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evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgx¶v
LÐ 35 evwl©K msL¨v 1424
evsjv‡`‡ki RvnvR fv½v wk‡íi
kÖgevRvi Mf‡b ©Ý cwiw ’wZ
‡gvt Bgivb †nvmvBb f~uBqv*
Gm Gg Kvgiæj nvmvb**
1| f‚wgKv
RvnvR fv½v wkí evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU Ab¨Zg wkíLvZ| G wk‡í cÖvq 15,000 kÖwgK
mivmwi Kg©iZ (BSBA 2016) evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b G Lv‡Zi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb
i‡q‡Q| A_©bxwZi cÖe„w× I Kg©ms ’vb m„wó‡Z mivmwi Ae`vb QvovI RvnvR fv½v wkí †_‡K
A‡bK diIqvW© wjs‡KR wkí M†o D‡V‡Q| RvnvR fv½v BqvW© †_‡K cÖvß KuvPvgvj †µvKvwiR
wkí, dvwY©Pvi wkí, B‡jKUªwbK wkí I w÷j wi‡ivwjs wgjm Gi Drcv`b Kvh©µ‡gi †g․wjK
DcKiY (Input) wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q|
GUv AbywgZ ‡h, G ai‡bi diIqvW© wjs‡KR Kg©Kv‡Ði mv‡_ 200,000 Gi †ewk gvbyl
RwoZ (Hossain and Islam 2006, Sarraf et al. 2010)| 2016 mv‡j GB LvZ †_‡K Avg`vwb
ïé I U¨v· eve` Av‡qi cwigvY wQj 10 wewjqb UvKvi mgcwigvY evwl©K ivR¯^ (BSBA
2016)|
evsjv‡`‡ki RvnvR fv½v wkí Bqv‡W©i evwYwR¨K Kvh©µg ïiæ nq Avwki `k‡K| cieZ©x‡Z
beŸB‡qi `k‡K GB wkí D‡jøL‡hvM¨ nv‡i e„w× cvq| eZ©gv‡b 157wU wbewÜZ RvnvR fv½v wkí
BqvW© i‡q‡Q, Zb¥‡a¨ 120wU Bqv‡W© mviv eQi Kg©KvÐ P‡j| m¯Ív kÖ‡gi AvwaK¨, cÖvK…wZK Xvjy
•mKZ I wb¤œ¯Í‡ii cwi‡ekMZ m‡PZbZvi Kvi‡Y GB wk‡íi GZ ªæZ cÖe„w× m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| GB
wkí PÆMÖvg †Rjvi mxZvKyÛ Dc‡Rjvi mgy`ª •mK‡Zi mwbœK‡U M‡o D‡V‡Q (Abdullah et al.
2013, Hossain and Islam 2016, Sarraf et al. 2010)| 2004 mvj †_‡K 2009 mvj ch©šÍ
evsjv‡`k RvnvR fv½v wk‡íi †ÿ‡Î cÖ_g ¯’v‡b wQj| 2013 mvj †_‡K 2015 mvj ch©šÍ Z…Zxq
Ae¯’v‡b wQj (BSBA 2016)|
GUv Ab¯^xKvh© †h, RvnvR fv½v Kg©KvÐ †_‡K GK wekvj Rb‡Mvôx Zv‡`i RxweKv wbe ©vn
K‡i‡Q| G M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q, G RvnvR fv½v wkí Bqv‡W© Kg©iZ kÖwgK‡`i mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z
kÖg evRvi Mf‡b©Ý (governance) Gi Ae¯’vb wbiƒcb Kiv| mv¤úªwZK eQi¸‡jv‡Z evsjv‡`k
miKvi KZ…©K A‡bK¸‡jv bxwZgvjv cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| G mg Í bxwZgvjvi D‡Ïk¨ wQj G
wk‡íi Mf‡b©Ý Ae¯’v‡K †gvUv `v‡M DbœZ Kiv| e¯‘Z G cÖe‡Ü M‡elYvi gva¨‡g mv¤úªwZK
* cÖfvlK, ‡W‡fjc&‡g›U ÷vwWR wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|
** cÖfvlK, `y‡h©vM weÁvb I e¨e¯’vcbv wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgx¶v
156
eQi¸‡jv‡Z cÖYxZ bxwZgvjvmg~n cÖ‡qv‡Mi †cÖwÿ‡Z kÖg evRvi Mf‡b©Ý Gi †ÿ‡Î ‡h me
cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q ‡m m¤ú‡K© Mfxifv‡e AbymÜvb Kiv n‡e|
2| mgm¨vi wee„wZ
‡`‡ki A_©‣bwZK cÖe„wׇZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb ivL‡jI evsjv‡`‡ki RvnvR fv½v wk‡í Kg©iZ
kÖwgK‡`i kÖg gh©v`v wb‡q A‡bK D‡Ø‡Mi KviY i‡q‡Q| GB wkí mswkøó kÖwgK‡`i kÖg cwi‡ek
wKsev kÖg Mf‡b©Ý Gi Dci cwiPvwjZ eû M‡elYvq cÖvß djvd‡j Rvbv hvq, kÖwgK‡`i Rb¨
AvZ¥iÿvi ch©vß hš¿cvwZ †bB, ch©vß cÖwkÿY myweav †bB Ges wPwKrmvi my‡hvM †bB| Avi
G¸‡jvB n‡”Q eo ai‡bi yN©Ubvi g~j KviY| ïay ZvB bq, A`ÿ kÖwgK‡`i Rb¨ ¯^í gRywi,
wkï kÖ‡gi e¨envi, kÖwgK‡`i Rb¨ `iKlvKwl msµvšÍ ÿgZvi Abycw¯’wZ Ges `ye©j wkí
m¤ú‡K©i AviI AebwZ n‡q‡Q (Hossain et al. 2008, Karim 2009, Sarraf et al. 2010)|
MZ `k‡K GB wk‡íi kÖg evRvi Mf‡b©Ý Ae¯’vi Dbœq‡b A‡bK c`‡ÿc †bqv n‡q‡Q|
2010 mv‡j evsjv‡`k D”P Av`vjZ RvnvR fv½v wk‡íi Rb¨ wKQz Aek¨ cvjbxq w`Kwb‡ ©kbv
w`‡q‡Q| cieZ©x‡Z eb I cwi‡ek gš¿Yvjq ÒRvnvR fv½v I wec¾bK eR© e¨e¯’vcbv bxwZgvjv
2010Ó cÖYqb K‡i Ges wkí gš¿Yvjq Òevsjv‡`k RvnvR fv½v I RvnvR cybe© envi AvBb
2011Ó Rvwi K‡i| GB bxwZgvjvi gva¨‡g mgy`ª DcK~‡j RvnvR †bv½i Kiv Ges RvnvR KvUvi
c~‡e© wKQz mb` I Aek¨ cvjbxq Kg©KvÐ wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvovI Gme bxwZgvjvi Av‡jv‡K
RvnvR fv½v BqvW©‡K wkí gš¿Yvjq (MoI) ‡_‡K wKQz Avewk¨K QvocÎ wb‡Z nq cwi‡ek
Awa`ßi (DoE), ïé wefvM BZ¨vw` †_‡K kÖg gš¿Yvjq Òevsjv‡`k kÖgbxwZ 2015Ó cÖYqb
K‡i| hvi gva¨‡g RvnvR fv½v Bqv‡W©i Kg©¯’‡j b~¨bZg wbivcËv I gvb eRvq ivLvi e¨vcv‡i
wKQz †g․wjK wb‡ ©kbv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q| hv‡nvK GB wk‡í Kg©iZ kÖwgK‡`i Rxeb gv‡bi cwieZ©b
L yeB axiMwZi| M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h, kÖg evRvi Mf©‡bÝ Gi Ae¯’v GLbI LyeB wb¤œgv‡bi|
kÖwgK‡`i‡K GLbI wewfbœ A¯v¯’¨Ki I wec¾bK cwi‡e‡k KvR Ki‡Z nq| hvi d‡j cÖvqB
Zv‡`i Rxeb AvksKvMÖ¯Í n‡q c‡o|
3| M‡elYv c×wZ
G cÖe‡Ü cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK Dfq Drm †_‡K cÖvß ¸YMZ I cwigvYMZ (qualitative and
quantitative) DcvË e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖkœcÎ Rwic (questionnaire survey) Ges cÖavb
Z_¨`vZv‡`i mvÿvrKv‡ii (key informant interview) gva¨‡g cÖv_wgK Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Avi gva¨wgK (secondary) Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q mvwnZ¨ ch©v‡jvPbv (literature review) Kivi
