f,dj oskQ pß; - 02f,dj oskQ pß; - 02 fj¿u 2 uqøKh 1 fkdjeïn¾ 2019 cd;Hka;r wOHhk úIh YsIH ixioh cd;Hka;r wOHhk wOHkdxYh le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h YS% ,xldj

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

fj¿u 2 uqøKh 1 fkdjeïn¾ 2019

cd;Hka;r wOHhk úIh YsIH ixioh

cd;Hka;r wOHhk wOHkdxYh

le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h

YS% ,xldj

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

yeòskaùu

tod fuod ;=< f,dal b;sydih msßlaiSfïoS ;u Wmka rgg iudchg fukau iuia; f,dal m%cdjf.a u wNsjDoaêh fjkqfjka lghq;= l< yd lrkakd jQ mqoa., pß; úYd, ixLHdjla fõ' ;u wd;au wNsjDoaêh mfil,d wm cSj;ajk f,dalh jvd iqrlaIs; jQ f,dalhla ks¾udKh lsÍug fulS mqoa.,hka úiska isÿ lrk ,o fufyh wkqmfïhhs' —f,dj oskQ pß; - 02˜ lD;sh f,dalfha hym; Wfoid lemùï l< pß; ms<snò f;dr;=re mdGlhdg oek.ekSu iòyd wjia:dj i,id fohs' —f,dj oskQ pß; - 01˜ lD;sh ;=<ska weußld tlai;a ckmofha 47 jk ckm;s nerela Tndud" ol=Kq wm%sldkq ckm;s fk,aika uekafv,d" ksoyia isx.mamQrefõ m%:u w.ue;s ,S lajdka hQ iy fkdfn,a idu ;Hd.,dNskS u,d,d hqiq*aidhs ms<snò f;dr;=re bosßm;a lrk ,oS' —f,dj oskQ pß; - 02˜ lD;sh Tiafia tjeksu jákd mqoa., pß; 09la ms<snò úia;r f.kyer o;ajhs' tu pß; jkafka weußld tlai;a ckmofha ckdêm;sjreka f,i lghq;= l< *a?kala,Ska ã rEiafj,aÜ" yeÍ gDDuka iy fcdaka t*a flkä" tx.,ka; w.ue;s úkaiagka p¾Ñ,a" weußldkq isú,a whs;sjdislï ls%hdlßfhl= jQ ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx" uef,aishdkq w.ue;s uy;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ" Ök ckm;s IS cska.a mska.a iy fidaúhÜ foaYfha md,l fcdaima iagd¾,skah' by; iòyka lrk ,o mqoa.,hka úiska Tjqka Wmka ìug fukau cd;Hka;r m%cdjg isÿ lrk ,o fufyh iqúfYaIS fõ' fï ish¨ pß; iqúfYaIS jkafka Tjqka ish iajlSh;ajh mfil,d cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r wruqKq fjkqfjka ;u Y%uh iy ld,h leml< neúks' fuu lD;sh iqúfYaIS jkafka wkd.; mrmqrg fujeks iqúfYaIS pß; ;=<ska ;u cSú;hg Wlyd .; yels hym;a foa fndfyda fj;;a fulS pß; ms<snòj isxy, NdIdfjka ,shjqKq .%ka: iy ,sms b;d w,am ùuhs' mdGlhdg fujka jQ iqúfYaIS pß; ms<snò f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï wjia:dj iSud ù we;s fyhska" fuh tlS wvqj msrùu Wfoid isÿ lrk ,o iduQysl m%h;akhl m%;sM,hls'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

le,Ksh úYajúoHd,hSh Wml=,m;s;=udf.a mKsúvh

le,Ksh úYajúoHd,fha cd;Hka;r

wOHhk wxYh úiska t<solajk —f,dj oskQ

pß; - 02˜ ieneúkau ldf,daÑ;

m%ldYkhls' b;d uE; b;sydihl ìys jQ

cd;Hka;r wOHhk wxYh úúO úIh m:hka yd úIh

lreKq uq,afldg .kssñka úúO .%ka: iy i`.rd m%ldYhg

m;afldg ;sîu iïnkaOfhka udf.a wjxl i;=g m%ldY

lrk w;r fujeks lD;s u.ska úYajúoHd,hSh YsIH m%cdj

iuia; iudchgu isÿlrkq ,nkafka b;d iqúfYaIS

fufyjrls' fuu m%ldYkfhys we;=<;ajk iqúfYaIS

mqoa., pß; ms<snò lshjd" oekqj;a ù ta wdldrfhka ;u

cSú; yev.iajdf.k ;uka Wmka rgg" iudchg iy

iuia; f,dalhg jevodhS mqrjeishka ùu oelSu udf.a

n,dfmdfrd;a;=j hs' fuu m%ldYkh ta iòyd oeä

Wkkaÿfjka iy lemùfuka lghq;= lrk ,o ish¨

fokdg udf.a iqNdYsxik msßkuñ'

uydpd¾h ã'weï'fiauisxy uy;d Wml=,m;s le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

iudchSh úoHd mSGfha mSGdêm;s;=udf.a mKsúvh

uydpd¾h ta'tÉ'tï'tÉ. wnhr;ak

—f,dj oskQ pß; - 01˜ .%ka:hg fiau

—f,dj oskQ pß; - 02˜ lD;shg o

udf.a iqnme;=ï tlalrkq ,nkafka

b;du i;=áks' úYajúoHd,hSh úoHd¾:Ska hkq kj oekqu

fidhd hk msßils' ;jo" tfia .fõIKYS,S fidhd.kq

,nk kj oekqu iuia; m%cdjgu fkdmsßfy,d fnodoSfï

j.lSulao úYajúoHd,hSh úoHd¾:Ska i;= fõ' cd;Hka;r

wOHhk wOHkdxYh u.ska m%ldYhg m;alrkq ,nk fuu

i`.rdj tjeks jákd jEhul m%;sM,hls' fujeks Ydia;S%h

lghq;= ;=<ska úoHd¾:Ska kj oekqu fidhdhdug fm<fUk

w;r ta u.ska úoHd¾:Skayg kj oekqñka ikakoaO ùug

wjia:dj Wod fõ' fujeks Ydia;S%h lghq;= bosßhg;a

isÿlsÍug fuu wOHkdxYfha úoHd¾Òkag iqN m%d¾:kd

tlalrñ'

uydpd¾h ta'tÉ'tï'tÉ. wnhr;ak uy;d mSGdêm;s iudchSh úoHd mSGh le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02


wxYdêm;s;=udf.a mKsúvh

cd;Hka;r wOHhk wxYfha úIh YsIH ixiofha 2015 j¾Ifha m<uq jrg m%ldYhg m;a l< —f,dj oskQ pß; - 01˜ jd¾Isl m%ldYkhla f,i t<soelaùug fkdyels úh' kuq;a" 2019 j¾Ifha tys fojekss

fj¿u u.ska f,dj fYA%IaG;u pß; 09la ms<snò jeo.;a f;dfr;=re kj;djlska hq;=j bosßm;a lsÍug yels ùu i;=gg lreKls' f,dal foaYmd,kh" cd;Hka;r inò;d" ñksia whs;sjdislï" ksoyi jeks lafI;%hkays lemS fmfkk pß; ms<snò isxy, NdIdfjka m< ù we;s Ydia;%Sh f,aLkhkays wvqjla olakg ,efí' tu ysvei msrùu iòyd odhl;ajh oela jQ cd;Hka;r wOHhk úIh YsIH ixiohg;a" ish¨ mßj¾;lhskag;a" ixialdrl uKav,hg;a" ishü wdpd¾hjrekag;a lD;{;dj m< lrk w;r" fuu Ydia;%Sh l¾;jH t<soelaùug iqNdYsxik m< lrñ'

fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h iss;dr m%sho¾Yk uy;d

wxY m%Odk


le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

m%Odk ixialdrl

• fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h is;dr m%sho¾Yk

• wdOqksl lÓldpd¾h yIdka úrdÊ úfÊisxy

lKsIaG ixialdrl

• wfrdaIa ud¾áka

Wm ixialdrl

• pdrel uÿixl

• Okxch iòrejka

• iór m%oSma l=udr

• ,laIsld l=uqÿkS

• ;=IsKs hiiaY%S

• jhs'tï'hQ'tia' hdmd

• wl,xls osidkdhl

• bIsks fiõjkaos

cd;Hka;r wOHhk úIh YsIH ixiofha ks,OdÍ uKav,h

• iNdm;s :- ix§ma rkaÿkq

• f,alï :- Wcs; TIdka

• i`.rd ixialdrl :- mQ¾Ksud wfí.=Kfialr

• lKsIaG NdKavd.dßl :- mshqñ nKavdr

• Wm iNdm;s :- pdrel uÿixl

• Wm f,alï :- iór m;srK

• lKsIaG i`.rd ixialdrl:- wfrdaIa ud¾áka

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

ks¾udK ixl,amh yd fufyhùu

• ,laIauka m%kdkaÿ ^ndysr lÓldpd¾h&

ljr ks¾udKh

• f.da;ó kdrx.,

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

fcdaima iagd,ska

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

fm< .eiau

• yeòskaùu

• fcdaima iagd,skaf.a <ud ld,h iy wOHdmk miqìu

• fcdaima iagd,ska foaYmd,khg msúiSu

• fcdaima iagd,skaf.a foaYSh iy úfoaYSh m%;sm;a;s

• ñ,sgß úOdkh u.ska n,h ;yjqre lr .ekSu

• fojk f,dal hqoaOfha ld¾hNdrh

• fcdaima iagd,skaf.a pß;fhka .; yels wdo¾Y

• idrdxYh

lKavdhu

• ioks ùrisxy

• úYañ wxc,sld

• iÑks fldäldr

• p,ks uOqIsld

• ksfïIsld ùrfldaka

• m%idks pu;ald jvqf.a

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

yeòskaùu

Ôú;h urKfhka fl<jr ùu f,dal O¾u;djhla jqj;a

iodld,sl mqoa., pß; úis tlajk ishji ;=< wogo Ôjudkj

mj;S' f,djla Èkkakg kï b;sydifha ku /òS ;sìh hq;=h'

tjeks f,da iqm;, m%;srEm wf;a we`.s,s .Kkg;a jvd wvqh'

fuu mßÉfÊo .Kkdfjka Tng ióm lrkakg W;aidy

orkafka tl, fidaúhÜ foaYfha n, mrdl%uh úysod wog;a

f,dalhd l;dny lrk mqoa., pß;hla ms<snojh' ta wka

ljrl=j;a fkdj fcdaima iagd,skah'

j¾I 1879 foieïn¾ ui 18 jk Èk fcda¾ðhdfõ f.daß ys Wm;

,enQ fcdaima iagd,ska miq ld,fha§ fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIfha

uyf,alï f,i n,hg m;aúh' õ,eoaó¾ f,kskaf.a urKfhka

miqj fidaúhÜ foaYfha taldêm;s md,lfhla jYfhka ;u

wKil me;srE fyf;u b;sydi.; jkafka iS>% ld¾ólrKh

u.ska reishdj f,dal n,jf;l=f.a ;;a;ajhg m;a lsÍug .;a

w;s uy;a m%h;akh fya;=fjkah'

Tyqf.a uq,a kduh hSfií fnißfhdaksia äi cq.dIaú,s Îoseb

Besarionis dze Jughashvili& jQ w;r miq ld,fha§ fcdaima

iagd,ska f,i m%isoaêhg m;a úh' fnißfhdaka cq.dIaú,s

^Besarion Jugashvili& kï whf.a mq;%hd jQ fudyq jhi wjqreÿ 7

muK jk úg jiQßh kï frda.h je<§u fya;=fjka wfkla

<uqka fuka fkdj fndfyda ÿ¾j, ;;a;ajhg m;a úh' iu jhfia

orejka ;ukag isÿ lrk ,o fjkialï l=vd iagd,skaf.a ysf;a

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

;ekam;a ùu miqld,Skj Tyq taldêm;sfhl= lrkakg

jl%dldrfhka odhl jkakg we;ehs is;sh yel'

reishdkq T¾f;dfvdlaia m,a,sfha mqcljßhla jQ Tyqf.a uj ;u

iajdñhd iu. hym;a Èúhla .; fkdlsÍu iagd,skaf.a

wOHdmkhg o ndOd t,a, lf<a h' wk;=rej iagd,skaf.a uj ;u

mq;= f.daß m,a,sfha ^Gori Church& mdi,g we;=<;a l<dh'

1894 § á*s,sia fgfldaf,dcsl,a fiñkß (Tifilis Thcological

Seminary) YsIH;ajhla ,nd .ekSug ;rï Tyq olaIfhla úh'

thska jirla .; úfuka miqj fcdai*a b;d ryis.;

ixúOdkhla jQ fuidñ vdis (Mesame Dasi) iu. inò;d

f.dvk.d .kakd ,§' tl, reishdfõ iqm%isoaO f,aLfhla jQ

ld,a udlaia (Karl Marx) f,kskag y`ÿkajd fok ,§' 1898 § tu

lKavdhug tl;= jk iagd,ska 1899 oS mdi, yer hhs' Tyq mdi,

yer hkafka mdi,a .dia;=j f.ùug fkdyels jQ nj hï ;ekl

iòyka jqj;a ;j;a ;ekl§ iòyka jkafka ;u foaYmd,k u;h

wNsfhda.hg ,la lsÍu ksid Tyqg bj;ajkakg isÿ jQ njhs'

mdif,ka bj;a jQ Tyq kej; ;ukaf.a ksjig fkd.sh w;r

úma,jjd§ jHdmdrj, kdhl;ajh Wiq,kakg úh' ld,dka;rhla

mqrdjg á*s,siays WmfoaYljrfhla fukau ,smslrefjla f,i

fiajh lf<a h' Tyq j¾I 1901 § mq¾Kld,Skj äfudl%ála

lïlre mlaIh fjkqfjka igkg msúisfhah' 1902 § lïlre

jev j¾ckhla iïnkaëlrKh lsÍu ksid Tyq w;awvx.=jg m;a

úh' wk;=rej Tyqg ihsîßhdjg msgqjy,a lrk ,§' reishdkq

NdIdfjka iagd,ska hkak f;areï f.k fokafka ljo;a

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

Yla;su;a l;slfhla fõ hkakhs' Tyqf.a m%Odk ld¾hh jQfha

úma,jfha f,!lsl fufyhqï ixúOdkh lsÍu" /iaùï leoùu"

m;%sld m%ldYkhg m;a lsÍu iy jev j¾ck yd fm<md,s

ixúOdkh lsÍuhs' 1907 á*s,siays§ nexl= uxfld,a,h fya;=fjka

iagd,skaf.a kduh m¿ÿ ùug mgka .;af;a h' fuu wjêh jk

úg reishdj m%pKavldÍ ld, mßÉfPaohla .; lrñka ;snq‚'

1924 § f,kskaf.a urKfhka wk;=rej iagd,ska mlaI

kdhl;ajhg meñ‚fha h'

fcdaima iagd,skaf.a <ud ld,h iy wOHdmk

miqìu

fcdaima iagd,ska fnißfhdaka cq.Iaú,sf.a ^Besarion Jugashvili&

iy tle;ßkaf.a Êkaterine& ;=kajk orejd úh' fudjqka

fcda¾ðhdkq m%foaYfha l=vd k.rhl Ôj;a úh' fuu mjqf,a

Wmka uq,a orejka fofokd <ore ld,fha§ u ñh .sfhah'

iagd,skaf.a mshd im;a;= idokafkl= jQ w;r Tyqg whs;s

fiajlfhda oy fofkl=f.ka hqla; im;a;= l¾udka; Yd,djla

;snq‚' uj ;u mq;=f.a wOHdmk lghq;= iòyd wjYH uqo,a

fidhd .ekSug mjq,a lSmhl u f.j,a msßisÿ lrkakshla f,i

fiajh l<d h' plaúhdksf.a ^Chakviani& nd, mq;kqjka

iagd,skag reishdkq NdIdj b.ekajqfha h' 1888 w. Nd.fha §

iagd,skag jhi wjqreÿ oyhla jQ úg Tyq f.daß m,a,sfha mdi,g

^Gori church school& we;=,;a úh' iagd,skaf.a uj ÿmam;a jqj o

weh ;u mq;= jQ iagd,skag fydò we`ÿï wkaojd mdi,a heùug

W;aiql úh' Tyq l=vd l, isgu úúO lafIa;%j, olaI;d

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

m%o¾Ykh lf<a h' iagd,ska wOHdmk lghq;=j,g b;d olaI jQ

w;r Ñ;% Ys,amfha iy kdgH mka;sj, Ys,amSh olaI;d m%o¾Ykh

lf<a h' iagd,ska lú ,sùu o wdrïN lf<a h' Tyq fcda¾ðhdkq

cd;slfhl= jQ r*dh,a tßiagdúf.a ^Raphael Eristavi& lD;sfha

rislfhl= úh' iagd,ska .S;sld .dhkd lrkafkla o jQ w;r Tyq

m,a,sfha fukau foaYSh ux., W;aijjj,§ .S;sld .dhkd lf<a

h' iagd,ska mdi, ;=< b;d olaI YsIHfhla úh'iagd,skaf.a <ud

ld,fha isá ñ;=frla miq ld,hla § Tyq mka;sfha —fydòu

fukau W.;a YsIHhd˜ o nj isysm;a lf<a h'

• áì,sis wdOHd;añl fiufkaßh (Tbilisi Spiritual

Seminar)

iagd,ska f,dal fldñhqksiaÜ kdhlfhl= f,i w;aoelSï ,nd

;snqfKa h' Tyq reishdfõ f;dfvdlaia m,a,sfha mQclhka iòyd

jQ mqyqKq mdi,la jQ áì,sis wdOHd;añl fiufkaßh ^Tbilisi

spiritual seminar& yS jir myla foaj O¾uh wOHhkh l, w;r

fuu úoHd,h fcda¾ðhdfõ ft;sydisl w.k.rfhys msysgd

;snq‚' fuh fcda¾ðhdfõ by< u wOHdmk wdh;khla jk w;r

m,a,sh iu. tl;= jQ f,!lsl .ukla .sfhah' fuys by, iudc

mka;s j, isiqka wOHdmkh ,enQ w;r idudkH mka;s j, olaI

isiqkag fuys wOHdmkh ,eîug YsIH;aj ,nd ÿkafkah'

1895 § fcdai*a iagd,skag wjqreÿ 16 la jQ úg fuys wOHdmkh

,eîug YsIH;ajhla ,enq‚' uq,a jirj,§ Tyqf.a úIh

ks¾foaYhg f,!lsl yd foajO¾uh hk wOHhkhka fol u

we;=<;a úh' m%:u jirj,§ reishdkq NdIdj yd idys;H"

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

b;sydih" .‚;h" ,;ska" .%Sl" m,a,s iaf,dfjksla .dhkh"

nhsn,h ms<snò wOHhkhka bf.k .;a w;r wjidk jirj,§

úIhka foajO¾ujd§ fjhs' meúÈ b;sydih" ñkSure

ixikaokd;aul foajfõoh" iodpdr foajfõoh" m,a,sfha

b;sydih" m,a,sfha .dhkd" nhsn,h ms<snò wOHhkhka fï

w;r fõ'

fuys úfYaIfhka lemS fmfkk fohla jkafka reishdkq NdIdj

b.ekaùu isÿ jk kuqÿ fcda¾ðhdkq NdIdj b.ekaùu isÿ

fkdùuhs' kuq;a iagd,ska NdId foflau w;s olaIfhla úh'

tfukau Tyq fcda¾ðhdkq ixialD;sh je<ò.;a fcda¾ðhdkq

cd;slfhla úh' Tyq ks¾kdñlj fcda¾ðhdkq ldjHfõoh

m%ldYhg m;a l< w;r YsIH foaYmd,kfhys ksr; úh' mdif,a

§ Tyqf.a ld¾h idOkh hym;a jqjo 1899 § Tyq wjika úNd.hg

bÈßm;a fkdùu ksid mdif,ka msgqjy,a lf<ah'

