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Evaluating New Technologies for Test and Measurement: PCI Express, Multicore
Processing, and Microsoft Windows Vista
NIDays 2007Worldwide Virtual Instrumentation
Conference
3
10,000 1,000 100 10 1 0.1
10,000
1,000
100
10
1
Incr
easi
ng (I
mpr
ovin
g) B
andw
idth
Decreasing (Improving) Latency
Approximate Latency (μs)
Max
Ban
dwid
th (M
B/s
)
IEEE 1394a
Gigabit Ethernet
USB 1.1 GPIB (488.1)
Hi-Speed USB
Fast Ethernet VME/VXI
PCI/PXI (32/33)
PCI Express (x4)
GPIB (HS488)
Better BestGood
Evaluating Test and Measurement Buses
4
Nu
mb
er o
f B
its
24
20
16
12
8
10M 100M 1G 10G
Sample Rate (S/s)1M 100G
IF Communications
PCI Express
High-Speed Imaging
Multichannel Audio
High- Resolution Digitizers
PCI
Instrument Control
ISA
Data Acquisition
Increasing Bus Bandwidth Opens New Applications
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PCI Express Overview• Evolutionary version of PCI
– Uses same software model as PCI, ensuring compatibility• Inside every new PC and notebook today• Low cost – built into PC chipsets• Serial interconnect at 2.5 Gb/s
– PCI transactions are packetized and then serialized– Low-voltage differential signaling, point-to-point, 8 B/10 B encoded– Bandwidth is dedicated PER slot and in BOTH directions– Multiple lanes can be grouped together to form links
• x1 (by 1) has bandwidth of 250 MB/s/direction• x16 (by 16) has bandwidth of 4 GB/s/direction
• Scalable interconnect – chip-to-chip, backplane, or cabled• Roadmap for longevity with Gen-2 clocking (5 Gb/s)
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Dedicated Bandwidth per Device3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
To
tal S
yste
m B
us
Th
rou
gh
pu
t (M
B/s
)
21 3
Number of Devices
PCI (32/33)Gigabit Ethernet
PCIe x1
PCIe x4
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Software Layer• PCI software-model compatible
– 100% OS and driver-level compatible– PCI enumeration, configuration, and power management
mechanisms– Existing operating systems boot with no changes (including BIOS)
• PCI Express hierarchy mapped using PCI elements– Host bridges– P2P bridges– All enumerated using the regular PCI device configuration space
• PCI capability pointer for PCI Express-specific extensions
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Physical Layer
• Point-to-point, differential interconnect with two endpoints• Low-voltage signaling, AC coupled• Two unidirectional links, no sideband signals• Bit rate: >2.5 Gb/s/pin/direction and beyond• Clocking: Embedded clock signaling using 8 B/10 B encoding• Link widths (per direction): x1, x2, x4, x8, x12, x16, x32• Gen-2 (5 Gb/s) speed increase
Dev
ice
A Frame
Frame
Sequence Number
Packet Request
CRC Frame
CRCPacket Request
Sequence Number
Frame
Data DataData Data
ClockClock Dev
ice
B
x1 Lane
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PCI Express and PCI Slots on a Motherboard
2PCI Slots
1 x16 PCI Express
Slots
3 x1 PCI Express
Slots
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NI PCIe-GPIBInstrument Control
(x1)
PCI Express Graphics Card(x16)
NI PCIe-1429Image Acquisition
(x4)
Examples of Different PCI Express Link Widths: x1, x4, and x16
PCI Express Cards
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Up-Plugging and Down-Plugging
Up-plugging: Installing boards in higher-lane slots• Allowed by PCI Express• Example: Plugging a x4 module in a x8 slot• Caveat: Motherboard vendors are only required to support a x1
data rate in this configuration– Full-bandwidth support will be vendor specific– Example: x16 slots may operate as a x1, even for x4 cards
Down-plugging: Installing boards in lower-lane slots• Physically prevented by the design of the slots and connectors
for the desktop form factor• Allowed in PXI Express and CompactPCI Express
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ExpressCard – PCI Express for Laptops• Both x1 PCI Express and Hi-Speed USB signaling on host• 34 mm and 54 mm form factors• PXI embedded controllers include ExpressCard/34 slot
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PCI Express Industry Adoption
• First PCI Express desktops shipped mid 2004• First ExpressCard laptops shipped early 2005 • PCI and PCI Express are side-by-side in all
Intel/Dell roadmaps• Primary consumer driver is graphics processing
(gamers, video editing)– PCI Express x16 replacing AGP
14
National Instruments Shipping Products
• NI PCIe-GPIB (x1)• NI PCIe-6251 M Series (x1)• NI PCIe-6259 M Series (x1)• NI PCIe-1429 Camera Link (x4)• NI PCIe-1430 Camera Link (x4)• NI PCIe-8361 MXI-Express (x1)• NI PCIe-8362 MXI-Express (x1)• NI PCIe-8371 MXI-Express (x4)• NI PCIe-8372 MXI-Express (x4)• NI ExpressCard-8360 MXI-Express
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PCI Express Advantages
• Software compatibility with PCI• High bandwidth (up to >4 GB/s)• Scalable bandwidth• Dedicated bandwidth per slot• Low latency• Peer-to-peer communication• Internal and external operation• Long life (20+ years in the mainstream market)
