}c Amfmzec ol Lzefgm# Lejz`gm He}z`mw `f BGHG efd tod`wg}ww ejo}t tbm zmgmft fmqw ol tbm Gofw}cetm ew qmcc ew tbm ~zogmww to ojte`f |`wew loz Lzefgm&

]~goh`fa m|mftw

Jmca`}h q`cc jm gmcmjzet`fa `tw Fetòfec Dep tb`w goh`fa I}cp :5wt# efd Jmc}rgbeh q`cc

jm ozaef`y`fa e w~mgèc dz`fkw , d`ffmz et –Cmw U}ettzm Ao}zhefdw‘ `f d`wtz`gt :&

Dmte`cw q`cc jm wmft to ecc hmhjmzw# qbo q`cc jm mcà`jcm loz w~mgèc d`wgo}ftw& Qm bo~m

to ~zmwmft wohm w~mgèc gbmmwmw hedm jp ofm ol o}z hmhjmzw `f Decet&

Tbm Wh}zlw ezm# fmrt to T`ft`f# ofm ol Jmca`}h‐w howt leho}w Geztoof gbezegtmzw# efd

tbmp q`cc jm goh`fa ec`|m `f 7D of ho|`m wgzmmfw jp mfd ol I}cp& Jmc}rgbeh q`cc

ozaef`ym e azo}~ leh`cp |`mq`fa ol tbm ho|`m `f ofm ol BGHG‐w tbmetzmw& Tb`w q`cc ecwo

jm tbm "}foll`gèc) l`zwt m|mft o o}z Wogèc Gc}j# qb`gb q`cc tzp to mfaeam ecwo tbmleh`c`mw ol o}z hmhjmzw&

@f E~z`c tbm DJE\ gmcmjzetmd tbm U}mmfwdep êztp :>55 `f Lcoq zmwte}zeft efd of :4 Hep tbm ▹

DJE\ ozaef`ymd ef `ftmzmwt`fa j}w`fmww c}fgb toamtbmz q`tb tbm ZH@T Gezmmz Gmftmz d`wg}ww`fa

tbm |ezò}w ew~mgtw ol po}fa \`mtfehmwm mftmz`fa tbm ioj hezkmt&

◄ E fmq Joezd bew jmmf gbowmf of 5= I}fm d}z`fa tbm EAH

qb`gb qew bmcd et tbm @ftmzgoft`fmftec Ewèf Botmc&

Tbm tzed`tòfeccp bmcd Tb}zwdep D}tgb Dz`fkw qmzm bmcd of

Lz`dep f Hep efd fgc}dmd e ~zmwmftetòf ejo}t *Boq to kmm~

po}z lmmt dzp `f Bghg* jp Zopec Bewkof`fa&

Lzoh foq ofqezdw# `f BGHG tbm hoftbcp dz`fkw be|m jmmf ho|md to m|mzp 7zd Lz`dep D}tgb

Dz`fkw et \ewgo!w& Et tbm DJE\ Befo` jzefgb tbm D}tgb Dz`fkw q`cc goft`f}m to hmmt m|mzp :fd

Tb}zwdep ol tbm hoftb&



Tbm BefwmTea of 5<tb E~z`c# :>559 toamtbmz q`tb Wgefd`fe|èf lz`mfdw lzoh FozdGbeh#tb`w m|mft jzo}abt ef }flozamttejcm t`hm loz hmhjmzw ol jotb j}w`fmww ewwogètòfw

AJE Hoftbcp hmmt`fa of >0tb Hep# :>559 q`tb tbm `dme ol be|`fa wohmtb`fa fmq#hozm `ftmzmwt`fa# AJE dmg`dmd to gbefam tbm hmmt`fa lozhet jp fot ofcp ozaef`y`fatbm`z hoftbcp hmmt`faw et tbm hmhjmzw‐ botmcw j}t ecwo et otbmz hmhjmz goh~ef`mw‐~zmh`wmw& Tbm hmmt`fa `f Hep# tekmf ~cegmd et tbm JHQ M}zo E}to‐w wboqzooh#jzo}abt tbm hmhjmzw efd lz`mfdw wet`wlegtòf q`tb tbm }~detmd fmqw ew qmcc ew tbmfmtqozk`fa d`ffmz wmz|md `f Amzhef wtpcm&

]~(goh`fa m|mftw

Tbm Dm}twgbmf(Tzmll f Weàof9 tek`fa ~cegm m|mzp cewt Qmdfmwdep `f e hoftb# tb`w `w e

Of 5:tb Hep @gbeh bmcd `tw Hmhjmzw ~cmfezp hmmt`fa to wboq egb`m|mhmftw eltmz tbm l`zwt 5>> depw lzoh tbm Fmq Go}fg`c mcmgtòf efd to amt fmq ~zo~owecw loz tbmL}t}zm& Tbm hmmt`fa weq tbm `f|oc|mhmft efd ~ow`t`|m goftz`j}tòf ol howt ol @gbeh hmhjmzw;

Of Tb}zwdep# I}fm 0tb :>55 @Gbeh go(bowtmd q`tb tbm @tecèf Mhjewwp et tbmZmw`dmfgm ol tbm Ehjewwedoz ol @tecp `f Befo`# e w~mgèc jz`ml`fa ejo}t –O|mz|`mqol Ter ôc`gp zmlozh `f \`mtfeh‘ lzoh Hz&Fa}pmf U}efa T`mf# D`zmgtoz ol TerZmlozh , Teretòf Dm~ezthmft et tbm H`f`wtzp ol L`fefgm&

^z`hm H`f`wtmz Fa}pmf Tef D}fa bew e~~zo|md e ter zmlozh wtzetmap loz :>55 (:>:> qb`gb e`hw to mfgo}zeam `f|mwthmft jp azed}eccp zmd}g`fa goz~ozetm `fgohmter& Ehofa otbmz lmet}zmw# ter ~oc`gmw q`cc jm gzmetmd q`tb e |`mq to joowt`fa

`f|mwthmft loz w}~~ozt`fa `fd}wtz`mw efd tbm ~zod}gtòf ol bàb |ec}m(eddmd

qqq&fozdgbehbf&oza&|f

Fozd`g Gbehjmz ol Gohhmzgm `f \`mtfeh "Befo` Jzefgb)

l`zh `tmh of tbm gecmfdez ol tbm Amzhef w~mek`fa gohh}f`tp `f tbm Wo}tb loz fmtqozk`fa&

Tbm Doffmzwteaw(Tzmll f Befo`9 m|mzp cewt Tb}zwdep `f e hoftb# tb`w Wq`ww(Amzhef gohh}f`tp m|mft qmcgohmw hmhjmzw ol tbm: j}w`fmww ewwogètòfw efd tbm Amzhef ( Wq`ww w~mek`fa gohh}f`tp `f tbm Foztb to io`f&

@f I}cp :>55# AJE qmcgohmw ecc ol po} to tbm Dm}twgbmf(Tzmll of :1tb `f Ce Bejefe Jez efd tbm Doffmzwteaw(Tzmll of :2tb I}cp`f ^zmww Gc}j& ^cmewm |`w`t tbm AJE qmjw`tm et qqq&aje(|`mtfeh&oza loz hozm `flozhetòf&

~zod}gtw& Ter ~zogmd}zmw q`cc goft`f}m to jm w`h~c`l`md# e w~mgèc zoedhe~ to zmd}gm tbm w~mgèc gofw}h~tòf ter of tojeggo# q`fmefd e}tohoj`cmw `w ecwo jm`fa gofw`dmzmd& Hz& T`mf# D`zmgtoz ol Ter Zmlozh , Teretòf Dm~ezthmft et tbm H`f`wtzp ol L`fefgm qew`f|oc|md `f dzelt`fa tbm fmq ter zmlozh wtzetmap# wo tbm hmmt`fa qew mrtzmhmcp `fwàbtl}c# zmgm`|`fa e azmet ettmftòf efd f}hmzo}wu}mwtòfw lzoh ~ezt`g`~eftw&

Egt`|`tp }~detm lzoh FozdGbeh Befo`

Of E~z`c 50tb# FozdGbeh Befo` `f go(o~mzetòf q`tb tbm @tecèf Gbehjmz ol Gohhmzgm ozaef`ymd ef BZ m|mft of Wecezp Hefeamhmft&A}mwt w~mekmz loz tbm m|mft qew Hz& ^beh Bofa U}ef# Bmed ol BZ efd Amfmzec Elle`zw et ^èaaò \`mtfeh& Hz& U}ef ~zo|`dmd ef`fwàbtl}c ~zmwmftetòf of tbm to~`g efd efwqmzmd u}mwtòfw lzoh tbm e}d`mfgm&

Of Hep 50tb# FozdGbeh Befo` ozaef`ymd `tw eff}ec amfmzec hmmt`fa& Tbm hmmt`fa qew qmcc ettmfdmd& Tbm hmmt`fa ecwo ~zo|`dmd egofwtz}gt`|m d`wg}wwòf of boq to wtzmfatbmf tbm |ec}m loz `tw hmhjmzw efd `fgzmewm tbm hmhjmzwb`~ jewm& E fmq joezd qew ecwomcmgtmd& Loz hozm `flozhetòf# ~cmewm ao to o}z qmjw`tm&

@f w}ggmwwòf ol tbm eff}ec amfmzec hmmt`fa# ef `ftmzmwt`fa m|mft qew ozaef`ymd `f goccejozetòf q`tb tbm Wqmd`wb Mhjewwp `fBefo`& Ehjewwedoz# Wtellef Bmzzwtzoh mcejozetmd of tbm dmg`wòf to gcowm doqf tbm Wqmd`wb Mhjewwp `f Befo`# efd boq Wqmdmf`ftmfdw to he`fte`f efd dm|mco~ `tw zmcetòfw q`tb \`mtfeh eltmz :>55& Tbm m|mft qew o~mf to jotb hmhjmzw efd Fozd`g zmw`dmftw `f\`mtfeh&

Loz ef }~detm of goh`fa m|mftw `f E~z`c efd Hep# ~cmewm |`w`t tbm FozdGbeh Befo` qmjw`tm ( qqq&fozdgbehbf&oza&|f&



Befo` 2tb E~z`c efd BGHG 57tb E~z`c ( J}w`fmww C}fgbmof of –D`w~}tm Zmwoc}tòfTzmfdw `f \`mtfeh‘

Befo` :<tb E~z`c ( J}w`fmww C}fgbmof9 –Cefd efd ^zo~mztp `f \`mtfeh :>55‘

BGHG :>tb E~z`c ( Wmh`fez of @f|mwthmft Mf|`zofhmft , O~~ozt}f`t`mw `f BGHG:>55 ‗ :>5= q`tb tbm BGHG ^mo~cm‐w Gohh`ttmm cmedmzw efd d`wt`fa}`wbmddm~ezthmftw bmedw