gva¨‡g|
f~uBqv I nvmvb: evsjv‡`‡ki RvnvR fv½v wk‡íi kÖgevRvi Mf‡b ©Ý cwiw¯’wZ
157
3.1| bgybv web¨vm
GB M‡elYvi Rb¨ bgybvi cwigvY cÖwgZ RbmsL¨v (finite population) Gi gva¨‡g MYbv
Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖwgZ RbmsL¨v †_‡K bgybvi cwigvY wba©vi‡Yi c×wZ n‡”Q-
𝑛0 =𝑧2𝑝(1−𝑝)
𝑑2 (1)
G‡ÿ‡Î 95 kZvsk Av¯’v e¨eavb (confidence interval) Gi AvIZvq z Gi †¯‥vi 1.96, p
n‡”Q AÎ M‡ewlZ RbmsL¨vi AbycvZ, Avi d n‡”Q fz‡ji cÖvšÍ mxgv| (marginal error)|
a‡i †bqv n‡q‡Q †h, RbmsL¨vi AbycvZ ARvbv Ges fz‡ji cÖvwšÍK mxgv 7 kZvsk| GRb¨ bgybv
AvKvi 𝑛0 Gi Ae¯’vb 196 (we¯ÍvwiZ MYbv Z‡_¨i Rb¨ mshyw³ 1 †`Lyb)|
GLv‡b, 𝑛0 n‡”Q bgybv AvKvi, Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î cÖwgZ RbmsL¨v ms‡kvab d¨v±i (Finite
population correction factor) we‡ePbvq †bqv nqwb|
cÖwgZ RbmsL¨v ms‡kvab d¨v±i cÖK…Z bgybv AvKvi cÖ‡qvM Kivi †ÿ‡Î wb‡¤œv³ mgxKiY
e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
𝑛 =𝑛0𝑦
𝑛0+(𝑁−1) (2)
mxgve× RbmsL¨v ms‡kvab d¨v±i we‡ePbvq †bqvi ci bgybv n gvb nq = 193, (we¯ÍvwiZ
weei‡Yi Rb¨ mshyw³ 2 †`Lyb)|
AwaKš‘ 5 kZvsk bb-‡imcÝ (non-response) we‡ePbvq wb‡j †gvU bgybv msL¨v uvovq
203|
3.2| cÖkœgvjv Rwic
GB wk‡íi mv‡_ RwoZ 280 Rb kÖwg‡Ki g‡a¨ cÖkœcÎ Rwic cwiPvjbv Kiv nq| Zv‡`i‡K
PÆMÖvg †Rjvi mxZvKzÛ Dc‡Rjvi †gvU PviwU AÂj †_‡K evQvB Kiv nq| AÂj¸‡jvi bvg
n‡”Q eo AvBwjqv, KvUXvjx, Kywgiv I K`g ivm~j| KviY AwaKvsk wkí BqvW© DwjøwLZ
AÂj¸‡jv‡Z Aew¯’Z| cÖwZwU AÂj †_‡K •`ePq‡bi gva¨‡g 50 Rb K‡i DËi`vZv evQvB Kiv
nq Ges Zv‡`i AbygwZ cvIqv mv‡c‡ÿ Rwic cwiPvwjZ nq|
3.3| cÖavb Z_¨`vZv mvÿvrKvi (Key Informant Interview)
cÖkœcÎ Rwi‡c AskMÖnYKvix kÖwgK‡`i cÖkvmwbK I bxwZgvjv msµvšÍ Áv‡bi ¯^íZvi
Kvi‡Y cÖavb Z_¨`vZv mvÿvrKvi (KIIS) cwiPvwjZ nq| †KAvBAvB Gi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q RvnvR
fv½v wkí mswkøó ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv| cÖavb Z_¨ `vZv‡`i g‡a¨ wQ‡jb 2Rb wkí BqvW©
gvwjK, 2Rb wkí BqvW© g¨v‡bRvi, 2Rb miKvwi Avgjv, 2Rb mykxj mgvR cÖwZwbwa, 2Rb †UªW
BDwbqb †bZv Ges 2Rb wkwÿZ mgvR cÖwZwbwa| gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi Z‡_¨i Drm n‡”Q eB,
Rvb©vj AvwU©‡Kj, miKvwi cÖwZ‡e`b, GbwRI cÖwZ‡e`b, msev`cÎ I Z_¨wPÎ BZ¨vw`|
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgx¶v
158
4| ZvwË¡K KvVv‡gv (Theoretical Framework)
GLv‡b Mf‡b©Ý Øviv ‡evSv‡bv n‡”Q mKj ivR‣bwZK I cÖkvmwbK ÿgZvi PP©v Kiv, hv‡Z
†Kv‡bv GKwU †`‡ki me ai‡bi Kg©KvÐ myPviæiƒ‡c cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq| GwU mKj ai‡bi
c×wZ, cÖwµqv I cÖwZôvb‡K AšÍfz©³ K‡i| KviY Gi gva¨‡g bvMwiK I †Mvôxe× RbmvaviY
Zv‡`i ¯v_© nvwmj K‡i, Zv‡`i AvBwb AwaKvi †fvM K‡i, Zv‡`i `vwqZ¡-KZ©e¨ cvjb K‡i Ges
Zv‡`i ga¨Kvi wefvRb wbim‡b ga¨ ’Zv K‡i| wek¦ e¨vsK KZ…©K msÁvwqZ mykvm‡bi
•ewk󨸇jv n‡”Q: AskMÖnY, ¯^”QZv, Revew`wnZv, AvB‡bi kvmb, Kvh©KvwiZv I BKzBwU/b¨vq
wePvi| Mf‡b©Ý Bmy¨wU A‡bK •ewk¦K cÖwZôvb †hgb: wek¦ e¨vsK, Gwkqvb Dbœqb e¨vsK Ges
RvwZmsN Gi g‡bv‡hv‡Mi †K› ªwe›`y‡Z i‡q‡Q (Grindle 2011)| Mf‡b©Ý Gi we Í…Z cwim‡ii kÖg
evRvi Mf‡b©Ý GKwU cÖavb kvLv, hv MwZgq kÖg evRvi †_‡K DrmvwiZ| AvšÍR©vwZK kÖg ms¯’vi
(AvBGjI) msÁv Abymv‡i Mf‡b©Ý n‡”Q, hv kÖg AvBb/wkí m¤úK© I kÖg e¨e¯’vcbv‡K AšÍfz©³
K‡i Ggb cÖwZôvb, KZ…©Z¡ KvVv‡gv, mn‡hvwMZvi Dcvq-DcKiY, bxwZgvjv, Av`k©, AvBb,
wewaweavb, hš¿cvwZ I cÖwµqv hv A_©bxwZ‡Z kÖ‡gi Pvwn`v I ‡hvMvb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| ÒmvgwóK
`iKlvKwl I we‡iva cÖwZ‡iva I wb®úwË Kiv Mf‡b©Ý Gi Dcv`vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨ZgÓ (Sale
and Sool 2010)| kÖg evRv‡i kÖwgK, cÖwZôvb I miKvi wZbwU †bZ…¯’vbxq AbyNUK| cÖvmw½K
M‡elYv mvwnZ¨ we‡køl‡Yi Dci wfwË K‡i GUv cÖZxqgvb nq ‡h, kÖg evRvi Mf‡b©Ý wb‡ ©k K‡i
bxwZgvjv, Av`k© AvBb, wewaweavb, cÖwZôvb, hš¿cvwZ I cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ GKwU cwic~Y©
†gjeÜb‡K, hv A_©bxwZ‡Z kÖg Pvwn`v I †hvMvb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© d¨v±i hv
kÖg evRv‡ii MwZkxjZv‡K D‡jøL‡hvM¨fv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i Zvn‡jv wbqš¿K KvVv‡gv, kÖwgK
cwiPvjbv c×wZ, wØcvwÿK I wÎcvwÿK cÖwZôvb, wb‡qvMKZ©v I kÖwgK msMVb Ges wkí m¤úK©
(ILO 2011)|
4.1| kÖg evRvi Mf‡b©Ý Gi g~j Dcv`vb
AvBGjI (2012) kÖg evRvi Mf‡b©Ý Gi wZbwU g~j Dcv`vb wPwýZ K‡i‡Q: kÖg AvBb I
wbqš¿K cwi‡ek, wkí m¤úK© Ges kÖg cÖkvmb|
kÖg AvBb I wbqš¿K cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q: bxwZgvjv, AvBb I kÖ‡gi mv‡_ mswkøó Ab¨vb¨
wewaweavb I Kg©ms¯’vb| kÖgevRvi AviI myPviæfv‡e cwiPvwjZ n‡e hw` h‡_vchy³ AvBb,
bxwZgvjv I cÖvwZôvwbK e¨e¯’vi e¨envi Kiv nq| w¯’wZkxj wewb‡qvM DrmvwnZ n‡e hLb AvBb
†g‡b Pjv n‡e, Aby‡gvw`Z bxwZgvjv wbwðZ Kiv n‡e, m¤úwËi AwaKv‡ii cÖwZ m¤§vb cÖ`k©b
Kiv n‡e I wba©vwiZ wePvwiK AvIZvaxb _v‡K| AwaKš‘ GKwU Kvh©Ki wbqš¿K KvVv‡gvi Dcw¯’wZ
m¤§vbRbK KvR cÖvwß I †UKmB Dbœq‡bi jÿ¨gvÎv AR©‡bi c_‡K Z¡ivwšZ Ki‡e|
kÖg cÖkvmb n‡jv bxwZgvjv wba©viY I cÖ‡qvM msµvšÍ RvZxq kÖg bxwZgvjv cÖYq‡bi †ÿ‡Î