• f.daß mdie, ^Gory School&

iagd,ska áì,sis wdOHd;añl fiufkaßh (Tibilisi Spiritual

Seminar) we;=<;a ùug fmr 1888 isg 1894 olajd Tyqf.a Wmka

.u jk f.daß ys m,a,sfha mj;ajkq ,nk mdi,l wjreÿ 6 la

wOHdmkh ,nd ;snqKs' fuh reishdkq NdId mdi,la úh'tfukau

fuys wdOHd;aul O¾uh yd .%Sl NdIdjo b.ekaúKs'

iagd,ska foaYmd,khg msúiSu

c¾uksh iu. idufhka miqj f,kska W;aidy oerefõ kj

f,dalhla f.dv ke.Sughs' kuq;a wjdikdjka; f,i reishdfõ

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

mej;s isú,a hqoaOh jvd;a oreKq ;;a;ajhlg m;aúh' rch

hgf;a ishÆ l¾udka; mej;s kuq;a tajdfha ksIamdokh

m%udKj;a ;rï isÿ fkdjqKs' rgjeishka iòyd wjYH lrk

^úfYaIfhkau wdydr& ,nd §u iòyd l%uhla fidhd.; hq;=j

;snqKs' f,kska úiska fï iòyd kj wd¾:sl m%;sm;a;s y`ÿkajd

ÿka w;r l=vd jHjidhlhkag ;ukaf.a ksIamdok wf,ú lsÍug

yelsjk mßÈ fj<òfmd, ks¾udKh lr ÿkafka h' Tyq iEu

úgu úYajdi lf<a udlaiajdoh wkaOj wkq.ukh fkdl< hq;=

njhs' udlaiajd§ka iEu úg u ðú;fha ;;a;ajhkag wkqj¾;kh

úh hq;= nj;a úmlaIh fkd;ld f,kska ish ie,eiau iòyd

iydh Èkd.;a w;r kj wd¾:sl m%;sm;a;sh 1921 isg 1928 olajd

l%shd;aul úh' 1924 f,kska ñh .sfha reishdfõ ó<`.g isÿ

jkafka l=ula o hkak fkdoek h' f,kska ;udg ,enqKq

f.!rjh iy n,h ms<snòj Wkkaÿjla fkdoelaù h' wk;=rej

fg%dials iy iagd,ska w;r n, wr.,hla we;s úh' f,kskag

jvd;a wjYH jQfha ;udf.a wkq.dñlfhl= jQ fg%dials ;udf.ka

miq reishdfõ wkd.;h n,d .kq we; hkakh' kuqÿ iagd,ska

mlaI f,alïjrhd jYfhka ;udg we;s n,h mdúÉÑ lrñka

ó<`.g fidaúhÜ reishdfõ mßmd,kh ;ud ika;lhg .;af;ah'

fnda,afIúlajrekaf.a mrud¾:h jQfha reishdfõ we;s jQjdg

iudk ;;ajfhka we;s jQ hqoaO hqfrdamh mqrd o me;sr hkq we;s

njhs' iagd,skaf.a mqkrd.ukhka w;r mia wjqreÿ wd¾:sl

ie,eiau we;s úYd, újdohg n`ÿka jQ lreKla njg m;a úh'

fï wkqj l=vd ìïj, j.d lsÍug mqreÿ ù isá f.dùyq l,ah;a

u wdKavqj úiska msysgjkq ,enQ f.dúm,j,aj, fiajh lsÍug

fhduq úh' fidaúhÜ ix.uh yerek úg udlaiaf.a b.ekaùï

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

ms<ssnòj YsIHhka w;r foaYmd,ksl u;fNao miqld,Skj

yg.;af;ah' fndfyda fokd tl,ays hym;a f,dalhla .ek isysk

ÿgqy'

fndfyda fokd igka lsÍug fukau ñh hdugo leu;af;ka miq

úh' ñksiqka iagd,skaf.a isyskh úYajdi lsÍug udlaiaf.a

b.ekaùï wkq.ukh lrk nj;a wjOdrKh lf<ah' iagd,ska

hgf;a fidaúhÜ ix.uh ;=< isyskh uq¿ukskau h:d¾;hla

njg m;a lsÍug fkdyels úh' iagd,ska wOHdmkhg wjia:d we;s

l, w;r úoHdjg iy l,djg oeä úkhla mj;ajd f.k .sfha

h' oyia .Kkla ñksiqkaf.a ÿla fõokdjka uOHfha jqjo

fcdaima iagd,ska fidaúhÜ reishdj f,dal n,j;=kaf.ka tla

rgla njg m;a lsÍug oerE jEhu wmf;a fkd.sh neõ" weußldj

iy reishdj w;r iS;, hqoaOhla yg .ekSu olajd ÿr

meñKSfuka meyeo,sju m%;HlaI lr .; yels h'

iagd,ska mia wjqreÿ ie,iqï l%shd;aul lsÍu ioyd" —f.diama,ka˜

kï rdcH fldñIka iNdj m;a lf<ah' tu mia wjqreÿ ie,iqï

wkqj reishdfõ lDIsld¾ñl ksIamdokh 35] la o" ld¾ñl

ksIamdokh 136] la o" jeä lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jqfhah' ;jo

úfoaYsh úoaj;=ka f.kajdf.k m¾fhaIK lghq;= jeä lsÍug

n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh' kuq;a Tyq nf,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ Lksc f;,a

ksIamdok uÜgu jir 2 1$2 l ld,h ;=< <`.d lr.; fkdyels

úh' tfy;a gelg¾" f.dú WmlrK yd fudag¾ r: ksIamdokfha

m%.;sh jir 3 la we;=<; <`.d lr .;af;ah' hlv yd jdfka

frÈms<s ksIamdokfha m%.;sh wfmalaIs; uÜgug jvd by<

.sfhah' ;=¾lsia;dka ihsîßhka ÿïßh ud¾. ;ekSu wfmalaIs;

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

ld,hg jvd jirlg fmr ksuùu ;=<ska fmkakqï lrkqfha

fcdaima iagd,skaf.a mia wjqreÿ hdka;%kh id¾:l jQ njhs'

ñ,sgß úOdkh u.ska n,h ;yjqre lr .ekSu

j¾I 1917 § Tlaf;daïn¾ úma,jh ;=< fnda,afIúla mlaIh

n,hg m;aùfuka wk;=rej f,kskaf.a kj kdulrKh lrk

,o fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIh hgf;a iajfoaYSh rdcHhla ìysl<

fcdaima iagd¾,ska ish foaYmd,k md,l uKav,h iu`. tlaj

bÈßhg mh ;enqfõh' fuhg m%Odk jYfhka fya;=jla jQfha

iudcjd§ úma,j mlaIh iu`. f,kska iy fg%dials iNd.

wdKavqjla msysgqùug .;a W;aidyh wid¾:l ùuh' f,kska iy

fg%dials hk mqoa., pß; t;rï m%isoaêhla ;u mlaIh ;=<

fkdoerejo iagd,skaf.a kdhl;ajfha jeo.;alu u;=j wdfõh'

rdcH m%pKav;ajh OfkaYajr n,j;=kaf.a M,odhs fuj,ula nj

m%;HlaI lr.;a iagd,ska kqÿre wkd.;fha § th fidaúhÜ

wdKavqj fuka ks¾udKh jkq we;s njg mqfrdal;kh lf<ah'

f,kska úiska wdrïN lrk ,o fpld wdrlaIl fiajh yd Bg

miqj l%shd;aul lrk ,o r;= ;%ia;jdoh kï ixúOdk ms<snojo

tajdfha iS>% j¾Okh yd jHdma;sh ms<snòj lsisu lkiai,a,la

fkdoelaùh' iagd¾,ska fudialõ kqjr /òS isáñka 1918 §

cd;sl;ajh iòyd uyck fldñiula m;a lrkq ,eìh'

fnda,afIúla mlaIhg Wjukd jQfha jd¾.sl iq¿;rh w;r

ckm%sh;ajh ,nd .ekSuh' ;jÿrg;a Tyq *ska,ka; iudc

m%cd;ka;%jd§ka iu`. l;d lsÍug fy,aiskala fj; .uka

lf<ah' iudcjd§ úma,jjd§ka iagd¾,ska úiska f*vr,ajdohg

yd cd;sl iajhxfmdaIKh ms,snòj Tyqf.a fpdaokdj wêrdcHjd§

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

flakaøShlrKh fmruqK .ekSula f,i m%lgj ;snqKs' j¾I 1918

ud¾;= udifha§ f,kskaf.a leue;a; wkqj c¾uksh íafÜ%,shdj

iy yxf.aßhdj hk uOHu n,j;=kag tfrysj igka jÈk m<uq

f,dal ix.%duh fya;=fjka f,kskaf.a kdhl;ajh u;=j wdfõh'

iagd,skaf.a foaYSh yd úfoaYSh m%;sm;a;s

1898 reishdkq iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§ lïlre mlaIfha wdrïNl

iïfï,kh ñkaiala kqjr§ meje;aúKs' tys iïmQ¾K ksfhdað;

ixLHdju tkï kj fokd u Èk lsysmla we;=<; isr Ndrhg

.kakd ,§' 1900 foieïnrfha§ lïlre mka;sfha foaY jHdma;

úma,jjd§ mlaIhla f.dvke.Su iòyd bia;%d ^.sks mqmqr& kï

iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§ mqj;am; úfoaYfha uqøKh fldg reishdjg

fydr ryfia f.k tk ,§'

hqfrdamfha m%uqL k.rhla jQ ñhqkslays uqøKh lr b;d l=vd

f;d. jYfhka reishdj ;=<g ryfia f.k hkq ,enqKs' reishdkq

iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§ lïlre mlaIfha iïfï,kh reishdj ;=<

meje;aùug kS;suh jYfhka bvla fkd;snqKq ksid 1903 cQ,s"

wf.daia;= udij, th n%i,aia kqjr yd ,kavka kqjr meje;aúKs'

1904 jk úg id¾ md,khg tfrysj m%n, fkdikaiqka;djhla

we;súh'

1905 ckjdß udifha§ wdKavqj úfrdaO;dlrejka >d;kh l<y'

1905 úma,jh hkq reishdkq wêrdcH mqrd fkdikaiqka;djhla

me;srùuhs' fcda¾ðhdj mqrd jeäjk m%pKav;ajh uOHfha

iagd,ska ;jÿrg;a igk Èh;a lf<a h' 1905 geu¾f*da¾ys§ mej;s

iïuka;%Khl oS iagd,ska m%:u j;djg f,kska uqK.eiS we;'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

kuqÿ f,kskaf.a u;h iu. iagd,ska tl`. jQfha ke;' reishdkq

iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§ lïlre m;aIh udlaiajd§ u;jdoh je<o

.;af;a h' werô mej;s fn§ï ud,dj oreKq w;g yefrñka

mej;=Ks' 1912 jk ;=re fnda,afIúlajre yd ñkafIúlajre

lïlre mlaIh hgf;a tluq;=j fmkS isáfhah' flfia kuq;a

udlaiajdoh" f,kskajdoh .re l< iagd,ska tu u;jdo

udlaiajdoh f,kskajdoh f,i wdlD;slrKhg Woõ ÿkafka h'

Tyqf.a u m%;sm;a;s iagd,skajdoh f,i ckm%sh úh'

1905 úma,jh iy tys miqld,h

1905 fmnrjdß udifha wdrïN jQ reishdkq - cmka hqoaOfha 1905

úma,jfha uQ,hka mej;=Ks' fojk mka;sfha WmfoaYlhka jk

kslf,dia" meis*sla l,dmh ;=< reishdkq msysàu jeäÈhqKq lsÍu

iòyd;a" ta fjkqjg reishdj úiska cmkakq w;g hg;a jQ miq.dó

rgla f,i kskaÈ; mrdchka ud,djla ÿgqfõ h' fuu miqnEï

fkdikaiqka;djhg fya;= úh' 1905 ckjdß 22 Èk iduldó

úfrdaO;dlrejka msßila Ydka; mSg¾ian¾.a id¾f.a iS; R;=fõ

ud<s.dj bÈßmsg /iaj isáhy'

tfy;a id¾f.a meñKSu wúksYaÑ; nj Tyqf.a weu;sjre

fmkaùh' —f,a je.s bßod˜ f,i y`ÿkajk ,o iuQ,>d;khl §

ish.Kkla ñh.sh w;r reishdj wjq,a úhjq,a ùu" 77 jevj¾ck

ud,d ;=<ska nexl= jid oeóu" ÿïßh w;aysgqùu iy l¾udka;

wia:sr ùu isÿúh' úma,jjd§ kdhlhka msgqjy,a lrkq ,enQ w;r

—fidaúhÜ˜ hkqfjka yeòskafjk lïlre ljqkais,h fudialõ

yd Ydka; mSg¾ian¾.ays § mek ke.sKs' .ïno m%foaYj,

f.dúhkaf.a f.j,a f.dvk.d" bvï ysñhkag myr § foaYmd,k

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

,snr,ajd§ka wdKavqjg wdpdrYS,s jk f,i n,mEï lr isáfhah'

fmnrjdß udifha§ f,kska fufia ,sùh'

“ke.sàu werö ;sfí' reêr .x.dj .,d niskq we;" ksoyi

iòyd isú,a hqoaOhla weúf,a'˜

;=kajk iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§ mlaI iïfï,kh wfma%,a yd uehs

udij, mj;ajk ,o w;r" fujr f,kska wdêm;H oerE w;r"

ksfhdað;hkaf.a WoaOukhg m%;spdr oelaùh' ñkafIúlajrekag

m%ydr t,a, lsÍfuka miqj foieïn¾ udifha§ Ydka;

mSg¾ian¾.ays § fnd,afIúlajrekaf.a kdhl;ajh Ndr.ekSu

iòyd Tyq jir 5la ;=< m%:u j;djg reishdjg meñKsfha h'

flfia fj;;a" fuu ldrKh ksid uyck ke.sàï iòyd id¾

jEhï lsÍug mgka.;a neúka" ler,s .eiSfï Wjukdj fiñka

úhelS .sfha h' wdKavqj fmfg%d.Eâ ^Petrograd& isg fudialõ

^Moscow& fj; ixl%uKh úh' f,kska fuka fkdj iagd,skag

wjYH jQfha hqfrdamd n,j;=ka ks¾Ok mdka;sl úma,jfha woaor

isák njg ta;a;= .ekaùughs' Tyqg wjYH jQfha fnd,afIúla

mlaIfha fcHIaG idudðlhka yg ;u mlaIfha wruqK l=ula o

hkak ta;a;= .ekaùughs' 1918 § .súiqulg w;aika ;eîfuka

wk;=rej .súiqudkql+,j uyd n,j;=ka fjkqfjka bvï yd

iïm;a rdYshla iïmdokh lf<ah' reishdj fuhska le<öulg

m;a jQ w;r jdu iudcjd§ úma,jjd§ka iNd. wdKavqj j¾ckh

fldg bj;aj .shy' fnd,afIúlajre n,hg m;aùfuka wk;=rej

ol=K iy jdu f,i foms,g fn§ reishdkq isú,a hqoaOh wdrïN

lf<ah'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

fojk f,dal hqoaOh ;=< iagd,skaf.a N+ñldj

m<uq f,dal hqoaOh ;rï f,dalh msvdjg m;a l< ;j;a hula

we;akï th fojeks jkafka fojk f,dal hqoaOhghs' j¾I 1939

§ wdrïNjk fojk f,dal hqoaOfha oS fcdaima iagd,skaf.a

N+ñldj úuid ne,Su fuu mßÉfPaofha wruqKhs' 1939 jif¾

wf.daia;= udifha§ ngysr n,j;=ka iu`. ysÜ,¾ úfrdaë

ikaOdkhla we;s lsÍug W;aidy l, iagd,ska th id¾:l lr

.ekSfuka wk;=rej c¾udkq cd;slhkag fmda,ka;hg myr§ug

bv m%ia:dj ie,iqKs' 1941 cQks ui 22 jk Èk fidaúhÜ

iuQydKavqjg tfrysj ysÜ,¾f.a wkfmalaIs; m%ydrfhka miqj

fidaúhÜ foaYh oejeka; f,i m%md;hlg ;,aÆ ù .shdla fuka

oekqKs' fidaúhÜ foaYfha yuqod kdhlhd f,i iagd,ska

fidaúhÜ hqO fmruqKqj, yuqod ixÑ; iy hqO wd¾:slh u;

ióm fm!oa.,sl md,khla mj;ajd f.k .sfhah' ysÜ,¾ l,dla

fuka wld¾hlaIu ÿrl:k Wmfoiaj,g uq,§ ueÈy;a ùu l,

o miqj yuqodj u; n,h mjrkakg úh'

j¾I 1939 § hqfrdamd wyfia hqO j,dl=¿ §ma;su;a f,i Èÿ,kakg

úh' c¾uksfha ysÜ,¾ kï taldêm;shd iy kdis yuqodj iu`.

wúyskaidjd§ .súiqula w;aika lsÍug iagd,ska mshjr .;af;ah'

kuq;a ysÜ,¾ wK fkd;ld kdis yuqodj reishdj fj; msg;a lr

yßk ,§' 1941 jif¾§ fidaúhÜ foaYhg t,a, lrk ,o m%ydrh

ms<snoj Tyq w;sYh lïmkhg m;aj isáfhah' iagd,ska ;u yuqod

lKavdhu kej; Yla;su;a lrf.k meñKs wjia:dfõ c¾uka

yuqodfõ hqlaf¾kfha fn,ria Ukraine Belarus& iy f,kska.dâ

^Leningrad& wjg olajd w;am;a lrf.k isáfha h'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

fidaúhÜ yuqodfõ olaI;d lrKfldgf.k c¾uka yuqodj j¾I

1943 § fmfg%d.%Eâ (Petrograd) isg iagd,ska.d¾â (Stalingard)

olajd kej; yrjd hjkq ,eìh' iagd,skaf.a kdhl;ajfhka

fojk f,dal ix.%dufha wjYH ish,a, isÿ lf<a h'

1943 w.Nd.fha§ brdkfha fgfyrdka kqjr isÿ jQ idlÉPdjlska

tys kdhlhd ÿgqúg iagd,skag ngysr cd;ska ms<snòj ielh W.%

úh'

fcdaima iagd,ska pß;fhka .; yels wdo¾Y

fcdaima iagd,skaf.a wjidk Nd.fha§ Tyqf.a fi!LH ÿ¾j,

;;a;ajhg m;a úh' Tyq jeä jYfhka ksjdvq .kakg úh' 1950

§ iy 1951 § Tyqf.a ksjdvq ksfla;khl udi myla ksjdvq

ld,hla jYfhka .; lrk ,§' flfia jqjo iagd,ska ish

ffjoHjre iïnkaOfhka úYajdihla m< fkdlf<ah' Tyq 1950

ckjdß udifha kej;;a isr.; úh' Tyq lshd isáfha ;u

fi!LH ;;a;ajh hym;a ùug kï foaYmd,k Èúfhka iuq.;

hq;= njhs' 1946 isg Tyqf.a urKh olajd iagd,ska m%isoaO l;d

;=kla muKla meje;ajQ w;r bka folla úkdä lsysmhlg

muKla isud úh' Tyq rpkd lrkakg fhÿkq ,sms m%udKh o wvq

úh' j¾I 1950 § iagd,ska —reishdkq cd;sl;ajfha m%Yak˜ kï

,smsh lf<ah' 1952 jif¾§ Tyqf.a wjidk lD;sh —fidaúhÜ

iudcjd§ iuqydKavqfõ wd¾:sl .eg¿˜ m%ldYhg m;a lrk

,oafoa h' thska W;aidy lf<a Tyqf.a urKfhka miqj rfÜ ÈYdj

l=ulao hkak fmkakqï lsÍuhs' 1952 jir wjidkfha§ Tyq

foaYmd,k ixia:dj wfydais lrk ,o w;r Tyq úiska ckdêm;s

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

kñka yeòskajQ úYd, wkqjdohla tysu m%;sia:dmkh lrk ,§'

iagd,skaf.a urKh 1953 ud¾;= ui 06 jk Èk ksfõokh lrk

,§' miqj fudialõ ksjfia§ Èk ;=kla m%o¾Ykh lrk ,§'

wjux.,H W;aijh ud¾;= 09 jk Èk r;= p;=rY%fha f,kskaf.a

fidfydka fldf;ys ie;mS isàu iòyd uD; YÍrh ;nd ;snqKs'

ta w;r;=r iagd,skaf.a urKh ms<snòj Ök ckrch ks,

jYfhka fYdal ld,hla m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,§'

widudkH lemùulska hqla;j tlu ld¾hhla Wfoid jev lsÍu"