Ectbo}ab \`mtfeh `w f tbm aood ~zogmww ol j}`cd`fa e hozm `ftmzfetòfeccp(eggm~tejcm d`w~}tm zmwoc}tòf zma`hm# hefpceqw efd zma}cetòfw `f \`mtfeh ezm wt`cc zmcet`|mcp }fgcmez& Tbmzm `w fo wpwtmhet`g ~}jc`getòf ol i}dahmftw oz i}d`gèc

dmg`wòfw# efd tbm mflozgmhmft ~zogmww `w }fgmzte`f efd t`hm(gofw}h`fa& Jp ettmfd`fa tb`w m|mft q`tb Hz& Oc`|mz Hewwheff# êztfmz ol D}efm Hozz`w \`mtfeh CCG efd Hz& ^mtmz Zeab}fetb Doze`wehp# D`zmgtoz ol Wmc|eh CCG eww~mgèc w~mekmzw# M}zoGbeh hmhjmzw be|m e gbefgm to cmezf ejo}t g}zzmft d`w~}tm zmwoc}tòf tzmfdw# `fw`dm efdo}tw`dm tbm go}zt wpwtmh ol \`mtfeh&

Bo Gb` H`fb G`tp bew wmt e azoqtb tezamt ol 5: ~mzgmft o|mz tbm :>55(:>5= ~mzòd# qb`gb w echowt do}jcm tbm go}ftzp‐we|mzeam cm|mc "mgofoh`g azoqtb loz :>5> qew et <&12-)& Tbm g`tp ecwo wtz`|mw to zmegb e ~mz(ge~`te AD^ ol $4#2>> `f:>5=& Tbmwm ehj`tò}w tezamtw qmzm zmgofl`zhmd cewt hoftb jp tbm g`tp et e goflmzmfgm of tbm g`tp‐w wogò(mgofoh`gdm|mco~hmft ~cefw efd tewkw `f tbm :>55(:>5= ~mzòd# bowtmd jp tbm Bo Gb` H`fb G`tp ^mo~cm‐w Go}fg`c& J}t tbmgoflmzmfgm ecwo hedm gcmez tbet tbm g`tp `w fot wmmk`fa azoqtb i}wt loz tbm wekm ol azoq`fa9 Zetbmz# mgofoh`g azoqtbh}wt jm go}~cmd q`tb wogèc ed|efgm efd mu}`tp# mf|`zofhmftec ~zotmgtòf# efd cook`fa toqezdw w}wte`fejcmdm|mco~hmft efd e kfoqcmdam(jewmd mgofohp& Azoqtb wbo}cd log}w of eddmd(|ec}m# efd u}ec`tp zetbmz tbef ofu}eft`tp& W~mekmzw et tb`w wmh`fez qmzm b`w Mrgmccmfgp Hz& Fa}pmf Tz}fa T`f ‗ \`gm ^zmw`dmft ol tbm BGHG ^mo~cm‐wGohh`ttmm; Cmedmzw efd Zm~zmwmftet`|mw lzoh tbm BGHG ^mo~cm‐w Gohh`ttmm Dm~ezthmftw "@T^G# Dm~ezthmft ol ^ceff`fa efd @f|mwthmft# Dm~ezthmft ol Tzefw~oztetòf# Dm~ezthmft ol To}z`wh# Dm~ezthmft ol Md}getòf efd Tze`f`fa#Dm~ezthmft ol Bmectb# Ter Dm~ezthmft)&

Tb`w c}fgbmof ~zmwmftmd ef o~~ozt}f`tp to io`f e ~zegt`gec d`wg}wwòf jp elozhmz ~oc`gp hekmz Hz& Defa B}fa \o# HOFZM‐w lozhmz \`gm H`f`wtmz efde w}ggmwwl}c ~zo~mztp mrmg}t`|m Hz& Hezg Toqfwmfd# Hefea`fa D`zmgtoz ol GJ Z`gbezd Mcc`w "\`mtfeh) Go&# Ctd&& M}zoGbeh hmhjmzw io`fmd to be|mef o|mz|`mq efd o}tcook of `ww}mw zmcetmd to cefd efd ~zo~mztp `f \`mtfeh:>55& @w tbmzm wt`cc zooh loz cefd efd ~zo~mztp ~z`gmw to ao }~ f :>55? @f tbmhofmtezp tàbtmf`fa efd `flcetòfezp ~zmww}zmw# `w e w~mg}cet`|m ~zo~mztpj}jjcm wt`cc c`kmcp? Qbet ezm tbm ao|mzfhmft ~oc`g`mw to wmg}zm e wtejcm efd~zow~mzo}w ~zo~mztp mf|`zofhmft? Boq go}cd lozmàf w}wte`fejcm f|mwthmft`f cefd efd ~zo~mztp jm mfgo}zeamd? Tbmwm efd otbmz u}mwtòfw qmzmeddzmwwmd jp tbm w~mekmzw `f tbm`z ~zmwmftetòfw efd e c`|mcp d`wg}wwòfeltmzqezdw&



BGHG 5>tb Hep ( J}w`fmww C}fgbmof9

–Dm|mco~`fa e w}wte`fejcm coq(gezjof jò(l}mc j}w`fmww‘Acojec mfmzap fmmdw ezm mr~efd`fa efd gbefa`fa ze~`dcp& Tbm `ftmzfetòfecmfmzap j}w`fmww bew fm|mz jmmf otbmz tbef |mzp dmhefd`fa efd mfmzap

hezkmtw ezm amtt`fa hozm |ocet`cm& Dm|mco~`fa fmq w}~~c`mw ~zmwmftw`fgzmew`fa gbeccmfamw& Boq do qm l`fd fmq qepw ol dmec`fa q`tb gezjofdòr`dm mh`wwòfw? ]~wtzmeh# tb`w hmefw log}w`fa f|mwthmft of cofa(tmzh#bàb(zmt}zf ~zoimgtw to dm|mco~ o`c efd aew zmwo}zgmw# efd azoq ectmzfet`|mmfmzap j}w`fmwwmw& Doqfwtzmeh# `t hmefw amfmzet`fa hozm gewb jpzmwbe~`fa ef `ftmazetmd o`c ~zod}gtw efd ~mtzogbmh`gecw ~oztlocò tomfbefgm o~mzetòfw efd log}w of azoqtb hezkmtw# ~ezt`g}cezcp `f Ewè& Hz&Hezk Ae`fwjozo}ab# Mrmg}t`|m \`gm zmw`dmft loz Wtzetmap# oztlocò efd Ectmzfet`|m Mfmzap et Zopec D}tgb Wbmcc }wmd tbm oggewòf ol b`w |`w`t to\`mtfeh to w~mek et tb`w M}zoGbeh c}fgbmof `f BGHG efd a`|m wohm`fwàbtw of dm|mco~`fa e w}wte`fejcm coq(gezjof jò(l}mc j}w`fmww lzohofm ol tbm jàamwt ~cepmzw `f tbm mfmzap wmgtoz&

Ew m|mzp pmez# o}z ter dècoa}m q`tb tbm BGHG Ter E}tboz`tp

wmz|mw to }~detm o}z hmhjmzw tbm howt zmgmft dm|mco~hmftw

efd l}t}zm ~cefw `f teretòf ew qmcc amtt`fa e gbefgm tbm gbefgm

to d`wg}ww `ww}mw tbet q`cc ellmgt ter~epmzw `f :>55 q`tb Hz&

Fa}pmf Tzofa Befb ( Dm~}tp D`zmgtoz# BGHG Ter Dm~ezthmft#

Hzw& Tzef Tb` Cm Fae ( Gb`ml ol Ter~epmz Wmz|`gmw D`|`wòf efd

Hz& Do U}og T}ef ( Dm~}tp Gb`ml ol Ter~epmz Wmz|`gmw D`|`wòf&

Tbm w~mekmzw eddzmwwmd u}mwtòfw ejo}t tbm cetmwt ter ~oc`g`mw#

qb`gb fmq ter ceqw q`cc jm e~~c`md `f :>55 "^@T# G@T# \ET efd

@h~ozt D}t`mw…) efd qbet tbm fmq ~oc`g`mw ezm of do}jcm teretòf

`ww}mw efd tzefwlmz ~z`g`fa z}cmw&

BGHG 55tb Hep ( Eff}ec Ter Dècoa}m :>55 q`tb tbm Bo Gb` H`fb G`tp Ter E}tboz`tp

BGHG 52tb Hep ( J}w`fmww C}fgbmof –Zmec MwtetmO}tcook :>55‘

M}zoGbeh go(bowtmd tbm @zmcefd Wo}tb Mewt Ewè J}w`fmww Wmh`fez ozaef`ymdjp tbm Mhjewwp ol @zmcefd f BGHG& Bmz Mrgmccmfgp Ehjewwedoz Hem|m Gocc`fwefd M}zoGbeh gbe`zhef Ece`f Gefp o~mfmd tbm m|mft jp ~ze`w`fa tbm azoq`famgofoh`g zmcetòfwb`~ jmtqmmf @zmcefd efd \`mtfeh efd tbm o|mz ecc `f|mwthmftgc`hetm `f tbm go}ftzp& Dz& De|`d D}llp lzoh tbm Mgofoh`g efd Wogèc Zmwmezgb@fwt`t}tm f D}jc`f tocd tbm e}d`mfgm boq @zmcefd w tegkc`fa tbm l`fefgèc d`ll`g}ct`mw`t `w leg`fa efd ~zmwmftmd ef o~t`h`wt`g o}tcook loz tzedm efd `f|mwthmft&\`mtfehmwm mgofoh`wtw Dz Cm Defa Doefb efd Dz& Cm R}ef Fabè ae|m tbm|`w`t`fa dmcmaetòf ef }~detm of tbm \`mtfehmwm mgofohp efd tbm làbt eae`fwt

`flcetòf& Tbm goflmzmfgm qew loccoqmd jp wheccmz w~mgèc`ymd wmh`fezw# ofm ol qb`gb log}wmd of tbm ~otmftèc mwtejc`wbhmft ol ef @z`wb J}w`fmww azo}~ f BGHG qbmzm M}zoGbeh go}cd ollmz ed|`gm

of wohm ol tbm fmgmwwezp ~zogmd}zmw&

Tbm fgzmewm ol ]WD / \FD mrgbefam zetm ew qmcc ew j}`cd`fa hetmzècw efd l}mcw

gowt w}gb ew ~oqmz# ~mtzocm}h be|m h}gb ellmgtmd zmec mwtetm `f|mwtozw efd~zoimgtw& Tbm zmec mwtetm hezkmt w cook`fa |ocet`cm efd mr~mztw f tbm fd}wtzp ezm

`fgzmew`facp ge}tò}w qb`cm wtzmww`fa tbet tbm hezkmt wt`cc zmhe`fw o~t`h`wt`g f tbm

}~goh`fa t`hm& Tbm w~mekmzw Hz& Z}~mzt ^zo|mwt ( D`zmgtoz ol Eamfgp et We|`ccw

\`mt Feh Ctd& efd Hz& De|`d C`h ‗ êztfmz et Hepmz Jzoqf IWH cookmd et zmec

mwtetm hezkmt dm|mco~hmftw efd tbm cmaec ~mzw~mgt`|m zmw~mgt`|mcp&



Befo` 50tb Hep efd BGHG 75wt Hep ‗ H,E Hezkmtw O}tcook :>55 ‗ :>5:

BGHG :5wt efd Befo` ::fd I}fm ( J}w`fmww C}fgbmof of –Acojec cejo}z tzmfdw efd`tw `h~egt of tbm \`mtfehmwm cejo}z hezkmt‘

M}zoGbeh/EhGbeh Fmtqozk`fa Fàbt ( 5=tb I}fm N Bezd Zogk Gelm `f BGHG

BGHG :=tb Hep ( K^HA Eff}ec Ter ]~detm :>55

O|mz tbm cewt = pmezw# tbm azoqtb ol tbm \`mtfehmwm ge~`tec hezkmtw efd tbmw}zam f H,E egt`|`t`mw "jp qep ol LD@) bew azmetcp goftz`j}tmd to tbm dm|mco~hmftol \`mtfeh& Et tbm wehm t`hm# H,E dmecw be|m mfejcmd lozmàf(`f|mwtmdmftmz~z`wmw to ae`f aood eggmww to tbm \`mtfehmwm hezkmt& M|mf tbo}abgoh`fa lzoh e goh~ezet`|mcp coq jewm# tbm z`wm `f jotb tbm f}hjmz efd tbm|ec}m ol H,Ew `f \`mtfeh cewt pmez efd mezcp tb`w pmez be|m wàfecmd tbet

Hz& Qezz`gk Gcm`fm ( Gb`ml Mrmg}t`|m# \`mtfeh efd Gehjodè; Zmaòfec

Cmedmz# Ewè êg`l`g Ter et K^HA efd Hz& Feh Fa}pmf ‗ êztfmz et K^HA

zm|`mqmd tbm h~cmhmftetòf efd ellmgtw ol ter zmlozhw d}z`fa tbm pmez :>5>

to lozmàf f|mwtmd mftmz~z`wmw efd mr~etzètmw efd ae|m ef }~detm zmcm|eft

fmqw efd ~oc`g`mw `f :>55 tbet hep `h~egt d`zmgtcp of po}z j}w`fmww egt`|`t`mw

efd po}z ~mzwofec jmfml`tw `f tbm l}t}zm&

Mh~cophmft tzmfd ezm gbefa`faw acojeccp# efd tb`w ellmgtw ecc

wtekmbocdmzw& Qbet do po} fmmd to do# `f ozdmz to ettzegt efd zmte`f

aood wtell? \`mtfeh‐w he`f ettzegtòf loz lozmàf `f|mwthmft bew wo

lez jmmf `tw –gbme~ cejo}z‘& Q`tb tbm \`mtfehmwm cejo}z hezkmt

azoq`fa lewtmz# e fmq Cejo}z Godm `w c`kmcp to jm `fgoz~ozetmd `f

:>5:& Q`cc tbm fmq cma`wcetòf eddzmww ecc tbm dpfeh`g gbeccmfamw tbm\`mtfehmwm cejo}z hezkmt `w leg`fa foq? Qbet mcwm domw \`mtfeh

fmmd to do to hekm tw qozklozgm zmhe`f tbm howt goh~mt`t`|m eae`fwt

`tw fmàbjo}zw? Hw& F`goce Goffoccp# Hefea`fa D`zmgtoz ol EDMGGO

\`mtfeh efd Gbe`zqohef ol tbm M}zoGbeh BZ Gohh`ttmm efd @ef

Az}fdp# Lo}fdmz( G`tz}w }jc`g Zmcetòfw&

H,Ew q`cc jm jooh`fa f tbm go}ftzp`f :>55/:>5:& Qb`cwt tbm azoqtb~otmftèc cookw }fc`h`tmd# mr~mztwbe|m ecwo ~o`ftmd o}t tbet fw}ll`g`mftefd }fgcmez zma}cetòfw ezm wt`cc tbmcezamwt b}zdcm loz m|mf hozm H,E

egt`|`tp `f tbm go}ftzp& @f edd`tòf# e cegk ol mr~mz`mfgm efd kfoqcmdam# ewqmcc ew ~zolmwwòfec jzokmzw# ceqpmzw efd gofw}cteftw# f tbm l`mcd zmhe`fw efojwtegcm& Et tb`w c}fgbmof bmcd `f jotb Befo` efd BGHG tbm w~mekmzw Hz&Oc`|mz Hewwheff ( êztfmz et D}efm Hozz`w \`mtfeh CCG efd Hz& DmffpGoqamz ( W~mgèc Go}fwmc et D}efm Hozz`w \`mtfeh CCG d`wg}wwmd jotb tbmamfmzec w`t}etòf efd o}tcook ol \`mtfehmwm H,E hezkmtw efd tbm zma}cetozpmf|`zofhmft f ~ezt`g}cez&

5<



BGHG :2tb efd Befo` :0tb I}fm ( J}w`fmww C}fgbmof of –M}zoGbeh H`d Pmez

J}w`fmww Zm|`mq‘Dmw~`tm wohm hegzomgofoh`g t}zj}cmfgmw `f tbm l`zwt becl ol :>55# \`mtfeh!w mgofoh`g o}tcook `w wt`cc }~jmet `f goh~ez`wofto otbmz zmaòfw# q`tb efecpwtw lozmgewt`fa eff}ec AD^ azoqtb to jm ef e|mzeam <&=- loz :>55 ( :>5: efd to eggmcmzetm

to ef e|mzeam ol hozm tbef 1- lzoh :>57(:>5=& Eltmz ef mrg`t`fa l`zwt becl ol :>55# `t `w foq t`hm to zm|`mq qbet `w tbmg}zzmft w`t}etòf `f tbm jefk`fa# zmec mwtetm efd ge~`tec hezkmtw wmgtoz# efd qbet `w to jm mr~mgtmd loz tbm zmwt ol tbmpmez& Hz& W}h`t D}tte# GMO ol BWJG Jefk "\`mtfeh) Ctd& ae|m e dmte`cmd hegzomgofoh`g o|mz|`mq ol tbm g}zzmftw`t}etòf efd wbezmd wohm ol tbm ~zoimgtòfw ~}t lozqezd jp BWJG‐w mr~mztw& Hz& Hezg Toqfwmfd# Hefea`fa D`zmgtoz BGHG ol GJ Z`gbezd Mcc`w "\`mtfeh) Go&# Ctd& Cookmd et tbm ~zo~mztp wmgtoz efd ae|m tbm e}d`mfgm wohm ~zegt`geced|`gm of boq to dmec q`tb cefdcozdw f tbm l}t}zm& Hz& Doh`f`g Wgz`|mf ( GMO ol tbm Dzeaof Ge~`tec Azo}~ Ctd& Cookmdet ge~`tec hezkmtw efd tbm wtogk mrgbefam‐w zetbmz }~jmet o}tcook&

51

Befo` :2tb Hep (

M}zo~mef Lood Lmwt`|ec

M}zoGbeh‐w <tb

M}zo~mef Lood Lmwt`|ec `f Befo` took ~cegm of Wet}zdep :2tb

Hep :>55 of tbm azo}fdw ol tbmaezdmf ol tbm \`mtfeh‐w Fetòfec C`jzezp& Tbm Lmwt`|ec jzo}abt ef m|mf`fa ol tbm jmwt f M}zo~mef lood# dz`fk efdmftmzte`fhmft to o|mz 5#:>> a}mwtw q`tb tbm ~ezt`g`~etòf ol :: wteccbocdmzw lzoh cmed`fa botmcw# zmwte}zeftw efdzmte`cmzw `f Befo`& Tbm tbo}wefdw ol |`w`tozw ecc be~~`cp lmewtmd of gceww`g d`wbmw w}gb ew W~ef`wb ~emcce efd@tecèf ceweafe efd mfiopmd mftmzte`fhmft q`tb DI Oc`|mz Hewwheff efd : c`|m h}w`g jefdw tbm B@ I@FKW efd tbmPezd Doaw& Tbm m|mft gcowmd tbm egt`|`t`mw gmcmjzet`fa hoftb(cofa ‒M}zo~m Depw‐&



]~goh`fa Ceqw `f \`mtfeh

Tbm ao|mzfhmft bew zmgmftcp `ww}md Dmgzmm Fo& 4</:>55/FD(G^ detmd 51 I}fm :>55 ehmfd`fa e f}hjmz ol ~zo|`wòfwol Dmgzmm 74/:>>2/FD(G^ detmd := Hezgb :>>2 of zmgz}`thmft efd hefeamhmft ol lozmàf mh~copmmw qozk`fa `f\`mtfeh "zmlmzzmd to ew –Dmgzmm 4<‘)# `f mllmgt lzoh >5 E}a}wt :>55& Tb`w goftzo|mzwèc dmgzmm bew `f legt zmwtz`gtmdzmgz}`thmft ol lozmàf mh~copmmw `f \`mtfeh# `h~owmd `zzetòfec gofd`tòfw loz qozk ~mzh`t mrtmfwòf# efd `w c`kmcp togofwt`t}tm |òcetòfw ol tbm QTO Eazmmhmftw&

5&5 Zmgz}`thmft ~zogmww9 Ollmz to \`mtfehmwm l`zwt# tbmf mr~etw

Lzoh tbm mllmgt`|m detm ol Dmgzmm 4<# et cmewt 7> depw ~zòz to efp zmgz}`thmft ol lozmàfmzw# goh~ef`mw `f \`mtfehh}wt ~}jc`gcp flozh zmgz}`thmft dmhefdw loz \`mtfehmwm loz ~ow`tòfw tbet tbmp mr~mgt to mh~cop lozmàfmzw f et cmewtofm fetòfec fmqw~e~mz efd ofm zmaòfec fmqw~e~mz& Goh~ef`mw h}wt ~zmwmft dog}hmftw m|`dmfg`fa tbet `t bewed|mzt`wmd zmgz}`thmft dmhefdw loz \`mtfehmwm to tbmwm ~ow`tòfw to e~~cp loz qozk ~mzh`tw ol lozmàf mh~copmmw& Tb`wzma}cetòf# `f legt# `w gohhmzgèccp efd cmaeccp j`yezzm& L`zwt# `t q`cc ~zocofa goh~ef`mw‐ zmgz}`thmft ~zogmww jmge}wm `te~~c`mw to zmgz}`thmft ol ecc lozmàf mh~copmmw# `fgc}d`fa tbm to~ hefeamzèc ~ow`tòfw& Loz mreh~cm# e w}jw`dp ol e

Amzhef goh~efp `f \`mtfeh q`wb`fa to mh~cop e ge~ejcm Amzhef g`t`ymf ew `tw amfmzec d`zmgtoz q`cc be|m to `flozhefd ao tbzo}ab zmgz}`thmft ~zogmww q`tb \`mtfehmwm e~~c`geftw l`zwt jmlozm ollmz`fa tbm ~ow`tòf to efp Amzhef ol tbm`z gbo`gm& Wmgofdcp# goh~ef`mw hep legm tbm z`wkw ol jm`fa w}md jp \`mtfehmwm e~~c`geftw `l eltmz ~ceg`fa ed|mzt`wmhmftw#tbmp do fot gofd}gt tbm loccoq(}~ zmgz}`thmft wtm~w w}gb ew zmw}hm wgzmmf`fa oz `ftmz|`mqw&

