1

1. In what structures does meiosis occur

減數分裂在那個結構發生﹖

(a) in a fern,

在蕨類

(b) in an angiosperm?

在有花植物

2. What structure in a flowering plant is equivalent to

有花植物的什麼結構相等於

(a) the megasporangium;

大孢子囊

(b) the microsporangium?

小孢子囊

3. How do the development of gametophytes better adapt angiosperms to life on land?

發展出配子體如何令有花植物更好適應於陸地上的生活﹖

4. What is the main agent of dispersal in

以下植物主要用何種媒體散播﹖

(a) bryophytes;

苔蘚類

(b) pteridophytes;

蕨類

(c) angiosperms?

有花植物

5. After fertilization, the ovule becomes a seed. List the advantages of seeds over spores in terms of

受精後，胚珠會變成種子，在以下範疇列出種子比孢子優勝之處:

(a) food reserves食物儲備;

(b) protection保護;

(c) dispersal散播。

6. Explain how the life cycle of angiosperm differs from that of mammals.

解釋有花植物與哺乳類的生活週期有何不同﹖

7. Algae are not associated with disease, unlike many fungi and bacteria. What is the

reason for this?

通常藻類不會致病，不似真菌和細菌，為什麼呢﹖

8. In what main respects are bryophytes and ferns poorly adapted to life on land?

在那些方面苔蘚類和蕨類較不適應陸地上的生活﹖

9. How can ferns spread?

蕨類如何散播﹖

Exercise (1)練習

2

1. By completing the below diagram, construct a diagrammatic key to identify the following

animals: bee, dolphin, snake and gold fish.

完成下圖以製作一圖像式檢索表，用來鑑定蜜蜂、海豚、蛇及金魚。

2. Construct a dichotomous key in sentence form to identify the following animals:

shark, frog, rat and bird.

製作一文句式檢索表以鑑定鯊魚、青蛙、老鼠及小鳥。

3. State the kingdoms in Five-Kingdom Classification System and explain their characteristics.

說出五界分類系統的五界及他們的特徵。

Animal 物動

Have A有 Does not have 有 B沒

C

Have D 有 Does not have 有 E沒

F

Have G有 Have H有

I J

Exercise (2)練習

3

1. Name the type of chemical bond which joins two glucose molecules together in forming a

disaccharide.

說出那種可接合兩個葡萄糖分子以形成雙糖的化學鍵。

2. What is the term used to describe the chemical reactions when two or more hexose sugars

combine to form larger units?

我們用什麼名詞來形容多於兩個六碳糖結合以變成一大分子的化學作用﹖

3. Outline the role of carbohydrates in the life of a plant.

簡述碳水化合物在植物的功能。

4. Give an account of the structure of lipids.

解釋脂肪的結構。

5. Describe the various functions of proteins in living organisms.

詳述蛋白質在生物的各種功能。

6. What is a nucleotide?

核苷酸是什麼東西﹖

Exercise (3)練習

4

1. Give two features by which you could distinguish a prokaryotic cell from an eukaryotic

cell.

說出兩個可以分辨原核和真核細胞的特徵。

2. Describe the roles of Golgi bodies.

試述高爾基體的功能。

3. For both (a) Squamous epithelium and (b) ciliated epithelium, state two locations in the

body of a mammal and the importance of the tissues in these locations.

說出(a)扁平上皮及(b)纖毛上皮在哺乳類身體的兩個位置，並略述它們於該

位置的重要性。

4. Blood does not seem to be a typical connective tissue. Which characteristic of connective tissue

is shown by blood?

血液看似不像典形的結締組織，血液擁有結締組織的何種特徵﹖

5. The sieve tube is an important cell element in the phloem of flowering plants

篩管是有花植物韌皮部的重要細胞元素，

(a) List two structural features characteristic of sieve tube:

列出篩管的兩個結構特徵。

(b) Name one other type of cell which occurs in phloem tissue.

說出位於韌皮部的另一種細胞種類。

(c) How does this cell differ from a sieve tube?

這種細胞與篩管有何不同﹖

6. By means of labelled diagrams show the difference between the following pairs of cells and

tissues:

用有標示的繪圖來顯示以下組織對的不同處﹕

(a) sclerenchyma and collenchyma

厚壁細胞和厚角細胞

(b) xylem and phloem

木質部和韌皮部

7. Explain the formation of a food vacuole by a phagocytic cell.

解釋吞噬細胞的食物胞形成過程。

8. The photograph below shows an electron micrograph of part of a meristematic plant cell.

下圖顯示一個植物分生細胞部分的電子顯微圖片。

(a) Fill in the blanks below, giving names, constituents and functions of the parts labeled 1-5.

替標示 1-5填上名稱，寫出它的結構和功能。

(1) Structure 1 is the . It serves a variety of functions:

結構 1是 ，它有很多功能﹕

Exercise (4)練習

5

It collects and .

它儲藏 和 。

It facilitates water uptake by .

它藉 幫助植物吸收水分。

It provides to the herbaceous plant.

它為草本植物提供 。

(2) Structure 2 is the . It consists of two unit bounding up the

nucleus. Large are present, permitting the of large molecules

between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.

1

3

4

A

5

2 11 µm

A

6

7

6

結構 2是 ，它由兩層包圍著細胞核的單元 所組成，

此膜有大 ，可容許細胞質和細胞核間 大分子。

(3) Structure 3 is the . It has a number of functions.

結構 3是 ，它有很多功能﹕

Provide for chemical reactions.

給化學作用提供 。

Provide a pathway for the through the cell.

為細胞內的 提供路徑。

Produce , especially enzymes

生產 ，尤其是酶。

synthesized material.

合成的物質。

Provide to maintain cellular shape.

提供 以維持細胞的形狀。

(4) Structure 4 is the . It produces and .

結構 4是 ，它產生 和 。

(5) Structure 5 is the . The main functions are:

結構 5是 ，它的主要功能是﹕

It provides to the plant.

細胞壁能為植物提供 。

It is fairly and resistant to and allow development of turgidity

when water enters the cell by osmosis. The cell wall prevents the cell from

when exposed to a hypotonic solution.

它相當 ，可抗拒因滲透作用引起的細胞吸水 ，因而令

細胞硬脹，為所有植物提供支持，此外，細胞壁可防止細胞處於低滲性溶液

時 。

The rigid and yet permeable nature of the cell wall makes it an without

interfering with the movement of materials in and out of the cell.

細胞壁雖硬但具透性的性質使它可作為 ，因為不會干預物質進出

細胞。

(b) Calculate the diameter of organelle 4 at A-A. Show your working.

計算細胞器 4在 A-A的直徑，清楚顯示你的計算。

(c) Describe and explain the structural and functional relationships of structures 3,6 and 7.

描述及解釋結構 3、6 和 7在結構和功能上的關係。

7

1. The graph below shows the change in pressure potential and solute potential in a plant

cell. This cell was first plasmolysed and then placed in liquid Y.

下圖顯示一植物細胞的水壓勢和溶質勢的改變，首先細胞會被質壁分離，

然後放入液體 Y內。

(a) How to induce full plasmolysis in this plant cell?

如何使一植物細胞達到完全質壁分離﹖

(b) Explain the change in solute potential of the plant cell from full plasmolysis to full turgor.

解釋這植物細胞由完全質壁分離到完全硬脹的溶質勢的改變。

(c) What is meant by incipient plasmolysis?

Copy the graph, mark the point at which incipient plasmolysis occurred in the cell with an

arrow. Explain how you arrive at this point.

「初始質壁分離」是什麼意思？

抄寫曲線圖，在圖中以箭咀顯示「初始質壁分離」的位置，及解釋你為何

選擇這處。

(d) Suggest with reasons, what is liquid Y.

推論液體 Y是什麼及給予理由。

(e) On the copied graph draw a curve to show the changes in water potential of the plant cell.

在抄寫的圖中，畫一曲線去顯示這植物細胞的水勢的改變。

+1

+2

+3

+4

+5

+1

+2

+3

+4

+5

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0pressure potential 壓 力 勢

( Ψp )

solute potential ( )溶 質 勢 Ψ s

Pote

nti

al

(MP

a)

潛能

+ Ψ ell Ψ Ψc s p = +

間 ( ) Time (min)

時 分 20 40 60

Exercise (5)練習

8

2. An experiment was conducted to study the effects of different chemicals on the permeability of

the cell membrane of beetroot. A large number of beetroot discs were prepared, rinsed with water

and blotted dry. 10 beet root discs were placed into three test-tubes labeled A, B and C

containing equal volumes of liquids:

為研究不同化學物品對甜菜根細胞膜透性的影響，進行了一項實驗：將大量甜菜

根切成圓片，把它們用水洗滌，然後抹乾。將三支試管標記為 A、B和 C，注入

相同體積的化學液體，然後將 10塊甜菜根圓片分別放入每支試管內。

Tube A contains water,

Tube B contains 30% acetone, and

Tube C contains 30% sucrose solution.