miKv‡ii Kg©KvÐ| kÖgevRv‡ii Mf‡b©Ý Gi ¸Yv¸Y wba©viY/wePv‡ii GKwU Ab¨Zg wb‡`©kK ev
gva¨g n‡”Q †fv³vi wbKU KZ `ÿZv I Kvh©Kifv‡e Avgiv †mev cÖ`v‡b mÿg| kÖg cÖkvm‡bi
f~uBqv I nvmvb: evsjv‡`‡ki RvnvR fv½v wk‡íi kÖgevRvi Mf‡b ©Ý cwiw¯’wZ
159
g~j `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ n‡”Q kÖg cwi`k©b, kÖg AvBb I gRywii mv‡_ mvgÄm¨Zv eRvq ivLv,
†ckvMZ wbivcËv, kÖwgK we‡iva wbimb, cÖwkÿY I gvbe m¤ú` Dbœqb Ges mvgvwRK wbivcËv|
wkí m¤úK© cÖZ¨qwUi D™¢e n‡q‡Q kÖwgK I gvwj‡Ki ga¨Kvi m¤úK© †_‡K| ¯^v¯’¨Ki wkí
m¤úK© DrmvwnZ nq hLb Kg©‡ÿ‡Î mn‡hvMxZv I mvgwóK `iKlvKwli my‡hvM e„w× cvq, wØcÿxq
I wÎcÿxq cÖwZôvb‡K kw³kvjx Kiv nq Ges wewfbœ ¯Í‡i wfbœ wfbœ AvKv‡i mvgvwRK msjv‡ci
my‡hvM m„wó Kiv nq|
5| gvV ch©v‡q msM„nxZ Z_¨ †_‡K cÖvß djvdj
RvnvR fv½v wk‡í Kg©iZ kÖwgK‡`i kÖg AwaKvi I Kj¨vYg~jK Kg©Kv‡Ði eZ©gvb Ae¯’v
wbiƒc‡Yi Rb¨ 200Rb kÖwg‡Ki g‡a¨ eZ©gvb mgxÿvwU cwiPvwjZ nq| mgxÿv †_‡K cÖvß
djvdj wb‡¤œ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv|
5.1| DËi`vZv‡`i wkÿvMZ Ae¯’v
RvnvR fv½v wk‡íi mv‡_ RwoZ kÖwgK‡`i wkÿvi Íi AZ¨šÍ wb¤œ¯Í‡ii| RvnvR fv½v
Bqv‡W© hy³ nIqvi c~‡e© kÖwgK‡`i cÖvq GK-Z…Zxqvsk kÖwg‡Ki †Kv‡bv ai‡bi cÖvwZôvwbK wkÿv
†bB| k~b¨ cÖvwZôvwbK wkÿv wb‡q Avmvi ciI kÖwgKMY Bqv‡W© †Kv‡bv ai‡bi AvbyôvwbK
cÖwkÿY cvq bv|
mviwY 1: kÖwgK‡`i wkÿvi Íi
wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv DËi`vZvi kZvsk
‡Kv‡bv AvbyôvwbK wkÿv †bB 37.0
cÖv_wgK wkÿv 28.0
Aóg †kÖYx cvk 20.5
gva¨wgK 11.5
¯œvZK 2.5
RvnvR fv½v Bqv‡W©i Kvh©µ‡g kvixwiK kw³ me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| cÖvwZôvwbK wkÿv
kÖwgK‡`i Kv‡R ‡Kv‡bv ¸iæZ¡ enb K‡i bv|
5.2| cÖwkÿY
hw`I RvnvR fv½v wk‡íi kÖwgKMY wec¾bK I SuywKc~Y© cwi‡e‡k KvR K‡i, Z_vwc 93
kZvsk kÖwgK RvnvR fv½v wkí Bqv‡W© KvR ïiæ Kivi c~‡e© †Kv‡bv ai‡bi cÖwkÿY cvbwb|
mgxÿv †_‡K cÖvß djvd‡j †`Lv hvq, 60 kZvsk kÖwgK KvwUs †mKk‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ| KvwUs
†mKk‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ kÖwgK RvnvR †K‡U UzKiv UzKiv K‡i I †gvoK RvZ K‡i, hv RvnvR fv½v
Bqv‡W©i me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR| KvwUs †mKk‡bi KvR ¯^vfvweKfv‡e SzuwKc~Y©| G‡Z AevK
nIqvi wKQzB †bB †h, GB wk‡í ~N©Ubv I AvNv‡Zi nvi A‡bK †ewk| KviY kÖwgK‡`i †Kv‡bv
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgx¶v
160
ai‡bi c~e© AwfÁZv QvovB eûZj wewkó RvnvR KvU‡Z nq| ïay 4 kZvsk kÖwgK BqvW©
gvwjK‡`i Av‡qvR‡b cÖwkÿY ‡c‡q‡Qb| cÖvq mKj †ÿ‡Î cÖwkÿ‡Yi †gqv` GK mßv‡ni Kg|
Avi G ai‡bi cÖwkÿY n‡”Q AbvbyôvwbK| G wk‡íi kÖwgKMY g~jZ KvR Ki‡Z Ki‡Z
(learning by doing approach) cÖwkÿY jvf K‡ib|
mviwY 2: cÖwkÿY MÖn‡Yi Ae ’v cÖwkÿY kZvsk
bv 92.5
nu¨v 7.5
5.3| †UªW BDwbqb/kÖwgK Kj¨vY mwgwZ
RvnvR fv½v Bqv‡W© †Kv‡bv ai‡bi kÖwgK Kj¨vY mwgwZ †bB| Gi d‡j PvKzwi`vZv KZ…©K
cÖ`Ë gRywi I Ab¨vb¨ †mevi e¨vcv‡i kÖwgKiv `iKlvKwli b~¨bZg ÿgZv iv‡L bv| cÖvq 99
kZvsk kÖwgK †Kv‡bv ai‡bi kÖwgK Kj¨vY ms‡Ni mv‡_ RwoZ bq| kÖwgKiv wbwðZ K‡i‡Q †h,
Zv‡`i BqvW© mg~‡n †Kv‡bv ai‡bi kÖwgK Kj¨vY msN †bB| AwaKš‘ kÖwgK‡`i †Kv‡bv ai‡bi
GbwRI ev mykxj mgvR ms¯’vq (hviv AwaKvi I wbivcËv wb‡q KvR K‡i) †Kv‡bv ai‡bi
m`m¨c` †bB| GB Lvivc Ae¯’vi eY©bv w`‡q GKRb kÖwgK e‡j‡Qb, ÒAvgv‡`i wRnev _vKv
m‡Ë¡I K_v ej‡Z cvwi bv I Avgiv `iKlvKwl Ki‡Z cvwi bv|Ó me DËi`vZv AewnZ K‡i‡Qb
†h, gRywi I Ab¨vb¨ my‡hvM-myweavq Zv‡`i `iKlvKwl ÿgZv k~b¨| Ggb wK K‡qKRb
DËi`vZv, hv‡`i kÖwgK Kj¨vY mwgwZ‡Z m`m¨c` i‡q‡Q, Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h, †UªW BDwbqb¸‡jv
Bqv‡W©i Af¨šÍ‡i KvR K‡i bv Ges Zv‡`i mv‡_ mvaviY kÖwgK‡`i †Kv‡bv †hvMv‡hvM †bB|
mviwY 3: †UªW BDwbq‡bi m`m¨c`
‡UªW BDwbq‡bi m`m¨ c` kZvsk
bv 99.0
nu¨v 1.0
5.4| PvKzwii/Kv‡Ri AbvbyôvwbKZv
RvnvR fv½v Bqv‡W©i Kv‡Ri cÖK…wZ/aib n‡”Q LyeB AbvbyôvwbK| †`Lv †M‡Q, wkí
c ÖwZôv‡bi h‡_ó Dbœqb nIqv m‡Ë¡I kÖg evRvi Mf‡b©‡Ý GLbI AbvbyôvwbK A_ev Avav-
AvbyôvwbK e¨e¯’v i‡q ‡M‡Q| GB wee„wZ eZ©gvb M‡elYvqI mZ¨ cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q| AwaKvsk
DËi`vZv Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h, Zviv AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î AbvbyôvwbK m~Î †_‡K PvKzwii cÖ¯Íve †c‡q‡Qb|
gvÎ 1 kZvsk kÖwgK †Kv¤úvwbi Awdm †_‡K PvKzwi m¤ú‡K© †R‡b‡Qb| Avi 5 kZvsk kÖwgK
K›Uªv±‡ii gva¨‡g PvKwi †c‡q‡Qb; 93 kZvs‡ki †ewk kÖwgK AbvbyôvwbK P¨v‡bj †hgb:
cÖwZ‡ekx, eÜz A_ev AvZ¥x‡qi gva¨‡g PvKzwi †c‡q‡Qb| AwaKš‘ mgxÿv PjvKv‡j mKj kÖwgK
Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h, Zv‡`i mv‡_ †Kv‡bv ai‡bi PvKzwi msµvšÍ Pzw³ †bB Ges Zv‡`i †KDB PvKwi‡Z
f~uBqv I nvmvb: evsjv‡`‡ki RvnvR fv½v wk‡íi kÖgevRvi Mf‡b ©Ý cwiw¯’wZ
161
†hvM ‡`qvi ci †Kv‡bv ai‡bi KvM‡R mB †`bwb| G‡Z cÖZxqgvb nq †h, RvnvR fv½v Bqv‡W©
wb‡qvM I QuvUvB meB †g․wLKfv‡e m¤úbœ nq|
mviwY 4: PvKzwi msµvšÍ Z‡_¨i Drm
Z‡_¨i Drm DËi`vZvi kZvsk
‡Kv¤úvwb 1.0
K›Uªv±i/ wVKv`vi 5.5
mnKg©x 1.0
Ab¨vb¨ 92.5
5.5| Kg©NÈv I Kv‡Ri Ae¯’v