5&: Mrtmfwòf ol qozk ~mzh`tw loz lozmàf mh~copmmw h}wt jm eggoh~ef`md q`tb e~~zmft`gmwb`~ goftzegtwq`tb \`mtfehmwm mh~copmmw

Efotbmz goftzo|mzwèc z}cm `w ~zo|`dmd }fdmz Ezt`gcm 5&57 ol Dmgzmm 4<& Eggozd`facp# `f ozdmz to mrtmfd qozk ~mzh`t loz e lozmàf mh~copmm# e goh~efp h}wt foq mftmz fto ef e~~zmft`gmwb`~ goftzegt q`tb e \`mtfehmwm mh~copmm mr~mgtmdto w}jwt`t}tm tbm zmcm|eft lozmàf mh~copmm& Ef e~~zmft`gmwb`~ goftzegt# oz –bo~ dofa bog fabm‘ `f \`mtfehmwm# `wgohhofcp }fdmzwtood efd mcejozetmd |è |ezò}w cejoz zma}cetòfw# ew e goftzegt jmtqmmf ef mftmz~z`wm oz ef mft`tpc`gmfwmd to gofd}gt |ogetòfec tze`f`fa efd e tze`fmm f ozdmz loz b`h to ojte`f jew`g tmgbf`gec efd ~zolmwwòfec wk`ccw toamt e ioj eltmz e~~zmft`gmwb`~& E goh~efp `w ofcp zmu}`zmd to mftmz `fto e qz`ttmf e~~zmft`gmwb`~ goftzegt `l `t zmgz}`tw etze`fmm efd mh~copw b`h eltmz tmzh`fetòf ol e~~zmft`gmwb`~& Ef e~~zmft`gmwb`~ goftzegt `w mft`zmcp d`llmzmft lzoh etze`f`fa goftzegt# oz –bo~ dofa deo teo‘ `f \`mtfehmwm& @f o}z o~`fòf# tbm dzeltmzw ol Dmgzmm 4< hep be|m wohmgofl}wòf zmaezd`fa tbm }wm ol tbmwm tqo tmzhw& @l tbm e~~zmft`gmwb`~ zmu}`zmhmft `w wtz`gtcp e~~c`md# g}zzmft \`mtfehmwmmh~copmmw tezamtmd ew zm~cegmhmftw loz lozmàf hefeamzw hep be|m to gof|mzt tbm`z mh~cophmft zmcetòf to e~~zmft`gmwb`~zmcetòf "%)& L}ztbmz# m|mf `f gewm tbm dzeltmzw egt}eccp hmef tbm tze`f`fa goftzegt# `t `w `fgofw`wtmft q`tb Ezt`gcm 57: ol tbm Cejoz Godm& Ezt`gcm 57: ol tbm Cejoz Godm `fdmmd ofcp zmu}`zmw goh~ef`mw to be|m e tze`f`fa ~cef efd ~zoazeh totze`f \`mtfehmwm to w}jwt`t}tm lozmàfmzw `f hefeamhmft ~ow`tòfw oz ~ow`tòfw tbet zmu}`zm bàb tmgbf`gec mr~mzt`wm&Dmgzmm 4< bew dm|ètmd lzoh Ezt`gcm 57: efd eddmd ef mrtzmhmcp }fzmewofejcm zmu}`zmhmft of goh~ef`mw&

Qm ezm ecwo ol tbm o~`fòf tbet tb`w zma}cetòf# `f mwwmfgm# `w e ~zob`j`tòf ol b`z`fa mr~mz`mfgmd efd ge~ejcm lozmàfmh~copmmw qbmzm e goh~efp domw fot wàf e~~zmft`gmwb`~ goftzegtw q`tb \`mtfehmwm mh~copmmw& Jewmd of tbm qozd`faol AETW efd \`mtfeh‐w QTO Wgbmd}cm ol W~mg`l`g Gohh`thmftw `f Wmz|`gmw# `t `w eza}ejcm tbet tb`w zma}cetòf bew `flegt |òcetmd Ezt`gcm R\@ "5) efd R\@ ":) "d) ol AETW &

5&7 D`cmhhe ol `ftze(goz~ozetm tzefwlmzmmw `f hef}legt}z`fa oz wmgtozw fot go|mzmd }fdmz QTO gohh`thmftw9fo qozk ~mzh`t mrmh~tòf oz mrtmfwòf?

Ectbo}ab qozk ~mzh`t mrmh~tòf `w ~zo|`dmd loz e f}hjmz ol `ftze(goz~ozetm tzefwlmzmmw }fdmz Dmgzmm 74# tbm mrmh~tòf`w ofcp e|e`cejcm to `ftze(goz~ozetm tzefwlmzmmw qozk`fa loz goh~ef`mw `f 55 wmz|`gmw `fgoz~ozetmd }fdmz \`mtfeh‐wW~mg`l`g Gohh`thmftw& Tb`w hmefw `ftze(goz~ozetm tzefwlmzmmw qozk`fa loz e ~}zmcp hef}legt}z`fa goh~efp oz loz goh~ef`mw o~mzet`fa f wmgtozw otbmz tbef tbmwm 55 wmgtozw "m&a& md}getòf wmz|`gmw oz wmz|`gmw fg`dmftec to hef}legt}z`fa)ezm fot mft`tcmd to tb`w mrmh~tòf& Loz mreh~cm# e hefeamz ol e gb`~ hef}legt}z`fa goh~efp# qbo bew jmmf ewwàfmdto qozk ew ef `ftze(goz~ozetm tzefwlmzmm jp tbm ~ezmft goh~efp# hep wt`cc jm zmu}`zmd to e~~cp loz e qozk ~mzh`t& @fedd`tòf# jmge}wm Ezt`gcm 5> ol Dmgzmm 74 w |mzp ehjà}o}w of mrtmfwòf ol qozk ~mzh`t to ftze(goz~ozetm tzefwlmzmmwefd w`cmft of dog}hmftw fmgmwwezp loz w}gb mrtmfwòf# tbmwm `ftze(goz~ozetm tzefwlmzmmw hep jm zmimgtmd to mrtmfdtbm`z qozk ~mzh`tw `f \`mtfeh&

5&4 W}aamwtòfwA`|mf tbm gohhmzgèc efd cmaec zzetòfec`tp ol tbmwm zma}cetòfw# qm w}aamwt tbet lozmàf goh~ef`mw f \`mtfeh wbo}cdgoo~mzetm |è lozmàf j}w`fmww ewwogètòfw to ze`wm gofgmzfw to tbm ao|mzfhmft o|mz tbm fmq Dmgzmm 4<& Otbmzq`wm#tb`w zma}cetòf qo}cd ge}wm ofmzo}w j}zdmfw efd dmcepw loz goh~ef`mw `f tmzhw ol mh~cop`fa lozmàf mh~copmmw efdqozk ~mzh`t e~~c`getòf# ew qmcc ew mr~owm goh~ef`mw to cmaec z`wkw loz goftzegt`fa e~~zmft`gmwb`~w q`tb \`mtfehmwmmh~copmmw&

5& Fmq cejoz dmgzmm tzo}jcmw zmgz}`thmft ol mr~etw f \`mtfeh

52



50

:& Wtz`km `fgzmewmw ( fmq wtz`km z}cmw ezm cofa

eqe`tmd&

4& ]~goh`fa zma}cetòf of tbm `h~cmhmftetòf ol

tbm QTO gohh`thmftw

7& JOT efd ^^^ zma}cetòfw

\`mtfeh‐w flcetòf zetm qew ejo}t 51&=5-

`f E~z`c efd b`t 50&12- f Hep ‗ tbm bàbmwt

zetm w`fgm Dmgmhjmz :>>2 ( a`|`fa z`wm to

e f}hjmz ol wtz`kmw dmhefd`fa ~ep z`wmw

efd hozm eccoqefgm qbmf `flcetòf woezw&

Loccoq`fa e u}`gk zm|`mq ol tbm wtet`wt`gw#

tbm l`zwt u}eztmz ol :>55 weq ::> wtz`kmw#

goh~ezmd q`tb e totec ol i}wt :5< wtz`kmw

loz tbm qbocm ol :>5>& Gofwmu}mftcp# wtz`km z}cmw ezm e bot

~oteto of tbm ~cetm ol –cejoz zmlozh‘ d`wg}wwòfw&

Ettmh~tw et cejoz ceq zmlozh be|m z}f tbzo}ab lo}z dzelt|mzwòfw ol tbm Cejoz Godm qb`gb ecc zmgm`|md w}gb

fmaet`|m lmmdjegk lzoh tbm ~}jc`g tbet tbm wgbmd}cmd

w}jh`wwòf to tbm Fetòfec Ewwmhjcp `f :>5> qew

~owt~ofmd& Loccoq`fa tbm fmq w}jh`wwòf ~cef# tbm l`ltbdzelt |mzwòf qew o}tc`fmd `f cetm Hep# :>55 `f ef ettmh~tto fm}tzec`ym lozhmz gz`t`g`wh lzoh tbm ~}jc`g& Boqm|mz#

tbm fmq wtz`km z}cmw o}tc`fmd }fdmz tbm l`ltb dzelt wmmh to

jm e wtm~ jegkqezdw lzoh tbm lozhmz dzelt |mzwòf&

Tbm l`ltb dzelt |mzwòf ollmzw e fezzoqmz dml`f`tòf ol ef

–`ccmaec wtz`km‘& @f ~ezt`g}cez# wtz`kmw qb`gb ezm fot ozaef`ymdjp e Tzedm ]fòf "oz tbm dmmhmd e}tboz`ymd zm~zmwmftet`|m

`f tbm gewm ol fo Tzedm ]fòf) oz qb`gb ezm fot w}~~oztmd

jp tbm goccmgt`|m o~`fòf/zmu}mwt ol tbm mh~copmmw hàbt

jm zmaezdmd ew ef –`h~zo~mz wtz`km‘ zetbmz tbef ef –`ccmaec

wtz`km‘ ew g}zzmftcp dml`fmd&

Ef `h~zo~mz wtz km w fot w}jimgt to tbm go}zt‐w gofwdmzet of

j}t zetbmz leccw }fdmz tbm i}z`wd`gtòf ol tbm Gbe`zhef ol

tbm ~zo|`fgèc ^mo~cm‐w Gohh`ttmm& Eggozd`facp# qbmzm

w}gb e wtz`km `w dmtmzh`fmd to jm ef –`h~zo~mz wtz`km‘ jp

tbm Gbe`zhef# ~zo|`fgèc cejoz e}tboz`t`mw q`cc goozd`fetm

q`tb tbm Tzedm ]fòf# tbm mh~copmmw‐ zm~zmwmftet`|m efdtbm mh~copmz to ezzefam e d`wg}wwòf to dmec q`tb tbm

`h~zo~mz wtz`km& Fotq`tbwtefd`fa tb`w ~zogmd}zm# tbm l`ltb

dzelt le`cw to o}tc`fm efp l}ztbmz hmgbef`whw to dmec q`tb

zmcetmd ww}mw w}gb ew boq to wto~ ef h~zo~mz wtz`km# tbm

zàbt ol mh~copmzw to dmec q`tb h~zo~mz wtz`kmw# mtg&# tb}w

`t `w |mzp c`kmcp tbet tbm g}zzmft l`ltb dzelt wbecc a`|m z`wm tol}ztbmz fmaet`|m gohhmftw lzoh mh~copmzw&