管 A盛載清水，

管 B盛載 30%丙酮，

管 C盛載 30%蔗糖溶液。

What happen to the tissues and the liquids when beetroot tissues are immersed in these test

tubes? Will the discs sink or float? Give your reasons.

指出當甜菜根圓片放入這些試管時，甜菜根組織和溶液會發生什麼變化，甜菜根

圓片會浮還是沉﹖解釋你的答案。

3. Explain the different ways by which material pass through cell membranes.

解釋物質穿越細胞膜的不同方法。

9

1. Draw simple graphs which illustrate how the rate of typical enzymatic reaction varies with

繪一簡圖以顯示以下的因素如何影響酶促作用

(a) temperature

溫度

(b) concentration of a competitive inhibitor.

競爭性抑制物的濃度

In each case, explain as fully as you can the reasons for the relationship.

在每一個案例，詳細解釋這些因素影響的因由。

2. Explain why denaturing an enzyme may affect its efficiency as a catalyst.

解釋為什麼酶的變質會影響它作為催化劑的效率。

3. Answer the question with referring to the below diagram.

參考下圖回答問題。

(a) What is the optimum pH for the activity of enzyme B?

酶 B的最適溫 pH為何﹖

(b) Give an example of an enzyme which could be represented by (i) curve A, (ii) curve B.

於酶的名稱，各舉一例以代表(i)曲線 A及(ii)曲線 B。

(c) Why does the enzyme activity of C decrease at pH values between 8 and 9?

為什麼酶 C的活力在 pH 8至 9間下跌﹖

(d) Why is pH control important in enzymatic reaction.

為什麼在酶促作用中，控制 pH是非常重要的﹖

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

50

100

A B C

The effect of pH on the activity of three enzymes, A,B and C酸鹼度對三種酵素 、 C 活潑度的影響A B 和 的

Rate as a proportion of maximum activity (%)

按最

大速

率作

準則

的酵

素活

潑度

(%)

pH

Exercise (6)練習

10

(e) 1cm3 of a catalase solution was added to hydrogen peroxide solution at different pH values

and the time taken to collect 10cm3 of oxygen was measured. The results are recorded below.

於不同酸鹼度的過氧化氫溶液加進一毫升的過氧化氫酶溶液，記錄收集十毫升

氧氣所需的時間，結果記錄在下表。

pH of solution

溶液的酸鹼度

Time taken to collect gas / min.

收集氧氣所需的時間 / 分

4.0 20.0

5.0 13.0

6.0 10.0

7.0 13.0

8.0 17.0

Draw a graph of these results and comment on them.

將結果繪一曲線圖並加以評論。

4. The graph below shows the effects of two inhibitors, A and B, on the activity of an enzyme,

sucrase, which is responsible for the hydrolysis of sucrose.

下圖顯示兩種抑制物 A和 B對蔗糖酶的效應，蔗糖酶可水解蔗糖。

(a) Suggest, with reasons, a parameter which can be used to measure the rate of sucrose

hydrolysis.

以合適理由建議一些方法或標準去量度水解蔗糖的速度。

(b) State two precautions which must be kept constant throughout the experiment.

Explain how these conditions affects the rate of reaction.

說出在實驗期間必須保持穩定的兩個條件，解釋這些條件如何影響蔗糖的

水解速度。

(c) Compare and contrast the effects of inhibitor A and inhibitor B on the activity of sucrase.

比較抑制物 A和 B對蔗糖酶的效應。

(d) Explain how each inhibitor, A and B, exerts its effect on sucrase.

解釋抑制物 A和 B如何做成此等對蔗糖酶的效應。

no inhibitor added

沒有加抑制物

inhibitor A added

加了抑制物A

inhibitor B added

加了抑制物B

Substrate concentration (arbitrary unit)

基質的濃度 虛擬單位( )

En

zy

me

ac

tiv

ity

(a

rbit

rary

un

it)

的

活潑

度虛

擬單

位(

)

11

1. What makes 0.1% carbon dioxide concentration the optimum in photosynthetic rate?

為什麼在 0.1%的二氧化碳濃度下，光合作用的速率會是最適﹖

2. What was the effect of increasing light intensity on photosynthetic rate

增加光強度對光合作用速率有何影響，當處於

(a) at relatively low light intensities ?

低光強度。

(b) at higher light intensities?

高光強度。

3. Suggest why the photosynthetic rate levels off at high light intensity.

解釋為什麼光合作用速率在高光強度時會變得平緩﹖

4. Explain how a comparison between the absorption and action spectra provides evidence for the

role of chloroplast pigments in photosynthesis.

解釋為什麼比較吸收光譜和作用光譜可提供光合色素在光合作用的功能的證據﹖

For questions 5-8, state which answer/answers are correct. More than one alternative may be

correct in each case.

在題目 5-8，那一個答案正確﹖注意可多於一個答案是正確的。

5. Cyclic photophosphorylation involves

循環光磷酸化作用與以下有關﹕

(a) formation of ATP.

ATP的形成。

(b) formation of NADP‧H2 .

NADP‧H2的形成。

(c) flow of electrons from chlorophyll via electron carriers back to chlorophyll.

葉綠素的電子經電子載體流回葉綠素。

(d) flow of electron via electron carriers from water to chlorophyll and then to NADP‧

電子經電子載體先流向葉綠素再流向 NADP。

(e) evolution of oxygen.

釋出電子。

6. Non- cyclic photophosphorylation involves

非循環光磷酸化作用與以下有關﹕

(a) formation of ATP.

ATP的形成。

(b) formation of NADP‧H2 .

NADP‧H2的形成。

Exercise (7)練習

12

(c) flow of electrons from chlorophyll via electron carriers back to chlorophyll.

葉綠素的電子經電子載體流回葉綠素。

(d) flow of electron via electron carriers from water to chlorophyll and then to NADP.

電子經電子載體先流向葉綠素再流向 NADP。

(e) evolution of oxygen.

釋出氧氣。

7. Phosphorylation

磷酸化作用是﹕

(a) describes the synthesis of NADP‧H2 from NADP.

形容 NADP‧H2從 NADP的合成。

(b) describes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

形容 ATP從 ADP和無機磷酸鹽的合成。

(c) requires a source of energy.

需要一能量來源。

(d) releases energy.

釋出能量。

8. The splitting of water during photosynthesis

光合作用中的水的裂解

(a) occurs as a direct result of light energy splitting water molecules.

是因陽光直接照射水分子而引起。

(b) occurs as a result of the dissociation of water molecules together with the constant removal

of the electrons and hydrogen ions so formed.

是因水分子的自然解離後所形成的電子及氫離子不斷被移除所引起。

(c) results in the evolution of carbon dioxide.

引致二氧化碳的釋出。

(d) requires oxygen.

需要氧氣。

9. Describe the shortest route a carbon atom could follow from carbon dioxide to becoming part of

描述碳原子從二氧化碳變成以下物質的一部分的最短途徑

(a) a fat

脂肪

(b) an amino acid

氨基酸

(c) a polysaccharide

多糖

13

10. Photosynthesis occurs in two stages, a light independent stage (light reaction) and a light

independent stage (dark reaction)

光合作用有兩個階段，那是需要光的光反應及不需要光的暗反應

(a) Where precisely in the plant cell does each stage occur?

精確地說出這些階段在植物細胞的何處發生﹖

(i) the light reaction

光反應

(ii) the dark reaction

暗反應

(b) (i) Which two compounds produced in the light reaction are subsequently used in the

dark reaction?

光反應所產生的那兩個化合物會用於後來的暗反應﹖

(ii) How are these two compounds produced?

這兩個化合物是如何產生的﹖

(c) Which compound acts as the acceptor of carbon dioxide in the dark reaction?

那個化合物作為暗反應中二氧化碳的受體﹖

11. Plant species A and B grow in different habitats. In an experiment the exchange of

carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and species A and B was determined over a range of

light intensities from darkness to the equivalent of mean noon sunlight. A constant temperature

was maintained throughout the experiment. The amount of carbon dioxide absorbed or released

was determined by measuring the carbon dioxide concentration in a stream of air before and

after it had passed over the plants . The data obtained are shown below.