;u wruqK lrd hk udjf;a fkdfhla ndOl ch .ekSu" ;uka

i;= Yla;sh hym;a ld¾hhlg fhdod .ekSu fuu cSjk l;dfõ

m%Odk .=Kdx. fia biau;= fõ'

iagd,skaf.a ch.%yKhka w;r m%uqL ia:dkhla .kafka Tyq

iïmQ¾K md,kh ndr.kakd úg f,dalfha m%uqL rgj,a iu.

iiòk l,ays úfYaIfhka miq.dó rgla ;ukag Ndr.kakg

,eîuhs' 1937 jkúg oYlhlg wvq ld,hla Tyqf.a md,kfha

;snQ fidaúhÜ ix.ufha iuia; ld¾ñl ksIamdokh tlai;a

ckmoh blaujd hk ;;a;ajhg m;a úh' 1913 j¾Ih jk úg

fidaúhÜ foaYfha iuia; ld¾ñl ksuejqu f,dalfha miafjks

;ekg f.keú;a ;snqKs' tl,ays fidaúhÜ reishdjg uqyqK §ug

isÿj ;snQ jHik m%udKfha yeáhg fuu ch.%yKh we;s úYd,

nj Tng jegfykq we;' fidaúhÜ foaYh iagd,skaf.a kdhl;ajh

hgf;a c¾uksfha ysÜ,¾ mrdch lsÍu úYd, ld¾hNdrhla bgq

l< w;r tlai;a ckmofhka miqj fojk n,j;a ld¾ñl iy

ñ,sgß ixlS¾Kh f,i ish ia:djr;ajh wLKavj mj;ajd f.k

hEug iu;aúu u úYd, ch.%yKhls' tmuKla fkdj iagd,ska

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

úiska wdrïN lr Èh;a lrk ,o kd.ÍlrKh lsÍfï l%shdj,sh

Tyqf.a urKfhka wk;=rej o fkdkeiS mj;akd ,§' fmd,sish

iy ;%súO yuqodj w;r wka;¾ iïnkaO;djh u; mokï jQ

Tyqf.a úia;SrK ks<Or mßmd,k hkaf;%damlrKh ks¾udKh

lsÍu ;j;a ch.%yKhla úh'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

õ,eoaó¾ f,kska

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

fm< .eiau

• ye|skaùu'

• <ud ld,h iy wOHdmksl miqìu'

• foaYmd,k cSú;h" f,kska fidaúhÜ foaYfha

n,h ;yjqre lr.ekSu'

• f,kska hgf;a fidaúhÜ foaYh

• f,kska hgf;a úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh

• W.; yels .=Kdx.

• idrdxYh

lKavdhu

• l=¿‚ ú;dkf.a

• ukaodls‚ w;a;kdhl

• mQ¾Kd Èidkdhl

• Yúks rKisxy

• mdró cdf.dv

• wNsfIala r;ak;s,l

• bIxl iQßhwdrÉÑ

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

ye|skaùu'

—úma,jjd§ isoaOdka;hla fkdue;sj úma,jjd§ jHdmdrhla

úh fkdyelsh'˜

reishdkq úma,jldÍ" foaYmd,k" kHdhjdÈfhl=jQ õ,eoaó¾

b,sÉ (Viladmir Ilych) 1870-1924& ke;skï f,kska 1917 isg

1922 olajd fidaúhÜ reishdfõ rdcH kdhlhd f,i;a" 1922

isg 1924 olajd fidaúhÜ iuQydKavqfõ kdhlhd f,i;a

l%shd lf<a h' Tyq kdhl;ajhg m;aùug fmr reishdfõ

mej;sfha i¾jrekaf.a taldêm;s rdcdKavq l%uhls' Tjqka

;u n,h ms<sn|j muKla is;ñka b;d ¥Is; md,khla

f.k .sh w;r rcfha wdodhï j¾Okh lr .ekSu i|yd

ck;dj fm<ñka nÿ wh l<y' ck;djf.a wd¾Ól yd

iudchSh m%Yak úi|Sfuys,d id¾jreka Wkkaÿ fkdùh'

1905 muK jk úg rdcH úfrdaë le/,a,la we;s

úh' ck;djg rchg tfrysj fm<.efik nj jgyd .;a

id¾jreka kj foaYm,k m%;sixialrK lsysmhla ,nd

ÿkako bka ;Dma;su;a fkdjQ ck;dj kej;;a úfrdaO;d

olajkakg úh' tys§ rcq m%;sixialrK mfil,d ±ä

u¾OkldÍ m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lf<a h' tu ler<s

fufyhjQ f,kskaf.a kdhl;ajfhka hq;a fnda,afIúla

mlaIh vQudj kï uka;%K iNdfjka bj;aj ish jev

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

lghq;= ryis.;j lrf.k hdug mgka .;af;ah' fï w;r

1914 § m<uq f,dal hqoaOh wdrïN jQ w;r reishdj o f,dal

hqoaOhg iïnkao úh' f,dal hqoaOfhka reishdjg oreKq

.Kfha ydksjQ w;r reishdkq f.dúka yd lïlrejka úYd,

jYfhka yuqodjg n|jd .ekSu fya;=fjka f.dú;eka

lsÍug f.dúka fkdue;s úh' tfukau l¾udka;Yd,d ;=<

wú wdhqO ksIamdokh nyq,j isÿjQ w;r ck;djg w;HjYH

øjH ksmoùu fkdi,ld yereKs' fï fya;=fjka reishdkq

ck;dj W.% wdydr ysÕhlg uqyqK fok ,§' ck;dj

mSvdjg m;aj isá w;r tys mqmqrd hdu 1917 § isÿúh'

frÈ lïy,l we;s jQ jev j¾ckhlska wdrïN jQ

Woafඝ ෝaIK /,a, Èk ;=kla .;jk úg uyd jev

j¾ckhla olajd j¾Okh úh' ck;dj muKla fkdj id¾

md,kfha yuqodfjkao fï Woafඝ ෝaIK i|yd tla jQ w;r

fuu ler<s uev,sh fkdyels jQ ksid id¾ rcq ish isyiqk

w; yeßfhah' miqj flfrkaials (Kereìki) kï kdhlhd

hgf;a ;djld,sl wdKavqjla msysgq Tjqkag fuu .eg¨j

i|yd úioï fkdùh' fï w;r fï ;djld,sl wdKavqj

flfrys j¾Okh jk ck;d wm%idoh ÿgq f,kskaa m%ldY

lr isáfha —fuu wjia:dfõ wms n,h w,a, fkd.;fyd;a

b;sydih wmg iudj fkdfokq we;'˜ hkakhs' ta wkqj 1917

Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh wdrïNjQ w;r iduh" bvï yd mdka

b,a,d ler,slrefjda Woaf>daIK wdrïN lrk ,§' tys

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

m%;sM,hla f,i wjidkfha§ f,kskaf.a kdhl;ajfhka

hq;a fnda,afIúlajrekaf.a wdKavqjla msysgq ùug yels úh'

f,kska Tyqf.a mßmd,kh hgf;a reishdj"

fidaúhÜ ix.uh iy reishdkq fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIh úiska

md,kh flfrk talmd¾Yaúl fldñhqksiaÜ rdcHhla njg

m;aúh' ixfla;d;aul j fldñhqksiaÜ jdÈfhl= jqj Tyq

f,kskajdoh kï udlaiajdofha ;j m%fNaohla ks¾udKh

lf<ah' f,kska yg wjYh jQfha fldñhqksiaÜjdoh f,dj

mqrd m;=rejd yer f,dj tla wdKavqjla hg;g f.k

rdcHfha ;;ajh Èhdre lr yeÍuhs' 20 jk ishjfia isá

jvd;a n,.;=" lemS fmfkk fukau fm!¾Ij;a pß;hla

f,i f,kska ye|skaúh yelsh'

<ud ld,h yd wOHdmksl miqìu

1870 wfm%a,a 22 jk Èk ifydaoßhka 08 fofkl=f.ka hq;a

mjqf,a nd,hd f,i f,kska Wm; ,eîh' bka Èk 03 lg

miqj Tyqj fn!;siau lrk ,o w;r l=vd ld,fha§ Tyqj

õ,eoaó¾ hk kdufhkao ye|skaúh' <ud l, isgu Tyq

;rul ys;=jlaldÍ" l%shdYS,s iy l%Svdjg we¨ï lrk

pß;hla úh' mdif,a§ Tyq fpia l%Svdjg olaIhl= f,i

m%isoaêhla ,nd isáfhah' f,kska yg jhi wjqreÿ 15 la jQ

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

úg Tyqf.a mshd ñh.sh w;r tu fya;=fjka Tyq b;d

m%pKavldÍ úh'

m%d:ñl wOHdmkh isïíßiala la,eisl,a .sïkish

(simbrisk classical gymnasia) mdif,ka ,nd .;af;ah' tu

wjêfha§ f,kskaf.a ióm fidfydhqrd jk

wef,laiekav¾" úYajúoHd,fha bf.kqu ,nñka isá w;r

tjlg fidaúhÜ foaYfha id¾ rcqg úreoaOj wr.,hl fh§

isgfhah' tys§ Tjqka rdcH úfrdaëka f,i kïlr urd ouk

,§' tu isÿùu;a iu. f,kska udkisl wjmSvkhlg ,la

jQj;a Tyq ;u wOHdmk lghq;= úYsIag f,i wjikalr 1887

jif¾oS kS;sh ye±Íu i|yd ld¾ika (karsan)

úYajúoHd,hg we;=,;a úh. ta iu.u Tyqg ta wdikakfha

jQ ksjdi ixlS¾Khl mÈxÑ ùug isÿ jQ w;r tys§ Tyq

fiï,shfÉiafg%da (Semlyachestro) kï YsIH ix.uhl

idudcsl;ajh .kakd ,§' tu ix.uh úiska f,kSka

ld¾ika (Karsan) úYajúoHd,fha fiï,shfÉiafg%da

ljqkais,fhys (Semlyachestro council) ksfhdacs;hd f,i

m;a lrk ,§' úYajúoHd,fha YsIH jHdmdr ;ykï lsÍug

úreoaO wr.,hl ksr; ùu ksid f,kska iy Tyqf.a mjq,u

fldlsYafuda (kokishmo) m<d;g msgqjy,a lrk ,§' 1890

uehs udifha§ f,kska Ydka; mSg¾ian¾.a úYajúoHd,hg

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

we;=<;aj ish Wmdê mdGud,dj wjika lr reishdfõ

foaYSh ks;S{fhl= f,i lghq;= lf<ah'

foaYmd,k cSú;h" fidaúhÜ foaYfha n,h

;yjre lr .ekSu'

foaYmd,k cSú;h'

f,kska msgqjy,a lr h,s;a meñKs úg§ Tyq

ksfldf,a f*fodia (Nicholae Fedoseev) f.a úma,jjd§

ljh iu`. iïnkao úh' fuu ld,fha§ udlaiajdohg

Tyqf.a Wkkaÿj j¾OkhjQ w;r fuu Wkkaÿj mka;s

wr.,fha m%;sM,hla f,i OfkaYajr mk;sh wjidkfha

iudcjd§ mka;shg;a miqj fldñhqksiaÜ iudchg;a

yereKs' 1889 § f,kSka udlaiajdoh iïmQ¾Kfhkau

je<o.kakd ,§' reishdj" jevjiï l%ufha isg Okjdoh

olajd .uka lrk njg fcda¾ca maf,lfkdaõ (George

Plekanov) bÈrsm;a l< ;¾lh iu. tlÕ jQ w;r reishdkq

udlaiajd§ lD;Ska lshùug mgka .;af;ah' iala,frkaflda

(sklarenko) lKavdhfï l%shdldÍj /äl,a foaYmd,kh

i|yd fndfyda ld,hla lem l< f,kska" udlaiajdoh

reishdjg wod< jQfha flfiao hkak ms<sn|j woyia

bÈßm;a lf<a h'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

f,kska iudcjdoh w¾: olajkafka ksIamdok

udOHhkays iudcuh whs;sjdislula iys; YsIag iïmkak

iu l%shdlrejkaf.a ksfhda.hla jYfhks' Tjqka iudcfha

nyq, fldÜGdihla ks¾udKh l< yels jk f;la fuu

wd¾Ól l%uh ks¾udKhl< hq;=hehs úYajdi lf<ah' 1914

fmr f,kskaf.a woyia uQ,slju m%Odk m%jdyfha hqfrdamSh

udlaiajd§ u;hg wkql+, úh' hqoaOh" id.;h yd wd¾Ól

l%ufha lvd jeàu u; reishdj md,kh lsrfï m%dfhda.sl

h:d¾;hkao we;=<;aj Tyq ;u woyia bÈßm;a lf<a h' th

udlaiajdoh fjk;a ÈYdjlg yerùug odhl jQ njg

y÷kd.; yelsh' Tyqf.a u;h jQfha fidaúhÜ wdKavqj"

m%cd;ka;%jd§ OfkaYajr ckrchg jvd ñ,shk .Kkska

m%cd;ka;%jd§ njh'

f,kska cd;Hka;rjdÈfhl= iy f,dal úma,jfha

Woafhda.su;a wdOdrlrefjl= jQ w;r cd;sl foaYiSud

ixl,amh" cd;sljdoh h,a mek .sh ixl,amhka iy mka;s

wr.,fhka wE;a ùug fya;=jla f,i ±laùh' iudcjd§

mka;shla ;=< f,dal iudch wksjd¾hfhkau taldnoaOù

;ks f,dal wdKavqjla ìyslr .; yels nj;a" tfia

ks¾udKh jk rdcH uOH.;" tlSh tlla úh hq;= nj;a

f,kska ish f,aLkj,ska bÈßm;a lf<a h'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

f,kska fidaúhÜ foaYfha n,h ;yjqre lr

.ekSu'

1917 § f,kska reishdjg wdmiq hk úg reishdkq úma,jh

wdrïN ù ;snqKs' wdydr ysÕh ksid jQ jev j¾ck

fya;=fjka Y;j¾I .Kkdjl wêrdcHjd§ id¾ md,kh

wjika lrñka wid¾:l jQ md,lfhla id¾ ksl,ia (Saar

Nicholos) bj;a lsÍug n, flreKs' reishdj ;djld,sl

rchl wkilg hg;a úh' tfukau m<uqfjks f,dal

hqoaOh flfrys reishdj ueÈy;a ùu ;jÿrg;a isÿúh'

kdhl;ajfha wvqmdvqfjka reishdj mSvd úosk nj

±k isá f,kska ;djld,sl rch fmr,d n,h w,a,d

.ekSug l=uka;%Kh lrkakg úh' ;djld,sl rch

OfkaIajrfhka lïlrejka" f.dùkaf.ka hqla; ks¾Ok

mka;sfha wd{dodhl;ajhla iys; iDcq md,khla

fjkqfjka fmkS isáfhah' tfukau f,kska ryis.;j

l¾udka;Yd,d fiajlhska" f.dùka" fid,aodÿjka" iy

keúhka r;= wdrlaIl Nghka (Red Army) f,i ixúOdkh

lf<ah' 1917 fkdjeïn¾ ui§ r;= wdrlaIlhska úiska

;djld,sl rcfha f.dvke.s,s f,a je.sÍfuka f;drj rys;

l=uka;%Khlska w,a,d .;a w;r fnd,afIúlhka

wdKavqfõ n,h w,a,d .kakd ,§' Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh

kñka ye|skajqjo th ienE jYfhkau l=uka;%Khla úh'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

fnda,afIúlhka rfÜ md,kh ndr.;a miqj fidaúhÜ

md,kh f,i th m%ldYhg m;a lrñka f,kska f,dj

m%:u fldñhqksiaÜ rdcHfha kdhlhd njg m;a lf<ah' kj

fidaúhÜ rch fn%iaÜ,sfjdõiala (Brest –Litovsk) .súiqu

iu. m<uqjk f,dal ix.%duhg reishdkq ueÈy;aùu

wjika lrk ,§'

f,kska hgf;a fidaúhÜ foaYh'

fnda,afIúla úma,jh reishdj jir 03 l

hqoaOhlg weo ±óug iu;a úh' r;= yuqodj iy

rdcdKavqjd§ka" Okm;shka iy m%cd;ka;%jd§ iudcjdofha

wdOdrlrejkaf.a ikaOdkhla jk Oj, yuqodj;a w;r

igka we;s ùug fuu isú,a hqoaOh fya;= úh' fuu ld,h

;=, f,kska hqO fldñhqksiaÜjdoh kï wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s

ud,djla l%shd;aul lrk ,§' tu m%;sm;a;s ud,dj f,kska

;u n,h ;yjqre lr .ekSug iy Oj, yuqodj mrdch

lsßu i|yd fhdod .;a ;djld,sl mshjrhka úh'

fuu m%;sm;a;sh hgf;a f,kska fidaúhÜ reishdj

mqrd ish¨ ksIamdok yd l¾udka; blaukska cki;= l<

w;r r;= yuqodj fmdaIKh lsÍu i|yd f.dúhkaf.ka

w;sßla; OdkH b,a,d isáfhah' fuu mshjfrys úkdYldÍ

nj l,a h;au meyeÈ,s jQ w;r kj rch i;= ld¾ñl yd

lDIsld¾ñl ksIamdok msrySulg ,la úh' 1921 §

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

reishdkqjka ñ,shk 5 lg wdikak ixLHdjla id.;fhka

ñh .sh w;r reishdkq ck;djf.a cSjk ;;a;ajh ìò

jegqKs' fuu ;;ajh fya;=fjka fidaúhÜ rchg hï hï

n,mEï t,a, úh' reishdkq wd¾Ólh iudcjd§ wdlD;shla

njg m;a lsÍug f,kska orE W;aidyh wid¾:l jQ úg

f,kska kj wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;shla y÷kajd fokq ,eîh' tys§

fm!oa.,sl jHjidhlhka i|yd h,s;a jrla wjir fok

,§' fuu kj wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;sh fj<om, flfrys keUqre

jQ wd¾Ól moaO;shla ks¾udKh lf<ah' tys§ ˜ksoyia

fj<om,;a" Okjdoh;a rdcH md,khg hg;a nj˜ woyia

m< úh'

f,kskaf.a r;= yuqodj reishdfõ isú,a hqoaOh ch

.ekSfuka miqj fidaúhÜ iudcjd§ ix.uh 1922 §

msyqgqjk ,§' reishdj" hqlaf¾kh" fn,reia yd

g%dkaialdlia ^j¾;udkfha fca¾cshdj" wd¾fïkshdj iy

wi¾nhscdkh& w;r .súiqula u.ska fidaúhÜ ix.uh

ks¾udKh lrk ,§'

fnd,afIúla úma,jfhka miqj f,kska reishdfõ

m<uq ryia fmd,sish jk fpldj msysgqjk ,§' fuh

msysgqùfï uQ,sl fya;=j jQfha fnd,afIúlajreka ;u

úreoaOjd§kaf.a uev meje;aùu i|yd Yla;su;a ryis.;

foaYmd,k fmd,sishla ms<sn|j úYajdi lsÍuhs' *s,slaia

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

foi¾Yskaialsf.a kdhl;ajfhka hq;a uq,a ld¾hh f,i ysñ

jQfha m%;s-úma,jd§ wmrdO úu¾Ykh lsÍu muKs' f,kska

>d;kh lsÍug ork ,o W;aidyh;a iu. fpld fmd,Sish

u.ska kj mßÉfPaohla wdrïN lrk ,§' id¾jd§ md,k

;ka;%fha wdOdrlrejka" reishdfõ by< mka;sh iy

f,kskaf.a fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIhg wjk; fkdjQ ´kEu

iudcjdoS wfhl=ට එඝෙහව iuQy >d;k jHdmdrhla osh;a

l< w;r th r;= ;%ia;jdoh f,i y\qkajkq ,efí'

1918 § reishdkq iudcjd§ lïlre mlaIh" Tjqkaf.ka 07

jk fldka.%ifha§ ks, kduh f,i reishdkq fldñhqksiaÜ

mlaIh f,i ye|skaùug mgka .;ay'

W.; yels .=Kdx.