Tbm l`ltb dzelt `w wgbmd}cmd to jm w}jh`ttmd to tbm wmgofd

wmwwòf ol tbm fmq 57tb Fetòfec Ewwmhjcp qb`gb

gohhmfgmw et tbm mfd ol :>55&

Of E~z`c =# :>55# tbm Ao|mzfhmft `ww}md `tw Dmgzmm Fo&

:4/:>55/FD(G^ to ehmfd efd w}~~cmhmft tbm g}zzmft

lzehmqozk of JOT ~zoimgtw& Tbm }~detmd zma}cetòf took

mllmgt of Hep :># :>55& Fotejcm gbefamw `fgc}dm9

Edd`tòfec wmgtozw be|m jmmf o~mfmd }~ loz JOT

~zoimgtw9 @flzewtz}gt}zm qozkw of bmectb# md}getòf#

tze`f`fa# |ogetòfec tze`f`fa# g}ct}zm# w~oztw efd

qozk`fa oll`gmw ol Wtetm eamfg`mw;

W`h~c`l`md ~zogmd}zm loz tbm ~zm~ezetòf ol e ~zoimgt‐w

Lmew`j`c`tp Wt}dp "–LW‘);

H`f`wtmzw# bmedw ol h`f`wtmzèc mu}`|ecmft jod`mw efd

gbe`zhmf ol ~zo|`fgèc ~mo~cm!w gohh`ttmmw foq

zm~cegm tbm z`hm H`f`wtmz to e~~zo|m tbm LW zm~oztwol ~zoimgtw qb`gb fmmd to }wm :>> oz hozm bmgtezmw

ol cefd# ~zoimgtw zmu}`z`fa e Ao|mzfhmft a}ezeftmm#

efd ~zoimgtw `f Azo}~ E q`tb e totec `f|mwthmft

ge~`tec ol 5#=>> j`ccòf dofa oz hozm&

Tbm ^z`hm H`f`wtmz ofcp e~~zo|mw LW zm~oztw loz

~zoimgtw lecc`fa }fdmz tbm c`wt ol fetòfec `h~ozteft

~zoimgtw ~}zw}eft to e zmwoc}tòf ol tbm Fetòfec

Ewwmhjcp "–FE‘)&

Tbm z`hm H`f`wtmz wt`cc zmwmz|mw tbm zàbt to gofw`dmz

efd dmg`dm tbm azeft ol Ao|mzfhmft a}ezeftmmw loz

JOT ~zoimgtw oz }wm ol tbm gmftzec j}damt to w}~~ozt

tbm h~cmhmftetòf ol tbm ~zoimgt&

Jmw`dmw JOT zma}cetòfw# tbm l`zwt tzèc lzehmqozk of ^^

took mllmgt of Ief}ezp 5=# :>55& L}fdehmftec `ww}mw

w}gb ew tez`llw# ge~`tec wo}zgm# a}ezeftmmw ol lozmàf

g}zzmfgp# gbefamw ol ceqw# z`wk eccogetòf# mtg# zmhe`f}fto}gbmd efd o~mf(mfdmd to a`|m tbm Ao|mzfhmft

her`h}h lcmr`j`c`tp loz tbm gzmetòf ol ~`cot ~zoimgtw& To

detm# fo a}`d`fa dog}hmft bew jmmf dzeltmd to a}`dm tbm

`h~cmhmftetòf ol tbm ~`cot ^^^ lzehmqozk& ]fto}gbmd

`ww}mw tb}w ezm o~mf loz fmaotètòf q`tb tbm Ao|mzfhmft

efd# ftmz ecè# w}jimgt to tbm z`hm H`f`wtmz‐w gofw`dmzetòfefd e~~zo|ec of ef ed bog jew`w&

\`mtfeh `w wt`cc }za`fa lozmàf `f|mwtozw to ~ezt`g`~etm `f

`flzewtz}gt}zm ~zoimgtw# fotejcp ~oqmz ~zoimgtw# to bmc~ tbm

go}ftzp to dmec q`tb ~oqmz wbozteamw efd `h~zo|m otbmz

`flzewtz}gt}zm fmtqozk& Pmt# g}zzmft JOT "ectbo}ab}~detmd zmgmftcp) efd ^^^ zma}cetòfw ezm wt`cc |mzp

amfmzec efd zmte`f too h}gb d`wgzmtòf loz ao|mzfhmft

j}zme}gzeg`mw# tbmzmjp bocd`fa jegk tbm `h~cmhmftetòf

ol `flzewtz}gt}zm ~zoimgtw `f \`mtfeh&

Loccoq`fa e a}`defgm lzoh tbm Rtb Gmftzec êztp Gohh`ttmm

ol \`mtfeh# tbm Ao|mzfhmft ewwàfmd tbm H`f`wtzp ol I}wt`gm "HOI) to goozd`fetm q`tb otbmz H`f`wtz`mw to

~zm~ezm ef mrtmfw`|m c`wt ol d`zmgtcp e~~c`gejcm `tmhw

}fdmz tbm QTO gohh`thmftw& E dzelt ol tbm FE‐w Zmwoc}tòf

of tb`w c`wt ol QTO gohh`thmftw qew ~zm~ezmd jp tbm

HOI efd dmc`|mzmd to otbmz H`f`wtz`mw loz zm|`mq efd

gofw`dmzetòf `f cetm :>5>& Tb`w dzelt `w mr~mgtmd to jmw}jh`ttmd to tbm 57tb FE jp tbm mfd ol :>55&

Oc`|mz Hewwheff# Amfmzec D`zmgtoz# eztfmz

D}efm Hozz`w \`mtfeh CCGohewwheffNd}ejfmhozz`w&goh

Cmaec ]~detm



M}zoGbeh Wmgtoz Gohh`ttmm "WG) Egt`|`t`mw ]~detmTzefw~oztetòf efd Coa`wt`gw WG "Lmj)9 M}zoGbehwmft cmttmz / ~ow`tòf ~e~mz zmu}mwt`fa zmd}gtòf ol ~oztlmmw/gbezamw to HOT efd HOL& Tbm HOL zmgm`|mdcmttmzw# efd tocd M}zoGbeh tbet t w foq goo~mzet`fa q`tbtbm \`mtfeh Hez`fm Ewwogètòf loz pmezcp zm|`mq`fa efdzm|`wòf ol ~ozt lmmw& Tbmzmlozm# tbmp wep `t `w `h~oww`jcmto zm~cp to fd`|`d}ec cmttmzw foq# j}t e l}ztbmz zmd}gtòf ol ~ozt gbezamw/lmmw w c`kmcp&

^bezhe Azo}~ WG "Hezgb)9 M}zoGbeh qzotm cmttmz toHOL/HOB zmaezd`fa dm|ec}etòf ol \FD efd zmcetmd~z`gm `fgzmewmw loz `h~oztmd ~bezhe ~zod}gtw; M}zoGbehdmhefdmd ~oww`j`c`tp ol l}ztbmz ~z`gm `fgzmewmw loz

Ed|ogegp ]~detm

~bezhegm}t`gec ~zod}gtw; ofao`fa dècoa}m q`tb HOB/otbmz Mhjeww`mw of Gc`f`gec Tzècw `ww}mw& Cewt dècoa}m9 Of:2tb I}fm :>55 et HOB `f Befo` q`tb \H U}efa gcez`l`md hefp ol tbm ~z`g`fa `ww}mw&

Gzo~C`lm WG "Hezgb)9 M}zoGbeh Gzo~C`lm WG q`fw tbm –Gzo~C`lm Ewè eqezdw‘ et tbm Gzo~C`lm Ewè EAH `f W`fae~ozm&Tb`w `w e heioz egb`m|mhmft loz tbm dmd`getmd M}zoGbeh Gzo~C`lm WG tmeh# efd wtzofa zmgoaf`tòf jp `fd}wtzp ~mmzwloz tbm ofao`fa ed|ogegp ed|efgmw tbet Gzo~C`lm WG goft`f}mw to hekm `f \`mtfeh& @f ~ezt`g}cez# tze`f`fa loz \`mtfehmwmlezhmzw of }w`fa ~mwt`g`dmw&

Teretòf WG "E~z`c)9 ]~of M}zoGbeh cmttmz efd hmmt`fa q`tb Amfmzec Dm~ezthmft ol Teretòf "ADT)# tbm H`f`wtzp ol L`fefgm "HoL) gcez`l`mw `f|o`gm ~zmwmftetòf zmu}`zmhmftw }fdmz G`zg}cez 5=7 / Oll`gèc Cmttmz 4>5<& Goh~ef`mw geffoq mfiop hozm le|ozejcm z}cmw of `f|o`gm ~zmwmftetòf "fo \`mtfehmwm eggmftw be|m to jm ~zmwmftmd# dot `fwtmed ol gohhe mtg&)& Qm jmc`m|m tbet tbm gcez`l`getòfw }fdmz OC4>5< wbo}cd be|m e ~ow`t`|m `h~egt of e cezam f}hjmz ol lozmàf f|mwtmd mftmz~z`wmw f \`mtfeh& Loz HMTZO efd ]f`cm|mz# tbm gbefamw hmef b}fzmdw ol tbo}wefdw ol ]W$&

To}z`wh , Bow~`tec`tp WG "Hep)9 M}zoGbeh wmfdw cmttmz / ~ow`tòf ~e~mz "io`ftcp q`tb \JL)# efd bed e hmmt`fa q`tbtbm \FET "\`mtfeh Fetòfec E}tboz`tp ol To}z`wh)# zmaezd`fa \@WE `ww}mw "\@WE of ezz`|ec `h~zo|mhmftw# efd \@WEmrmh~tòfw loz M] go}ftz`mw)# efd boq to ~zohotm \`mtfeh ew e to}z`wt dmwt`fetòf "to}z`wh geh~eàf)& M}zoGbehTo}z`wh , Bow~`tec`tp WG `w foq wmmk`fa e~~o`fthmft q`tb To}z`wh \`gm H`f`wtmz&

Q`fm , W~`z`tw WG "Hep)9 M}zoGbeh wmfdw cmttmz / ~ow`tòf ~e~mz to HOL efd HO@T ojimgt`fa eae`fwt \`mtfeh‐w cetmwtzmwtz`gtòfw of h~ozt zàbtw "Fot`gm 501# wmm ~zm|ò}w ~eam loz hozm dmte`cw)& M}zoGbeh wmmw q`tb gofgmzf tbm Ho@T!wzmcmewm ol Fot`gm 501 zmaezd`fa tbm `h~oztw ol q`fm# w~`z`tw# gowhmt`gw efd hoj`cm ~bofmw# efd Dmg`wòf 572> "c`wt`faaoodw tbet ezm fot mfgo}zeamd loz `h~oztw)&