DËi`vZv‡`i g‡a¨ (200 Rb) 1 kZvsk kÖwgK e‡j‡Qb †h, Zviv •`wbK 8 NÈv KvR
K‡ib, hv me©wb¤œ Kg©NÈv| gvV mgxÿv †_‡K cÖvß djvd‡j †`Lv hvq †h, 2-5 kZvsk kÖwgK
w`‡b 18 NÈv KvR K‡ib| hLb GKB Bqv‡W© GKvwaK RvnvR fv½vi Rb¨ A‡cÿgvb _v‡K,
ZLb G ai‡bi A¯^vfvweK cwikÖg Ki‡Z nq|
hv‡nvK, AwaKvsk kÖwgK‡K (‡hgb 41.5 kZvsk) †hLv‡b •`wbK 12 NÈv K‡i KvR Ki‡Z
nq ‡mLv‡b 20 kZvsk I 16.5 kZvsk kÖwgK‡K h_vµ‡g •`wbK 14 †_‡K 16 NÈv KvR Ki‡Z
nq| cÖvß Z_¨ †_‡K †evSv hvq, Bqv‡W© Zv‡`i me‡P‡q †ewk Kó nq hviv KvR mgvß Kivi ci
Zv‡`i cwiev‡ii †`Lvïbv Kivi Kg mgq cvq| Zviv †Kv‡bv ai‡bi we‡bv`‡bi K_v KíbvI
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
A¯vfvweK Kg©NÈvi e¨vcv‡i kÖwgKiv †Zgbfv‡e wew¯§Z bq| KviY Zv‡`i Kv‡Q •`wbK
Kg©N›Uvi gvb`Ð Rvbv †bB (†hgb 8 NÈv)| ZvB GUv †Kv‡bv Avð‡h©i welq bq †h, kÖwgKMY
Zv‡`i AwZwi³ kÖ‡gi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv ai‡bi cvwikÖwgK cvq bv| KviY Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri AwZwi³
Kg©NÈvi gRywi m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv aviYv †bB| AwaKš‘ †Kv‡bv Kg©Pvwi A`ÿ kÖwg‡Ki b~¨bZg gRywi
m¤ú‡K© AewnZ bq| kÖwgK‡`i G ai‡bi AÁZv GB wk‡í kÖwgK †kvl‡Yi my‡hvM‡K AviI
ZivwšZ K‡i‡Q|
mviwY 5: •`wbK Kg©N›Uv
‣`wbK Kg©N›Uv DËi`vZvi kZvsk
04 0.5
10-12 43.5
13-15 36.5
16-18 19.5
hw`I kÖwgK‡`i •`wbK `y As‡Ki †ewk mgq KvR Ki‡Z nq, ZeyI AwaKvsk kÖwgK †Kv‡bv
ai‡bi RvZxq QzwU †fvM Kivi my‡hvM cvb bv| G wel‡q cÖkœ Kiv n‡j 46 kZvsk kÖwgK Rvbvq
†h, Zv‡`i‡K mßv‡n 7 w`bB KvR Ki‡Z nq, Avi evwK 54 kZvsk‡K mßv‡n 6 w`b KvR Ki‡Z
nq| RvnvR fv½v Bqv‡W© †Kv‡bv ai‡bi RvZxq QzwU †bB| GKRb kÖwgK‡K cÖkœ Kiv n‡qwQj †h,
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgx¶v
162
†m me©‡kl 1jv †g †Z KvR K‡iwQj wKbv| Rev‡e †m e‡j‡Q ÒAvgiv mßv‡n 7 w`b, gv‡m 30
w`b I eQ‡i 365 w`b KvR Kwi|Ó Zv‡`i †Kv‡bv ai‡bi miKvwi QzwU †bB, GgbwK Zv‡`i‡K G
eQ‡ii wek¦ kÖwgK w`em 1jv †g †ZI KvR Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q|
mviwY 6: cÖwZ mßv‡n Kg©N›Uv
cÖwZ mßv‡n Kg©N›Uv DËi`vZvi kZvsk
6 54.0
7 46.0
Bqv‡W© _vKvKvjxb mg‡q kÖwgKMY LyeB Kg weiwZ cvb| cÖvq 70 kZvsk DËi`vZv e‡j‡Qb
†h, Zviv •`wbK 3 evi weiwZ cvq Avi Ab¨iv e‡j‡Qb Zviv 2evi weiwZ cvq| weiwZi mgq 10
†_‡K 20 wgwbU, hv fvix Kv‡RI `xN© Kg©NÈvi Zzjbvq LyeB bMb¨| GB †QvU weiwZi mg‡q
kÖwgKMY K`vwPr wekÖvg wb‡Z cv‡i| Bqv‡W©i gvwjK KZ…©K †Kv‡bv ai‡bi fZy©wK ev webvg~‡j¨
Lvevi mieivn Kiv nq bv| kÖwgKiv Lvev‡ii evwU K‡i Zv‡`i Lvevi evmv †_‡K wb‡q Av‡mb
Ges `ªæZ Lvevi †kl K‡ib| bMY¨msL¨K DËi`vZv Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h, Zviv †Kv¤úvwb †_‡K
fZz©wKg~‡j¨ A_ev webvg~‡j¨ Lvevi †c‡q _v‡Kb|
mviwY 7: •`wbK Kg© weiwZ
‣`wbK Kg© weiwZ DËi`vZvi kZvsk
2 evi 30.5
3 evi 69.5
5.6| gRywi I Ab¨vb¨ myweav
gRywi cwi‡kv‡ai ‡ÿ‡Î wZb ai‡bi c×wZ AbymiY Kiv nq| bMY¨msL¨K kÖwgK •`wbK
gRywi †c‡q _v‡Kb| AwaKvsk cvwÿK I gvwmK wfwˇZ gRywi †c‡q _v‡Kb| cÖvq 78 kZvsk
kÖwgK Rvwb‡q‡Qb, Zviv gv‡m GK ev GKvwaK wKw¯Í‡Z gRywi †c‡q _v‡Kb|
mviwY 8: gRywi cwi‡kv‡ai ga¨eZ©xKvj
gRywi cwi‡kv‡ai weiwZ Kvj DËi`vZvi kZvsk
‣`wbK 0.5
mvßvwnK 22.0
gvwmK 77.5
wkí Bqv‡W© kÖwgK‡`i gRywi e„w×i c×wZ LyeB bvRyK I mgqmv‡cÿ| gRywi e„w×i me©wb¤œ
mgq 1 eQi Avi m‡e©v”P mgq 7 eQi| D‡jøL¨ †h, 28 kZvsk DËi`vZv Rvwb‡q‡Qb, Zv‡`i
†Kv‡bv ai‡bi gRywi e„w× nqwb| ejv hvq, RvnvR fv½v wk‡í me‡P‡q Lvivc gRywi †`Iqv nq|
f~uBqv I nvmvb: evsjv‡`‡ki RvnvR fv½v wk‡íi kÖgevRvi Mf‡b ©Ý cwiw¯’wZ
163
mviwY 9: gRywi e„w×i cybive„wË
gRywi e„w×i cybive„wË DËi`vZvi kZvsk
‡Kv‡bv e„w× nqwb 28.5
1 eQi 63.5
2 eQi 4.5
3 eQi I AwaK 3.5
wb¤œ gRywi I kø_ gRywi e„w× KvVv‡gv _vKv m‡Ë¡I G wk‡íi mv‡_ RwoZ kÖwgK‡`i Rb¨
†Kv‡bv ai‡bi „k¨gvb mvgvwRK wbivcËvg~jK Kg©mw~Pi KvVv‡gv †bB| hw`I G ai‡bi Kg©m~wP
wb‡qvMKZ©v KZ…©K e¨e¯’v Kiv DwPZ| kÖwgK‡`i Rb¨ ‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi fwel¨r Znwej, †Mvôx exgv,
A_ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv ai‡bi Kj¨vYg~jK †mevi e¨e¯’v †bB|
mviwY 10: kÖwgK‡`i mvgvwRK wbivcËv myweav
mvgvwRK wbivcËv myweav nu¨v (%) bv (%)
fwel¨r Znwej 0.0 100.0
‡Mvôx exgv 0.0 100.0
Ab¨vb¨ Kj¨vYg~jK †mev 0.0 100.0
5.7| Bqv‡W©i ¯^v¯’¨wewa
AwaKvsk Bqv‡W©i ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cwi‡e‡ki D‡jøL‡hvM¨ nv‡i DbœwZ n‡”Q| D‡jøL‡hvM¨ msL¨K
BqvW© kÖwgK‡`i Rb¨ m¨vwb‡Ukb I wbivc` cvwbi wbðqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Q| cÖvq 96 kZvsk
DËi`vZv e‡j‡Qb, Zviv Kg©‡ÿ‡Î Mfxi bjK~c †_‡K Lvevi cvwb cvb K‡ib| mKj Bqv‡W©i
kÖwgK‡`i Rb¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨msL¨K ¯^v¯’¨Ki cvqLvbv i‡q‡Q| hv‡nvK, cÖvq Aa© msL¨K kÖwgK
m¨vwbUvix cvqLvbvi cwi”QbœZv wb‡q D‡ØM cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb|
5.8| Avevmb/evm ’vb
AwaKvsk kÖwgK ew¯Í‡Z I msKxY© Rbeûj N‡i emevm K‡i| †Kbbv BqvW© KZ…©cÿ KZ…©K
†Kv‡bv ai‡bi Avevm‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq bv| AwaKvsk kÖwgK Zv‡`i Kg©¯’j †_‡K 2 wK.wg.