õ,eoaó¾ f,kska kï jQ úma,jjdÈhdf.a Ôú;

ld,h foi wjOdkh fhduq l< úg wmg ±l.; yels

jkafka Tyq t;rï iqfLdamfNda.S cSú;hla .;l, nj

fkdfõ' úúOdldr jQ udkisl wjmSvkhkag uqyqK foñka

hï ;rul lgql cSú;hla .; l< njhs' ;u l=vd

ld,fha§ isÿjq ;u mshdf.a úfhdaj;a" miq ld,fha§ ;u

ióm;u fidfydhqrdf.a yÈis urKh;a fya;=fjka udkisl

wjmSvkhg ,la jQ f,kska flfia fyda ;u wOHdmk

lghq;= id¾:lj ksu lf<a h' bka wmg W.; yels

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

.=Kdx.h kï fkdmiqniakd W;aiyhhs' fl;rï udkisl

wjmSvkhkag ,la jqjo Tyq bka ñoS id¾:lj ;u wOHdmk

lghq;= lrk .kakd ,§'

tmuKla fkdj ;u úma,jjd§ woyia fya;=fjka

;u wOHdmkh w;ru. k;r lsßug isÿfjñka ráka

msgqjy,a ùug f,kskag isÿjQ w;r miq ld,fha§ flfia

fyda ;u wOHdmkh wjikalr ,kavkfha kS;S{jrfhl=

njg m;a ùug yelshdj ,enqKs' ;u wruqKq lrd úúO

wdldrfha n,mEï u; jqjo id¾:lj uqyqK Èh yels nj

f,kska Tmamq lr ;sfí'

idrdxYh

f,kska ;u cSú; ld,h ;=< mSä; ks¾Ok mka;sfha

tkï f.dùka" lulrejkaf.a" cSú; k.d isgqùug lghq;=

lrk ,§' Tyq md,kh l< wdldrh ksid Tyq fyd|

md,lfhl= f,io we;eful= y÷kajhs' ;rul ys;=jlaldÍ

.;shlska hqla;j l%shd l< o yß uÕ fmkajñka ;u

rdcHfha iqN isoaêh Wfoid uy;a fufyjrla Tyq isÿlrk

,§' tfukau fidaúhÜ foaYh kÕd isgqùfï wruqKla

iys;j wjidkfha§ f,dalh ;=< iudcjdoh ke;akï

fldñhqksiaÜjdoh me;sr f.dia uq¿ f,dju tlu

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

fldñhqksiaÜ rdcHhla njg m;a lsÍug isysk ÿgq

mqoa.,fhl= f,i f,kska ye|skaúh yelsh'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

fm< .eiau

• yeòskaùu

• ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsxf.a <ud ld,h iy wOHdmk

miqìu

• ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx úiska f.k .sh jHdmdr

• lsx úiska úhÜkdï hqoaOhg tfrysj m< l< u;

• ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx >d;kh iy tys n,mEu

• ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsxf.a woyia iy foaYmd,k u;jdo

• ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsxg ,enqKq iïudk iy ms<s.ekSï

• rdcH ksÍlaIK iy n,y;aldrh'

• idrdxYh

lKavdhu

• tï'ví,sõ'ta'tka' uOqNdks o is,ajd

• fla't,a'tia'wd¾'l,kaiQßh

• tÉ'mS'tia'tka' lreKdfiakuqo,sf.a

• tÉ'tï'à'uqo,sf.

• mS'wd¾'tia'tï'iqnr;ak

• tÉ'Ô'tï' 'iaj¾kud,s

• ví,sõ'tï'iS'ã'ùrfialr

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

yeòskaùu

ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx ^ckjdß 15" 1929 - wfm%a,a 04" 1968&

weußldkq mQclfhla" ls%hdldßlfhla iy wms%ldkq -

weußldkq isú,a whs;sjdislï jHdmdrfha m%uqL kdhlfhla

fõ' Tyqf.a m%Odk igk tlai;a ckmofha isú,a

whs;sjdislï ms<snò m%.;shla ,nd .ekSu iòyd úh' Tyq

ish jD;a;Sh osúfha uq,a wjêfha oS isú,a whs;sjdislï

ls%hdldßlfhla njg m;a úh' Tyq 1955 fudkaÜf.duß nia

j¾ckh fufyhùh' 1957 § olaIsK ls%ia;shdks kdhl;aj

iuq¿j fidhd .ekSug Woõ úh'

lsxf.a jHdmdrh 1963 § ud¾;=" fjdIsxgka fj; f.k .sh

w;r tysoS" —ug isyskhla ;sfí˜ hk uehska l;djla

mj;ajk ,oS' tysoS Tyq isú,a whs;sjdislï jHdmdrh ms<snò

uyck;dj oekqj;a lrk ,oS' tlai;a ckmo b;sydifha

fY%aIaG;u l:slfhl= f,i fudyq fmkS isáfhah' 1964 §

lsx" ish jev lghq;= iòyd fkdfn,a ;Hd.h ,enQ ,dnd,u

mqoa.,hd njg m;a úh' udOHhka úiska 1968 § Tyq ñh hk

úg" ÿmam;alu ;=rka lsÍu iòyd Tyq oerE W;aidyh ms<snò

kej; wjOdkh fhduq lrk ,oS' ;jo Tyqg urKska miq

ckdêm;s molalu msßkuk ,oS' ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx uq

uy;a f,dalhgu wdo¾Yu;a mqoa.,fhls'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

<ud úh iy wOHdmkh

1929 ckjdß 15 Èk Wm; ,o ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx Wm;ska ,o kduh uhsl,a lsx úh' ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx mjqf,a uoaÿuhd úh' ඇමßකාව ish kscìu lr.;a fudyqf.a iShd jQfha ta¡ã¡ ú,shïia h' Tyq o iShd fuka id¾:l wud;Hjrfhl= f,i lghq;= lf<ah' ;reK ud¾ákaf.a jeäuy,a fidfydhqßh ú,Sn jQ w;r nd, fidhqrd uhsl,a ú,shï lsx úh' l=vd l, isg jd¾.sl w¾nqohkag uqyqK mEug isÿ jQ Æ;¾ lsx Bg úreoaOj y~ k.kakg úh' ඇußකාfõ jefvñka isá l=vd ud¾áka jhi wjqreÿ mfya§ rcfha fmdÿ mdi,g we;=<;a úh¡ 1936 jif¾§ fn!;Siau jQ Tyqg uqyqKmEug isÿjQfha lsis lf,l;a fkdis;+ fohls¡ tkï" Tyqf.a wdÉÑ wïudf.a yÈis wNdjhhs' óg l=vd ud¾ákaf.a ys;=jlaldr jev ms<sfj, fya;=ldrl úh' foudmsh wjirh fkd;ld fm<md,shla krUk ud¾ákaf.a oro`vq ls%hd l,dmh ish ñ;a;Kshg yDoHdndOhla je<òS ñh hkakg ;rï fya;= úh'

wk;=rej fjdIsxgka mdi,g we;=<;a jQ Tyq olaI isiqfjl= jQ w;r ish ñ;=rka wNsuqL ckm%sh;ajhla fynùh' mdrïmßl ish mjq,a miqìï foaj.e;s iajNdjhla bisÆ w;r ;reK ud¾áka wd.u .ek m%Yak lsÍug fm<Uq‚' ish lksIaG wjÈh ;=<u nhsn,h lgmdvï lr.;a fudyq th kj weoys,a,la Tiafia ixikaokd;aulj f.k hkakg lghq;= lrk ,§' 1948 fudariafydâ úoHd,fhka iudcfõÈs Wmdêhla ,nd.;a w;r wk;=rej fmkais,afõkshdfõ ,snr,a yd lafrdi¾ ys foajO¾uh ms<sn| bf.kqï ,eîh' Tyqf.a wdpd¾h Wmdêh fndiagka ksõ

tx.,ka; fldkai¾fjÜ mdif,a§ yeoErE w;r tys§ Coretta

Scott .dhsldj yuqúh' Tyq 1953 cQks udifha § weh yd újdy úh'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx úiska f.k .sh jHdmdr

fudkaÜf.duß niaa j¾ckh lsÍu

1955 ud¾;= ui jhi wjqreÿ 15 la jq laf,Ü fld,aúka keue;s l¨ cd;sl oersúh fudkaÜf.duß nia r:hl § iqÿ cd;slfhl= yg ish wiqk ,nd fkdoSu fya;=fjka fcda¾Ê lafrda kS;s W,a,x>kh lsrSfï jrog yiqúh' fuu isoaêh foi neÆ n¾ñkayeï wms%ldkq-weursldkq m%cd lñgqfõ idudðlhka jk t,a' kslaika yd la,s*¾ v¾la" fuu isoaêh iq¿ isoaêhlg iïnkaO ùu ksid jvd fyd| kvqjla i|yd n,d isàug ;SrKh l<y' udi kjhlg miqj 1955 foieïn¾ ui 1 jk Èk tjeksu isÿùula isÿúh' tkï frdid md¾la hk wh úiska nia r:hl ;u wdikh w;ayeÍu m%;slafIam lrk úgh' fudjqka fofokd fudkaÜf.duß nia j¾ckh lsÍug fya;= úh' fuu j¾ckh kslaika úiska le|jkq ,enQ w;r lsx úiska th fufyhjkq ,eîh' j¾ckh Èk 385 la mqrd mej;=Kq w;r" lsxf.a ksji fndaïn m%ydrhlg ,laúh'

ol=Kq l%sia;shdks kdhl;aj iuq¿j

1957 § lsx" /,a*a wn¾ks" *afrâ IÜ,aiaj¾;a" fcdaima f,daß iy wfkl=;a isú,a whs;sjdislï ls%hdldÍka olaIsK

ls%ia;shdks kdhl;aj iuq¿j (SCLC) msysgqjk ,§' fuys uQ,sl wruqK jQfha isú,a whs;sjdislï m%;sixialrK fiajdj ;=< wúysxidjd§ úfrdaO;d meje;aùu i|yd l¿ cd;sl m,a,sfha n,h ixúOdkh lsÍuhs' fuu lKavdhu tjekac,sia;jdÈfhl= jQ ì,S .%eyeïf.a wkq.%yfhka ksõfhda¾la k.rfha 1957 l=rei hqoaOhg iyNd.S ùfuka miqj lsx iuÕ ñ;% úh'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

1963 ud¾;= udifha fjdIskagka

fjdIskagkays isÿ jQ oejeka; úfrdAO;d md .ukla úh' 1963 fjdIskagkays ã'iS' ys ,skalka wkqiaurKh bosrsmsgoS 250"000 msrsila /iaj isáshy' fuu md .ufkaoS uQ,sl f,i wms%ldkq weursldkqjka uqyqK oqka wNsfhda. iy wiudk;djhka ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduq úh' ta w;rska Tjqka /lshd yd ksoyi ms<sn|j jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lrk ,oS' fuu md .uk tlai;a ckmo b;sydifha udkj ysñlï i|yd meje;a jQ úYd,;u foaYmd,k /,sh úh' 1963 ud¾;=j,oS fjdIskagkays mQ¾jdo¾Yhka lsysmhla ;snqKs' tkï" cd;sl wdrlaIl fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ;k;=rej,ska wms%ldkq weursldkqjka bj;a lsrSu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsrSu;a" fojk f,dal hqO iufha ñ;% mdlaIslhskag iemhqï jeä fjñka ;snqKo fuu /lshd fj<ƒfmd, l¿ cd;slhkag jid oud ;sîu jeks lreKq ms<snòj wjOdkh fhduq lsrSu;ah'

fuu md .uk 1964 isú,a whs;sjdislï mk; ls%hd;aul lsrSu iòyd m%Odk idOlhla o úh' fuu md.ufkaoS ,skalka wkqiaurKh bosrsmsg isgf.k ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx ish ft;sydisl —uu isysk olsñ˜ f;audj hgf;a l;djla mj;ajñka cd;sjdoh wjika lsÍu iòyd b,a,Sï lf<ah' fudyqf.a iqm%isoaO l;dj cd;shg iy f,dalhdg mKsúvhla úh' fu;=<ska cd;sjdoh ;=rka lsrSug W;aidy .kakd ,oS' fuu md .uk ixúOdkh lsrSfuys ,d jy,qka ksoyia lsrSfï m%ldYh" n¾ñkayeï jHdmdrfha id¾:l;ajh tlai;a ckmoh mqrd mej;s uyck jHdmdr iy fm<md,s uQ,sl f,i n,mdk ,oS' fjdIskagkays ud¾;=j" tlai;a ckmoh ;=, uy;a fjkila we;s lrk ,oS' tysoS my; lreKq n,mdk ,oS'

• udkqISh whs;sjdislï mk; iòyd n,hla ks¾udKh úh'

• cd;sl mdmkaÿ ix.uh ;=< m%:u l¿ l=Üáhl jD;a;sh wdrïN úh'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

• isú,a whs;sjdislï jHdmdrh wdrlaId lr .kakd ,oS'

fï wkqj ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx 1963 mej;s fjdIskagkays md .uk id¾:l lr .ekSfuys,d m%n, odhl;ajhla imhd we;s w;r th b;d w.kd fufyhla f,i yeòskaúh yelsh'

fi,aud Pkao jHdmdrh iy r;= bßod

ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx yd fÊñia ìfj,a wdrïN lrk ,o Pkao whs;Ska /l .ekSu i|yd lrk ,o fm<md,s ms<sn|j fuys oelafõ' fÊñia ìfj,a iu. udáka Æ;¾ lsx olaIsK ls%ia;shdks kdhl;aj iuq¿j (SLCC) ixúOdkh yd w¾O jYfhka YsIH

wúysxidjdoS iïnkaëlrK lñgqj (SNCC-Student Non-Violent

Coordinating Committee& ixúOdkh fï fm<md,shg iïnkaO úh' fudjqka fm<md,sh ixúOdkh lf<a rfÜ w.kqjr fj;hs¡ fudjqkaf.a m<uq fm<md,sh 1965 ud¾;= ui 7 jk Èk isÿ lrk ,o w;r fmd,Sish úfrdaO;dlrejkag úfrdaOh oelaùu ksid tu W;aidyh ksr¾:l úh' fuu oskh —r;= bßod˜ ^Bloody Sunday& f,i y÷kajhs' fuh fmdÿck Pkao ysñlï jHdmdrh i|yd uyck;djf.a Woõ jeä jeäfhka ,nd .ekSu i|yd jQ yerjqï ,laIhls' fuys§ Æ;¾ lsxf.a m%pKavldÍ fkdjk Wmdh ud¾.h úfrdaO;dlrejka wkq.ukh l< w;r flfia fj;;a fuhg udáka Æ;¾ lsx iyNd.s jQfha ke;'

ud¾;= 5 jk Èk Æ;¾ lsx" ckdêm;s fcdkaikaf.a md,kdêldßfha ks,OdÍka yuqúh¡ Tyq tys§ úfrdaO;dlrejkag t,a,jk fpdaokd i|yd ;ykï ksfhda.hla ,ndfok f,i b,a,Sh' kuq;a m,a,sfha rdcldß ksid Æ;¾ lsx fm<md,sj,g iyNd.S fkdùh' miqj Tyq —rdcHfha Nghska úiska ñf,aÉP;ajh fm<md,sj,g Ndú; l<fyd;a uu udf.a m,a,sfha rdcldß

mfil,d fm<md,sj,g kdhl;ajh .ksñ˜ f,i m%ldY lf<ah' úfrdaO;djhkag fmd,Sish oelajQ ñf,aÉP;ajh ms<sn| m%jD;a;s jHdma; ùu;a iu. uyck fldamho jeä úh' ó<Õg ud¾;= 9 jk Èk fm<md,shla ixúOdkh lsÍug kej; W;aidy lrk

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

,oS' we,ndud rdcHhg tfrysj f*vr,a Widúhlg fm;aiula bÈßm;a lrk ,§' fuu fm;aiu m%;slafIam jQ w;r kvq úNd.h wjika jkf;la ishü fm<md,s ;ykï flre‚' flfiafj;;a ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx ud¾;= 9 jkod fi,audys tâukaâ

fmgq Êdmund Pettu& md,u fj; md .ukla Èh;a lf<ah¡ tu

md .ufkaoS flá hd{djla muKla lrk ,o w;r Widú ksfhda. W,a,x>kh fkdlrk f,i lsx m%ldY lf<ah' fuu fojk md .uk wjika jQ wdldrh" m%dfoaYSh jHdmdr fufyhjk msßiaf.a fldamh we;s lrjk ,oS'

wjidkfha oS fuu Pkao whs;Ska fjkqfjka 1965 ud¾;= 25 Èk md .uk iïmQ¾Kfhkau bÈßhgu f.k .sfhah' md .uk

wjidkfha ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx bÈßm;a lrk ,o l:dj —How Long

Not Long˜ f,i ye¢kafõ¡ tys§ lsx ;jÿrg;a m%ldY lf<a wm%sldkq-wefußldkq cd;slhkag iu Pkao whs;sjdislï ,eîu ÿr wE;l fkdjk njhs' tys§ Tyq m%ldY lf<a" —iodpdruh úYajfha pdm È.=hs' th hqla;sh lrd ieuúgu kefõ' tfiau Tn jmqrk foa ,nd .kak'˜

Ñldf.da ksoyia ksjdi jHdmdrh

Ñldf.da ksoyia ksjdi jHdmdrh f,i yeòskafjk Ñldf.da ksoyia jHdmdrh ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx" fcaïia ìfj,a iy we,anÜ /î úiska f.k hk ,oS' fuysoS ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx úiska by<

odhl;ajhla imhk ,oS' b,a,Sï /ila iy fm<md,s ixúOdkh úh' fuu b,a,Sï újD; ksjdij,g wu;rj mq¿,a mrdihl me;ssreKq w;r" Wiia wOHdmk" m%jdyk iy /lshd wjia:d" fi!LH" Okh W;amdokh" l=,S ksjeishka iy cSú;j, .=Kd;aulNdjh o we;=<;a úh'

1965 ueo Nd.fha isg 1966 wf.daia;= olajd ld,h ;=< Ñldf.da ksoyia jHdmdrh hkq" tlai;a ckmofha jvd;au wêIaGdkYS,s isú,a whs;ssjdislï Woaf>daIKh úh' 1968 oS idOdrK ksjdi

mk; W;af;aclhla f,i ie,fla' 1966 ckjdrs 7 jk osk ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx iy ol=Kq ls%ia;shdks kdhl;aj iïfï,kh

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

úiska Ñldf.da ksoyia wr.,h iòyd jQ ie,iqï ilia l<y' lsx úsYajdi lf<a —me,am;a mrsirhla ;=< kd.rslhka oyia .Kkl hg;a úcs;hla we;s lsrSu iòyd W;aidy lrk ÿIag l%uhla uq,skqmqgd oeóu iòyd ls%ia;shdks kdhl;aj iïfï,kfhys n,ho wjYH njh'˜ Ñldf.da jHdmdrh wdrïN jQfha 1965 cQ,s udifha oS isú,a whs;sjdislï lKavdhï" wOHdmkh iy ksjdi fjka lsrSu yd úfrdaO;djkag tfrysj úfrdaO;d meje;aùu iòyd wdpd¾h lsx leòjqï l< wjia:dfõoSh' Ñldf.da ls%hdldrslfhl= jk we,anÜ /î k.rhg idOdrK yd újD; ksjdi ,nd .ekSug fkdkj;sk jHdmdrhlg tlajk f,i lsxf.ka b,a,d isáfhah' bkamiqj fudjqka ish wruqKq ls%hd;aul lrk ,oS'

fuu jHdmdrh ;=<ska m%;sM, /ila <Õd lr .kakd ,oS' 1966 oS ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx úiska ksoyia brsod /,sh iy Ñldf.da k.r Yd,dfõ md .uk fufyh úh" 1966 oS ífrânlÜgqfõ fufyhqï YdLdj msysgqúh" 1966 oS iuq¿ .súiquo ksl=;a lrk ,oS' tfukau

—Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?˜ hk lD;sh ud¾áka Æ;¾ úiska 1967 oS rpkd lrk ,oS' wdpd¾h lsx 1967 ckjdß jk f;la Ñldf.da ys /òS isá w;r celaika fpla YdLd ífrânlÜgqfõ fufyhùu iòyd ksõfhda¾la k.rfha ia:sr f,i mosxÑ úh'

lsx úiska úhÜkdï hqoaOhg tfrysj m< l< u;

hqoaOhg tfrysj uq,iqk ;nñka jir 4lg miq fcdaka' t*a' flkä úiska tjk ,o weußldkq hqO Nghskag úreoaOj ish u;h m< lsÍug ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx iu;a úh' 1965 ud¾;= 02 jk osk yd¾jâ úYajúoHd,fha m%ldYlhka weu;+ miq udOH idlÉPdjlg ms<s;=re foñka mejiqfõ zzúhÜkdï hqoaOh lsisjla fkdlf<ahZZ hkqfjks' hqoaOhg úreoaO;ajhla oelajQ ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx tlai;a ckmofha úfoaY ms<sfj; m%isoaêfha úfõpkhg ,la lrñka lshd isáfha Tyqf.a ckm;s ,skavka' î' fcdkaika iuÕ mej;s in|;djh o bka m¿ÿ jQ njhs'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

ta ukao h;a ta jk úg;a hqoaOh ms<sn| talu;sl lÓldjlg t<öug Tyq ish leue;a; m< lr ;snQ fyhsks' fuu isÿùu 1965 jif¾oS isÿ ùug kshñ;j ;snQ w;r tu j¾Ifha oSu wf.daia;= udifha ol=Kq úhÜkdu kdhl;aj iïfï,kh" W;=re úhÜkdufha fndaïn oeóu kej;aùug le|jqï l< w;r .egqug ueosy;a ùug tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkhg n,h mejÍ ;snqKs'

m%pKav;ajh;a" hqoaOh;a ì| oeófï mshjrla wdrïN lsÍula f,i fcdkaikaf.a rdcH ;dka;%sl idlÉPd yd wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh i|yd jQ b,a,Sïj,g Tyq iyh ÿkafkah' hqoaOhg tfrysj lsxf.a úreoaO;ajh fldka.%ia idudðlhka" udOHfõoSka iy Tyqf.a isú,a whs;sjdislï ms<sn| iÕhkaf.ka úfõpkh lsÍu úfoaYSh lghq;=j,g we;=<;a lsÍu i|yd jk ish isú,a whs;sjdislï mq¿,a lsÍu weußldj ;=< l¿ cd;sl ksoyia wr.,hg ydkslr fjkq we;ehs ;¾l l<y' Tyqf.a ìß| fldf¾gd hqoaOhg úreoaOj y~ keÕSfï l%shdldÍ idudðldjla úh' 1967 ud¾;= 25 osk Ñldf.days mej;s hqO úfrdaë fm<md,sh fufyh jQ w;r úfoaYhkaysoS hqoaOh yd whqla;sh w;r we;s iïnkaOh ;j;a Yla;su;a lf<ah' úhÜkdufha fndaïn msmsÍfuka wk;=rej ;jÿrg;a kdhlfhl= f,i fkdj mQcljrfhl= f,i ish idkqlïms; yeÕSfuka hq;=j fï i|yd ueosy;aj lghq;= lrk ,oS'

úhÜkdï hqoaOhg tfrysj fmdÿ ia:djrhla ;ekSug we;s lsxf.a leue;a; m%d¾:kd lrk kuqÿ isú,a whs;sjdislï jHdmD;sh ;=< fndfyda fofkla ish ia:djrh ;jÿrg;a ÿria: lr we;' ta wkqj

wfm%a,a ui 15 osk 1967 oS lsx" iafmdala iy yeÍ hk ;%smqoa.,hkag 10"000 lg wêl msßila hqoaOhg tfrysj md.uklg odhl lr.ekSug yels úh' 1968 oS ue;sjrKh i|yd ìï uÜgfï idu l%shdldÍ;ajh jeä lsÍu i|yd iafjÉPd jHdmD;shla jk —úhÜkdu .sïydkhZZ ixj¾Okh lsÍu i|yd iafmdala iuÕ Ôú;fha wjika jir ;=< ud¾áka Æ;¾ lghq;= lf<ah' lsx úiska fuu idu foaYkdj,oS hqO úfrdaë yd isú,a whs;sjdislï ms<sn|

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

lghq;= iïnkaO lf<ah' cd;sh" jd¾.sl;dj yd oßø;dj úhÜkdufha hqoaOhg mdol jQ .eg¨ ;=k hkqfjka Tyq úia;r lf<ah'

uyck ÿmam;a jHdmdrh- 1968

1967 fkdjeïnrfha§ isú,a whs;sjdislï kdhl ud¾áka Æ;¾

lsx iy ol=Kq ls%ia;shdks kdhl;aj iïfï,kh ^SCLC& yuq jQ w;r ÿmam;a ck;dj uqyqK fok .eg¿ fndfyduhla i|yd úi÷ï fiùug iy ÿIalr ck;d jHdmdrhla Èh;a lsÍug tysoS ;SrKh lf<dah' fuu Woaf>daIKh rfÜ w.k.rfha§ ÿmam;a uyckhd fjkqfjka kdhl;ajh § we;' 1964 § isú,a whs;sjdislï mk; iy 1965 Pkao whs;sh ms<sn| mk; we;=¿ fmr mej;s isú,a whs;sjdislï ms<sn| ks.uk ch.%yKh

lsÍfuka lsx iy ol=Kq ls%ia;shdks kdhl;aj iïfï,kh ^SCLC& uy;a Woaoduhg m;a úh' 1965 § ol=Kq ls%ia;shdks kdhl;aj

iuq¿j (SCLC) ys wruqK jQfha wúysxidjd§ iDcq mshjrla hgf;a mq¿,a f,i wd¾Ól wiudk;d ms<sno fidhd ne,Suhs' ol=Kq

ls%ia;shdks kdhl;aj iuq¿j (SCLC) ys o¾Ykh jQfha tlai;a ckmofha b;sydifha iudc jHdmdrhla úiska isÿ lrk ,o isú,a whs;sjdislï fkdi,ld yeÍfï Woaf>daIKh b;du ;sridr" oejeka; yd mq¿,a f,i isÿ lsÍuhs'

wms%ldkq weußldkqjka" iqÿ cd;slhska" wdÈ weußldkqjka iy úúOdldr ysiameksla weußldkqjkaf.ka iukaú; jQ oßø;djfhka f;drj ÿmam;alu msgq oelSu wruqKq lr.;a fuu jHdmdrh nyqmd¾Yùh m%h;akhls' úfrdaO;dlrejka fjdIskagka ã'iS' ys § tla/ia jk w;r" uehs ui 14 isg cqks 24 Èk olajd Èkm;d m%o¾Ykh lrk ,§' fldx.%ih yd f*vr,a úOdhl YdLdj /lshd yd wdodhï u; nrm;, yd m%udKj;a ls%hdud¾. .ekSug fuuÕska n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh' fuu Woaf>daIKh fjdIskagkh ;=< oejeka; .ukl fh§fuka wk;=rej

Woaf>daIlhka úiska jev lsÍug fkdyels wh i|yd wdodhu ,nd §u" /lshd lsÍug fkdyels wh i|yd wdodhï iy ksjdij,

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

fjkialï lsÍu wjika lsÍug fm,md<sh u.ska fvd,¾ ì,shk 12la b,a,d isák ,§'

tys§ lsx fufia mjik ,§¡ —fY%aIaG foaYfma%ujdoh hqoaOfha wjidkh iy j¾.jdoh yd oßø;djh ms<sn| wjidk ch.%yKhg tfrysj reêrh rys; hqoaOhla wdrïN lrk njg wms úYajdi lruq'˜ fï wkqj ie,lsh hq;= ú/lshd kS;shla Èkd .ekSu ÿmam;a ck;djf.a Woaf>daIKfha b,lalh fkdùh' flfiafj;;a" cd;sjd§ mka;s .eg¨ yd wd¾Ól wruqKq we;=<;a lrk ,o jd¾.sl iudkd;au;djfha fõÈldjla bÈßm;a iEoSfï isg isú,a whs;sjdislï iq/lSu olajd jHdmdrh fjkia lsÍï isÿ lf<ah'

1968 § fjdIskagka ã'iS'ys mj;ajk ,o Woaf>daIKhlska wjika jQ uyck ÿmam;a jHdmdrfhka miq ^È<s÷ ck;djf.a ud¾;= jHdmdrh" È<s÷ ck;djf.a ud¾;= tlai;a jHdmdrh& tlai;a ckmoh mqrdu ÿmam;alfï" /lshd yd ksjdi m%Yak úi£u i|yd ie,iqï ilia lsÍfï ie,iqula rch úiska ie,iqï lrk ,§'

ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx >d;kh iy tys n,mEu

1968 wfma%,a 4jkod" isú,a whs;sjdislï kdhl ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx fgfkisys fuïmSia ys§ >d;kh flre‚' Tyqf.a >d;kh ms<sn| wdrxÑh tlai;a ckmoh mqrd l¿ cd;slhskaf.a úúO yeÕSï biau;= úh' isú,a fkdikaiqkaldÍ;ajhg W;afma%rlhla o jQ w;r fndfyda fokd fm<md,s yd úfrdaO;d oelaùïj,g" Tjqkaf.a fYdalh iy fldamh m%ldY lsÍug ùÈj,g .sfhah' fuu úfrdaO;d ish,a,u iduldó jQ w;r iuyr wjia:dj, m%pKavldÍ ;;a;ajhka o mej;=Ks' fnd,aáfuda¾ ^fïß,kaâ&" Ñldf.da ^b,sfkdhsia&" ïaú,a ^flkagls&" ksõfhda¾la k.rfha ^ksõ fhda¾la& iy fjdIskagka ã¡ iS hk m%foaYj, fuu úfrdaO;d olakg ,enq‚' fnda,aáfuda¾ys fkdikaiqka;dj lsxf.a >d;kfhka miq isl=rdod isÿjQ kuq;a l¿ m%cdj ;=< l,lsÍï fya;=fjka wd;;Ska mQ¾jfhka f.dvke.S ;snqKs' isÿùïj,g

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

m%;spdr jYfhka cd;sl wdrlaIl Nghska oyia .Kkla" fïß,kaâ fmd,Sish iy 500la f*vr,a Nghka o k.rhg f.k wdy' ler,s fya;=fjka 4000lg jvd jeä msßila w;awvx.=jg f.k we;s w;r oyilg wêl jHmdr .sKs;nd fyda fld,a,lkq ,en we;' fuysoS fvd,¾ ñ,shk 13'5l muK w,dNydks isÿúh'

Ñldf.days o ler,s" k.rfha ngysr me;af;ka 5jeks isl=rdod wdrïN úh' Ñldf.da ys o¾Ykh fld,a,lEï" .sksn;a lsÍu iy m%pKav;ajfha ,laIK olakg úh' fmd,sia ks,OdÍkag iy l=la lef* fIß*af.a ksfhdað;hkaf.a iduh mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd b,sfkdhsia cd;sl wdrlaIl Nghska ;=kaish fofkl=g k.rhg meñfKk f,i wK lrk ,§' Ñldf.days fkdikaiqka;djg fya;= jQfha urK 11la yd úkdY jQ f.dvke.s,s ishhlg wêl ixLHdjla uÕsks'

¨hsiaú,ays isÿ jQ isÿùï uehs udifha§ isÿjQ w;r lsxf.a >d;kh uÕska wfkl=;a md¾Yjhka Wis.kajk ,o kuq;a l¿ mqoa.,fhl=f.a myrlEug iïnkaO iqÿ ks,Odßfhl= ms<snò fmd,sia mÍlaIljrhl= úiska h<s;a mÍlaIKhla mj;ajk ,§' flkagls cd;sl wdrlaIl n,ldfha úYd, ixLHdjla ïaú,ays isÿjk m%pKav;ajh ueãug W;aidy l<y' w;awvx.=jg .ekSï 400lg wêl jQ w;r isÿjQ fofhys m%;sM,hla f,i fvd,¾ 200000l w,dN ydks isÿúh' ksõ fhda¾la k.rfha ydksh" fld,a,h iy m%pKav;ajh isÿ jQjo k.rdêm;s fcdaka ,skaâfiaf.a ls%hdldß;ajfha fldgila f,i th fndfyda ÿrg je<elS .sfha h' k.rdêm;s ,skaâfia yd¾,ï kqjrg f.dia tys jeishka iuÕ lghq;= l< w;r" wdpd¾h lsxg isÿ jQ foh .ek ;ud lK.dgq jk nj mjiñka ck;dj ikaiqka lf<ah' fjdIsxgka ã¡iS ys§ flda,dy, wdrïN jQfha wdpd¾h lsx >d;kh jQ oskfhaoSuh' f.dvke.s,s oyila .sks ;nd we;s w;r fvd,¾ ñ,shk 27l w,dNydks isÿ úh'

ckdêm;s ,skavka î' fcdkaika" lsxf.a >d;kh fy<d olsk

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

w;r" Oj, ukaÈrfha fndfyda fofkla úYajdi lr we;af;a" wms%ldkq weußldkqjkaf.a wNHka;r ;;a;ajhka ;=< wms%ldkq weußldkqjka i|yd fldkafoais jeäÈhqKq lrk ,o kS;s ud,djla h' 1968 wfma%,a 11jk Èk fldx.%ih úiska iïu; lrk ,o idOdrK ksjdi mk; tjka tla mshjrla úh' flfia fj;;a" fldx.%ih" kd.ßl m%pKav;ajh u¾okh lsÍug ckdêm;s úiska bosrsm;a l< wfkl=;a b;sß lreKq m%;slafIam l<y' flfiafj;;a" lsxf.a urKfhka miqj isÿ jQ ydksh fya;=fjka fndfyda k.rj, wd¾Ólhkag ydks jQ w;r /lshd oyia .Kkla wysñ úh' wmrdO jeäùu" foam, jákdlï wvq ù we;s w;r fndfyda l¿ m%cdjka Tjqkaf.a fiiq k.r j,ska jvd;a yqfol,d úh'

ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsxf.a woyia iy foaYmd,k u;jdo

ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx l¿ cd;slhka my;a fldg ie,lSug tfrysj ixúOdkhla msysgqjd .kakd ,oS' fuh uy;aud .dkaê;=udf.a fuka iduldó úfrdaO;djhka uq,a lr.;a ixúOdkhls' fudkaáf.dau¾ nia j¾ckh ^1956-1957& ixúOdkh msysgjQ miq ol=Kq ls%ia;shdks kdhl;aj iïfï,khg iyNd.S jQ w;r tys iNdm;sjrhd jQfhao ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsxh'

1963 jif¾ oS we,ndud m%dka;fha n¾ñkayeï k.rfha úfrdaO;d jHdmdrhka osh;a l< w;r iqÿ cd;slhkaf.a n,mEu u; ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx w;awvx.=jg .kakd ,oS' fuu fpdaokdj u; isr.; lrk ,o ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx ksoyi ,nd .;a;o" ish wruqKq fjkqfjka jQ iduldó jHdmdrh w;ayf,a ke;' 1963 jif¾ wf.daia;= ui kej;;a isú,a ysñlï fjkqfjka jQ úfrdaO;d wr., fj; Tyq fhduq úh' 1963 jif¾ fjdIsxgka ,skalka

iaudrlh wi,oS Tyq lshd isáfha zI have a dreamZ hk f;audj uq,a lr.;a foaYkhhs' fuu foaYkh fjkqfjka /iaj isá msrsi 25000lg wêlh' j¾KfNaojdoh iy cd;sjdoh uq¿ukskau ;=rka

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

l< hq;= nj wjOdrKh lf<ah' ifuys j¾Kh u; fkdj prs; iajNdjh u; mokï jqKq iudchla ;=< uf.a orejka cSj;a fjkq olskq leue;af;ñhs''' hkak Tyqf.a woyi úh' ta isyskh fufiah' —hï ojil fï ñksiqka ienE w¾:hlska ke.S isáñka ish,q ñksiqkag udkj ohdj ks¾udKh jQ i;Hh ienE lsrSu uf.a ysf;a ;sfnk tla isyskhla ˜

tod Tyqf.a fuu isysk .ek jQ wkd.; jdlH fjkqfjka mqj;am;a" iÕrd jeks udOH uÕska t;rï iyfhda.hla ,nd ÿkafka ke;' fï jk úg Oj, ukaosrh iuÕ jQ iïnkaO;djhka o ì| jeà ;snqKs' fndfyda fokd ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx msgia;rfhl= f,i y÷kajk ,oS' Tyq mSä; mka;sh .ek l;d lf<a j¾. lsrSulska f;drjh' ÿmam;alu" yuqod n,h jeks fuf;la lsisfjl=ÿ úiska l;d ny fkdl< iudc me;slv w<,d Tyq újD;j ixjdofha fhÿfKah' wms is;k iudkd;au;djh ljod fyda oskl h:d¾;hla ùug kï jd¾.sl jYfhka muKla fkdj iudch fj;skao iudkd;au;djh f.dvk.d .ekSu wjYH jkafkah' Tyq f.k .sh igk ksid ol=Kq os. l¿ cd;slhkag ;ykïj ;snQ Pkao whs;sh ,nd .ekSfï mk; iïu; úh'

ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx >d;kh lrk ,oafoa 1968 jif¾ wfma%,a 04 jk osk fgfkiays fuïmSiaysoSh' ta fjkqfjka Tyq l< jro jQfha l¿ cd;slhkaf.a isú,a whs;Ska ,nd oSu fjkqfjka fmruqK

.ekSu muKls' ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx >d;kh lrk ,o fuu oskh weursld tlai;a ckmofha cd;sl oskh f,i 1986 oS iïu; lr .kakd ,oS' Tyqf.a urKh olajdu Tyq wúysxidjdoS ls%hdldrS;ajh yryd weursldkq iudch mrsj¾;kh lsrsfï Tyqf.a lemùu flfrys ia:srj isáfhah' lsxf.a o¾Ykhg ;s%;aj wk¾:hka" wúysxidfõ m%;sm;a;s yhla" wúysxidjdoS iudc fjki ms<sn| mshjr yhla iy wdorKSh m%cdj hk o¾Ykhka we;=<;a fõ'

ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx tod ÿgq isysk oeka h:d¾:hla ù we;' ta w;r ienE jQ iqn isyskh jkafka ne/la Tndud kï l¿ cd;slfhl=

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

weursld tlai;a ckmofha ckdêm;s ;k;=rg m;aùuhs' —wfma cSú;j,g n,mdk foaj,a .ek ksy~j isák ojig wfma cSú; wjika ùu werfUkafkah' wjidkfha wfma u;lfha b;srs jkq we;af;a wfma i;=rkaf.a jpk fkdj wfma ñ;=rkaf.a ksYaYío;djhhs' fuh Tyqf.a m%%isoaO lshukls'

ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsxg ,enqKq iïudk iy ms<s.ekSï

• 1964 j¾IfhaoS Tyq fkdfn,a idu ;Hd.fhka msÿï ,o w;r fuf;la fkdfn,aa ;Hd.h ,;a ,dnd, ;eke;a;d f,iskao jd¾;djla ;eîh

• 1957 j¾IfhaoS NAACP ys iamska.¾ molalu

• 1957 j¾IfhaoS cd;sl mqj;am;a m%ldYlhskaf.a rei¾uka iïudkh

• 1964 j¾IfhaoS fcdaka fâõ iïudkh

• 1964 j¾IfhaoS Ñldf.da lf;da,sl wka;¾cd;sl ljqkais,h uÕska msrskukq ,enQ fcdaka t*a flkä iïudkh