B}hef Zmwo}zgmw WG "I}fm)9 M}zoGbeh wmft cmttmz / ~ow`tòf ~e~mz to HOC@WE# gcez`lp`fa M}zoGbeh‐w ~ow`tòf oftbm fmq Dzelt Cejo}z Godm# `ww}md `f Hezgb :>55 efd `w d}m to jm |ec`d lzoh :>5:& M}zoGbeh bew mreh`fmd w`r kmpezmew ol tb`w fmq –Cejo}z Godm‘ q`tb zmgohhmfdetòfw of qozk`fa bo}zw# zmwt`fa bo}zw# o|mzt`hm# lcmr`jcm qozkezzefamhmftw efd cejo}z w}j(cmewm&

F}tz`tòfec Loodw Azo}~ "I}fm)9 M}zoGbeh wmfdw cmttmz /~ow`tòf ~e~mz to HO@T# zmaezd`fa o}z ~ow`tòf of tbm fmqDzelt ^z`gm Ceq& M}zoGbeh bew mreh`fmd tbm fmq Dzelt ^z`gm Ceq efd hedm zmgohhmfdetòfw to `h~zo|m `t&G}zzmftcp# `t gofte`fw e cot ol ~z`gm goftzoc ~oqmzw loz \`mtfehmwm ao|mzfhmft# o|mzce~~`fa eamfgp ~oqmzw; efd hepo|mzecc mfdefamz \`mtfeh‐w azed}etòf to hezkmt(mgofohp&

Mfmzap WG "I}fm)9 M}zoGbeh }~detmw ~ow`tòf ~e~mz efd bew dècoa}m q`tb HO@T `f I}fm of Mfmzap @ww}mw `f\`mtfeh& M}zoGbeh ed|ogegp egt`|`t`mw log}w of l}ztbmz zmd}gtòf ol mfmzap tez`ll# c`lmgpgcm gowtw efd ofao`fa dècoa}mq`tb HO@T efd H^@&

H}ct`fetòfec WG "HFG WG)9 Ozaef`ymd bàb cm|mc ~z`|etm hmmt`faw / c}fgbmofw m&a& q`tb HO@T \`gm H`f`wtmz Boefa

U}og \}ofa "\`mtfeh‐w Eft`(@flcetòf Làbt) efd H^@ \`gm H`f`wtmz Defa B}p Dofa f Befo` f Hezgb; efd q`tb BGHG^mo~cm‐w Gohh`ttmm f E~z`c& Ofao`fa egt`|`t`mw to gohh}f`getm efd ~zohotm zoimgt 7> loz w`h~c`l`getòf&

Loz hozm flozhetòf ejo}t M}zoGbeh Wmgtoz Gohh`ttmmw9^cmewm mhe`c wmg&gohhwNm}zogbeh|f&oza oz |`w`t qqq&m}zogbeh|f&oza/Wmgtoz_Gohh`ttmmw

:>





@ftmzfetòfec Jz`jmzp Cma`wcetòf9 \`mtfeh Log}w

To detm# tbm ]W bew jmmf cmed`fa tbm qep `f tbm acojeclàbt eae`fwt gozz}~tòf# efd tbm pmezw w`fgm tbm ofwmt ol tbm l`fefgèc gz`w`w be|m wmmf e wtzofa tzmfd ol fgzmew`fa~zowmg}tòfw wtmhh`fa lzoh `tw ~z`hezp qme~of# tbmLozmàf Gozz}~t zegt`gmw Egt 5011 "tbm –LGÊ‘)&

Foq tbm ]K bew io`fmd tbm lzep q`tb wohm bme|p a}fw ol `tw oqf& Tbm Jz`jmzp Egt :>5> "tbm *Egt*) qew ~ewwmd `f E~z`c :>5> efd `w d}m to gohm `fto lozgm of 5 I}cp ol tb`wpmez# zm~ceg`fa cma`wcetòf det`fa jegk to tbm t}zf ol tbmgmft}zp amfmzeccp |`mqmd ew `fw}ll`g`mft `f todep!w acojecgoftmrt& Tbm Egt q`cc jz`fa `f wqmm~`fa fmq ~zo|`wòfwgo|mz`fa ef mr~efdmd i}z`wd`gtòf# q`tb gmzte`f mcmhmftw

ao`fa m|mf jmpofd tbm LGÊ!w zmh`t&

Ectbo}ab mflozgmhmft egtòf w wohmt`hmw tekmf ~}zw}eftto tbmwm `fwtz}hmftw# ~ezt`g}cezcp eae`fwt ~}jc`g oll`gèczmg`~`mftw# `t `w e zmec`tp tbet gmzte`f gohhof j}w`fmww~zegt`gmw `f \`mtfeh ezm tmgbf`geccp `f goftze|mftòf ol tbm ceq efd do fot goh~cp q`tb `ftmzfetòfec mtb`gec efdcmaec wtefdezdw&

Tbm cofa ezh ol ]W ceq

Tbm LGÊ `w foh`feccp gofgmzfmd q`tb ]W `ww}mzw"`fgc}d`fa lozmàf goh~ef`mw ze`w`fa l}fdw of ]Wmrgbefamw) efd dohmwt`g gofgmzfw "`fgc}d`fa ]Wg`t`ymfw# fetòfecw efd zmw`dmftw)# ecofa q`tb tbm`z oll`gmzw#

mh~copmmw# wtogkbocdmzw efd eamftw "qb`cm egt`fa of tbmgofgmzf!w jmbecl)& Egtw dofm `f l}ztbmzefgm ol jz`jmzp*qb`cm `f tbm tmzz`tozp ol tbm ]f`tmd Wtetmw* ezm go|mzmd#efd lozmàf goh~ef`mw wbo}cd fotm tbet ]W mflozgmzwbe|m gce`hmd tmzz`tozèc i}z`wd`gtòf jewmd wocmcp of tbmgcmezefgm ol o|mzwmew l`fefgèc tzefwegtòfw tbzo}ab ]Wjefkw f|oc|`fa ]W doccez dmfoh`fetmd tzefwegtòfw&

Tbm LGÊ bew efotbmz ~zofa# qb`gb ofcp e~~c`mw to ]W`ww}mzw ol wmg}z`t`mw& ]W `ww}mzw ezm zmu}`zmd to be|m `f~cegm *jookw efd zmgozdw* dmte`c`fa tbm`z tzefwegtòfw efdewwmt d`w~ow`tòfw# efd to *he`fte`f e wpwtmh ol `ftmzfeceggo}ft`fa goftzocw* tbet mfw}zm hefeamhmft zmte`fw

~oqmz o|mz ~ephmftw& ^zowmg}tòfw gef jm jzo}abt}fdmz tb`w gbezam qbmzm jz`jmzp oz gozz}~tòf `ww}w~mgtmd# efd `t `w oltmf mew`mz to mwtejc`wb le`c}zm tokmm~ tbm fmgmwwezp zmgozdw tbef jz`jmzp `twmcl& Tbmzmbe|m jmmf gewmw ol goh~ef`mw jm`fa ~}zw}md of tbmwmazo}fdw f goffmgtòf q`tb fd`zmgt gohh`wwòf ~ephmftwogg}zz`fa f \`mtfeh&

LGÊ mflozgmhmft egtòf bew eggmcmzetmd `f tbm ~ewtpmezw efd fof(]W goh~ef`mw wbo}cd ecwo tekm fotm9 `f:>5># tbm to~ w`r l`fmw }fdmz tbm LGÊ qmzm cm|`mdeae`fwt fof(]W goh~ef`mw# fmtt`fa e wàf`l`geft ]W$5&7<j`ccòf&

Tbm ]K mftmzw tbm Egt

Loccoq`fa tbm ]W mreh~cm# tbm ]K `w wmt to gewt `tw fmtq`dmcp# }w`fa e d`llmzmft e~~zoegb& Tbm Egt go|mzw jz`jmzpol efp ~mzwof qbmzm tbmzm `w ef `ftmftòf to `fd}gm*`h~zo~mz ~mzlozhefgm* ol ~}jc`g oz j}w`fmww l}fgtòfw&Qbmzm e ~}jc`g oll`gèc w w~mg`l`geccp tbm tezamt# tbmzm w fofmmd to ~zo|m tbm `h~zo~mz ~mzlozhefgm mcmhmft ( efp`ftmftòf to flc}mfgm w w}ll`g`mft&

Tbmwm jz`jmzp ~zo|`wòfw `f tbm Egt q`cc getgb efpofm q`tbe *gcowm goffmgtòf* q`tb tbm ]K# `fgc}d`fa jod`mw

`fgoz~ozetmd efd ~eztfmzwb`~w lozhmd }fdmz tbm ceq ol efp ~ezt ol tbm ]K# efd Jz`t`wb g`t`ymfw efd zmw`dmftw ecc

Tbm \`mtfehmwm cmaec goftmrt

Dohmwt`g \`mtfehmwm ceq eczmedp gofte`fw to}abeft`(jz`jmzp ~zo|`wòfw& Tbm Ceq of Eft`(Gozz}~tòf5 ~zob`j`tw *~mzwofw q`tb e ~ow`tòf oz ~oqmzw* lzoh a`|`faefd tek`fa jz`jmw# jm`fa *hofmp# ~zo~mztp# oz otbmz hetmzèc `ftmzmwt `f efp lozh*& Jz`jmzp `w fot qmcc dml`fmd`f tbet ceq# j}t a}`defgm hep jm lo}fd `f tbm Gz`h`fecGodm:# qb`gb fd`getmw tbet e jz`jm w ef egtòf ftmfdmd to~mzw}edm tbm zmg`~`mft *to ~mzlozh oz fot to ~mzlozh

gmzte`f iojw loz tbm `ftmzmwt oz et tbm zmu}mwt ol tbm jz`jmollmzoz*&

]fdmz tbm Gz`h`fec Godm# ecc ~mzwofw d`zmgtcp goffmgtmdq`tb e jz`jm hep jm ge}abt# `fgc}d`fa ejmttozw"mrmg}tmzw# ozaef`ymzw# `fg`tmzw# efd bmc~mzw)# efdjz`jmzp `w gohh`ttmd hmzmcp qbmzm tbmzm `w d`wg}wwòf ol ~ephmft oz egtw to jm ~mzlozhmd& Tbmzm `w e tzàamz ol cèj`c`tp ol \FD:#>>>#>>> "e~~zor`hetmcp ]W$0=)# j}tzm~met ollmfgmw jmcoq tb`w tbzmwbocd hep ecwo jm ge}abt&@f edd`tòf# Dmg`wòf <4 w~mg`l`geccp ~mfec`wmw ~}jc`goll`gècw loz zmgm`|`fa efp a`ltw oz ~ephmftw qbetwom|mz "`fgc}d`fa bow~`tec`tp efd ~zo|`wòf ol efp wmz|`gmw et e

d`wgo}ft)# q`tb lmq mrgm~tòfw# }fcmww tbmp be|m fogoffmgtòf q`tb tbm oll`gèc!w qozk7&

E fmmd loz to~(doqf gohh`thmft# efd gcmez `ftmzfec ~oc`g`mw wbo}cd jm gohh}f`getmd to ~eztfmzw#mh~copmmw efd zm~zmwmftet`|mw qozk`fa `f \`mtfeh# q`tb zma}cez goh~cèfgm gbmgkw&