`~i‡Z¡i g‡a¨ emevm K‡i| cwienb LiP LyeB Kg Ges 59.5 kZvsk kÖwgK‡K cwienb eve`
†Kv‡bv ai‡bi LiP Ki‡Z nq bv| Bqv‡W©i mwbœK‡U Avevmb myweav _vK‡jI, †m¸‡jv LyeB
Rbeûj I †bvsiv| hv‡nvK kÖwgK‡`i Rb¨ Zv‡`i PvKzix`vZv †Kv¤úvwb †_‡K †Kv‡bv ai‡bi
cwienb myweav ‡`qv nq bv|
5.9| †ckvMZ wbivcËv
RvnvR fv½vi Kv‡R kÖwgK‡`i wewfbœ ai‡bi wbivcËvg~jK e¯‘ cwiavb Ki‡Z nq †hgb:
cÖwZiÿvg~jK n¨vj‡gU, wbivcËvg~jK Pkgv, wbivcËvg~jK M¨vm gv¯‥, wbivcËvg~jK Møvfm,
wbivcËvg~jK RyZv, wbivcËvg~jK G¨v‡cÖvb BZ¨vw`| cÖvq mKj Bqv‡W© G ai‡bi wbivcËvg~jK
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgx¶v
164
e¯‘ _vK‡jI ‡m¸‡jv kÖwgK‡`i Kv‡Q jf¨ bq| wbivcËvg~jK †nj‡gU, Møvfm I eyU GB wZbwU
kÖwgK‡`i Rb¨ AwZ Riæwi e¯‘|
wKš‘ 88.5 kZvsk kÖwgK e‡j‡Qb †h, wbivcËvg~jK †nj‡g‡Ui cwigvY ch©vß bq| Avi
89.5 kZvsk I 93.5 kZvsk DËi`vZv D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb †h, wbivcËvg~jK Dcv`vb †hgb:
G¨v‡cÖvb, M¨vmgv¯‥ BZ¨vw`I ch©vß cwigv‡Y †bB|
mviwY 11: wbivcËvg~jK e ‘i cÖvc¨Zv
wbivcËvg~jK e¯‘ mnRjf¨ bq cÖvc¨ wKš‘ Ach©vß
wbivcËvg~jK †nj‡gU 11.5 88.5
wbivcËvg~jK M¨vmgv¯‥ 89.0 11.0
wbivcËvg~jK Pkgv 62.0 38.0
wbivcËvg~jK Møvfm 10.5 89.5
wbivcËvg~jK eyU 6.5 93.5
wbivcËvg~jK G¨v‡cÖvb 75.0 25.0
GgbwK wKQz wKQz ‡ÿ‡Î kÖwgKiv wbR Li‡P wb‡R‡`i wbivcËvg~jK e¯‘ µq K‡i‡Qb ‡hgb
51 kZvsk DËi`vZv Rvwb‡q‡Qb, Bqv‡W© wbivcËvg~jK e¯‘ bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y Zviv wb‡RivB
wb‡R‡`i wbivcËvg~jK e¯‘ µq K‡i‡Qb| hv‡nvK G‡ÿ‡Î GKwU we‡kl ch©‡eÿY n‡”Q
kÖwgK‡`i hLbB wbivcËvg~jK e¯‘ e¨envi m¤ú‡K© wR‡Ám Kiv n‡q‡Q, ZLbB Zviv DËi Gwo‡q
‡M‡Qb|
KvwUs †mKk‡bi AwaKvsk kÖwgK †¯”Qvq wbivcËvg~jK e¯‘ cwiavb K‡i, †Kbbv G‡Z cy‡o
hvIqv I we‡ùviY †_‡K AvnZ nIqvi AvksKv _v‡K| Ab¨vb¨ wefvM †hgb: Iq¨vwis A_ev
†jvwWs Gi kÖwgKMY wbivcËvg~jK e¯‘ cwiav‡b ‡Lqvwj nq bv| KviY evwn‡ii cwi‡ek Lye Mig
I mu¨vZmu¨v‡Z| A‡bK kÖwgK hviv Rvnv‡Ri evwn‡i KvR K‡i Zviv e‡j‡Qb †h, wbivcËvg~jK
fvix e¯‘ †hgb n¨vj‡gU I eyU cwiav‡b ¯^v”Q›`¨ †eva K‡ib bv| G¨v‡cÖvb I gv¯‥ c‡i KvR
Kivi mgq Zviv Ng©v³ n‡q c‡o|
5.10| AwMœ wbivcËv
RvnvR fv½v Bqv‡W© AwMœKvÐ msµvšÍ wec` mvaviY e¨vcvi Ges wbnZ kÖwgK‡`i AwaKvskB
AwMœKvÐ msµvšÍ `yN©Ubvq gviv wM‡q‡Qb| mv¤úªwZK eQi¸‡jv‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki
wkíKviLvbv¸‡jv‡Z AwMœKvÐ msµvšÍ wbivcËv Bmy¨wU GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© D‡Ø‡Mi welq wn‡m‡e
we‡ewPZ n‡”Q; †Kbbv Mv‡g©›U wk‡í AwMœKv‡Ði Kvi‡Y eû gvbyl nZvnZ n‡q‡Q|
Kv‡Ri ai‡bi Kvi‡Y RvnvR fv½v Bqv‡W© AwMœKv‡Ði D”P AvksKv i‡q‡Q| GLv‡b Rvnv‡Ri
Af¨šÍ‡i wec`¾bK K¨vwg‡Kj I M¨vm †P¤vi wb‡q KvR Kiv nq| Bqv‡W© hLb RvnvR KvUv nq
f~uBqv I nvmvb: evsjv‡`‡ki RvnvR fv½v wk‡íi kÖgevRvi Mf‡b ©Ý cwiw¯’wZ
165
ZLb A‡bK mgq we‡ùviY I AwMœKvÐ N‡U| AwaKvsk Bqv‡W©i wbR¯ AwMœ cÖwZ‡ivaK hš¿cvwZ
i‡q‡Q Ges 97.5 kZvsk kÖwgK Zv wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ kÖwgKiv G e¨vcv‡i †Kv‡bv ai‡bi
cÖwkÿY cvbwb| AwaKš‘ BqvW©¸‡jv †Kv‡bv ai‡bi AwMœ wbev©cK wWªj (Fire Drill) Gi e¨e¯’v
K‡iwb hv‡Z K‡i GKwU DËg yN©Ubv e¨e¯’vcbv c×wZ M‡o †Zvjv hvq|
mviwY 12: AwMœ wbe©vcK cÖ¯‘wZ
AwMœwbe©vcK cÖ¯‘wZ n¨uv (%) bv (%)
AwMœ wbe©vcK hš¿cvwZi cÖvc¨Zv 97.5 2.5
AwMœ wbe©vcK cÖwkÿY 3.0 97.0
AwMœ wbe©vcK wWªj 0.0 100.0
5.11| Kg©‡ÿ‡Îi yN©Ubv
RvnvR fv½v Kv‡Ri aib Abyhvqx GUv LyeB `yN©Ubv cÖeY KvR| cÖvq 48 kZvsk kÖwgK
e‡j‡Qb Bqv‡W© KvR Kivi mgq †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv ai‡bi yN©Ubvi m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Qb| AwaKvsk
`yN©Ubv welv³ M¨vm we‡ùvi‡Yi Kvi‡Y N‡U‡Q| Ab¨ cÖavb KviY n‡”Q Dci cvUvZb †_‡K fvix
avZz cwZZ nIqv (cÖvq 20 Zjv mgvb)| Ab¨vb¨ `yN©Ubvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q w÷j wig I †cø‡Ui wb‡P
c‡o wcó nIqv I •e`y¨wZK kK LvIqv| †h‡nZz cy‡iv KvR KvwqK kÖ‡gi gva¨‡g m¤úvw`Z nq,
†m‡nZz kÖwgK wbivcËv LyeB SuywKi g‡a¨ _v‡K| wewPs (beaching) Gi c~‡e© RvnvR cy‡ivcywi
cwi®‥vi nq bv| kÖwgKiv k¦vmK‡ó `geÜ n‡q yN©Ubvi wkKvi I dzmdz‡mi †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡Z
cv‡i; †Kbbv Zviv bMœfv‡e/‡Lvjvfv‡e Gm‡ek‡Uv‡Z (asbesto) cÖ‡ek K‡i| A`ÿ kÖwgKiv Lvwj
cv‡q KvR K‡i Ges †Kv‡bv ai‡bi Møvfm, MvgeyU/ivevi RyZv, n¨vj‡gU A_ev Pkgv e¨envi K‡i
bv| M¨vm KvUvi kÖwgK I Zv‡`i mvnvh¨Kvixiv †Kv‡bv ai‡bi wbivcËvg~jK Pkgv e¨envi K‡i
bv, d‡j Zv‡`i „wókw³i ÿwZ nIqvi mg~n m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
mviwY 13: Kg©‡ÿ‡Îi yN©Ubv
Kg©‡ÿ‡Îi `yN©Ubv kÖwgK‡`i kZvsk
‡Kv‡bv `yN©Ubvi wkKvi nqwb 76.0
`yN©Ubvi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb 24.0
wKQz wKQz †ÿ‡Î yN©Ubvq AvNv‡Zi wPwKrmv LiP 1,000 UvKv †_‡K 5,000 UvKvi g‡a¨
IVvbvgv K‡i| hv‡nvK Kg©‡ÿ‡Î yN©Ubv NUv m‡Ë¡I 29.5 kZvsk kÖwgK wb‡RivB wb‡R‡`i
wPwKrmv LiP enb K‡i‡Q, 35.4 kZvsk †ÿ‡Î wb‡qvM`vZv m¤ú~Y© wPwKrmvi LiP enb K‡i‡Q
Ges 35.4 kZvsk †ÿ‡Î AvµvšÍ kÖwgK I wb‡qvM`vZv †h․_fv‡e wPwKrmv LiP enb K‡i‡Q|
gvÎ 7 kZvsk †ÿ‡Î yN©Ubvi Kvi‡Y cy‡iv †eZ‡b QzwU †`qv n‡q‡Q| †QvU-Lv‡Uv AvNv‡Zi †ÿ‡Î
†Kv‡bv ai‡bi •eZwbK QzwU Avkv Kiv `~in|