兩個植物品種 A和 B居於不同的生境，在一實驗中，大氣與品種 A和 B的二氧

化碳交換在一定光強度範圍內被量度，這光強度範圍是從黑暗到平均的正午日照

強度，實驗期間維持固定的溫度，量度吸入或呼出的二氧化碳的數量的方法是透

過量度經過植物前及後的氣流內的二氧化碳濃度，數據顯於下表﹕

Net carbon dioxide absorption in arbitrary units

淨二氧化碳吸收(任意單位)

Light intensity as a percentage of mean

noon sunlight

光強度

以正午日照強度的百分比顯示 Species A

品種 A

Species B

品種 B

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

－0.1

+3.0

+5.3

+6.5

+6.5

+6.7

+6.8

+6.9

+6.5

+6.8

+6.7

－0.8

+0.6

+3.6

+7.0

+9.3

+11.5

+13.2

+15.0

+17.0

+18.0

+19.0

14

(a) Plot these data on a single set of axes.

將這些數據繪於單一圖軸內。

(b) Discuss the extent to which species A and species B might be able to grow in the same

habitat.

討論品種 A和 B生於同一生境的可能性及程度。

(c) (i) What is meant by the term ‘compensation point’ ?

何謂補償點﹖

(ii) clearly indicate on your graph the compensation point for species B.

在你所繪的圖中清楚指示出品種 B的補償點。

(d) (i) What is meant by the term ‘limiting factor’ ?

何謂限制因素﹖

(ii) From your knowledge of photosynthetic pathways, explain precisely how three

named factors can be limiting in photosynthesis.

以你所知的光合作用路徑，精確地指出並解釋三個限制光合作用的因素。

12. What is the unusual feature about the cell membrane of the villi and how will this affect

absorption of sugars and other foods?

絨毛的細胞膜有何獨特的特徵，這些特徵如何影響糖分及其他食物的吸收﹖

13. Name the organelles present in large numbers in the cells of the villi. How might they be

involved in the absorption of sugars and other foods.

說出在絨毛細胞大量出現的細胞器的名稱，它們如何影響糖分及其他食物的吸收﹖

14. State three things which might happens to amino acids in the liver.

說出氨基酸在肝臟內的三種命運。

15

1. What stage is common to both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

有氧呼吸與缺氧呼吸兩者皆有的階段是什麼﹖

2. What has happened to the carbon skeleton by the end of glycolysis?

糖酵解作用終結時碳軀幹變成了什麼﹖

3. What role does the Krebs cycle play in the breakdown of the carbon skeleton?

克雷伯氏循環在碳軀幹的分解上有什麼功能﹖

4. What happens to the carbon skeleton after glycolysis in anaerobic respiration in animals and

plants?

在動物和植物的缺氧呼吸的糖酵解作用中，碳軀幹分別最終變成了什麼﹖

5. How is the equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

misleading as a summary of the respiration of glucose?

方程式 C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 能量 於作為葡萄糖的呼吸作用的

總結中如何做成了誤導﹖

6. Compare the respiratory surfaces and the way in which oxygen passes from the respiratory

surface to the body cells in a human and a grass plant.

比較人類和草類植物的呼吸面及它們如何將氧氣從呼吸面運送到身體細胞的

方法﹖

7. What is the main advantage to terrestrial organisms of possessing an internal respiratory surface?

說出陸生生物擁有內呼吸面的主要優點。

8. Why is a ventilation mechanism required in humans but not in Amoeba?

為什麼人類需要一個呼吸機制而變形蟲卻不需要﹖

9. To what extent do you think the respiratory surface of a plant fulfils the major characteristics

of a respiratory surface?

你認為植物的呼吸面於滿足一個呼吸面的主要特徵上達到什麼的程度﹖

10. What is the effect of an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in blood as it enters a

capillary network?

當血液流進微血管網路，增加血液中二氧化碳的分壓會做成什麼的效應﹖

11. How does decreasing the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in lungs contribute to the

efficiency of haemoglobin as an oxygen carrier?

在肺部降低二氧化碳的分壓於血紅素運載氧氣上有什麼的貢獻﹖

12. Explain the possible effects of a decrease in environmental temperature on the rate of gaseous

exchange in

解釋降低環境的溫度對以下生物的氣體交換有什麼的效應﹖

(a) a well illuminated foliage leaf

一良好光照的樹葉

Exercise (8)練習

16

(b) a small mammal

一細小哺乳類

13. Explain the possible effects of a decrease in light intensity on gaseous exchange in a previously

well illuminated foliage leaf.

解釋降低一曾經良好光照的樹葉的光強度對它的氣體交換可做成什麼的影響﹖

14. The graph below shows the oxygen dissociation curves of haemoglobin with oxygen of two

species of mammals, A and B, in various oxygen partial pressures.

下圖顯示兩種哺乳動物 A和 B在不同氧氣分壓下的氧解離曲線。

(a) The oxygen dissociation curves of both mammals are sigmoid shape, what is the

physiological significance of having such shape?

兩種哺乳動物的氧解離曲線都呈 S字形，這在生理上有什麼的重要性﹖

(b) With reference to the percentage oxygen saturation curve of mammal A, calculate the

percentage of oxygen that can be release if the partial pressure of oxygen falls from

6.0 kPa to 3.0 kPa. (Show the readings you take from the graph in your calculation.)

參考哺乳動物 A的氧飽和曲線，計算氧氣釋出的百分比，若氧氣分壓由

6.0 kPa下降到 3.0 kPa。(在你的計算中，顯示在圖中所用的數據)

(c) Both mammals A and B live at sea level. Explain the difference in the two oxygen

dissociation curves.

哺乳動物 A和 B的生境同樣位於海平線上，解釋它們在氧解離曲線上的差異。

2 4 6 8 10 12

50

100

oxygen tension氧張力/kPa

% sat uration of haemoglobi n with oxygen

血紅

素氧

飽和

百分

比

mammal 哺乳 A動物

mammal哺乳 B動物

17

(d) A curve having a similar shape as that of mammal B can also be observed in mammal A

under certain conditions. Name two conditions that may produce such a curve.

Explain the significance of this.

在某些情況下，哺乳動物 A會有哺乳動物 B的曲線。寫出兩個出現這種曲線

的情況及解釋此等情況的重要性。

(e) Copy the axes and the curve of mammal A from the graph. Sketch an additional curve

to show the oxygen dissociation curves for haemoglobin if the blood has been treated

with carbon monoxide.

抄寫圖中的圖軸和哺乳動物 A的曲線，繪畫一條新的氧解離曲線以顯示

若血液曾被一氧化碳處理。

18

1. Suggests two ways that a single circulatory system could meet the demands of a higher

metabolic rate.

建議兩個於單循環系統中可迎合高代謝率需求的方法。

2. In an experiment performed on a monkey, the heart rate of the monkey under each of the

following conditions was monitored :

在一猴子實驗中，猴子的心搏率於以下不同的情況下被量度

(1) in the resting state (as the control).

休息中 (作為對照)

(2) electrical stimulation of nerve A which innervates the heart, and

控制心跳的神經 A被電擊，及

(3) electrical stimulation of nerve B which also innervates the heart.

控制心跳的神經 B被電擊

The results are as follows :

結果如下:

Resting state

休息中

Nerve A stimulation

神經 A被電擊

Nerve B stimulation

神經 B被電擊

Heart rate (beats/min)

心搏率 (次/分鐘) 100 150 80

(a) State the effects of the above nerve stimulations on heart rate.

說出以上電擊對心搏率的效應。

What can you deduce about the nature of innervations to the heart?

你對心搏率控制的性質有什麼的推論﹖

(b) Outline the mechanism which affects the heart rate under each of the following conditions :

簡述於以下情況下影響心搏率的機制﹕

(1) in the resting state

休息中

(2) when nerve A is stimulated

神經 A被電擊

(3) when nerve B is stimulated

神經 B被電擊

(c) Which part of the nervous system is responsible for regulating the activities of nerves A

and B?

神經系統的那一部分負責控制神經 A及 B 的活動﹖

Exercise (9)練習

19

(d) (1) Suggest a physiological state of the animal that would give a cardiac response similar to

that produced by stimulation of nerve A.

建議一個有與神經 A被電擊時心臟有著相同反應的生理狀態。

(2) What is the functional significance of such a response?

這反應有什麼的重要性﹖

(e) (1) Injection of chemical Y into the circulation of the animal would give a response similar

to that produced by electrical stimulation of nerve A. Suggest what chemical Y is.

注射一種藥物 Y進入猴子的血流中可引致與神經 A被電擊時相同的反應，

藥物 Y可能是什麼呢﹖

(2) What is the possible functional relationship between stimulation of nerve A and

chemical Y on the functioning of the heart?

神經 A受刺擊與藥物 Y於心臟的運作上有什麼的功能性關係﹖

(f) Based on the results of all the above experiments, summarize your understanding on the

mechanism controlling cardiac function.

根據以上的實驗結果，總結你對心搏控制機制的認識。

(g) How would the heart rate of the monkey at the resting state compare with that of man?