• ghsïia iÕrdj uÕska mj;ajk ,o —Y;j¾Yfha mqoa.,hd˜ kï PkaofhaoS 6jk ia:dkhg Pkao ysñlr.;af;a lsx úisks

• 1968 j¾IfhaoS ol=Kq ls%ia;shdks kdhl;aj iuq¿j msrskeuQ frdaid n.md¾la iïudkh

• Tyqf.a urKska miq ckdêm;s csó ldg¾ úiska 1977

j¾IfhaoS Tyq —Presedential Medalof Freedom˜ iïudkfhka mqok ,oS'

• ;jo urKska miqj Tyq —Congressional Gold Medal˜ iïudkfhka mqok ,oS'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

rdcH ksÍlaIK iy n,y;aldrh'

t*a'î'whs' fidaÈis lsÍu iy ijka §u'

t*a'î'whs' wOHlaI fÊ' tâ.¾ yqj¾" isú,a whs;sjdislï kdhlfhl= f,i ish n,h ySk lsÍug we;s woyiska lsxj wëlaIKh lsÍu i|yd fm!oa.,slj ksfhda. lf<ah' p¾É lñgqjg wkqj tlai;a ckmo fldx.%ih úiska 1975 § lrk ,o mÍlaIKh 1963 foieïn¾ isg 1968 Tyqf.a urKh olajd ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx ksoyia ld¾hdxYfha úu¾Ykh lsÍfï ld¾hlaIu

Woaf>daIkhla b,lal úh'

1963 j¾Ifha § tx.,ka;fha rchg ÿrl;k weu;=ï ,nd .ekSu i|yd kS;sm;s frdnÜ t*a' flkäf.ka wjir ,enq‚' ckdêm;s fcdaka t*a flkä fj; oekqï ÿkafkah' tlai;a ckmofha fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIh iu. iïnkaO jQ ksõ fhda¾la kS;s{fhl= jk iageka,s f,úikaf.ka fjkaùug Tyq iy Tyqf.a fidfydhqrd wid¾:l W;aidyhl ksr; úh'

frdn¾Ü flkä" lsxf.a ÿrl:k ud¾. iSñ;j udihlg fyda Bg jeä ld,hla w;ayod ne,Su i|yd iSñ; ÿrl:k weu;=ï ,nd .ekSula lr ;snqKo" yQj¾f.a wjirh §¾> lr we;' fuu ld¾hdxYh úiska f,úika yd lsxf.a ksfjia yd ld¾hd,Sh ÿrl:k ud¾.j, l:dnyl fh§ isá w;r" Tyq rg mqrd ixpdrh l< úg fydag,aj, lsxf.a ldur wjq,a lf<ah'

1967 § yQj¾" cd;sl fldx.%ia iNsl l¿ cd;sjd§ ffjÍ iuQyhla f,i ,ehsia;=.; lr we;'

• rdclSh ikaksfõokh ksÍlaIKh lsÍu'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

ryis.; fufyhqula jk —ñkafkaÜ˜ kï jQ tka'tia'ta' úhÜkdufha tlai;a ckmo hqoaOh úfõpkh l, lsx we;=¨ m%Odk weußldkqjkaf.a ikaksfõokhka ksÍlaIKh lf,ah'

• fldñhqksiaÜjdofha fpdaokd'

jir .Kkdjla mqrd yQj¾ yg" jD;a;Sh iñ;s iy isú,a whs;sjdislï jeks iudc jHdmdrj, fldñhqksiaÜjd§kaf.a n,mEu .ek ielhla we;s úh' yQj¾ 1957 § lsx fidhd .ekSu

i|yd t*a'î'whs' fj; fhduq lrk ,oS' th msysgqjk ,oafoa ol=Kq

ls%ia;shdks kdhl;aj iïfï,kh (SCLC) uÕsks¡ tys mQ¾K ld,Sk úOdhl wOHlaIjrfhl= 1960 olajd fkdisáfha h'

f,úika" mlaIfhka bj;aj f.dia ;jÿrg;a Tjqka iuÕ jHdmdßl .kqfokqj,g iïnkaO jQfha ke;' lsx ;skka" ykag¾ msÜia ´ fv,a" ,xld tlai;a ckmofha ls%hdldrlï lñgqj

^HUAC& bÈßfha Èõreï § fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIh iu. iïnkaO

úh' flfia fj;;a" 1976 jk úg FBI wdh;kh ;uka úiskau

fyda SCLC ienúkau fldñhqksiaÜ ixúOdk iuÕ we;a;

jYfhkau iïnkaO jQ njg lsisÿ idlaIshla fkdue;s nj FBI úiska ms<ssf.k we;'

fldñhqksiaÜjdÈfhl=f.a iïnkaO;djhla fkdue;sju lsx ;udju m%;slafIam lf<ah' 1965 maf,afnda iïuqL idlÉPdjl§ Tyq lshd isáfha —*af,dßvdys biakdfudaia kï túksfudaia kï

ksoyia iudc jHdmdrfha fndfyda fldñhqksiaÜjd§ka we;'˜ yqj¾ —ol=fKa foaYmd,k n,h fírd.ekSfï udj; wkq.ukh lrk nj;a isú,a whs;sjdislï jHdmdrfha fldñhqksiaÜjdoh yqjd oelaùu ms<ssn|j Tyqf.a wjOdkh fhduq jQfha" —olaIskdxYsl cd;sjd§ka yd wka; olaIskdxYsl n,fõ.hkaf.a wm%ikak b,a,Sïj,g iyh oelaùu i|ydh˜ hkakhs' lsx fldñhqksiaÜjdÈhl= njg Tmamq lsÍug oerE m%h;akh" ol=fKa l¿ cd;slhka fndfyda fokd w;r fnfyúka i;=gg m;a jQ kuq;a" ˜fldñhqksiaÜjd§ka˜ yd —ndysr Woaf>daIlhka úiska

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

Wis.kajk ,o w;r" fndfyda fnÿïjd§kaf.a yeÕSïj,g iïnkaO úh'

• iS'whs'ta ksÍlaIKh

iS'whs'ta ,sms f.dkq 2017 § m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,o nj wkdjrKh úh' 1964 fkdjeïnr 4 Èk fjdIsxgka fmdaiaÜ mqj;amf;ys ,smshlska Tyq fidaúhÜ ix.uh fj; wdrdOkd lrk ,o w;r" úIh ms,sn| m%ldYlfhl= jk /,a*a" uQ,dY%h .ek woyia oelaùug m%;slafIam lf<ah'

ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx f.ka ,nd .; yel cSú; wdo¾Y

wdpd¾h lsx mjikafka" wm /lshdjg hdug fmr wmf.a cSú;fha iEu woshrlau ie,iqï l< hq;= hehs fkdfõ" kuq;a Tyq wmf.a cSú;fha ie,eiaug we;=<;a l< hq;= foa ms<sn|j wm iefjdu is;g .; hq;= nj Wmfoia ,nd ÿkafkah' wdpd¾h lsx wmf.a cSú;fha ie,eiaug wkqj ks¾foaY l< m<uq foh kï" —wm iEu flfkl=gu Tfí wNsudkh" Tfíu jákdlu iy Tfíu hïlsis .eUqre úYajdihla ms<sn| ;sìh hq;= wjYH;djhs' Tn lsisfjl= fkdjk nj Tng ye`.Sug lsisfjl=g bv fkdfokak' Tng jákdlula we;s nj ieuúgu oefkk w;r Tnf.a cSú;hg wjidk jeo.;alula we;s nj ieuúgu is;kak˜' fuu l;dj mj;ajñka wdpd¾h lsx l;d lf<a b;sydifha ;SrKd;aul ld, mßÉfPaohla ;=< ;reK wms%ldkq weursldkq isiqkaf.a jákdlu ms<snojh' iEu cSú;hlgu /lshdjla iy isysk jeo.;ajk w;r" ienE n,mEula we;s lsÍug yelshdjla we;' wdpd¾h lsxf.a fojk ks¾foaYhkï" —Tfí úúO lafIa;%hkays úYsIag;ajh <`.d lr .ekSfï wêIaGdkh ms<snò uQ,sl uQ,O¾uh wm ieug ;sìh hq;=h' Tn cSú;fha l=ula lrkq we;ao" Tfí cSú;fha jev lghq;= l=ula fõo hkak jir .Kkdla os. yefrk úg Tn ;SrKh lrkq we;' th l=ula oehs Tn ;SrKh l< miq" th lsÍug iy th fydòska lssÍug iQodkï jkak' Tfí wNs,dIhka yE,a¨jg ,la lsÍug lsisfjl=g bv fkdfokak'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

fya;=jla ksid fkdi,ldyßk jD;a;Ska we;" fofofkl= tl yd iudk fkdjk w;r wmf.a yelshdjka yd l=i,;d úúO wjia:djkaysoS fhdod .; yelsh' Tyqf.a l;dfõoS Tyq úia;rd;aulj úia;r lrkafka —Tn cSú;fha l=ula lsÍug f;dard .;a;o th jeo.;a fkdjk njhs' ulaksido h;a Tn ch.%yKh lsÍu fyda wiu;a ùu fkdj" Tn l=ula jqj;a fydòu foa jkak˜' fuf,i úúO foaYkj,oS Tyq wmf.a tosfkod ossúhg wdo¾Y /ila ,nd ÿkafkah'

idrdxYh

1929 ckjdß 15 Èk Wm; ,o ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx keue;s úma,jjdoS Ñka;lhd cd;Hka;r iudchg l< fiajdj w;suy;ah' j¾KfNaojdoh iy cd;sjdoh uq¿ukskau ;=rka l< hq;= nj

wjOdrKh l< fu;=udf.a m%isoaO foaYmd,k l;sldj; jQfha “I

have a dream” hkak fõ' Bg wu;rj fudkaÜf.duß niaa j¾ckh lsÍu" ol=Kq l%sia;shdks kdhl;aj iuq¿j" 1963 ud¾;= udifha fjdIskagkays isÿ jQ oejeka; úfrdAO;d md .uk" fi,aud Pkao jHdmdrh iy r;= bßod Ñldf.da ksoyia ksjdi jHdmdrh iy 1968 uyck ÿmam;a jHdmdrh Tyq úiska odhl;ajh oelajq lafIa;%hka úh' ;jo lsx úiska úhÜkdu hqoaOhg trysj m, l< u;jdo iudch ;=< yqfola l;dnyg ,la úh' fï wkqj isú,a whs;sjdislï ms<sno kdhl;ajh oerE fu;=udf.a úfhdafjka miq iudch ;=< b;d fkdikaiqkaldrS jd;djrKhla ieliqKq w;r úfrdaO;d md .ukaj, fhoSug Tyqf.a wkq.dñlhka fm<UqKs'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

*a?kala,Ska ã' rEiafj,aÜ

fm< .eiau

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

• yeòskaùu

• *a?kala,Ska ã' rEiafj,aÜf.a <ud ld,h iy

wOHdmk miqìu

• foaYmd,khg msúiSu yd weußldfõ ckdêm;s

OQrhg m;aùu

• foaYmd,khg msúiSu yd weußldfõ ckdêm;s

OQrhg m;aùu

• *%Ekala,Ska ã' rEiafj,aÜf.a úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh

• idrdxYh

lKavdhu

• ã'mS'id,sh fkrkacka chisxy

• ví,sõ'mS'iór m%§ma l=udr

• ta'ta' iò,s p;=ßld

• mS' wl,xls ùrnoaok Èidkdhl

• ví,sõ'î'tka' È,aydka

• à'ã'tka'mS'u,aj;a;

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

ye¢kaùu

f,dj my< jQ úúOdldr mqoa.,hka w;r *a?kala,Ska ã' rEiafj,aÜ yg ysñjkqfha b;d iqúfYaIS ia:dkhls' weußld tlai;a ckmofha m%n, fjkialï rdYshla yd f,dj m%p,s; úúOdx. rdYshla weußld tlai;a ckmofha kdufhka f,dj mqrd jHdma; ùug Tyqf.a l%shd l,dmh fnfyúka n,mdkakg we;s nj meyeÈ,s lreKls'

ta ksidfjkau *a?kala,Ska ã' rEiafj,aÜf.a <ud ld,h yd Tyqf.a mdi,a Ôú;h ms<sn|j wOHHkhl fh§u;a" ta iu`. Tyqf.a l=vd ld,fha jQ pß; ,laIK ms<sn|j fidhd ne,Su;a b;d jeo.;a fõ' tfiau l%ufhka uqyql=rd .sh fudyq foaYmd,k Ôú;hg msúiSu;a" ta yryd f,dal foaYmd,k kdudj,sfhys wefußld tlai;a ckmoh wo jk;=re;a m%uqL ia:dkhl olakg ,efnk isoaê ud,djg rEiafj,aÜf.a odhl;ajh fldf;la ÿrg n,mEfõo hkak;a" tfiau foaYmd,k lafIa;%fha muKla fkdj wd¾Ól yd iudÔhuh jYfhka weußld tlai;a ckmofhys fukau bka mßndysrj o weußld tlai;a ckmofha úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh flfryso fu;=udf.a ls%hd l,dmfha n,mEu fidhd ne,Su b;d jeo.;ah' tfiau fu;=udf.a Ôú;fha isÿùï w,,d w;S; f,dal foaYmd,kfhys yd j¾;udk f,dal foaYmd,kfhys fkdueflk kduhla iksgqyka lsÍug iu;a jQ *a?kala,Ska ã' rEiafj,aÜf.a Ôú;fha m%n, .=Kdx. yd tajdfha jákdlï ms<sn|j hï;dla ÿrlg flfrk újrKhla f,i fuh fmkajd Èh yels h'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

<ud ld,h iy wOHdmksl miqìu

*%Ekala,Ska fv,fkda rEiafj,aÜ Wm; ,oafoa weußld tlai;a ckmofha ksõfhdala k.rfha yhsâmdla j,h' 1882 ckjdß 30 jk od Tyqf.a ckau Èkh jQ w;r" Tyqf.a mshd jQfha fÊñia rEiafj,aÜ h' uj idrd rEiafj,aÜ jQjdh'

l=vd rEiafj,aÜ olaI wYajdfrdaylfhla jQ w;r fjä ;eîu" igka lsÍï wdÈfhys ksmqKfhla úh' wjia:d lsysmhl§u Tyq Ê¾uka yd m%xY jeks úfoaYSh NdIdjka l:khg mqyqKq jQ w;r ta i|yd Tyq i;= iqúfYaIS Wkkaÿjla o olakg ,enq‚'

wfkla orejka fuka fkdj l=vd rEiafj,aÜ ye§ jevqfka Tyqf.a ujf.a oeä wdrlaIdj uOHfhah' tl,ays fndfyda orejka f.a brKu jQfha wjqreÿ fod<i msreKq l< fkajdisl mdi,aj,g hdugh' kuq;a l=vd rEiafj,aÜf.a uj jQ idrd fï ms<sn|j lkiai,af,ka miq jQjdh' Tyqg wjqreÿ 14 iïmQ¾K jQ miq rEiafj,aÜf.a uj Tyqj fm!oa.,sl mdi,la jQ .afrdagka (Groton) mdi,g we;=<;a l<dh' .afrdagka mdi, f,an,a lr ;snqfKa Okj;=ka f.a mdi,la f,ih' fuys § rEiafj,aÜg jvd;a fmdfydi;a orejka iuÕ wOHdmkh ,nkakg wjia:dj ysñ úh'

tmuKla fkdj rEiafj,aÜ <ud ld,fha§ b;d §ma;su;a YsIHfhl= jYfhka olaI;d oelajQ w;r" Tyq jgd ñ;=rka rdYshla tlaldiq úh' l=vd rEiafj,aÜ mdif,a m%Odk wdpd¾hjrhd jQ tkaäfldÜ mSfndä (Endicott Peabody) msh;=ud iuÕ ióm iïnkaO;djhla we;s lr .ekSug iu;a úh' tkaäfldÜ msh;=ud ksoyia u;OdÍ pß;hla jQ w;r ksr;=reju lf;da,slhkaj fmdÿ jevj,g;a" wirK Ndjhg m;ajQ mqoa.,hkag iyfhda.h oelaùu i|yd;a Wkkaÿ lrjQfjls'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

miqld,Skj fuu msh;=udf.a uÕ fmkaùu yd Ñka;kh rEiafj,aÜf.a bÈß .ukg rel=,la úh' mdif,a isák w;r;=r msh;=udf.a wjOdkhg rEiafj,aÜ ksrka;rfhka ,la jQ w;r wfkl=;a <uqka is;=fõ rEiafj,aÜ idfgdamj;a" lmá pß;hla nj;a" .=rejrekaf.a wjOdkh nf,ka ,nd.ekSug ;e;a lrk nj;a h' mdi,a iufha§ olaI lÓlfhla f,i jdo újdo ;rÕj,g iyNd.S ù ,enQ ch.%yKhka o rEiafj,aÜf.a Èúh j¾Kj;a lrkakg iu;a úh'

1900 § rEiafj,aÜ wefußldfõ ydjâ úYajúoHd,hg we;=<;a jQ w;r" úYajúoHd,fhys fndfyda iñ;s iud.ï j, (Alpha Delta Phi fraternity, The fly club) idudðl;ajh orñka l%shdldÍ pß;hla f,i úYajúoHd,fhys lghq;= lrk ,§' rEiafj,aÜ uQ,sl jYfhka b;sydih yd foaYmd,k úoHdj yeoErE kuq;a ta ms<sn|j úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq lf<a ke;' Tyq ks;ru ;u foaYk uÕyerS w;r úfgl foaYk Yd,dfõ cfka,fhka mekhdu o mqreoaola lr .;af;ah' fï ksidfjkau Tyqf.a m%;sM, ksrka;rfhka ÿ¾j, úh'

rEiafj,aÜ úYajúoHd,fha wjika jir ;=< § ydjâ l%sïika (Harvard Crimson) mqj;amf;a ixialdrl OQrh fyn jQ w;r tuÕska kdhl;ajh iy j.lSï iys; mqoa.,fhl= jkafka flfiaoehs W.;af;ah'

1903 § Tyq b;sydih ms<sn|j Ydia;%fõ§ Wmdêh ,nd.;af;ah' 1904 § rEiafj,aÜ fldf<dïìhd kS;s úoHd,hg we;=<;a jQ w;r 1907 § Wmdêh fkd,ndu bka bj;ajkafka Tyq ksõfhda¾la rdcH kS;S{ úNd.h (New

York State bar exam) iu;a jQ ksidh' bkamiq fudyq kS;S{ jD;a;shg wjOdkh fhduq lrkakg úh'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

foaYmd,khg msúiSu yd weußldfõ ckdêm;s OQrhg m;aùu

weußld tlai;a ckmofha 26 jeks ckdêm;sjrhd jq ;shfvda¾ rEiafj,aÜf.ka wNsfma%rKh ,;a ;reK *%Ekala,Ska ;u foaYmd,k Ôú;h weröug th wjia:djla lr.;af;ah'

1910 jif¾§ äfudl%ála mlaIh hgf;a rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ wdikhla i|yd ;rÕ je§ug Tyqg wjia:dj ,eìK' b;d Woafhda.fhka ;rÕ jeÿKq *%Ekala,Skag tu ue;sjrKh ch .ekSug yels úh'

úfgl ;u mlaIfhys o úma,jjdÈfhl= f,i lghq;= l< Tyq ì,S Isydkag (Billy Sheehan) úreoaOj lghq;= l< m%cd;ka;%jd§ u;OdÍkag Tyqf.a mQ¾K iyh ,nd ÿkafkah' tfukau 1912 j¾Ifha§ tjlg wdKavqldr OQrhla fynjQ jqâfrda ú,aika (Woodrow Wilson) yg äfudl%Ü mlaIfha ckdêm;sjrK kdufhdackd ,nd .ekSugo *%Ekala,Ska iyfhda.h ,nd ÿks' jqâfrda ú,aika yg oelajQ iyfhda.h fjkqfjka 1913 jif¾ ud¾;= ui rEiafj,aÜj kdúl yuqodfõ iyldr f,alï OQrhg m;a flßK'

f,dal b;sydifha ikaosia:dkhla jQ m<uq f,dal hqoaOh 1914 j¾Ifha§ wdrïN ùu;a iuÕ rEiafj,aÜf.a oeä u;h jQfha weußld tlai;a ckmoh o hqOuh jYfhka ta i|yd iQodkï úh hq;= njh' 1917 j¾Ifha§ weußld tlai;a ckmoh m<uq f,dal hqoaOhg iïnkaO ùu;a iuÕ by; u;h iM, jQ w;r tu.ska Tyq Wml%uYS,S md,lfhl= f,i ;yjqre úh'