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PXI Express – Integrating PCI Express into the PXI Backplane
• Up to 6 GB/s backplane and 2 GB/s slot bandwidth
• Backward compatibility– Complete software compatibility – Hybrid slot definition – install modules with either PCI
or PCI Express signaling in a single slot• Enhanced synchronization capabilities
– 100 MHz differential clock, differential triggering
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PXI and Hybrid Slots Ensure Compatibility
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PXI Slots
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Hybrid Slots
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PXI Express Hybrid Slots
• x8 PCIe (up to 2 GB/s)• Differential Clk. 100 & Star Triggers
PXI Express Hybrid
• Power • Trigger Bus• Star Trigger• Clk. 10
32/33 PCI(132 MB/s
per system)
• Reserved Pins• Local Bus(typically unused)
PXI
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32-Bit CompactPCIModule
PXI Express Peripheral Module
Hybrid Slot Compatible PXI Module
Hybrid Slot Flexibility
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NI PXIe-1062Q Hybrid Chassis
Hybrid Slots
Hybrid Slot Configuration
PXI: 2 6 7 8
PXI or PXIe: 3H
5H
PXIe Only: 4
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PXI-8105 Dual-Core Embedded Controller• Industry’s highest-performance embedded controller• Up to 100% higher performance for multithreaded apps• 2.0 GHz dual-core Intel Core Duo processor T2500• Dual-channel 667 MHz DDR2 RAM• Gigabit Ethernet • ExpressCard/34 slot• 4 Hi-Speed USB ports• 60 GB SATA hard drive• DVI-I video
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• 110 MB/s sustained throughput with MXI-Express remote control
• Rugged, compact package with slots for five peripheral modules
• Quiet acoustic noise emissions as low as 38 dBA
• Kit includes chassis with integrated controller, host card (PCI Express
or ExpressCard), and cable
NI PXI-1033 Chassis with Integrated MXI Express Controller
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PXI Express Video Demo – NIWeek 2006 Keynote
Click box to start video demo
26
What Is Multicore Processing?
• Multicore processors contain two or more cores, or computing engines, in one physical processor
• Multicore processors simultaneously execute two or more computing tasks• Why Multicore? Because of power and performance issues, continuing to
rely solely on increases in processor clock rates to improve performance is not feasible
27
Multi-core Programming
“One Holy Grail of computer science research has been finding a way to let a compiler take care of parallelization. “
- Richard Wirt, Intel Senior Fellow
C LabVIEW
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Multicore vs. Multiprocessor vs. HyperthreadedMultiprocessor• Multiprocessor systems include two or more physical processors• Multiprocessor systems duplicate computing resources that are
often shared in multicore systems (front-side bus, etc.)• Multiprocessor systems are, most often, higher cost than similar
multicore systems (single processor, processor socket, etc.)Hyperthreaded• A hyperthreaded processor “acts like” two physical processors• Certain resources are duplicated (register set, etc.), but the
execution unit is shared• Hyperthreaded systems include multiple logical processors
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Multitasking• Multitasking environments (Windows XP, etc.) allow
multiple applications to run at the same time• With a multicore processor, these multiple applications
can simultaneously execute on the processor cores
30
Multithreading• Multithreaded applications separate their tasks
into independent threads• A multicore processor can simultaneously
execute these threads
Demo
Multithreaded Application Executing on a Dual-Core Processor
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0 50 100 150 200 250
Lab
VIE
W 8
.0S
ing
le-T
hre
aded
VI
Lab
VIE
W 8
.0M
ult
i-T
hre
aded
VI
100%
25%
PXI-8105
PXI-8196
PXI-8105
PXI-8196
PXI-8105 LabVIEW Benchmarks
33
The Future of Multicore Processing
• Architecture improvements to further reduce power and improve memory bandwidth
• Multiprocessor systems with multicore processors
• More processor cores• Quad-core processors will release in 2007
34
Microsoft Windows Vista Overview
• Visualization and Search• Security Changes• .NET 3.0 API• Vista x86 versus Vista x64• Vista Availability• Vista System Requirements
35
Graphics and Visualization
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WoW Emulation
Vista x86 versus Vista x64Vista x86 (32-Bit) Vista x64 (64-Bit)
Executes in User Mode
Executes inKernel Mode
32-Bit Application
32-Bit Serviceor Driver
32-Bit Application
64-Bit Application
64-Bit Serviceor Driver
64-Bit Serviceor Driver
NI Software 2007 After 2007
37
Vista System Requirements
• Minimum (XP-like experience)– 1 GHz “Modern” Processor– 512 MB RAM– DirectX 9 Video
• Premium (“Aero” experience)– 1 GHz “Modern” Processor– 1 GB RAM– DirectX 9 Video with 128 MB VRAM
38
Vista-ready LabVIEW 8.2.1 released on Monday, April 9th