Account for such a difference.

你會如何比較休息中猴子與人類的心搏率，解釋此等不同處。

3. Suggest one way in which the piliferous layer is well adapted for water uptake.

於根毛層如何適應水分的吸收方面作出一個建議。

4. Name the regions through which water must move during its passage from the root hairs

to the xylem where long-distance transport occurs.

說出水分從根毛到木質部的長途旅程所經的區域名稱。

20

1. During muscle contraction, what happens to

當肌肉收縮時，以下的結構有什麼事發生﹖

(a) the A band

A帶

(b) the I band

I帶

(c) the sarcomere length

肌節的長度

(d) the lengths of the actin and myosin filaments?

肌動蛋白絲和肌球蛋白絲的長度

2. Explain the mechanism of muscle contraction by using the sliding filament hypothesis.

用肌絲滑動假說解釋肌肉收縮的機制原理。

3. The diagrams below are two photomicrographs of transverse sections through the stems of two

species of plants, A and B.

下圖的顯微片顯示兩個植物品種 A和 B的樹幹橫切面。

(a) State the type of habitat where each plant is usually found.

說出每種植物的常見生境。

(b) With reference to the features which you can found from the photomicrographs,

compare the ways of support in these two plants.

參考顯微片的特徵，比較這兩種植物獲取支持的方法。

A B

Exercise (10)練習

21

4. The diagrams below show the transverse sections of two types of cell found in angiosperms

A and B.

下圖顯示兩種有花植物 A和 B的細胞橫切面。

(a) Identify, with reasons, the types of cell shown in A and B.

辨認細胞種類 A和 B，請給予理由。

(b) State one function of each cell type. Give reasons for your answer.

說出每種細胞的一種功能，請給予理由。

(c) Give a possible site in the plant from which each section might have been taken.

說出這些細胞切片取自植物的那一個部位。

5. When animals have exoskeletons compared with that have endoskeletons, state and explain

當動物的外骨骼與內骨骼比較，說出並解釋它擁有的

(a) two advantages

兩個優點，

(b) two disadvantages that they possess.

兩個缺點。

A B

22

1. Explain the advantages of hermaphroditism to sessile or slow moving animals.

解釋雌雄同體對固地或慢行動物的優點。

2. Suggest a reason why most flowering plants are monoecious.

解釋為什麼有花植物大多是雌雄同株的﹖

3. Give a reason why self-fertilization might not benefit a species.

解釋為什麼自體受精對一個品種的生存沒有好處﹖

4. Consider the mode of life of aphids. Why is parthenogenesis a useful method of reproduction

for them?

參考蚜蟲的生活模式，為什麼單雌生殖是一個有利的繁殖方法﹖

5. Complete the table of menstrual cycle by filling in the empty spaces.

在空格上填上答案以完成下列的月經週期表。

Time (days)

時間(日)

Events in the ovary

在卵巢發生的事件

Events in the uterus

在子宫發生的事件

0-5 (a) occurs發生

5-13

(b) 發育成 develops into

(c)

(d)

14 (e) occurs發生

(f) If fertilization occurs,

若受精作用發生，

(h)

15-28 (g) If fertilization does not occur,

若受精作用沒有發生，

(i)

6. Which hormone is produced by the ovary in response to

於下列的激素作用下，有那種激素產生﹖

(i) luteinizing hormone,

黃體生成素

(ii) follicle stimulating hormone?

促卵泡激素

What are the target organs of these two hormones?

這兩種激素的目標器官是什麼﹖

7. What series of events will occur as a result of the inhibitory action of progesterone and

oestrogen?

在孕酮及雌激素的抑制作用下，有什麼的連串事件發生﹖

Exercise (11)練習

23

8. What is the signal for the resumption of FSH production which sets the cycle in motion again?

使促卵泡激素再次產生以啟動月經週期的訊號是什麼﹖

9. Describe the process of implantation and formation of the placenta.

描述植入及胎盤形成的過程。

10. Many mammals have regular ovulation cycle controlled by a mechanism in which pituitary

hormones interact with ovarian hormones to produce a periodic activity. In humans, this

is known as the menstrual cycle. The graphs below show the major hormonal changes

involved in the control of the menstrual cycle.

很多哺乳類能定時排卵，是因為其腦下垂體激素和卵巢激素交互作用下產生一個

週期性活動。在人類，這週期性的活動就是月經週期。下圖顯示這些控制着月經

週期的主要激素變化。

(a) (i) Account for the rise in FSH at day 1.

解釋在週期的第一日，FSH上升的原因。

(ii) State the importance of such change.

解釋這些改變的重要性。

(b) (i) Explain the increase in blood oestrogen level from day 6 to day 12.

解釋在 6至 12日，血液中雌激素上升的原因。

(ii) State the importance of such increase in oestrogen level.

指出這雌激素上升的重要性。

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 281

FSH LH

oestrogen 雌激素 progesterone 孕酮

pituitary hormones(gonadotrophins)

垂體激素

( )促性腺素

ovarian hormones (steroids)

卵巢激素類固醇( )

thickness of uterus wall

子宮內膜的厚度

Time /days時間 日

24

(c) (i) Explain the cause of the LH peak occurred in the mid-cycle.

解釋在月經週期的中間，LH達到峰值的原因。

(ii) State the importance of such LH peak in the menstrual cycle.

指出這 LH峰值在月經週期的重要性。

(d) (i) State and explain the effect of progesterone on LH and FSH.

指出及解釋孕酮對 LH和 FSH的影響。

(ii) State another function of progesterone in the menstrual cycle.

指出孕酮在月經週期裏的另一個功能。

(e) Account for the rapid drop in progesterone and oestrogen level at the end of the

menstrual cycle and state the consequences.

解釋在月經週期的後期，雌激素和孕酮急速下降的原因，說出所做成

的後果。

11. During sexual reproduction in mammals, sperms are transported from penis to vagina, whereas

in flowering plants, pollen grains are transported from anther to stigma. Contrast the sexual

processes mentioned above, and the latter on male and female gametes fusion.

在哺乳類的有性繁殖當中，精子由陰莖運送至陰道內; 在有花植物的有性繁殖，

花粉則由花藥運送至柱頭。試比較上述的精子和花粉粒的運送及隨後雌雄配子的

融合，其中的過程有什麼的不同處﹖

25

1. ‘True growth is not simply an increase in size.’ State below four different ways in which

true growth may be defined.

「真正的生長並非只是體積的增加」，列出四種不同的方法以界定真正的生長。

2. State two external factors which influence growth in plants and describe one effect of each.

說出兩種可影響植物生長的外在因素，並解釋每種因素其中的一個效應。

3. Why could we not use the fresh weight to measure the growth of trees as for man?

Suggest two alternative methods which could be used with trees.

為什麼量度樹木的生長不可像人般量度鮮重﹖建議兩種另外的方法以量度樹木的

生長。

4. In what circumstances could it be of advantage to a plant for its seeds to lie dormant for a long

time?

在什麼的情況下植物種子的長期休眠對植物的生存有利﹖

5. What structure(s) might cause seeds to be impermeable to the entrance of water and oxygen?

什麼結構令到種子對水分和氧氣不具透性﹖

6. Suggest two ways in which the seed coat may be permeable to water and oxygen when seed is

lying in the soil.

建議兩種當種子在泥土時令種皮對水分和氧氣具透性的方法。

7. Why is oxygen necessary in seed germination?

為什麼種子的萌發需要氧氣﹖

8. Seedlings from 100 g of maize seeds were grown in the dark for 10 days. The seedlings were

then analyzed and compared with 100 g of ungerminated maize seeds. The results were recorded

in the table below.

從 100克玉米種子萌發的幼苗於黑暗中種植 10天，幼苗的成分被分析後與 100克

的未萌發種子比較，結果紀錄於下表。

Dry mass of ungerminated seeds

未萌發種子的乾重

Dry mass of seedling after 10 days

種植 10天的幼苗乾重

Cellulose

纖維素

Starch

澱粉

Other organic material

其他有機物

Ash

灰燼

3 g

62 g

14 g

1 g

6 g

8 g

28 g

3 g

Total dry mass 總乾重 80 g 45 g

Exercise (12)練習

26

(a) Why is dry mass used for comparison?

為什麼用乾重作比較﹖

(b) How would you ensure that the drying process had completed?

如何確定焗乾的過程完全完成﹖

(c) Account for the decrease in the total dry mass of the seedlings.

解釋幼苗的總乾重為什麼會下跌﹖

(d) Why did the seedlings contain more cellulose than the seeds?

為什麼幼苗較種子含有較多的纖維素﹖

(e) What is the most likely carbon source used to form this new cellulose?