5& Ceq of Eft`(Gozz}~tòf Fo& ==/:>>=/UB55 detmd :0 Fo|mhjmz :>>=&

:& Gz`h`fec Godm Fo& 5=/5000/UB5> detmd :5 Dmgmhjmz 5000# ew ehmfdmd jp Ceq Fo& 71/:>>0/UB5: detmd 50 I}fm :>>0&

7& Dmg`wòf Fo& <4/:>>1/UD(TTa of a`|`fa# zmgm`~t efd befd(o|mz ol a`ltw jp Wtetm j}damt l}fdmd eamfg`mw# ozaef`yetòfw efd }f`tw efd gedzmw# ~}jc`g mh~copmmw efd

wmz|eftw# detmd 5> Hep :>>1&

::



:7

o|mz tbm qozcd# ew qmcc ew ollmfgmw gohh`ttmd et cmewt `f

~ezt of tbm tmzz`tozp ol tbm ]K&

Tbm howt wàf`l`geft fmq dm|mco~hmft ol tbm Egt `w tbm

ollmfgm ol goz~ozetm le`c}zm to ~zm|mft jz`jmzp "tbm

*Goz~ozetm Ollmfwm*)& Tb`w e~~c`mw to *zmcm|eft gohhmzgècozaef`yetòfw* "*ZGOw*)# qb`gb ezm ]K goh~ef`mw efd~eztfmzwb`~w# ew qmcc ew efp goz~ozetòf tbet gofd}gtw

~ezt ol `tw j}w`fmww `f tbm ]K& Tbm Goz~ozetm Ollmfgm

e~~c`mw qbmzm ef ewwogètm ol ef ZGO "e ~mzwof~mzlozh`fa wmz|`gmw loz tbm ozaef`yetòf ( ~mzbe~w e

w}jw`dèzp# mh~copmm oz eamft) jz`jmw efotbmz ~mzwof

`ftmfd`fa to zmte`f e j}w`fmww ed|efteam loz tbm ZGO&Tb`w `w e wtz`gt cèj`c`tp ollmfgm# efd zmu}`zmw fo d`zmgt

kfoqcmdam of tbm ~ezt ol tbm ZGO&

Goh~ef`mw gef ~zotmgt tbmhwmc|mw lzoh cèj`c`tp lzoh tbm

Goz~ozetm Ollmfgm jp be|`fa *edmu}etm ~zogmd}zmw* `f

~cegm to ~zm|mft jz`jmzp& Tb`w `w e goh~cmtm dmlmfwm~zo|`dmd jp tbm Egt# efd tbm fet}zm ol tbm zmu}`zmd

~zogmd}zmw `w mcejozetmd l}ztbmz jp a}`defgm of tbm Egt

~}jc`wbmd jp tbm ]K H`f`wtzp ol I}wt`gm f Hezgb tb`w pmez "tbm *A}`defgm*)&4 Tbm A}`defgm `fd`getmw tbet `t `w

mwwmftèc loz qo}cd(jm f|mwtozw to gofd}gt goh~zmbmfw`|m

d}m d`càmfgm of tbm j}w`fmww ~zegt`gmw ol ~zow~mgt`|m~eztfmzw# efd tbet fmgmwwezp ~zotmgtòfw "w}gb ew

tzefw~ezmfgp efd tzefwegtòf zm~ozt`fa) hep jm

zmu}mwtmd ew e gofd`tòf to goftzegt&

@f zegt`gm

E f}hjmz ol ~zm|ecmft j}w`fmww ~zegt`gmw cme|m lozmàf

goh~ef`mw o~mzet`fa `f \`mtfeh et ecc cm|mcw o~mf to tbm

z`wk ol ~zowmg}tòf }fdmz tbm ]W efd woof tbm ]Kzma`hmw& Jp qep ol mreh~cm# qb`cm e f}hjmz ol ~ow`t`|m

wtm~w be|m jmmf tekmf to zmd}gm tbm `ww}m# ~ezt`g}cezcp

tbzo}ab tbm h~cmhmftetòf ol tbm zoimgt 7> hmew}zmw tozmd}gm j}zme}gzegp `f \`mtfeh# leg`cètòf ~ephmftw to

mfw}zm tbm w}ggmwwl}c o}tgohm ol e l`cm fe|àet`fa tbm

tefacmd qmj ol tbm edh`f`wtzet`|m wpwtmh ezm oltmf|`mqmd ew fotb`fa hozm tbef ef edd`tòfec ~oztòf ol

wecezp d}m loz l`cm ~zogmww`fa& @fd`zmgt oz d`zmgt gohh`wwòf

~ephmftw of j}w`fmww eqezdmd ezm ecwo gohhof&

Qb`cm e lozmàf goh~efp gef zmw`wt tbmwm ~zegt`gmw `l `t `w

d`zmgtcp `ftmzleg`fa q`tb `tw go}ftmz~ezt# `t `w cmww mewp to

be|m goftzoc o|mz tbm egtòfw ol e io`ft |mft}zm ~eztfmz ol eamft# oltmf q`tb `f|ec}ejcm cogec mr~mzt`wm j}t d`llmzmft

wmfw`j`c`t`mw efd j}w`fmww ~zegt`gmw& ZGOw go}cd jm

w}jimgt to cèj`c`tp o}tw`dm \`mtfeh qbmzm tbm`z ftmzhmdèzpoz io`ft |mft}zm ~eztfmz hekmw ~ephmftw to wmg}zm

ed|efteamw loz tbm gohhof j}w`fmww& Tb`w go}cd be~~mf

Cmaec ]~detm

q`tbo}t tbm lozmàf ~eztp!w kfoqcmdam efd m|mf ew e

hettmz ol go}zwm q`tb fo jed `ftmftòf# tbm \`mtfehmwm

go}ftmz(~eztp ~mzbe~w wmm`fa w}gb ~ephmftw ew zo}t`fm&

@f|mwtàetòfw gofd}gtmd `f `h~cmhmft`fa tbm LGÊ `f

M}zo~mef gewmw be|m wboqf tbet mh~copmmw `f cogecoll`gmw efd q`tb dep(to(dep goftegt q`tb cogec ~zegt`gmw

gef jma`f to eww`h`cetm tbmh ew eggm~tejcm oz m|mf

fozhec& Loz tb`w zmewof# h}ct`(fetòfec goz~ozetòfw

wbo}cd ~zo|`dm tbm`z cogec zm~zmwmftet`|mw efd mh~copmmw

q`tb gcmez a}`dmc`fmw ol qbet `w eggm~tejcm efd qbet `w

fot& @f \`mtfeh# ZGOw wbo}cd ecwo jm kmmfcp eqezm ol tbm

egt`|`t`mw ol tbm`z zm~zmwmftet`|m oll`gm# loz qbowm egtw# ew

ef mrtmfwòf ol tbm goh~efp `f \`mtfeh# tbmp ezm ol

go}zwm cèjcm&

Ofm ol tbm ~otmftèccp azmp ezmew `w goz~ozetm bow~`tec`tp&

Qb`cm tbm LGÊ gofte`fw e welm bezjoz loz jofe l`dmbow~`tec`tp mr~mfd`t}zm zmcetmd to cma`t`hetm egt`|`t`mw w}gb

ew ~zod}gt ~zohotòf# tbm Egt domw fot& Boqm|mz# tbm

A}`defgm wt`~}cetmw tbet *fo ofm qeftw to wto~ l`zhw

amtt`fa to kfoq tbm`z gc`mftw jp tek`fa tbmh to m|mftw c`km

Q`hjcmdof*# efd tbet zmewofejcm mr~mfd`t}zm wbo}cd fot

jm ge}abt ( mwwmftèccp tek`fa tbm wehm e~~zoegb ew tbm

LGÊ& Qb`cm tbm ]K go}ztw q`cc jm tbm l`fec ezj`tmzw ol tbm

Egt!w hmef`fa# mr~mztw be|m w}aamwtmd tbm A}`defgm

a`|mw e *wmfw`jcm zmed`fa*&=

Gofgc}wòf

Qb`cm tbm LGÊ bew jmmf f lozgm w`fgm 5011# mflozgmhmft

tzmfdw be|m fgzmewmd mr~ofmftèccp# efd wmttcmhmftw ezm

aetbmz`fa ~egm& \`mtfeh `w gmzte`fcp of tbm zedez ew

zmgmft gewmw be|m wboqf `f |mzp ~zegt`gec tmzhw&<

Tbm ed|mft ol tbm ]K Egt hmefw tbet ef m|mz q`dmz zefam

ol goh~ef`mw q`tb acojec o~mzetòfw q`cc fmmd to gofw`dmz

tbm`z e~~zoegb to tbmwm `ww}mw efd to `fwt t}tm goh~zmbmfw`|m

~zogmd}zmw to ~zm|mft jz`jmzp& Ew ozaef`wetòfw }fdmz tbm

]K zma`hm hep jm cèjcm loz egtw ol tbm`z ewwogètmw# tbm`z

~zogmd}zmw fmmd to jm ecc tbm hozm zoj}wt# q`tb tbozo}ab

d}m d`càmfgm of ~zow~mgt`|m ~eztfmzw# efd goftzegt}ec

eft`(jz`jmzp ~zo|`wòfw ed|`wejcm&

Tbm A}`defgm wtzmwwmw tbm fmmd loz to~(doqf gohh`thmft#

efd gcmez `ftmzfec ~oc`g`mw wbo}cd jm gohh}f`getmd to

~eztfmzw# mh~copmmw efd zm~zmwmftet`|mw qozk`fa `f

\`mtfeh# q`tb zma}cez goh~cèfgm gbmgkw& Mllmgt`|m

~zogmd}zmw efd amf}`fm to~ cm|mc gohh`thmft qo}cd

hekm t |mzp d`ll`g}ct loz e goz~ozetm to jm gbezamd d`zmgtcp

q`tb jz`jmzp }fdmz m`tbmz zma`hm&

Tb`w ezt`gcm qew qz`ttmf jp Amozam Q`ccèhw efd Gef Fa}pmf

A`dm Copzmttm Fo}mc E&E&Z&^&@&qqq&a`dm&goh

4& Tbm a}`defgm gef jm lo}fd et btt~9//qqq&i}wt`gm&ao|&}k/a}`defgm/dogw/jz`jmzp(egt(:>5>(a}defgm&~dl

=& Bmzjmzt Wh`tb eztfmz W}weffeb Goahef# u}otmd f Cmaec Qmmk ezt`gcm *K`gkjegkw* ~}jc`wbmd of :5 E~z`c :>55&

<& ]&W& |& Fa}pmf# mt ec&# Fo& :9>2(gz(>>=:: "M&D& ê& :>>2)



M}zoGbeh wmfdw cmttmz to HOL efd HO@T zmaezd`fa \`mtfeh‐w cetmwtzmwtz`gtòfw of `h~ozt zàbtw "Fot`gm 501)