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgx¶v
166
mviwY 14: wPwKrmv LiP enbKvix
wPwKrmv LiP enbKvix DËi`vZvi kZvsk
kÖwgK wb‡R 29.20
wb‡qvM`vZv 35.4
wb‡R I wb‡qvM`vZv †h․_fv‡e 35.4
5.12| ¯^v¯’¨
SuywKc~Y© I wec¾bK cwi‡e‡k KvR Kiv †Kej `yN©Ubvi m¤¢vebv evwo‡q †`q bv, AwaKšÍy Zv
bvbv ai‡bi `xN©¯’vqx (Chronic) ‡iv‡Mi KviY wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| gvV ch©v‡q cÖvß DcvË
we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, cÖvq A‡a©K kÖwgK Pg© †ivM, R‡q›U I †ckxi e¨_vq AvµvšÍ|
GK-Z…Zxqvsk kÖwgK gv_v e¨_vq fzM‡Q| kÖwgK‡`i g‡Z, `xN© Kg©NÈv I Kg©‡ÿ‡Î fvix e¯‘
DVv‡bv bvgv‡bvi Kvi‡Y gv_v e¨_v Ges R‡q›U I †ckx‡Z e¨_v nq| Ab¨w`‡K wec¾bK
ivmvqwbK e¯‘, †Zj I Ab¨vb¨ wRwbmcÎ e¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y Pg©‡ivM nq| gvwjK Jlai †Kbvi
LiP eve` gvwjK kÖwgK‡`i 100 UvKv †_‡K 500 UvKv cÖ`vb K‡i| evn¨Z Jla LiP kÖwgK‡K
enb Ki‡Z nq, KviY kÖwgK‡`i Rb¨ Jla †Kbv eve` †Kv‡bv fvZvi e¨e¯’v †bB|
mviwY 15: †iv‡Mi cÖ‡Kvc
‡ivM n¨uv bv
Pg©‡ivM 40.5 59.5
R‡q›U I †ckx e¨_v 53.0 47.0
gv_v e¨_v 29.0 71.0
MYgva¨‡g cÖKvwkZ cÖwZ‡e`b †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, RvnvR fv½v wk‡í `yN©Ubvi Kvi‡Y `wi`ª
kÖwgKiv gviv hv‡”Q| G Kvi‡Y Bqv‡W© †ckvMZ wbivcËvi Rb¨ mve©ÿwYK wPwKrm‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ
AZxe ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| †`‡ki kÖg AvB‡bI i‡q‡Q †Kv‡bv wkí cÖwZôv‡b ev KviLvbvq kÖwg‡Ki msL¨v
100 R‡bi †ewk n‡j wPwKrm‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ wbwðZ Kiv eva¨Zvg~jK| wKš‘ gvÎ 24 kZvsk
kÖwgK e‡j‡Qb Zv‡`i Bqv‡W© c~Y©Kvjxb wPwKrmK i‡q‡Qb, 56 kZvsk DËi`vZv e‡j‡Qb
LÐKvjxb wPwKrmK Ges 20 kZvsk kÖwgK e‡j‡Qb Zv‡`i Bqv‡W© †Kv‡bv ai‡bi c~Y©Kvjxb ev
LÐKvjxb wPwKrm‡Ki e¨e¯’v †bB|
mviwY 16: Bqv‡W© wb‡qvMcÖvß wPwKrm‡Ki Dcw ’wZ
wPwKrm‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ DËi`vZvi kZvsk
‡Kv‡bv wPwKrmK †bB 20.0
LÐKvjxb wPwKrmK 56.0
c~Y©Kvjxb wPwKrmK 24.0
f~uBqv I nvmvb: evsjv‡`‡ki RvnvR fv½v wk‡íi kÖgevRvi Mf‡b ©Ý cwiw¯’wZ
167
Ab¨ GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c~e© cÖ¯‘wZg~jK e¨e¯’v n‡jv kÖwgK‡`i wbivcËv I myiÿvi Rb¨ Bqv‡W©
cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv DcKi‡Yi e¨e¯’v Kiv| Rwi‡c †`Lv †M‡Q, A‡bK Bqv‡W© cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv
myweavi e¨e¯’v †bB| Ges 53 kZvsk kÖwgK Zv‡`i Bqv‡W© cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv DcKiY i‡q‡Q wKbv
†m m¤ú‡K© AeMZ bb|
mviwY 17: cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv DcKi‡Yi cÖvc¨Zv
Bqv‡W© cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv DcKiY cÖvc¨Zv kÖwgK‡`i kZKiv nvi
bv 47.0
nu¨v 53.0
RwicK…Z kÖwgK‡`i †KD e‡j‡Qb †h, hLb †Kv‡bv kÖwgK Amy¯’ n‡q c‡o, ZLb hZw`b
Zviv Abycw¯’Z _v‡K ZZw`‡bi gRywi †K‡U ivLv nq| gvÎ 4 kZvsk kÖwgK e‡j‡Qb Zviv
PvKzwi`vZv cÖ`Ë Amy¯’ZvRwbZ QzwU †fvM K‡i‡Qb|
mviwY 18: Amy¯’ZvRwbZ QzwUi cÖvc¨Zv
Amy ’ZvRwbZ QzwU kÖwgK‡`i kZKiv nvi
bv 92.0
nu¨v 8.0
5.13| Awf‡hvM wb®úwË
kÖg AvBb I cÖPwjZ weavb Abymv‡i Kg©‡ÿ‡Î Awf‡hvM wb®úwË c×wZ _vKv Avek¨K, hv‡Z
K‡i PvKzwi `vZv I kÖwg‡Ki g‡a¨ my›`i I b¨vqvbyM m¤úK© eRvq _v‡K| gvV Rwi‡c †`Lv †M‡Q,
17 kZvsk kÖwgK e‡j‡Qb Zv‡`i Bqv‡W© Awf‡hvM wb®úwËi c×wZ i‡q‡Q| Z‡e cÖvq mKj
kÖwgK GB c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Amš‘wó cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb; †Kbbv Awf‡hvM wb®úwËi †ÿ‡Î AwaKvsk
mgq gvwjK I g¨v‡bRvi‡`i ¯^v_©‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q ivq †`qv nq|
mviwY 19: kÖwgK‡`i Awf‡hvM wb®úwË c×wZ
Awf‡hvM wb®úwË kÖwgK‡`i kZKiv nvi
bv 83.5
nu¨v 16.5
5.14| miKvwi ch©‡eÿY
Bqv‡W© †ckvMZ wbivcËv I Kv‡Ri gvb eRvq ivLvi GKwU Ab¨Zg c~e©kZ© n‡jv miKvwi
Kg©KZ©v‡`i wbqwgZ BqvW© cwi`k©b | evsjv‡`k miKvi RvnvR fv½v BqvW© wbqwgZ cwi`k©‡bi
Rb¨ wkí cwi`k©K wb‡qvM cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q| cÖvq 82 kZvsk kÖwgK Rvwb‡q‡Qb, Zviv MZ K‡qK
gv‡m miKvwi Kg©KZ©v KZ…©K BqvW© cwi`k©b gvÎ GKevi †`‡L‡Qb| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GKRb e‡j‡Qb
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgx¶v
168
ÒKg©KZ©v ïay Av‡m, †`‡L Ges †`‡L P‡j hvq, wKš‘ kÖwgK‡`i mv‡_ ‡Kv‡bv K_v e‡j bv|Ó Ab¨
GKRb Awf‡hvM K‡i‡Qb †h, miKvwi Kg©KZ©viv wbôzi I Lvg‡Lqvwj AvPiY K‡ib, hvi d‡j
kÖwgKiv Zv‡`i Kv‡Q mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z fq cvq| hw`I Gi ai‡bi cwi`k©b wbqwgZ cÖwZ
gv‡m nIqvi K_v, Z_vwc gvÎ 11 kZvsk kÖwgK e‡j‡Qb, Zviv miKvwi Kg©KZ©v‡`i cÖwZ gv‡m
wbqwgZ cwi`k©b Ki‡Z †`‡L‡Qb|
mviwY 20: miKvwi Kg©KZ©v‡`i cwi`k©b cybive„wË
miKvwi Kg©KZ©vi cwi`k©b DËi`vZvi kZKiv nvi
KLbI bq 2
gv‡m GKevi 11.5
K‡qK gv‡m 1 evi 81.5
K‡qK eQ‡i 1 evi 0.5
6| djvdj
kÖg evRvi Mf‡b©Ý G Lv‡Zi mvgwMÖK e¨e¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î KZ¸‡jv †g․wjK AbyNUK (Actor)
I †g․wjK d¨v±i (key factor) †K AšÍf©y³ K‡i| RvnvR fv½v wk‡íi cÖavb Askx`vi