形成這新纖維素的碳原子來自何處﹖

9. List three differences between primary and secondary growth.

列出三個初生生長和次生生長的不同處﹖

10. What would be the effect of secondary growth on the primary phloem and xylem related with

appearance?

在外觀上次生生長對初生韌皮部和木質部有什麼的影響﹖

11. What is the significance of the larval phase in the life cycle of insects?

昆蟲生活週期的幼蟲階段有什麼的重要性﹖

27

1. What are the distribution of sodium and potassium ions in cytoplasm and extracellular fluids

of the axon?

鈉和鉀離子在軸突的細胞質和胞外液是如何分佈的﹖

2. Explain what is happening at each numbered point on the action potential.

解釋下圖動作電位所示的數字正發生什麼事情。

3. Complete the following sentences in order to have a clear understanding of the conduction of

nerve impulse along a nerve fibre.

完成以下句子，以清楚解釋神經脈衝如何在神經纖維上傳遞。

In resting state, the membrane of a neurone is internally with respect to the

outside. This potential difference is known as and in this condition, the

membrane is said to be polarized.

在休止狀態，神經元的內膜相較外膜帶 ，此種電位差名為 ，在此種

情況下，胞膜被極化。

The concentration of is much higher inside the neurone and thus rapidly diffuses

out. The concentration is maintained by the which actively

transporting in potassium ions and removing sodium ions. This is a kind of and

requires ATP.

的濃度在胞膜內面較外面為高，故此快速向外擴散，胞膜內外的離子濃度

是由. 所維持的，它運入鉀離子而排除鈉離子，這是一種 ，故此

需要 ATP。

Positive

正

Negative

負

2

3

4

51

Resting potential

休止電位

0

Membrane potential difference / mv

膜電

位差

/ mv

Exercise (13)練習

28

The sodium-potassium pump of neurone when excited. The permeability of the

membrane to sodium while to potassium at the point of stimulation. As a

result, pour into the neurone because there is a high concentration outside which has

been maintained by the sodium pump. This brings about a reversal of potential – the inside of

neurone changes from negative to positive. This is called and the resulting potential

is called because it can cause depolarization of other region and can therefore

move along the neurone.

當神經元被激活時，鉀-鈉泵會 ，在受刺激的部位，胞膜對鈉離子的透性會

而對鉀離子的透性則 ，結果因為 在外面的濃度較高，會湧進神

經元內，它在外的濃度過往都是由鉀-鈉泵所維持於高水平的，這使到神經元上的

電荷被逆轉，內面由負極變為正極，這名為 ，而所產生的電位名 ，

因為它可使其他區域去極化，使到神經脈衝沿神經元傳遞開去。

4. What changes occur in the nerve cell during recovery after an impulse?

在脈衝傳遞過後的復原階段，神經元有什麼轉變﹖

5. Write one sentence summarizing the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.

以一句句子總結交感神經及副交感神經的效應。

6. State two ways in which the functions of the autonomic nervous system differ from those of the

other parts of the nervous system.

寫出自主神經系統與其他的神經系統功能上的兩個不同處。

7. The roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems within the autonomic nervous system

are often antagonistic. Give one example of this type of antagonistic control and explain the

precise roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems in your example.

交感神經系統及副交感神經系統於自主神經系統內的功能經常是拮抗性的，舉一

例以說明此種拮抗性的控制，並以此例解釋交感神經及副交感神經系統的切實功

能。

8. Contrast the transmission of a nervous impulse within a neurone and its transmission between

neurones.

試述神經脈衝在神經元內的傳遞及在兩個神經元之間的傳遞有何不同。

9. The pituitary gland is sometimes described as the ‘master gland’ of the body. Suggest reasons

for this.

腦下垂體常被稱為身體的主要腺體，以理由解釋此點。

10. Which endocrine glands are concerned with sexual maturation? Name their hormones.

那些內分泌腺與性的成熟有關﹖說出有關的激素。

11. Name two hormones which have very specific target organs.

說出兩種有非常專特性目標器官的激素。

12. Name two hormones that work antagonistically.

說出兩種於工作上具拮抗性的激素。

29

13. The graph below shows the hormonal changes during pregnancy, birth and lactation in a

woman.

下圖顯示一女人在懐孕、生產和授乳時激素轉變的情況。

(a) The blood progesterone level increases during the period of pregnancy.

血內的孕酮水平隨着懷孕而上升。

(i) Identify structures A and B.

說出結構 A和 B的名稱。

(ii) Explain the function of this hormone during pregnancy.

解釋孕酮在懷孕時的功能。

(b) Using the information given in the graph, explain why there would not be further ovulation

once a woman get pregnant.

利用上圖的資料，解釋為什麼這女人在懷孕時不會再排卵。

(c) Most ‘pregnancy test’ kids based on one of the hormones indicated in the graph.

Which hormone is most likely to be tested? Explain your choice.

許多驗孕小包都是探測上圖所載的一種激素，這是那種激素呢？請解釋。

(d) A peak of hormone Y occurs at birth.

激素 Y在生產時達到高峰。

20 10 30 40 50

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Fertilization受精作用 Birth分娩

Pregnancy懷孕期 Lactation哺乳期

Time (Weeks )

時間週

hormone X激素

hormone Y激素

hormone Z激素

progesterone produced by structure A

結構 產生的孕酮A

progesterone produced by structure B

結構 產生的孕酮B

horm

one level (arbitrary unit)

激素

水平

任意

單位

()

30

(i) Identify this hormone and explain the role of it at birth.

指出這激素的名稱及解釋它在生產時的作用。

(ii) State another function of this hormone.

指出這激素另外的一個功能。

(e) (i) Which hormone shown in the graph is most likely to be responsible for the production

of milk? Give an evidence to support your answer.

圖中的那種激素和母乳的產生有關？請給予證據以支持你的答案。

(ii) Identify this hormone and state the source of its secretion.

說出這激素的名稱及由那處分泌。

(iii) Describe and explain the control of its secretion before and after birth.

描述及解釋在生產前後，如何控制其分泌呢？

(iv) Name another hormone which is responsible for repairing of uterine lining.

說出負責修補子宮內膜的另一種激素的名稱。

14. An experiment was conducted to study the photoperiodic response of flowering in two species

of plants, A and B. Individual plants of the two species were exposed to different lengths of

light periods and the number of plants with flowering responses were recorded. The results are

shown in the table below:

進行一實驗以研究兩種植物 A和 B開花的光週期現象，這兩種植物的許多個體被

放置於不同光照時間的環境中，它們的開花表現紀錄於下表。

Flowering response 開花反應 (%)

Length of light

Period (hours)

日照長度 (小時) Species品種 A Species品種 B

4 100 0

8 100 0

10 96 10

12 40 55

14 8 98

16 0 100

18 0 100

20 0 100

22 0 100

24 0 100

(a) Plot the above data in a graph.

將以上數據繪成曲線圖。

31

(b) How would you classify species A according to its photoperiodic response? Explain your

answer.

根據光週期現象，你如何界定品種 A﹖解釋你的答案。

(c) In another experiment, plants of species A were subjected to the following treatments:

在另一實驗，品種 A接受如下處理﹕

State whether each of the above treatments would produce a flowering response.

Explain your answer in each case.

指出以上那一個處理會引致開花，解釋你的答案。

(d) Name the plant hormone responsible for flowering. Explain how it works in both long

day plants and short day plants

說出負責令植物開花的激素名稱，解釋它如何在長日照及短日照植物運作。

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 t ime (hours)時間 小時 ( )

= light光 = dark暗

treatment 3處理3

treatment 1處理1

treatment 2處理2

32

1. Explain why the metabolic rate of endotherms falls as environmental temperature rises.

解釋為什麼環境的溫度上升會導致內溫動物的代謝率下降。

2. State and account for the general difference in level of oxygen consumption between endotherms

and ectotherms.

說出並解釋內溫動物與外溫動物在氧氣的消耗量的一般的不同處。

3. Predict what might happen to the

預測對以下動物代謝曲線所發生的影響

(i) ectotherms

外溫動物

(ii) endotherms

內溫動物

metabolism curves between environmental temperatures of 40oC and 50

oC. Explain your answer.

當環境溫度上升至 40 oC至 50

oC之間，解釋你的答案。

4. In mammal, when the environmental temperature is high, what will be the two main sources of

heat loss?

在哺乳類，當環境溫度很高時，主要的兩個散熱途徑是什麼﹖

5. Explain the significance of the rich capillary supply to sweat glands.

解釋汗腺有充足血液供應的重要性。

6. 30 minutes after a meal rich in carbohydrates, the blood glucose rises to a peak and then fall off

and reach the normal level at 70 minute. Explain the change of blood glucose level at this period.