M}zoGbeh Dmcmaetòf \`w`tw Weàof Gezao Wmz|`gm Goz~ozetòf

Gbehjmz ]~detm

M}zoGbeh wmmw q`tb gofgmzf tbm Ho@T!w zmgmft zmcmewm ol Fot`gm 501 zmaezd`fa tbm h~oztw ol q`fm# w~`z`tw# gowhmt`gwefd hoj`cm ~bofmw# efd ol Dmg`wòf 572> "c`wt`fa aoodw tbet ezm fot mfgo}zeamd loz `h~oztw)& Tbmwm hmew}zmw go|mz e wàf`l`geft ~ezt ol M] mr~oztw to \`mtfeh# `fgc}d`fa ~zod}gtw qb`gb tez`llw ezm jo}fd }fdmz QTO& Ehofawt tbmzmwtz`gtòfw }fdmz Fot`gm 501 ezm ~ozt ol mftzp zmwtz`gtòfw "zmwtz`gt`fa tbm `h~oztetòf ol gmzte`f ~zod}gtw to ofcp Be`^bofa# De Fefa efd Bo Gb` H`fb G`tp wme~oztw); zm(`fwtet`fa her`h}h g}wtohw d}tp zetmw to tbm her`h}h HowtLe|ozmd Fetòf "HLF) zetm ~mzh`ttmd }fdmz \`mtfeh‐w QTO gohh`thmftw; efd ~zm(mr~ozt cejmc`fa "zmu}`zmhmft loz gmzte`f ~zod}gtw to jm cejmcmd et ~zod}gtòf w`tmw `f mr~ozt`fa go}ftz`mw# ew o~~owmd to tbm g}zzmft wpwtmh ol cejmc`faet g}wtohw ~oztw }~of ezz`|ec `fto \`mtfeh)& M}zoGbeh jmc`m|mw tbet tbm ejo|m zmwtz`gtòfw q`cc wm|mzmcp `h~egt\`mtfehmwm gofw}hmzw‐ w}~~cp q`tb tbmwm ~zod}gtw efd hep ecwo jm `f jzmegb ol \`mtfeh‐w `ftmzfetòfec tzedm ceqojcàetòfw& Qm jmc`m|m tbet tbm ~otmftèc ~zegt`gec `h~egt `w e wàf`l`geft efd }ffmgmwwezp zmwtz`gtòf to \`mtfeh ( M]tzedm zmcetòfw& Tbmwm hmew}zmw ecwo ezm goftzezp to \`mtfeh!w `ftmftòf to l}ztbmz ~zohot`fa M] ( \`mtfeh tzedm jpmftmz`fa `fto Lzmm Tzedm Eazmmhmft fmaotètòfw ew woof ew ~oww`jcm& Qm tbmzmlozm }zam tbm Ho@T to w}w~mfd tbmwmhmew}zmw loz et cmewt tbzmm "7) hoftbw wo tbet e zmec `h~egt ewwmwwhmft gef jm hedm qmcc `f ed|efgm&

Of tbm 2tb I}fm# e dmcmaetòf lzoh M}zoGbeh |`w`tmd tbm Weàof Gezao Wmz|`gm Goz~ozetòf "WGWG) gezao gmftzm `f

Bo Gb` H`fb G`tp& Tbm gmftzm qew mwtejc`wbmd q`tb `tw hodm ol o~mzetòf jm`fa jewmd of e ^}jc`g(^z`|etm êztfmzwb`~Hodmc loz `flzewtz}gt}zm dm|mco~hmft `f \`mtfeh& Ew e hmhjmz ol tbm Wo}tbmzf E`z~ozt Goz~ozetòf# WGWG ecwo bew`f|mwthmftw lzoh Amhedm~t goz~ozetòf# tbm \`mtfehmwm h`c`tezp efd otbmz l`fefgèc f|mwtozw qbo dmc`|mzmd f|mwthmftwto tbm ozdmz ol => h`ccòf ]W$ to j}`cd e hodmzf wtetm ol tbm ezt E`z Gezao Tmzh`fec of 54&7 bmgtezmw `f Tef Wof Fbet E`z~ozt& Tbm ~zoimgt wteztmd `f Hep :>>2 efd gofwtz}gtòf qew goh~cmtmd `f I}cp :>5> q`tb mu}`~hmft `fwteccetòf `fWm~ :>5>& WGWG Tmzh`fec o~mzetòfw oll`gèccp wteztmd of tbm =tb Ogt# :>5>&

Tbm M}zogbeh Dmcmaetòf `fgc}dmd zm~zmwmftet`|mw ol M}zo~mef Mftmz~z`wmw `f Bo Gb` H`fb G`tp w}gb ew W`mhmfw#Fmwtcm# Azo}~ehe# Wtefdezd Gbeztmzmd Jefk efd THL Azo}~ ehofa otbmzw& Eltmz ef `ftzod}gtòf efd c`|mcp d`wg}wwòfq`tb WGWG Hefea`fa D`zmgtoz Hz& Fa}pmf U}og Kbefb# tbm dmcmaetòf took e to}z `f Tef Wof Fbet E`z Gezao Tmzh`fecefd cookmd tbzo}ab `tw gezao befdc`fa ~zogmd}zmw efd wmz|`gm ~zo|`wòf& Dmcmaetmw qmzm cmed tbzo}ab tbm cezam ~ezk`faezme q`tb 4>> wtefdjp cotw efd =7 tz}gk(dogkw to tbm qezmbo}wm# qbmzm gezao w ho|md efd gbmgkmd |è tbm e}tohet`gzoccmz gof|mpoz jmlozm jm`fa wtozmd `f tbm qezmbo}wm gofw`wt`fa ol 7>> ~ow`tòfw loz qbocm ~eccmt gezao# o|mz 5&=>>

~ow`tòfw loz coowm gezao ~eccmtw efd 5=> ~ow`tòfw) `f tbm mh~tp E/G ~eccmt/gofte`fmz zegk wpwtmh loz E`zc`fmw& Bmzmgezao `w gceww`l`md efd wtozmd `f wm~ezetm ezmew loz zmw~mgt`|m gezao w}gb ew c`|m ef`hecw# w~mgèc wmg}z`tp wtozeam loz bàb |ec}m gezao# oz defamzo}w aoodw gezao&

Hmhjmzw ol tbm M}zoGbeh dmcmaetòf qmzm wboqf ezo}fd e hodmzf efd ~zolmwwòfec o~mzetòf efd ae`fmd `fwàbtw`fto tbm j}w`fmww ol e`z gezao befdc`fa ol tb`w d`hmfwòf efd e cook et leg`c`t`mw tbet ezm fozheccp gcowmd to tbm amfmzec~}jc`g& M}zoGbeh qo}cd c`km to tbefk Weàof Gezao Wmz|`gm Goz~ozetòf loz tbm`z k`fd bowt`fa efd to}z ol tbm leg`c`t`mw&

:4



:=

Fmq Hmhjmzw

Qmcgohm to o}z fmq Goz~ozetm Hmhjmzw

EE Goz~ozetòf

EkyoFojmc ê`ftw

\`mtfeh Ezaohh Ewgo \`mtfeh

Jòh`f \`mtfeh

Goh~efp C`h`tmd

Jòfmzw`w "Î@(CLAG)

Gbezt w \`mtfeh

@fw}zefgm Go&# Ctd

Deg Fbef Teh

Mftzm~zmfm}zw WgboocDef`wb Dmh`f`fa

Azo}~ DD^

DBC W}~~cp Gbe`f

"\`mtfeh) ctdDHA Hoz` Wm`k`

"\`mtfeh) Go&# Ctd

Mdmf Zmwozt

^b} U}og

L`gbtfmz AHJB

Zm~& Oll`gm Befo`

Lozmwt L`fefgm

Wmz|`gm AHJBZm~& Oll`gm

Amzhef Md}getòf

Fmtqozk loz

Mh~copej`c`tp `f \F

Bo Tzeh ^zoimgt

Goh~efp Ctd

Bo` Ef Z`|mzw`dm

Zmwozt , W~e

@fdogb`fe To}z`wt ,

Tzedm Go&# Ctd Kofm \`mtfeh CCG

Ce JzegmzèCe Bejefe

Goh~efp C`h`tmd Cmafoc}gm \`mtfeh

C`hgbezomf B}abmw

, Acef|`ccm Cofa ]pmf Goh~efp

Hecepwè E`zc`fmw

Hef}gbez

\`mtfeh C`h`tmd Hezmr~oztw

Fbef\`mt

Hefeamhmft Azo}~ êgoz`f`

^bezheu

\`mtfeh Go&# Ctd U}ec`wmz|`gm

ZBOD@E F}og Tzofa

Jòaew Go& Ctd& Azo}~m WMJ

W~mgtow Ewè

Go&# Ctd

Wqmd`wbGMFTMG

\`mtfeh

Wpfo|etm

J}w`fm ww Gofw}ct`fa Wpwtmh \`mtfeh

Hz& De|`dm Lmfezoc`

Hz& ^`zof Oc`|`mz

@fd`|`d}ec Hmhjmzw



Goz~ozetm eztfmzw :>55

Aood Lood# Aood C`lm

M}zoGbeh }~azedmw Mhe`c gohh}f`getòf

Tbm M}zoGbeh wmgzmtezèt `w qozk`fa bezd o|mz tbm w}hhmz

hoftbw to }~azedm tbm mhe`c gohh}f`getòf q`tb o}z hmhjmzw&

Qm q`cc `ftzod}gm e fmq wtefdezd`ymd mhe`c`fa lozhet loz ecco}z m|mftw# egt`|`t`mw efd w~mgèc effo}fgmhmftw&

O}z m(j}ccmt`f q`cc foq jm wmft of e qmmkcp jew`w

gof|mzt`fa ecc o}z fmqw efd egt`|`t`mw o|mz tbm

goh`fa = qozk`fa depw& Tb`w q`cc hekm

o}z he`c`faw hozm mll`g`mft# zmd}g`fa

tbm o|mzecc f}hjmz ol mhe`cw wmft o}t

to hmhjmzw&

Qm ecqepw e~~zmgètm po}z

lmmdjegk of boq qm gef

`h~zo|m o}z mhec gohh}fgetof

q`tb hmhjmzw&

Loz efp flozhetòf ejo}t o}z

}~goh`fa m|mftw efd egt`|`t`mw

~cmewm |`w`t

qqq&m}zogbeh|f&oza

Q`wb`fa po} ecc e welm efd ~cmeweft w}hhmz%

^cmewm fotm tbet M}zoGbeh oll`gmw q`cc jm gcowmd of Lz`dep tbm :& Wm~tmhjmz d}m to ~}jc`g boc`dep&

:<

Tbm M}zoGbeh Mrmg}t`|m Gohh`ttmm qo}cd c`km to qezhcp qmcgohm Hz& Toh

|ef dmz Cmm# qbo q`cc jm tek`fa }~ tbm zocm ol Tzmew}zmz ol M}zoGbeh& Toh

`w tbm L`fefgm D`zmgtoz ol Lz`mwcefdGeh~`fe \`mtfeh efd q`cc jm tek`fa o|mz tbm

zocm lzoh B`mckm Jooì`fk# Go}ftzp L`fefgm Hefeamz et TFT \`mtfeh& Qm qo}cd

c`km to tbefk B`mckm loz ecc b`w gohh`thmft efd ~zolmwwòfec w}~~ozt to tbm gbehjmz

efd qm cook lozqezd to qozk`fa toamtbmz q`tb Toh `f tbm l}t}zm&





Documents

EuroCham Vietnam Newsletter Q2 2011