1921 j¾Ih jk úg b;d wjdikdjka; f,i *%Ekala,Ska fmda,sfhda frda.hg f.dÿre jQjo Tyqf.a ìß| jQ tf,afkda rEiafj,aÜf.a (Eleanor Roosvelt) ksrka;r iyfhda.h u;

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

äfudl%ála mlaIh yd ne÷Kq Tyqf.a foaYmd,k Ôú;h mj;ajdf.k hdug yelsúh'

*%Ekala,Skaf.a foaYmd,k ióm;ufhl= jQ we,a*%â B' iañ;af.a (Alfred E.Smith) oeä b,a,Su u; wdKavqldr OQrhg ;rÕl, Tyq 1928 j¾Ifha§ ksõfhda¾la ys wdKavQldrjrhd úh'

ksõfhda¾la wdKavqldrjrhd f,i 1929 j¾Ifha§ we;s jQ f,dal wd¾Ól wjmd;hg (Great Depression) iy fldgia fj<|fmd< my; jeàu yuqfõ ;djld,sl yosis iyk mßmd,kh (TERA-Temporary Emergency Relief

Administration) jeks wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok jevigyka yryd /lshd úrys; weußldkqjkag /lshd wjia:d ,nd§ug lghq;= lf<ah'

1930 j¾Ifha§ ksõfhda¾la ys wdKavqldr OQrhg kej; f;aÍ m;ajQ *%Ekala,Ska" äfudl%ála mlaIfha ckdêm;sjrKfha bÈßfm< wfmalaIlfhl= f,i fmkS isáfhah'

bka wk;=rej 1932 j¾Ifha§ y¾íÜ yQj¾ (Herbert Hoover) mrdch fldg *%Ekala,Ska ã' rEiafj,aÜ weußld tlai;a ckmofha 32 jk ckdêm;sjrhd f,i f;aÍ m;a úh'

rEiafj,aÜ hgf;a weußld tlai;a ckmoh

weußldkq b;sydih ;=< fkdueflk ikaÈia:dk /ila fukau woaú;Sh kduhla iksgqjka l," foaYmd,kfha yi," ¥ro¾YS kdhlfhl= jQ *%Ekala,Ska ã' rEiafj,aÜ 1932 § m%:u jrg weußldkq ckdêm;sjrKhg bÈßm;a jQ w;r tys§ y¾nÜ yQj¾ mrdchg m;a lrñka ckdêm;s OQrhg m;a úh' m<uq OQr ld,h ;=< § fudyq ,nd.;a buy;a ckm%idoh fya;= fldg f.k j¾I 1936 §" 1940 §" 1944 § wd§ jYfhka isõjrla weußld tlai;a ckmofha ckdêm;s OQrhg m;a úh' Tyqf.a foaYmd,k Èúh iqúfYaIS wjia:djka

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

/ila olakg ,enqKq w;r fudyqf.ka weußldjg isÿ jQ fiajho w;suy;a h' weußldkqjka FDR hk flá kdufhka y÷kajk *%Ekala,Ska ã' rEiafj,aÜ uyd wd¾Ól wjmd;hlg fukau fojk f,dal ix.%duh jeks ìysiqKq hqoaOhlg o uqyqK § isá weußldj ta wNHka;r w¾nqohkaf.ka fukau ndysr w¾nqohkaf.ka uqojd .ekSug weußldjg kdhl;ajh ÿka mqoa.,hd nj lsj hq;=h'

weußld tlai;a ckmofha 32 jk ckdêm;sjrhd f,i f;aÍ m;a jQ rEiafj,aÜ yg b;du;a wNsfhda.d;aul ;;a;ajhlg uqyqK§ug isÿ úh' weußldkq b;sydifha isÿ jQ oreKq;u wd¾Ól wjmd;hg uqyqK foñka isá tlai;a ckmoh bka fírd.ekSu rEiafj,aÜ ckdêm;sjrhdg uqyqK §ug jQ m%Odk;u wNsfhda.hhs' ta jk úg weußldkqjka ñ,shk 12 lg jeä ixLHdjla /lshd úrys; ùu ksid wd¾Ól j¾Ok fõ.h b;d wjOdkï iy.; ;;a;ajhl mej;=‚' weußldj fuu oreKq wjmd;fhka uqojd .ekSu úYd, ld¾hhla úh' fuu wjia:djg uqyqK §u i|yd rEiafj,aÜ ckdêm;sjrhd m%:ufhkau W.;a" nqoaêu;a WmfoaYlhka msßila fjdIsxgka fj; f.k tk ,§' ta wkqj /lshd úrys;hka fjkqfjka ksõfhda¾lays jevigyka fufyh jQ yeÍ fydmalskaia (Harry Hopkings) fukau uyck

kS;sh ms<sn| uydpd¾hjrfhl= jQ f¾ukaâ fuda,s (Raimand

Molly) jeks W.;=ka mßmd,khg iïnkaO lr .ekSug rEiafj,aÜ ckdêm;sjrhd lghq;= lf<ah' úúO foaYmd,k u;jdohka iy woyia we;s WmfoaYlhska rdYshla yryd foaYmd,kuh m%;sm;a;s ilia lr .ekSug Wmfoia ,nd .ekSu Tyqf.a wNsm%dh úh'

rEiafj,aÜ ckdêm;sjrhd OQrh Ndr.;a jydu m<uq kj .Kqfokqj (First New Deal) jevigyk wdrïN lrk ,oafoah' 1933 ud¾;= isg cQks olajd ld,fhys Èk ishhla f,i y÷kajkq ,enQ jevms<sjf,ys fõ.j;a m%;sixúOdkhla wdrïN lf<ah' fuu ld, jljdkqfjys ckdêm;sjrhd cd;sfha wNHka;r w¾nqohkag úi÷ï fiùu i|yd ks¾udKh lrk ,o mk;a .Kkdjla iïu; lr .;af;ah' fmdÿfõ .;al, m<uq kj .Kqfokqj (First New Deal) ;=<ska tlai;a ckmo uQ,H l%uh

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

ia:djr lsÍu" /lshd úrys;hkag /lshd iy iyk iemhSu fukau weußldfõ Okjd§ wd¾Ólh h,s mK .ekaùu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lf<ah' ld¾ñl ksIamdokh kej; mK .ekaùu flfrys o wjOdkh fhduq lf<ah' ld¾ñl ksIamdok kej; mK .ekaùu i|yd jHdmdr iy rch w;r yjq,aldÍ;ajhla f.dv kÕd .ksñka tu wruqK idlaId;a lr .ekSug rEiafj,aÜ ckdêm;sjrhd W;aidy oeÍh'

id.skafka fmf,k whf.a w¾nqoh iy cd;sfha /lshd úrys;hkaf.a wjYH;d imqrd,Su i|yd rEiafj,aÜ ckdêm;sjrhd 1933 § uyck iyk jevigyka lsysmhla wdrïN lf<ah' /lshd úrys; msßig Wmßu /lshd wjia:d ,nd foñka il%Sh f,i rfÜ Y%un,ldhg odhl lr .;af;ah' ì| jeà ;snQ weußldkq lDIsl¾udka;h h:d;;a;ajhg m;alsÍfï wfmalaIdfjka ie,iqï lsysmhlau bÈßm;a úh'

rEiafj,aÜf.a úYajdikSh;ajh" iqNjd§ nj iy foaYmd,ksl úplaIK;djfha ixfhdackhla f,i b;d flá ld,hla ;=<§ weußldkq nexl= yd uq,Huh lafIa;%fha m%;sixialrK we;s lsÍug;a" weußldkq wd¾Ólh l<ukdlrKh lsÍug;a" weußldkq ck;djf.a iqNidOkh jeäÈhqKq lsÍug;a yels úh'

*%Ekala,Ska ã' rEiafj,aÜf.a kdhl;ajh hgf;a weußldj foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól" iudÔh lafIa;%hkays ie,lsh hq;= ÈhqKqjla i,l=Kq lsÍug iu;aúh'

*%Ekala,Ska ã' rEiafj,aÜf.a úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh

weußld tlai;a ckmofha 32 jk ckdêm;sjrhd jYfhka *%Ekala,Ska ã' rEiafj,aÜ uy;d ksrka;rfhka wjOdkh fhduq lf<a fiiq rgj,a iuÕ in|;d we;s lr .ekSugh'

1933 jk úg weußldjo f,dal wd¾Ól wjmd;fhka neg lE w;r rEiafj,aÜ is;=fõ úfoaY fjf<|fmd< iuÕ mj;sk in|;d Yla;su;a l<fyd;a fï i|yd ms<shula fidhd .; yels njh'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

ksrka;rfhka weußldfõ wNs,dihka /l.ekSu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< rEiafj,aÜ 1933 j¾Ifha ,kavkfha meje;s f,dal wd¾Ól iuq¿fjka weußldj bj;a lr.;af;a h' Tyq tu ;SrKh .;af;a tys§ we;s jk uQ,Huh .súiqu weursldfõ fjf<| NdKavj, ñ,g RKd;aulj n,mdú hehs is;ñks'

fidaúhÜ ix.uh iuÕ fjf<| in|;d we;s lr.kq jia 1933 § Tyq fidaúhÜ ix.uh iuÕ rdcH;dka;%sl in|;d we;s lr .;af;a h' tfukau ,;ska weußldj iuÕ o ñ;% in|;d we;slr .ekSug rEiafj,aÜ yg yels úh' úúO ,;ska weußldkq m%foaYj, ia:dk.; lr isá weußld hqONghka rEiafj,aÜ úiska bj;a lr.;a w;r md,k n,h lshqndjg ,nd §ug Tyq lghq;= lf<ah' tfiau Tyqf.a fuu ñ;% in|;d u.ska kj fjf<|fmd<j,a wdrïN jQ w;r ta ;=<ska wd¾Ól wjmd;hg o ms<shï ,eìK'

rEiafj,aÜf.a úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfhys tla ikaÈia:dkhla jkqfha fojk f,dal hqoaOhhs' 1941 j¾Ifha§ cmdkh úiska m¾,a jrdhg m%ydr Èh;a lsÍu;a iuÕ tf;la yqol,d m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh l< weußldj jydu hqoaOhg wj;S¾K úh hq;= njg rEiafj,aÜ oeä ;SrKhla .;af;ah' fojk f,dal hqoaOfha§ úYd, ld¾hNdrhla bgq l< Tyq c¾uksh mrdch lsÍu i|yd úúO hqO Wml%u ks¾udKh lsÍug odhl úh'

fojk f,dal hqoaOfha m%;sM,hla jYfhka uq¿uy;a f,dalhu oeä wd¾Ól" iudchSh yd wfkl=;a iEu wxYhlskau miqnEulg ,laj isáfhah' ta wkqj" f,dal iduh mj;ajdf.k hdug;a" kej; h:d ;;a;ajhg m;aùug;a cd;Hka;r ixúOdkhl wjYH;djh ta jk úg;a mej;=‚' tys m%;sM,hla f,i úúO jQ idlÉPd jg lSmhlska wk;=rej tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh msysgqjd

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

.ekSug yels úh' fï i|yd mqfrda.dó ù lghq;= lf<a *%Ekala,Ska ã'rEiafj,aÜ h' tfiau —tlai;a cd;Ska˜ hk kduh y÷kajd ÿkafka o Tyqh'

flfia fj;;a *%Ekala,Ska ã' rEiafj,aÜ weußldfõ ckdêm;sjrhd jYfhka fjkiau ÈYdk;shlg weußldj fhduq l< nj;a" weußldjg kjuq fm!reIhla ,nd ÿka nj;a ;yjqre ù ;sfí'

úfoia kdhlhska iuÕ rEiafj,aÜ

rEiafj,aÜf.a pß;fhka .; yels wdo¾Y

යඝමකඝේ දකෂතාවයන ඉසමත වනඝේ ඔහට ඝ ෝ ඇයට මහණ දමට සදවන අභඝයෝගතාවන ා අප සතාවයන m%udණය මතhs' *%Ekala,Ska ඝෙලඝනෝ රසඝවලට තරණයා ජනාධපත ඝලස ඇඝමරකා එකසත ජනපදය බාෙගතඝත ඝලාව ඝපෙ ඝනාව වර ඝලස ටගත wd¾Ól w¾nqofha werUqu;a iuÕh' fuu w¾nqoh id¾:l f,i uev mj;ajñka ;u rfgys wNsjDoaêh ;ld fudyq úiska bgq lrk ,o ld¾hNdrh w;suy;ah' weußld tlai;a ckmofha

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

ckdêm;sjrhd f,i Tyq .kakd ,o ;SrK fukau Tyqf.a p¾hdj o Tyqf.a pß;fhka .; yels wdo¾Y ukdj ms<sônq lrhs'

uy;aud .dkaê" ,skalka iy Tndud jeks kdhlhska fukau rEiafj,aÜj y÷kd.; yelafla o úYsIag kdhlfhl= i;= .=Kdx. j,ska imsß" mßK; kdhlfhl= f,ihs' Tyq lsysmjrlau weußldfõ ckdêm;s OQrhg m;a ùu uÕska meyeÈ,s lrkqfha kdhlfhl= f,i Tyq w;afldg f.k ;snQ id¾:l;ajh;a" rEiafj,aÜ u; weußldkq cd;slhka ;nd ;snQ oeä úYajdih;a h' fu;=udf.a pß; l;dj wOHhkh lrk wfhl=g tu pß;fhka .; yels wdo¾Y fldf;l=;a we;' ta w;ßka Tyqf.a nqoaêu;aNdjh" wd;au úYajdih" wms%;sy; ධෛරh" wjxl lu" iudcYS,S;ajh lemS fmfkk .=Kdx. f,i y÷kd.; yelsh' nqoaêu;aNdjh iy ¥ro¾YS nj wúhla fldgf.k f,dj ÈkQ ñksiqka w;r rEiafj,aÜ kduh rka wl=ßka iksgqyka ù we;'

*%Ekala,Ska l=vd l, mgkau Tyq ;=<ska mßK; wkd.; kdhlfhl=f.a pß; ,laIK biau;= úh' yslaóulska hq;=j hïlsis fmd;la lshjd wjika lsÍug bjiSula Tyq i;=j úh' Tyqf.a is;a weo.;a" l=;=y,d;aul ´kEu ud;Dldjla Tiafia fndfyda .eUqrg l;d lsÍug fmd;a lshùfï wNsreÑh úfYaI msgqjy,la úh' fkdfhla m%isoaO mqoa.,hkaf.a idlÉPdj,g ijka §u rEiafj,aÜ bf.k .ekSu i|yd Ndú;d l< m%sh;u l%uh úh'

wms%;sy; ffO¾hh o rEiafj,aÜf.a pß;fhka Wlyd .; yels ;j;a tla .=Kdx.hls' úfYaIfhka u jD;a;Suh cSú;fha id¾:l;ajhg fuka u fm!oa.,sl csú;fha id¾:l;ajh fj; o fuu .=Kdx.h úYd, msgq n,hla imhk ,oS' ish jhi wjqreÿ 39 la jq 1992 j¾Ifha jika; iufha oS b;d wjdikdjka; f,i fmda,sfhda frda.hg f.dÿre jq rEiafj,aÜ ish fkdmiqng W;aidyh ms<sìUq

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

lsÍug th wjia:djla lr.;af;a h' b;d ks¾NS; f,i fmda,sfhda frda.hg tfrysj igka jeÿKq Tyq úfYaIfhka u msyskSu jeks jHdhdu u.ska keje; ish fomdj, Yla;sh ,nd .ekSug උතස කඝ ය' rEiafj,aÜ i;=jQ fuu .=Kdx.h ke;fyd;a fuu ks¾NS; W;aiyh Tyqf.a iuld,Sk ñ;=rka úiska fukau tÈßjd§ u; oerejka o ish jD;a;Suh Ôú;fha fukau fm!oa.,sl Ôú;fhao ch.%yKhka Wfoid wdo¾Yhg .kakd ,§'

;ukag Wmfoia fokakkaf.a woyia I,ld ne,Sug fuka u jro ksjeros lr fmkajd oS ;udf.a ia:djrh mj;ajd .ekug o id¾:l kdhlfhl= ;=< yelshdjla meje;sh hq;= h' ksjeros woyia ;=< ;ukaf.a ia:djrfhys /oSug ;rï oeä wd;au úYajdihla *%Ekala,Ska ã' rEiafj,aÜ i;= úh'

;ud yg Wmfoia fokakkaf.a we;eï WodiSk yd m%;sM, rys; Wmfoia mfilg oud" ;ud flfrys úYajdih mj;ajdf.k fndfyda wjia:d j,oS Tyq id¾:l;ajhg m;aj ;sîu o iqúfYaIS lreKls' jhi wjqreÿ 39 oS Tyqg fmda,sfhda je<`ÿK wjia:dfõ oS mjd frdao mqgqjlg isud ù isá jqj o Tyq W;aidyh lf<a ;u ck;dj ;uka f,frys f.dvk.d .;a m%;srEmh ta wdldrfhka u mj;ajdf.k hdughs'

ie,iqï iy.; nj iy ;r`.ldÍ nj rEiafj,aÜ i;= ;j;a úfYaI .=Kdx.hka oaú;ajhls' Tyq ;u rg jq weußld tlai;a ckmofha foaYmd,ksl is;shula ksr;=rej ,. ;nd.;a w;r tu`.ska Tyq b;d ls%hdldÍ kdhlfhl= f,i oshqKq úh hq;= m%foaYhka fuka u foaYmd,ksl jYfhka ;jÿrg;a ióm iïnkaO;djhka f.dvk`.d .ekSu w;HdjHh foaYmd,ksl kdhlhska .ek mjd oekqj;a jqfõ h' óg wu;rj rEiafj,aÜf.a pß;fhys ;j;a lemS fmfkk ,laIKhla jqfha Tyq i;= jq p;=r lÓl;ajh hs' ckudOH yeisrùu flfrys o mD:q, wjfndaOhla iys; jq fu;=ud" md,lhd iy ck;dj w;r mj;sk wka;¾

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

inò;djh jeä oshqKq lr.ekSug ckudOH WmdhYS,Sj Wmfhda.S lr.;a nj o iòyka fõ'

idrdxYh

jrla fkdj lsysmjrlau weußld tlai;a ckmofha ckdêm;s OQrh orñka weußldj wd¾Ól" foaYmd,k" iudÔh jYfhka ia:djr;ajhg m;a lsÍug iu;a jQ wiydh kdhlhd *%Ekala,Ska ã' rEiafj,aÜ h' Tyqf.a kdhl;ajh hgf;a" uyd wd¾Ól wjmd;fhka weußldj f.dvk.d .ekSug yelshdj ,enq‚'fmda,sfhda frda.h je,§ ;sìh§ jqjo OQrfha j.lSu fkdmsßfy,d bgq lrñka wm%s;sy; ධෛරhh fkdmiqniakd W;aidyhka ukdj úoyd oelaùug fyf;u iu;alï oelaùh'

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh jeks f,dal uÜgfï ixúOdkhlg mjd Wm; ,nd §ug ;rï ¥ro¾YS jQ rEiafj,aÜ" f,dalhdg wjYHu wjia:dfõ iqÿiqu úl,amh f;dard §ug ;rï lD;yia; úh' iqnjd§ fukau wiqnjd§ isÿùï rdYshlska iukaú; jQ fu;=udf.a Ôú; .ufkys jvd;a jeä ld,iSudjla lem lrk ,oafoa weußldkqjkag iqÅ; uqÈ; Ôú;hla <Õd lr §u Wfoidh' weußldkq foaYmd,khg muKla fkdj f,dal foaYmd,khg o fu;=uka w;ska isÿ jQ iqúYsIag fiajdj fya;=fjka 20 jk ishjfia uyd mqoa., pß;hka w;rg *%Ekala,Ska ã' rEiafj,aÜ kduho tlajkq ksielh'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