吃了一頓豐富的碳水化合物大餐的 30分鐘後，血糖水平上升至頂峰，然後在 70

分鐘後回落至正常水平，解釋此段期間血糖水平的轉變。

7. Explain how an elongated loop of Henle in a desert mammal might assist in homeostasis.

解釋沙漠哺乳類擁有很長的亨利氏套如何幫助體內平衡。

8. In an investigation to study the effect of a dry diet on the growth of animals, the fresh mass of

three species of rats, A, B and C was measured. Ten rats of each species were given a diet

of dry barley grains without water supply for a period of 30 days. They were weighed every

5 days and their percentage change in mass was calculated. The results are shown in the

table below:

在一個研究只進食乾燥食物對生長的影響的實驗中，三種老鼠 A、B和 C的

鮮重被量度，每個品種以 10隻為一組，只准進食乾大麥粒，不准飲水，每

5日量重一次，於 30日內量度鮮重，牠們體重轉變的百分比紀錄於下表﹕

Exercise (14)練習

33

Average percentage change in mass of each species (%)

每個品種的平均體重百分比改變 (%)

Time (days)

時間(日)

A B C

0 0 0 0

5 +1.4 -1.4 -8.5

10 +3.1 -2.6 -15.8

15 +5.8 -3.9 -24.2

20 +8.0 -6.0 -30.6

25 +8.4 -6.5 -35.9

30 +9.2 -7.5 /

Key: ‘+’ indicates % gain and ‘－’ indicates % loss

圖例：‘+’ 代表％增加，‘－’代表％減少

(a) State and explain two environmental factors which must be kept constant throughout

the experiment.

說出及解釋於這實驗裏必須保持平穩不變的兩個環境因素。

(b) (i) Why were ten rats rather than a single rat used for each species?

為什麼每一品種用 10隻老鼠而非一隻鼠作為實驗？

(ii) Why was the percentage change in mass measured rather than the actual body mass?

為什麼量度體重百分比的改變而非量度實際體重的改變﹖

(c) (i) Which species appears to be best adapted to life in the desert?

Explain your answer with reference to the data.

那一品種的老鼠最適合沙漠的生活？用以上的數據去解釋你的答案。

(ii) Suggest how the structure of the kidney of the species you have chosen in (c) (i) may

differ from that of the other two species. Explain how such structural adaptations of

the kidney aids in the survival in such a dry habitat.

指出在 (c) (i) 所選擇的品種，牠的腎臟結構和其他的兩個品種有什麼不

同，解釋這結構上的適應如何幫助牠們在沙漠環境中生存。

(iii) How can the rat obtain water in the absence of external water supply?

解釋這沙漠鼠如何在完全沒有水分供應下得到水。

(iv) If the rate in the experiment was given a diet of soya beans instead of barley grains,

the body mass of them dropped. Suggest a possible explanation for this.

如果實驗中所用的老鼠不吃大麥，改吃大豆，它們的體重會快速下降，

說出一個可能的解釋。

(d) Explain the hormonal control of the water content in rat A in adapting its habitat.

解釋老鼠 A如何利用激素協調控制體內的水分以適應其生境。

(e) Suggest another possible adaptation of the species to drought.

說出這些品種適應乾旱的另外一些方法

34

9. The below diagram shows a transverse section through the leaf of a grass.

下圖顯示一草類樹葉的橫切面。

(a) Describe three features visible in the diagram which identify the grass as a drought-

resistant species.

描述三種圖中可見的特徵以辨定此草類是抗旱性植物。

(b) What drought-resistant feature would you expect the root system of this species of grass?

Give reasons for your answer.

你認為會在此草的根系中可找到什麼的抗旱性特徵，解釋你的答案。

(c) State two features of xerophytes not shown in the diagram.

說出不在圖中顯示的兩種旱生植物特徵。

35

1. Using any of the terms from below, complete the diagram which illustrates the sequence of

events in the addition of an amino acid to a peptide chain in the process of protein synthesis.

使用以下名詞，完成在蛋白質合成時逐次加上一個氨基酸以合成多肽鏈的流程

圖。

(amino acid, anti-codon, centriole, chromatid, histamine, mitochondrion, rRNA, mRNA, tRNA)

(氨基酸、反密碼子、中心粒、染色單體、組織胺、粒線體、rRNA, mRNA, tRNA)

2. The graph below shows a sequence of events occurred inside the ovary of a female mammal

starting from a dividing cell.

下圖顯示的一連串事件發生在一雌性哺乳類卵巢內的一分裂中細胞。

Nucleus細胞核

APolypeptide

多

+

B

D E

C

1

2

3

4

cell cycle 1細胞週期 cell cycle 2細胞週期 cell cycle 3細胞週期

R S

TA Dormant period休眠期

Amount of DNA per nucleus

(Arbitrary unit)基因的數量( 意單位任 )

time時間

Exercise (15)練習

36

(a) Which cell cycle would produce haploid daughter cells?

那個細胞週期會產生單倍體子細胞﹖

(b) Identify the types of cell division occurred in cell cycles 1 and 2, give reasons for

your identification.

辨別細胞週期 1和細胞週期 2的類別，請給予理由。

(c) To which phase of cell cycle 1 does period A belong? Explain your answer.

細胞週期 1內的期 A屬於週期內的那一期呢？解釋你的答案。

(d) Distinguish the peculiar events occurred at points R and S.

分辨在 R點和 S點所發生的獨特事件。

(e) What is happening at point T related to reproduction. What is the significance of this event?

T點所發生的事情和生殖有關，那是什麼事呢﹖這事情有什麼的重要性﹖

(f) What kind of cell division is occurring beyond point T? What is the significance of this

type of division?

在 T點後發生的細胞分裂是何種類，這類細胞分裂有什麼的重要性？

3. (a) When does chiasmata formation and crossing over occur?

交叉點的形成及互換在何時發生﹖

(b) Between which structures does exchange of genes occur?

基因的互換在那些結構間發生﹖

4. A colour blind woman marries a man of normal vision and their first child is a boy. The boy’s

maternal grandmother has normal vision, but his maternal grandfather was colour blind.

一色盲女子嫁給一正常視力的男子，他們的首位孩子是男孩，男孩的外婆有正

常視力，但他的外公是色盲的。

(a) What are the genotypes, as to vision of the boy, the parents and the grandparents?

於視力而論，男孩、他的雙親及外祖父母的基因型是什麼﹖

(b) If the boy had a sister, what would her genotype be?

若男孩有一妹妹，她的基因型可能是什麼﹖

(c) If the boy grew up and married a woman genotypically like his sister, what type of

vision would be expected among the offspring?

若男孩長大後娶了一個基因型與妹妹一樣的女子，他的子女會有什麼的

基因型﹖

5. In Drosophila, the X chromosome of pair I can carry a recessive allele (m) causing miniature

wings. Normal flies have long wings.

Chromosome pair II may carry a recessive allele (b) which produces black body. Normal flies

have grey bodies. Describe the F1 and F2 genotypes and phenotypes resulting from a cross

between the following pure breeding individuals:

在果蠅，I號染色體的 X染色體可帶有隱性的短翼等位基因(m)，正常者有長翼。

II號染色體可帶有隱性的黑體基因(b)，正常者有灰翼。說出以下純種個體交配

產生的後代 F1 和 F2的基因型及表現型。

a black female with long wings X a grey body male with miniature wings

雌性的黑體長翼 X 雄性的灰體短翼

37

6. A woman has a haemophiliac son and three normal sons.

一女子有一個血友病的兒子及三個正常的兒子。

(a) What is her genotlype and that of her husband with respect to this gene? Explain.

於此基因，她和她的丈夫的基因型是什麼﹖請解釋。

(b) Could she have a haemophiliac daughter? Explain your answer with reasons.

她可否有一個血友病的女兒，解釋你的答案。

7. If two genes lie very close together on the same chromosome, is it likely that a chiasma will

separate them? Explain your answer.

若兩個連鎖的基因非常相近，交叉點能否輕易將它們分離﹖解釋你的答案。

8. Explain how crossing over can lead to variation.

解釋互換如何導致變異﹖

9. Why are the gametes of interspecific hybrids inviable?

為什麼不同品種交配所得的雜種不能產生活生的配子﹖

10. Suggest a reason why the frequency of polyploidy is higher in plants than in animals.

解釋為什麼植物出現多倍體的機會高於動物的。

11. What is an alteration in the sequence of bases called when using genetic term? Give one

example of how this alteration might be caused.