(stakeholders) n‡”Q kÖwgK, BqvW© gvwjK, miKvwi ms¯’v, GbwRI, wmweI (CBO), Ab¨vb¨
kÖwgK I PvKzwi `vZv msMVb| Ab¨w`‡K g~j d¨v±‡ii AšÍfy©³ n‡jv kÖg AvBb I wbqš¿K
cwi‡ek, wkí m¤úK© Ges kÖg cÖkvmb|
6.1| kÖg AvBb I wbqš¿K cwi‡ek
kÖg AvBb I wbqš¿K cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q kÖg I Kg©ms¯’v‡bi †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ ai‡bi
bxwZgvjv, AvBb I Ab¨vb¨ wbqš¿Yg~jK e¨e¯’v| GKwU kÖg evRvi Kvh©Kifv‡e cwiPvwjZ nq
hLb Zv AvBb, bxwZgvjv Ges ¯^”Q, w¯’wZkxj I m¤¢ve¨ wewb‡qvM cwi‡ek‡K DbœxZKi‡Y mnvqK
cÖvwZôvwbK e¨e¯’v Øviv mgw_©Z nq| m¤¢ve¨ wewb‡qvM cwiw ’wZ ej‡Z ‡evSvq †hLv‡b AvB‡bi
kvmb _vK‡e, mwVKfv‡e Pzw³ m¤úv`b I gvb¨ Kiv n‡e, m¤úwËi AwaKv‡ii cÖwZ h_vh_ m¤§vb
cÖ`k©b Kiv n‡e Ges wm×všÍ MÖnY wePvi e¨e¯’vi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© n‡Z n‡e| GKwU my›`i I
DbœZ wbqš¿K KvVv‡gv Ges `ÿ RvZxq cÖwZôvb I cÖwµqv n‡”Q cwiwgZ KvR I †UKmB Dbœqb
jÿ¨gvÎv AR©‡bi Acwinvh© Dcv`vb|
1940 Gi `kK †_‡K RvnvR fv½v wk‡íi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖe„w× m‡Ë¡I 21 kZ‡Ki ïiæ ch©šÍ
GB LvZ bgbxq bxwZgvjv I b~¨bZg kÖg I cwi‡ekMZ cÖweavb Øviv cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q| GB
wk‡íi ïiæi w`‡K †Kv‡bv ai‡bi miKvwi cÖweavb wQj bv, hv Øviv kÖwgK AwaKvi I Kj¨vY
msµvšÍ welq¸‡jv‡K cwi`k©b Kiv †h‡Zv|
RvnvR fv½v wk‡í kÖwgK AwaKvi I wbivcËvi welq¸‡jv‡K mgvavb Kivi j‡ÿ¨ 2006
mv‡j cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv evsjv‡`k kÖg AvB‡b GKwU Avjv`v Aby‡”Q` hy³ Kiv nq| AwaKš‘
Rwicjä DcvË Bw½Z K‡i †h, kÖg evRv‡i AbvbyôvwbKZv eû gvÎvq weivR Ki‡Q|
f~uBqv I nvmvb: evsjv‡`‡ki RvnvR fv½v wk‡íi kÖgevRvi Mf‡b ©Ý cwiw¯’wZ
169
cieZ©x‡Z 2010 mv‡j mykxj mgv‡Ri Kg©KvÐ I m‡ev©”P Av`vjZ KZ…©K c`‡ÿc †bqvi
d‡j miKvi bxwZgvjv cwieZ©b K‡i| cwi‡ek I eb gš¿Yvjq ÒRvnvR fv½v I wec¾bK
AveR©bv e¨e¯’vcbv bxwZgvjv 2010 Ó Ges wkí gš¿Yvjq Òevsjv‡`k RvnvR fv½v I RvnvR
cybte¨envi bxwZgvjv 2011Ó cÖYqb K‡ib| Gme bxwZgvjv G wkí‡K GKwU AvbyôvwbK wkí
LvZ wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ `v‡bi cvkvcvwk evsjv‡`‡ki mgy`ª DcK~‡j †Kv‡bv RvnvR †bv½i Kiv I
KvUvi c~‡e© QvocÎ †bqv‡K eva¨Zvg~jK K‡i‡Q| eZ©gv‡b Avg`vwbK…Z RvnvR †bv½i Kivi c~‡e©
I c‡i cixÿv K‡i †`Lv nq Ges we‡ùviY Awa`ßi †_‡K M¨vm gy³ mb` msMÖn Ki‡Z nq|
AwaKš‘ cÖwZwU BqvW©‡K wewfbœ gš¿Yvjq I Awa`ßi †_‡K QvocÎ wb‡Z nq †hgb: wkí gš¿Yvjq
(MoI), cwi‡ek Awa`ßi (DoE), ïé Awa`ßi BZ¨vw`|
D³ wk‡íi ‡NvwlZ AvbyôvwbK c`ex m‡Ë¡I mwVKfv‡e Pzw³ ev Íevqb, Kg©N›Uvi gvb`Ð
AbymiY I †ckvMZ wbivcËvi †ÿ‡Î kÖg AvBb cÖ‡qv‡M wbqš¿K e¨e¯’vq h‡_ó `ye©jZv cwijwÿZ
nq| kÖwg‡Ki PvKwiKvjxb ¯^v_© iÿvi wbivcËv KeR wn‡m‡e †Kv‡bv ai‡bi AvbyôvwbK PvKzwi
Pzw³cÎ I AvbyôvwbK wb‡qvM cÖwµqv AbymiY Kiv nq bv| gvbm¤§Z Kg©NÈv I Kg©‡ÿ‡Îi myweav
cÖ`v‡bi welq¸‡jv fv‡jvfv‡e Z`viwK Kiv nq bv| AwaKš‘ RvnvR fv½v wk‡í †ckvMZ wbivcËv
†hgb bMY¨ †Zgwb D‡cwÿZ|
6.2| kÖg cÖkvmb
kÖg cÖkvmb ej‡Z RvZxq kÖg bxwZgvjvq miKvwi cÖkvm‡bi wewfbœ Kvh©µg‡K ‡evSvq,
†hgb bxwZgvjv wba©viY I ev Íevqb| kÖg evRvi Mf‡b ©Ý Gi ¸YMZgvb AvswkKfv‡e wba©vwiZ
nq MÖvn‡Ki wbKU †mev cÖ`v‡bi c×wZ KvVv‡gvi `ÿZv I Kvh©KvwiZvi gva¨‡g| †g․wjK kÖg
cÖkvmb †mevi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q cwi`k©b, kÖg AvBb I gRywii mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ weavb, †ckvMZ
wbivcËv weavb, kÖwgK we‡iva wbimb, cÖwkÿY I gvbe m¤ú` Dbœqb Ges mvgvwRK wbivcËv
weavb|
kÖg AvBb 2006 Abyhvqx Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb kÖg Awa`ßi (DoL) kÖwgK Kj¨vY,
†UªW BDwbqb AwaKvi, wkí m¤úK© BZ¨vw` †`Lfvj K‡i|
kÖg Awa`߇ii KZ©e¨ n‡”Q ¯^v¯’¨Ki †UªW BDwbqb Kvh©µg †h․_ `iKvlvKwl cÖwZwbwai
(CBA) gva¨‡g wbwðZ Kiv, mgqgZ wbe©vP‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv Ges my¯’ gvwjK-kÖwgK m¤ú‡K©i
Dbœqb|
kÖg I Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡qi Ab¨ kvLv wWAvBBGd Gi Kv‡Ri AšÍfz©³ n‡jv kÖwgK‡`i
wb‡qvMcÎ, gRywi, kÖg NÈv, QzwU, miKvwi QzwU, wPwKrmv, †Kv‡bv ai‡bi †jvKmvb I g„Zz¨i Kvi‡Y
ÿwZc~iY cÖ`vb BZ¨vw`| wWAvBBGd Gi AviI `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q my¯’ Kg© cwi‡ek wbwðZ Kiv †hgb
mwVK evqy PjvPj, Av‡jvK m¾v, †gwkb wbivcËv, wbivc` cvbxq R‡ji e¨e¯’v BZ¨vw`|
kÖwgK cwi`k©‡bi GKwU wb‡`©kK n‡”Q miKvwi Kg©KZ©vi cwi`k©b c ybive„wË msL¨v|
Rwi‡ci DcvË Abymv‡i 81 kZvsk DËi`vZv miKvwi Kg©KZ©v‡K cÖvq cÖwZgv‡m cwi`k©b Ki‡Z
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgx¶v
170
†`‡L‡Qb| hv‡nvK, hviv miKvwi cwi`k©K‡`i gy‡LvgywL n‡q‡Qb, Zviv cwi`k©b I kÖwgK
Kj¨v‡Yi †ÿ‡Î AmvgÄm¨Zv jÿ K‡i‡Qb|
kÖg AvBb I bxwZgvjv K‡Vvifv‡e ev Íevq‡bi Afv‡e Abycw¯’Z BqvW© gvwjK‡`i GKgvÎ
jÿ _v‡K gybvdv AR©b| AKvh©Ki kÖwgK BDwbq‡bi Kvi‡Y RvnvR fv½v wk‡í kÖwgK wegvZv
myjf cÖkvmwbK e¨e¯’v M‡o D‡V| ch©vß cÖwkÿY I gvbe m¤ú` Dbœqbg~jK Kvh©µ‡gi cvkvcvwk
†ckvMZ wbivcËvg~jK hš¿cvwZ ch©vßfv‡e bv _vKvq Kg©‡ÿ‡Î yN©Ubv N‡U| kÖg Av`vj‡Z ‡Kej
g„Zz¨ msµvšÍ gvgjv P‡j| g„Zz¨ msµvšÍ gvgjv I ÿwZc~iY msµvšÍ wel‡qi mgvavb QvovI kÖg