以遺傳學名詞描述換了鹼基順序的情況，以一例子解釋這是如何發生的。

12. In a cross of sweet pea, plants with long pollen grains and purple flowers was crossed with

plants with round pollen grain and red flowers. The F1 plants were all purple flowered with long

pollen grains. However, in the F2 there were

在一甜豆的交配中，有長花粉粒和紫花的植物和一有圓花粉粒和紅花的植物交配，

F1全都是有長花粉粒和紫花的植物，F2的結果如下:

Phenotype表現型表現型表現型表現型 Number of peas豆的數目豆的數目豆的數目豆的數目

Long purple 長花粉粒紫花 483

Round purple 圓花粉粒紫花 39

Long red 長花粉粒紅花 38

Round red 圓花粉粒紅花 156

(a) Deduce and explain the dominance and recessiveness of the alleles in the

determination of the shape of pollen grains and flower colour.

推斷及解釋決定甜豆花粉粒形狀及花色的顯隱性。

(b) According to Medel’s second law (law of independent assortment), what theoretical ratio

would you expect the four classes to show in the F2 ? Explain your answer with the aid of

a Punnett square.

根據孟德爾的第二定律(獨立分離定律)，你認為在 F2的四類子代的理論性比例

該為何﹖請用龐氏表解釋你的答案。

(c) What is the actual ratio of the cross, do the results obey Medel’s second law?

實際的比例是甚麼﹖這是否符合孟德爾的第二定律﹖

(d) How would you explain the experimental ratio? You may explain with a genetic diagram.

你如何解釋實驗的比例，你可以用遺傳圖幫助你解釋。

38

13. In sweet peas, long pollen grains and purple flower are the wild type characters controlled

by dominant alleles. In an experiment, a plant with long pollen grains and purple flower is

crossed with another plant with round pollen grains and red flower. Phenotypes of the F1

progeny produced and the number of peas in each phenotypic group are shown in the

table below:

在甜豆，長花粉粒及紫花都是由顯性基因所控制的正常野生形態。在一個實驗裏，

一株有長花粉粒及紫花的植物和一株有圓花粉粒及紅花的植物交配，F1的表現型

記錄如下表：

Phenotype表現型表現型表現型表現型 Number of peas豆的數目豆的數目豆的數目豆的數目

Long purple 長花粉粒紫花 182

Round purple 圓花粉粒紫花 2286

Long red 長花粉粒紅花 2358

Round red 圓花粉粒紅花 185

Explain the observed results with the aid of a genetic diagram.

利用遺傳圖的幫助，對所得的結果，加以合理的解釋。

39

1. Define the term selection pressure in your own words.

用你自己的言語為選擇壓力下定義。

2. A population of human beings will contain many more colour blind individuals than

haemophiliacs although the genes are transmitted in the same way. Explain this difference in

frequency.

人類的社群中色盲患者比血友病患者為多，雖則基因傳遞的方法是一樣的，請

解釋這患病率上的差異。

3. Briefly describe the use of the following for dating fossils and in each case comment on its

reliability.

請簡單介紹以下計算化石年齡的方法並對它們的準確性作出評論。

(a) evidence from sedimentary rocks

位於沉積岩的層次

(b) radioactive decay

放射性同位素的衰變

4. Explain how each of the following can be used to provide evidence for evolution.

解釋下列事物如何提供進化上的證據。

(a) homologous organs

同源器官

(b) melanism of peppered moth

斑點蛾的黑化

(c) Drug and pesticide resistance

對藥物及殺蟲藥的抗藥性

5. A group of finches from the S. America main land colonized the Galapagos Islands. Later this

group of finches evolved to 6 main types of finches.

一群從南美大陸遷移來的燕鷗聚居於加拉巴哥斯群島上，後來這群燕鷗演化為

六種燕鷗。

(a) What main factors have contributed to the evolution of so many finch species in the

Galapagos islands?

主要是什麼的因素促成加拉巴哥斯群島的燕鷗進化成眾多的品種﹖

(b) There are more species of finch than other birds on the island. Suggest an explanation

for this.

島上的燕鷗品種較其他雀鳥的品種為多，提出一個合理的解釋。

(c) Why is the diversity of finch types on the South American mainland less than on the

island?

為什麼南美大陸的燕鷗品種較該島為少﹖

Exercise (16)練習

40

(d) The different finch species on the island do not interbreed. What might this indicate?

島上各種不同的燕鷗不會交配，這顯示什麼道理﹖

(e) All the species of finch on the island are dull-coloured. Give two ways in which recognition

might occur between sexes of the same species of finch..

所有島上各種不同的燕鷗都是暗色的，說出兩個方法燕鷗用以辨別同種間的

性別。

6. How might each of the following be used as support for the theory of evolution?

以下的事物可如何用作支持進化論的證據﹖

(a) Human beings possess an appendix which seems to have no function.

人類擁有看似無用的蚓突。

(b) Marine sharks retain urea in their blood, thus maintaining their osmotic pressure close

to that of the surrounding sea water. Fresh water sharks show the same

海洋生鯊魚將尿素保留於血液中，這可提升牠們的滲透壓至接近海水的水平，

淡水生鯊魚血液中的尿素濃度也是一樣。

(c) Viral DNA has the same basic structure as human DNA.

病毒的 DNA擁有與人類一樣的基本結構。

41

1. Which of the following are examples of biome, ecosystem, community and population?

下列那些是生物群落、生態系、群落和種群的例子﹖

(a) a hives of bees

一窩蜜蜂

(b) a lake

一個湖

(c) a coniferous forest

一個針葉林

(d) a sandy shore

一個沙灘

(e) the pond weeds, the water fleas and the fishes in a pond

池塘內的水草、水蚤及魚類

2. What limits the number of trophic levels in an ecosystem?

什麼限制了食性層次在生態系的數目﹖

3. Which would be the best way of comparing two ecosystem? By pyramids of number, biomass

or energy? Explain your answer.

那一個是比較兩個生態系的最好方法，用數目塔、生物量塔還是能量塔﹖解釋你

的答案。

4. How does the movement of energy and nutrients differ within an ecosystem?

生態系內的能量流及營養流有何不同﹖

5. Describe the flow of energy through a named ecosystem in detail.

以例子詳細解釋能量如何流經一個生態系。

6. With reference to the sigmoid growth curve answer the following questions.

參考 S形生長曲線回答以下問題。

(a) Why does the lag phase start slowly?

為什麼停滯期增長緩慢﹖

(b) List three environmental factors (resistance) other than shortage of food, oxygen or water

which may cause the growth of the population to decelerate.

寫出食物、氧氣及水分短缺以外的三個環境因素(阻力)令致種群的增長減慢。

(c) How do you explain the stationary phase in which the number of individuals in the

population remains constant?

你如何解釋靜止期中的種群數目維持穩定。

Exercise (17)練習

42

7. In an afforestation plan, a natural vegetation which consisted of shrubs and grasses was

burnt-off. Tree seedlings were then planted on the land after one year. The new vegetation

was allowed to grow naturally until 1960 when a proportion of the trees were cut down

and removed (tree thinning). After a total of 70 years from the implementation of the plan,

all the trees were felt down with the implantation of new seedlings. Throughout the period,

the amount of each category of the vegetation was measured by sampling and the total

biomass was calculated. The results are shown in the graph below:

在一個植林計劃，含有大量灌木和野草的天然植被被燒掉，一年後在原地栽種

新樹苗，新植被在這地上自然生長，直至 1960年，部分樹木會斬下移去，一個

名為疏林的過程，植林 70年後，所有樹木都會被收割再種新樹苗。在整個植林

期間，每種植物都會被不斷地抽樣調查以計算它們的總生物量，結果繪於下圖：

(a) Suggest two reasons for burning the natural vegetation one years before planting the

trees?

寫出兩個原因，解釋為什麼在植樹之前一年要燒掉灌木和野草。

(b) Suggest why the biomass of grasses did not fall to zero when burnt in 1930.

解釋為什麼在 1930年燒掉野草時，野草的生物量沒有立即跌到零呢？

(c) Explain why the biomasses of grasses and shrubs increased rapidly after burning?

解釋為什麼燒掉野草和灌木後，它們的生物量會快速增加？

(d) Account for the immediately rise in the biomass of trees in 1931.

解釋為什麼在 1931年，樹木的生物量即時有可觀的增長。

(e) Suggest a reason for the fall in biomasses of grasses and shrubs from 1950 to 1960.

寫出一個理由以解釋在 1950至 1960年間，野草和灌木的生物量下降。

(f) Why did the biomass of shrubs fall during tree thinning?

解釋為何在疏林後，灌木的生物量會減少？

(g) Why was there a subsequent increase in the biomass of grasses after tree thinning in 1960?

解釋為什麼在疏林後的 1960年，野草的生物量會增加。

1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

increasing biomass生物量增加

Trees樹木

Shrubs灌木

Grasses野草

Year年

43

8. In an experiment to study the interaction between a protozoan A and two other protozoans, B

and C, species A was grown separately and grown together with species B and C respectively.

The number of viable cells per unit volume of culture solution were counted for each

species in each combination. The results are shown in the graph below:

在一研究原生動物 A與其他兩種原生動物 B及 C的交互作用中，動物 A會獨自

飼養及分別與動物 B和動物 C一起飼養，每種組合培養液內的各類活細胞會被

數算以求其每單位體積培養液內的數量，結果繪於下表。

(a) Describe and explain the shape of the growth curve in graph 1.

形容及解釋圖 1的曲線形狀。

(b) (i) Suggest, with reasons, the interaction between species A and B.

以理由推斷動物 A與動物 B的交互作用。

(ii) What is the ecological importance of the interaction to species A in the natural

environment?

在自然生境中，以上交互作用對動物 A的生存有什麼的生態學意義﹖

(c) (i) Suggest, with reasons, the interaction between species A and C.

以理由推斷動物 A與動物 C的交互作用。

(ii) What is the phenomenon (principle) shown in graph 3?

圖 3顯示什麼的定理﹖

(d) Design proper experiments to verify your suggestion in (b) (i) and (c) (i).

設計實驗以驗證你在題目(b) (i)及(c) (i)的推斷。

5 10 15 20 50

100

num

ber of via

ble

cel

ls p

er

cult

ure

solu

tion

每培

養液

含有

的活

細胞

數量

cm

3cm

3

time (day) 間 ( )時 日

5 10 15 20 time (day) 間 ( )時 日

Graph 2圖2

5 10 15 20 time (day) 間 ( )時 日

Graph 3圖3

Graph 1圖1

A A

A

B

C

44

1. Outline the beneficial aspects of microorganisms.

簡述微生物的各種益處。

2. Explain the importance of microorganisms in nature.

解釋微生物在自然界的重要性。

3. If the sample contain high concentration of bacteria, it has to be diluted before inoculation.

Describe the dilution method.

若水版的含菌量很高，它在種菌前必須加以稀釋，介紹稀釋水版的方法。

4. In an experiment to study the population growth of the bacterium, E. coli, some E. coli

cells were grown in a culture solution containing bovine. Samples were taken out from the

culture at 30 minute intervals and the number of viable cells was estimated. The results were

represented by curve A in the below graph:

在一研究大腸桿菌的種群生長的實驗中，某些桿菌細胞置於含有牛肉汁的培養

液內培養，每隔 30分鐘抽取樣本數算活細胞以計算培養液內所有桿菌的數目

，結果繪於下圖的曲線 A。

(a) Explain why E. coli was chosen in the experiment.

解釋為什麼揀選大腸桿菌作此實驗。

(b) State one experimental condition which must be kept constant throughout the experimental

period and explain how the growth of bacterial population will be affected by a change in

this conditions.

說出一個於整個實驗期間必須保持穩定的條件，解釋若條件有變會如何影響

細菌種群的生長。

(c) Suggest a method by which the number of viable cells in the culture can be estimated.

建議一個估計培養液內活細菌數目的方法。

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

Y

A

B

time (minutes)時間 分 ( )

viable cell count活細胞數目

(x 10 )6

Exercise (18)練習

45

(d) Describe and explain the growth pattern of E. coli as shown by curve A.

形容並解釋曲線 A所示的大腸桿菌生長模式。

(e) The experiment was repeated but at point Y, another culture solution was added to the

original culture and the subsequent growth of the bacterial population was represented

by curve B.

以上實驗重複再做，但在 Y點在原來的培養液內加上另一種培養液，其後

細菌種群的生長繪於曲線 B。

Deduce from the graph whether the culture solution added contains the same nutrient or

different nutrient. Explain your answer.

從上圖所見，推斷所加的培養液是與原來的一樣還是是一種不同的培養液，

解釋你的答案。

46

1. ‘Human need water to survive, but the global clean water sources is limited. However, the

exponential increase in population and urbanization keep on polluting this precious resource.

This not only endangered our health but also affect our children.’ Write an essay on this topic,

suggest some methods to conserve water and to minimize the pollution of water.

「人類需要水才可生存，惟地球上可用的清水水源有限，人口的增長及都市化等

不斷污染這有限的資源，不單危及我們的健康，還影響我們的後代」。以這題材，

撰文一篇，討論有何方法節省用水及減少對水源的污染。

2. Marine pollution has caused the drop of fish yield which affect the fisherman’s income.

Besides this, 'Overfishing' is one of the problems in the fishery industry of Hong Kong.

What factors caused overfishing ? What are the impacts of overfishing on the marine

ecosystem? Suggest some measures to the Hong Kong SAR Government to restore the

sustainability of fisheries in Hong Kong. Explain your answer.

海水污染做成魚的產量下降，對漁民構成損失，此外，「過度捕魚」是香港漁業

面對的另一個問題。請解釋那些因素導致過度捕魚？過度捕魚對海洋的生態有何

影響？試建議香港特區政府可採取那些措施以協助香港漁業的可持續性發展，

解釋你的答案。

3. Due to the shortage of land, land reclamation in Hong Kong is never stopped in Hong Kong.

It is associated with the intensive dredging activities carried out in the waters of Hong Kong.

These dredging activities require the digging up of the sea floor for sand to reclaim land.

What are the impacts of these activities on marine organisms and marine ecosystems of the

dredged and reclaimed areas.

因香港土地短缺，經常需要填海，以致香港的填海工程從未間斷，填海工程涉及

在本港海域進行龐大的挖泥工程，從海床挖起泥沙，運到填海區製造陸地。

這些工程對挖泥區及填海區的海洋生物及海洋生態系統有何影響？

4. Tropical rain forest is a forest located between 10o north and 10

o south of the equator.

They are being destroyed rapidly. What are the causes of their destruction ? What are the

ecological consequences of this deforestation?

熱帶雨林是位於赤道以南 10o及以北 10

o所包圍的地帶，它們正遭受迅速的毀滅，

原因為何？破壞熱帶雨林有什麼的生態後果﹖

Exercise (19)練習

47

1. If a person always takes in improper food, he will suffer from long term health problems.

With reference to the following 4 aspects, discuss what kind of diseases he will get and give

a full account of the biological basis concerned.

一個經常飲食不當的人，可引致長期性的健康問題，試就以下四方面論說他的

健康問題及有關的生物學根據。

(a) takes in contaminated food

進食曾受污染的食物

(b) always takes in excessive fat

時常進食含過多脂肪的食物

(c) always takes in excessive sugar

時常進食含過多糖份的食物

(d) always takes in excessive sodium

時常進食含過多鈉質的食物

2. A boy felt and hurt his leg. His leg bled. Two days later, the wound became infected and

swollen. What will be the various physiological responses of the boy’s body to the infection.

一名男孩跌倒，腳部受傷流血，兩天後，傷口受感染變得腫脹。按他的傷勢，

詳細描述該男孩身體的各種生理反應以對抗此感染。

3. Two persons, A and B, were infected with the same bacterium. Blood samples were

collected from both persons regularly and the average density of bacterium was determined

over two weeks. The results are plotted in the following graph:

A B二人被同一種細菌感染，他們的血液樣本於兩星期內定時收集以分析其

血液內的平均細菌濃度，所得結果繪於下圖﹕

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

4000

1000

2000

3000

time (days)時間 日 ( )

bac

terial den

sity (ce

lls per 10cm

blood)

細菌

濃度

細胞

血液3

(/1

0c

m)

3

A

B

Exercise (20)練習

48

(a) The average total blood volume of a person is approximately 5 dm3. Estimate the number

of bacteria in A’s blood on day 6.

一個人的平均總血量約為 5 dm3，計算在第 6日病人 A體內的細菌數目。

(b) Person B has not been vaccinated against this bacterium.

病人 B過去從沒有注射過這細菌的疫苗。

(i) Account for the changes in the bacterial count of B between day 1 and day 12.

解釋由第 1日至第 12日的細菌濃度改變。

(ii) If person B encountered the same bacterium again two month later, how would the

bacterial density be different from this one? Account for any differences that you

expect to observe.

如果二個月後病人 B再次遇上這細菌，體內的細菌量會否和此次一樣？

解釋你預計的不同處。

(iii) Suggest a medical treatment to person B if he wants to recover more quickly.

What are the drawbacks of the treatment you suggested?

建議一個能快速醫治病人 B的方法，評論這方法的缺點。

(iv) Person A was suspected of having a sex transmitted disease. What is this disease?

Explain how you make this deduction from the information given in the graph.

病人 A懷疑患上一種性病，使他難於康復，這是什麼病﹖解釋你如何

從圖中的資料得到這推論。