Av`vjZ I kÖg Awa`ßi we‡iva wbimb I kÖg AvBb ev Íevq‡b cÖvwšÍK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
6.3| wkí m¤úK©
wkí m¤úK© ej‡Z mvaviYZ kÖg m¤úK©‡K ‡evSvq, hv g~jZ PvKzwi`vZv I k Öwg‡Ki ga¨Kvi
m¤ú‡K©i Ae¯’vi Dci Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i| ¯^v¯’¨Ki wkí m¤úK© Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Kg©¯’‡j cvi¯úwiK
mn‡hvwMZv I mvgwóK `iKlvKwl, wØcvwÿK I wÎcvwÿK cÖwZôvb kw³kvjxKiY Ges wewfbœ
†ÿ‡Î mvgvwRK msjvc e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e| RvnvR fv½v wk‡í A¯v¯’¨Ki wkí m¤ú‡K©i g~‡j †h
KviYwU KvR Ki‡Q †mwU n‡”Q AwaKvsk kÖwgK DËie½ †_‡K Awfevmx n‡q Av‡m Ges wewfbœ
Bqv‡W© A ’vqx kÖwgK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| PvKwi A ’vqx cÖK…wZi nIqvi Kvi‡Y ga¨ ’ZvKvix †hgb:
kÖwgK wVKv`vi kÖwgK wb‡qv‡Mi e¨vcv‡i BqvW© gvwj‡Ki mv‡_ `iKlvKwl K‡i hv Kg©¯’‡j
kÖwgK‡`i cvi¯úvwiK mn‡hvwMZv I mvgwóK `iKlvKwli my‡hvM‡K mxwgZ K‡i †`q|
RvnvR fv½v wk‡í Aí msL¨K kÖwgK Kj¨vY BDwbqb i‡q‡Q hviv kÖwgK AwaKvi iÿvq KvR
K‡i| RvnvR fv½v wk‡í kw³kvjx kÖwgK Kj¨vY BDwbqb bv _vKvi g~j KviY n‡”Q PvKzwii
cÖK…wZ| G Lv‡Zi PvKwi n‡”Q A ’vqx ai‡bi Ges mviv eQiB kÖwgKiv PvKwi e`j K‡i| hv‡nvK
wKQz mwµq kÖwgK `j Bqv‡W©i evwn‡i †_‡K kÖwgK‡`i ¯^v_© iÿvq KvR Ki‡Q| Avi G¸‡jv n‡”Q
g~jZ eo eo ivR‣bwZK `‡ji kÖwgK kvLv| Zviv kÖwgK‡`i R‡ov K‡i Bqv‡W©i Ae¨e¯’vcbv I
` yN©Ubvq cÖwZev` K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K evsjv‡`k wkc †eªKvim© G‡mvwm‡qkb (BSBA) n‡”Q
evsjv‡`‡ki RvnvR fv½v BqvW© gvwjK‡`i GKgvÎ msMVb| GB cÖwZôvbwU GB wk‡íi axiMwZi
ARynvZ Zz‡j gv‡S gv‡S miKv‡ii wewfbœ wb‡`©k Agvb¨ K‡i| wKQz wKQz †ÿ‡Î we‡iva wb®úwËi
ciI G cÖwZôvb miKvwi ms¯’vi mv‡_ `iKlvKwl K‡i|
miKvwi I wkí AbyNUK QvovI mykxj mgv‡Ri cÖwZwbwaiv G wkí‡K RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK
kÖg AvBb I cwi‡ek AvBb †g‡b Pj‡Z eva¨ K‡i| evsjv‡`k cwi‡ekev`x AvBbRxex ms¯’v
(BELA) GK `k‡Ki †ewk mgq a‡i ~lYKvix wk‡íi weiæ‡× AvBbMZfv‡e jovB K‡i mwµq
f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| †ejv (BELA) `~wlZ RvnvR fv½v eÜ Kiv I †MvUv wkí‡K kÖwgK I
cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ wbivc` Kivi Rb¨ KvR Ki‡Q| GKwU †`kxq w_sK U¨vsK (Think Tank)
cÖwZôvb n‡”Q evsjv‡`k Bbw÷wUDU Ae †jevi ÷vwWR (weAvBGjGm) hv ‡`‡ki wewfbœ Lv‡Zi
kÖwgK m¤úwK©Z welq¸‡jvi Ici M‡elYv Kg© m¤úv`‡bi cvkvcvwk RvnvR fv½v wk‡íi Ae¯’vi
Ici wbqwgZ Rvb©vj I M‡elYv Kg© cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K| AwaKš‘ wkí gvwjK‡`i KvQ †_‡K 2006
f~uBqv I nvmvb: evsjv‡`‡ki RvnvR fv½v wk‡íi kÖgevRvi Mf‡b ©Ý cwiw¯’wZ
171
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G¨vKkb (Bcmv) G Lv‡Zi mv‡_ hy³ i‡q‡Q| 2003 mv‡j RvnvR fv½v wk‡í eo ai‡bi
`~N©Ubvq 50 R‡biI †ewk kÖwg‡Ki cÖvYnvbx N‡U| Bcmv M‡elYv Kg© cwiPvjbv QvovI RvnvR
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•ewk¦K cÖwZôvb †hgb AvšÍR©vwZK kÖg cÖwZôvb (AvBGjI) I ev‡mj Kb‡fbkb †m‡µUvwi‡qU
evsjv‡`k RvnvR fv½v wk‡í kÖwgK‡`i AwaKvi iÿvq, ~lY I ÿwZKi eR © AcmviY I
wbqš¿‡Y KvR Ki‡Q| hv‡nvK, Gme •ewk¦K ms¯’vi Kg©Kv‡Ði Dcw¯’wZ I cÖfve kÖwgK‡`i Rxe‡b
AwZ bMb¨|
7| RvnvR fv½v wk‡í kÖg evRvi Mf‡b©‡Ýi P¨v‡jÄmg~n
evsjv‡`‡ki RvnvR fv½v wk‡íi kÖg evRvi Mf‡b©Ý ev Íevq‡b A‡bK P¨v‡jÄ i‡q‡Q|
RvnvR fv½v Kv‡Ri FZz wbf©iZv Ges miKvi I BqvW© gvwjK‡`i g‡a¨ mgš‡qi Afv‡e
kÖwgK‡`i Amnbxq Kó KL‡bv †kl n‡e bv|
RvnvR fv½v Kv‡Ri FZz wbf©iZv kÖwgK Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi †ÿ‡Î bvbv mgm¨v m„wó K‡i|
†h‡nZz LyeB KgmsL¨K BqvW© eQie¨vcx RvnvR fv½vi Kg©KvÐ cwiPvwjZ K‡i, kÖwgKiv mviv
eQi GK BqvW© †_‡K Ab¨ Bqv‡W© webv `iKlvKwl‡Z Kg© Lyu‡R †eovq| G‡Z kÖwgK‡`i Uª¨vwKs/
AbymiY Kiv KwVb n‡q c‡o| cÖwkÿY I Ab¨vb¨ c`‡ÿc GB wk‡íi fvmgvb kÖwgK‡`i
AvIZvfz³ Kivi †ÿ‡Î AcÖZzj| GRb¨ †K›`ªxq kÖwgK wbe‡Üi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi Ici A‡bK wkí
Askx`viMY ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡i‡Qb| e¯‘Z BqvW© gvwjK‡`i B”Qv I cÖ‡bv`bvi g‡a¨ g~j P¨v‡jÄ
wbwnZ|
8| Dcmsnvi
evsjv‡`‡ki RvnvR fv½v wkí GL‡bv kÖwgK Pvwn`v I †hvMvb Ges mvgwMÖK kÖg evRvi
Mf‡b©‡Ýi †ÿ‡Î AbvbyôvwbKZvi GKwU kw³kvjx wb`k©b|
`kKe¨vcx gvbevwaKvi Kgx©, ‡UªW BDwbqb, AvBbRxex, mvsevw`K, cwi‡ekwe` I mykxj
mgv‡Ri Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j RvnvR fv½v LvZ eûjvs‡k kÖwgK evÜe Lv‡Z cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
mv¤úªwZK mg‡q m¨vwbUvix myweav I †ckvMZ wbivcËv e¨e¯’vi †ÿ‡ÎI DbœwZ jÿ Kiv †M‡Q|
AvNvZ I g„Zz¨RwbZ ÿwZc~iY miKvwi I †emiKvwi ms¯’vi bRi`vwi‡Z wbqwgZ cwi‡kva Kiv
n‡”Q| e¯‘Z mvgwMÖK kÖg evRvi Mf‡b©‡Ý Kv‡Ri Pzw³ h_vh_fv‡e cÖ‡qvM Kiv, me©wb¤œ gRywi,
gvb m¤§Z Kg©NÈv BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î cÖwZeÜKZv GL‡bv i‡q †M‡Q|
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgx¶v
172
MÖš’cwÄ
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mshyw³-1
𝑛0 =1.962 0.5 (1−0.5)
0.05 2 (P = 0.5) ARvbv RbmsL¨v AbycvZ Gi Kvi‡Y|
mshyw³-2
𝑛 =196∗15000
196+(15000−1) (‡hLv‡b, N = 1500)