úkaiagka p¾Ñ,a

\\\

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

m%ia:djkh

mDÓú ;,fha wurKSh kdhlfhl= f,i

wjika wruqK olajd igka jeo ;u

fm%!Vj;a iajlSh ud;D N+ófha f.!rjhg yd

wNsudkhg fukau ñys;,fha mqrd idufha /ia

loïNhka úys÷jkakg fkdìhj

wlïms; pKav r<la fia bosßhg weoS

;u wdo¾Yu;a kdhl;ajfhka f,dj mqnq÷jd

ck;d Ñ;a;dl¾IKh ysñlr.;a Tyq

p¾Ñ,a kï hq. mqreIhdfKda úh

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

fm< .eiau

• <ud ld,h yd wOHdmksl miqìu

• foaYmd,khg msúiSu w.ue;s OQrhg m;aùu

• úkaiagka p¾Ñ,a hgf;a tx.,ka;h

• úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh

• W.; yels wdo¾Y

• miqjok

lKavdhu

• ksi,s tosrsisxy

• os,sks Wo,d.u

• ysreKs chisxy

• YIsKs úsfÊ;s,l

• ysreks wdrshr;ak

• os,aIdks ùrisxy

• ldúkaoHd oskd,s

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

<ud ld,h yd wOHdmksl miqìu

yeäoeä fmkqulska hq;=j úYd, iqreÜgqjla uqj.

r|jdf.k iskduqiq uqyqKska weÕs,sj,ska bx.%Sis —ù˜ (V)

wl=r fmkajk m%;dmj;a mqoa.,fhl=f.a PdhdrEmhla ÿgq

iekska wmg u;lhg kef.kafka wka lsisfjl= fkdj

fojk f,dal hqO iufha ñ;% mdËslhkaf.a fkdief,k

rdcH ;dka;%slhd f,i uq¿ f,dju y÷kdf.k isá ì%;%dkH

w.ue;s OQrh ±rE úkaiagka p¾Ñ,ah'

Y%Su;a úkaiagka iafmkai¾ f,kdâ p¾Ñ,a 1874 fkdjeïn¾

ui 30 jk Èk Tlaia*¾â m%dka;fha (Oxfordshire) msysá

íf,kayhsï (Blenheim Palace) ud,s.fha § Wm; ,eîh'

Tyqf.a mshd /kafvd,a*a fykaß iafmkai¾ p¾Ñ,a ^1849 isg

1899& jQ w;r uj /kafvd,a*A p¾Ñ,a wd¾hdj fkdfyd;a

fckÜ fcfrdï ^1854 isg 1921& úh' úkaiagkag wu;rj

fcdaka iafÜkaca iafmkai¾ p¾Ñ,a ^1880 isg 1947& kñka

tla mqf;l= fï fom<g isá w;r Tyq úkaiagkaf.a nd,

ifydaorhd úh' hqO yuqodjg ne§ m<uqjk f,dal hqoaOfha§

igkg .sh Tyq úY%du ,nd jHdmdr lghq;= j, ksr; úh'

fyf;u orejka ;sfofkl=f.a msfhls'

p¾Ñ,af.a mshdKka jQ /kafvd,a*a ue,anfrdays

(Malborough) i;ajk wdÈmdojrhdf.a ;=kajk mq;=Kqjka

jQ w;r 1886 isg 1887 ld,h ;=< ksfhdacs; uka;%s

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

uKav,fha kdhlhd jYfhka o 1885 isg 1886 ld,h ;=<

bkaÈhdfõ rdcH f,alï jrhd jYfhkao lghq;= lf<ah'

fudyq ±ä yoj;la ;snQ ro< msfhla jQ w;r ;u mq;=Kqjka

jQ úkaiagka flfrys Tyq ;=< jQfha ÿria ro< wdl,amhls'

tneúka ish w.h ;u mshdg ta;a;= .ekaùug o mshdf.a

wdorh Èkd .ekSug o p¾Ñ,a úYd, igkla isÿ lf<ah'

Tyqf.a wysxil igk u,aM, fkdoerej o fuys m%;sM,hla

jYfhka p¾Ñ,a ;=<ska wm%;sy; ffO¾fhka yd wp,

úYajdifhka hq;a foaYmd,k{fhla ìysùug moku jegqKq

w;r miqld,Skj cSú;fha wfkal úO w¾nqohka iuÕ

fmdr n|skakg fuh Tyqg W;afm%arlhla úh'

úkaiagkaf.a uj jQ fckÜ fyj;a fckS wefußldkq Ok

l=fõrfhl=f.a iudcYS,S ÈhKshls' weh tl, isá rEu;au

ldka;dj f,i kï ord isá w;r újdyfhka yd Wm;skau

Wreu jQ n,fhka yd Okfhka wdVH jQ fyhska wehg

is;eÕs mßÈ cSj;aùug wiSñ; ksoyila ysñ ù ;snqKs' by<

iudc ;,h ;=< fnfyúka wdorhg md;% jQ pß;hla jqjo"

fckS wd¾hdjf.a wkshï in|;d ta iufha m%lg lreKla

úh' wehf.a fmïj;=ka w;r iqúfYaIs ia:dkhla oerE w;s

úfYaI mqoa.,fhla f,i i;ajk tâjâ rc;=ud y÷kajd Èh

yel' /kafvda,a*a W;=udKkaf.a wl,a úfhdajg miqjo ueh

fmï in|;d lsysmhlau mj;ajdf.k .shdh' ;u ujf.a

wiïu; fm%auhka ksid l=vd l, isgu úkaiagka iy

Tyqf.a fidhqre neg lE w;r foudmshkaf.a wdorh

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

wvqfjka mSvd úkaoy' fï w÷re u;lhkaf.ka mdvula

bf.k .;a p¾ú,a miq lf,l laf,ughska iuÕ újdy

ùfuka wk;=rej tlsfkld flfrys wjxlj yd

úYajdifhka hq;=j cSj;aùug;a orejka wdorfhka yd

fifkyiska /l n,d .ekSug;a W;aiql úh'

úkaiagka p¾Ñs,a uQ,sl wOHdmkh ví,ska (Dublin) ys§

t<sifn;a wEka tjriaÜ (Elizabeth Ann Everest) kï jQ

/kafvd,a*a wd¾hdj úiska f.kajQ fkajdisl .=rejßhf.ka

,nd.;a w;r weh p¾ú,af.a wdfoaYl uj o jQjdh'—´,aâ

jqï˜(Old Woom) hkqfjka iqr;,a kduhla mjd mgne|sug

;rï p¾ú,a wehg ióm úh' ta flf;lao lsjfyd;a

úkaiagka p¾ú,af.a ks, ldurfha olakg ,enqfKa Tyqj

n,d lshd.;a fu;=ñhf.a PdhdrEmhls' l=vd l, isgu

oÕldrfhla jQ fudyq mdif,ka .=á lE wjia:d wkka;h'

fudyqf.a mshd tx.,ka;fha m%isoaO mdi,la jQ —BÜka˜ ys

wdÈ YsIHfhls' ;u mq;=o BÜka úÿy,g we;=,;a lrkakg

Tyq leue;a;la ±lajqjo ,;ska yd .Ks;hg ±lajQ ÿ¾j,

yelshdj ksid úkaiagka we;=<;a lf<a —yefrda˜ mdi,gh'

tys§ l=vd p¾ú,a mdmkaÿ" l%slÜ wd§ l%svdj,g leue;a;la

fkd±lajQ w;r wiqka msg hdug" lvq irU jeks foag m%sh

l, neúka Tyq yefrda mdif,a rdclSh rhs*,a fiakdxlhg

we;=<;a úh' bkamiqj we;=<;a ùfï mÍËKhlska iu;aú

iqm%isoaO hqO mdi,la jQ —iEkaâ y¾iaÜ˜ (Sandhurst)

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

úÿy,g we;=<;a úh' tu úÿyf,a§ lemS fmfkk isiqfjl=

f,i iu;alï olajd Tyq iuÕ úoqy,g we;=<;a jQ isiqka

150 fokd w;ßka 8 jekakd f,i f.!rjkSh iud¾:hla

,nd .;af;ah' —flfvÜ˜ (Cadet) Wmdêh ,nd .ekSfuka

miqj i;r jeks wYajdfrdayl n,weKsfha fojk fm<

¨;sk,a jrfhla jYfhka m;aù ler,s uev,Sug 1895 §

lshqndjg .sfhah' fuh p¾ú,af.a yuqod cSú;fha uq,au

w;afmd;a ;eîu úh'

wd¾hdj iy /kafvd,a*a W;=udKka

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

úkaiagka p¾Ñ,a jhi wjq 6 oS

foaYmd,khg msúiSu yd w.ue;s Oqrhg m;aùu

úkaiagka p¾Ñ,af.a cSú;fha jeo.;au mßÉfPaoh

jQfha foaYmd,k wjêhhs' th Tyqf.a ke.Su fukau lvd

jeàu o iksgqyka lrk ld,hla úh' foaYmd,k fËa;%hg

msh ke.= m<uq wjia:dfõoSu wid¾:l jqjo w¿ u;ska

keÕ=Kq *skslaia mËsfhla f,ig ;u .sks±,a úysÿjd,ñka

f,dalh .s, .ekSug wd i¾mhka úkdY lsÍug fudyqg

yels úh' ;reK wjêfha foaYmd,kh;a yuqod cSú;h;a

tlg meg,S we;s fyhska th tlsfklg fjka lr úia;r

l< fkdyelsh' Tyq Pkaoh b,a,Sh' mrdch jQfõh' yuqodjg

neÿfKah' b,a,d wiaúh' Pkaoh Èkqfõh' yuqod cSú;h;a

foaYmd,kh;a fuf,iska Tyqf.a cSú;h yd w;Hka;fhka

ne|S we;s ksid m<uqj yuqod Èúh ms<sn| wjfndaOhla

,nd.ekSu jeo.;a fõ' 1896 jif¾oS wYajdrdayl

n,weKsfha fojk jk fm< ¨;s;kajrfhl= f,i m;ajQ

p¾Ñ,a Tyqf.a m<uq m;aùu jYfhka lshqndjg hjk ,§'

bka wk;=rej 1897 uqïndhs k.rhg udrejla ,enQ fudyq

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

thska jirlg miqj tkï 1898 § j¾;udk mdlsia:dkfha

we;s k.rhla jk —u,lkaoa˜ (Malakand) ys f.da;%sl

lKavdhug tfrysj igkla fufyhùug bÈßm;ajQ w;r

thska ch.%yKh lsÍug yels úh' tu ch.%yKh uq,dY%

fldgf.k—iafgdß T*a o u,lkaoa *S,aâ f*da¾ia (Story of

the Malakand Field Force) kñka .%ka:hla mjd rpkd

flßKs' bkamiqj —fnd^w&¾˜ (Boer War) hqoaOfha hqO

jd¾;dlrefjl= f,i o m;ajk w;r tys§ i;=rka w;g

m;aù bka .e,ù tx.,ka;hg meñKsfuka wk;=rej kej;

hqO yuqodjg ne÷fKah' 1900 jif¾§ hqO yuqodfjka bj;a

ù rdclSh fhdauka n,ldhg (The Imperial Yeomanry)

we;=<;a jQ w;r 1905 § fïc¾ ;k;=rg Wiia ùula ,eîh'

1914 § m<uq jk f,dal hqoaOh wdrïN ùu;a iuÕ l%shdldß

hqO yuqod fiajhg tlajQ w;r wjidkfha§ m%Odk

woañrd,ajrhd jYfhka rdclSh iafldÜ ;=jlal= n,ldfha

¨;sk,a l¾k,a Oqrhg m;aúh' fuf,i yuqod Èúh .,d

.sh w;r foaYmd,k fËa;%fha l%shdldß;ajho fï w;r

olakg ,enqKs'

foaYmd,khg wj;S¾K ù ;enQ m<uq mshjru wid¾:l jqjo

Tyq W;aiyh w;a fkdyeßfhah' 1899 § m%:u j;djg

´,aâyeï (Oldham) wdikfhka Pkaohg bÈrsm;a jqjo

ck;d úYajdih Èkd .ekSug ;reK p¾ú,a yg fkdyels

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

úh' kej;;a Tyq 1900 oS —lkai¾fõáõ˜ (Conservative)

mËfhka Pkaoh b,a,d —T,aâyeï˜ m%foaYfha uka;% sjrhd

f,i m;ajQ w;r jir 4 lg miq ,sn¾,a mlaIhg ne|S

fj<|dug wkqn, ÿka w;r 1905 oS ,snr,a mËfhka rdcH

Wmf,alï OQrhg m;aúh'

1906 oS wêl hqo úhoï yd úiaa;D; nÿ wh lsßu

iïnkaOfhka Tyq ±lajQ úfrdaOh fya;= fldgf.k —

´,aâyeï˜ (Oldham) m%foaYfha Pkaofhka mrdch úh'

wk;=rej Tyq —uekafpiag¾˜ (Manchester) niakdysr

uka;%sOqrh i|yd ;rÕfldg ch.%yKh lf<ah' 1908

iema;eïn¾ 12 jk Èk úkaiagka j¾Ñ,a laf,ukaghs

iafmkai¾ iuÕ újdyjQ w;r" újdyfhka miqj weh

laf,ukaghska iafmkai¾ p¾Ñ,a nerkajßh f,i m%isoaêhg

m;aúh' fudjqka fom,g orejka mia fofkla isá w;r"

1900 § jeäuy,a ÈhKsh vhkd p¾ú,a Wm; ,eîh'

fojekakd /kafvd,a*a p¾Ñ,a úh' vhkdg jvd f;jirla

nd, jQ fudyq 1904 § Wm; ,eîh' bka wk;=rej ¥jre

;sfofkla mjq,g tla úh' ms<sfj,ska 1914 § idrd ñ,sikaÜ

y¾ñfhdks p¾Ñ,ao" 1918 § fußf.da,aâ,a p¾Ñ,a o 1922 §

fïßfidaïia o Wm; ,eîh' tfy;a wjdikdj;a; f,ig

1918 § Wm; ,enQ fußf.da,aâ 1921 § wf.daia;= 23 od

fuf,dj yer .shdh' uy ì%;dkHfha ìys jQ uyd

fm!reIfha mjqf,a ;;= fï wdldrhg .,d .sfhah'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

újdyfhka miqj" 1908 jif¾§ fj<o flgqïm;a fhdackd

bÈrsm;a lsÍï yd wju jegqma l%uhla msysgqùuo" fiajl

yqjudrej keue;s l%uhla fiajd úhqla;sh msgq ±lSu i|yd

ìys lf<ah'

1910 § iajfoaY lghq;= iïnkaO rdcH f,alïjrhd

jYfhka f;aß m;aúh' bka wk;=rej 1911 § cd;sl

jHjia:dj hgf;a fiajd úhqla;slhkag úY%du jegqma ,nd§u

i|yd jHjia:djla bÈrsm;a lsÍug uQ,sl;ajh orefõh'

bka jir 6 lg miq 1917 § hqoaOdhqO iïnkaO

wud;Hjrhd f,i Pkaofhka f;aÍ m;aúh' bka wk;=rej

fudyq 1919 § hqO yd .=jka iïnkaO rdcH f,alïjrhd

f,i;a 1921 § hg;a úcs; j, rdcH f,alïjrhd f,i;a

lghq;= lr we;' 1922 § vkaâ (Dunde) ue;sjrK

l,dmfhka uyd ue;sjrKhg uqyqK ÿka Tyqg mrdchg

m;aùug isÿ jqjo" 1924 § kej;;a lkaiafõáõ mËhg ne|S

Pkaohg fmkS isáñka thska ch.%yKh l< w;r uqo,a

wud;HOqrhg m;aúh' tfy;a Tyq ms<sn|j ifydaor

foaYmd,k{hska w;r wm%idohla we;s ù ;snqKs' ^1 jk

f,dal hqoaOh ld,fha§ isÿl< úfYaI vd¾vfk,aia

fufyhqï úkdYfha j.lSu p¾ú,a msg mejÍu ksid&

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

tfukau" 1930 § bkaÈhdjg iaffjÍNdjh ,nd§u;a

.dkaê;=uka ms<sn| újD;j úfrdaO;djh ±laùu ksid fudyq

hg;a úcs; w;r fkdmyka ye.Sula cks; lrjQ pß;hla

úh' Bg wu;rj wfkl=;a uka;%sjre úiska ;=kajk tâjâ

rcq fkrmd kj md,khla ìys lsÍug W;aidy .kakd

wjia:dfõoS Tyq rc fjkqfjka fmkS isáñka rcqg

iyfhda.h m< lsßu ksido md¾,sfïka;=j ;=<o foaYmd,k

fõÈldj ;=<o uq¿ukskau yqfol,d jQ nj jd¾;d fõ' fï

ish,a,kaf.au m%;sM,h jQfha ish mËh ;=< Tyq fldkaj

;ks ùuhs' th —j,au;a jQ wjqreÿ˜ f,i ye|skaúh' Tyqf.a

Èúfha fï w÷re ld,isudfõ§ mjd p¾Ñ,a ysÜ,¾ úiska

Èfkl uq¿uy;a hqfrdamhg t,a, lrk ;¾ckh ms<sn|

wk;=re y`.jk ,§' kdis mËh iuÕ iQËuj lghq;=

lsÍfï wjYH;djho" u;= Èkl we;sjk uy ix.%duh o"

l,ah,a n,d iqodkï ùfï wjYH;djh o ms<sn|j o l,a;shd

wjOdrKh lrñka wjjdo l<o

tl, mej;s rch ta ish,a,

fkdi,ld yeßfhah' ;jo 1940

§ —fuú,a fpïn¾f,aka keu;s

w.ue;sjrhdg p¾ú,a fkda¾fõ

rdcH ms<sn|j l< wk;=r

yeÕùu fkdi,ld yeÍfuka

fkda¾fõ rdcH ysÜ,¾ w;g

m;aúh' th ysÜ,¾f.ka

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

hqfrdamhg t,a,jQ ure myrla úh' ck;dj ;=< ta

fya;=fjka tl, rch ms<sn| úYajdih m¿ÿ jQ w;r" tu

jif¾§u i¾j mdlaIsl rchla u.ska w.ue;s f,i p¾Ñ,a

m;a flßKs' bka wk;=rej iqm%lg —o *hskiaÜ wj¾˜ (The

Finest Hour) l;dj 1940 cqks ui 8 jk od mej;a jQfhah'

thska ì%;dkHhg f,dal hqoaOhg uqyqK §ug wjYH Yla;sh"

ffO¾hh lemùu ,ndÿks'

fojk f,dal hqoaOfha ch.%yKfhka miqj 1945 § meje;ajQ

ue;sjrKfhka p¾Ñ,a mrdchg m;a úh' fuu mrdch

fndfyda fokdf.a ika;dmhg yd mqÿuhg fya;= jQ isoaêhla

f,i wog;a m%lgh' bka wk;=rej úmË kdhlhd f,i

m;aúh' miqj 1951 § meje;ajQ ue;sjrKfhka ch.%yKh

lr kej; w.%dud;H OQrhg m;aùug iu;a úh' 1955 §

ÿ¾j, fjñka mej;s fi!LH ;;a;ajh ksido" yDohdndOh

ksido 1955 oS w.%dud;HOQrfhkao tfy;a 1959 § ksfhdacs;

uka;%S uKav,fhkao iuq.;af;ah' fi!LH ;;a;ajh W.%jQ

neúka 1965 ckjdß 24 Èk Tyq fuf,dúka iuq.kakd ,§'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

úkaiagka p¾Ñ,a iy Tyqf.a ìrs| laf,ughska iafmkai¾

úkaiagka p¾Ñ,a hgf;a tx.,ka;h

ì%;dkH w.%dud;H OQrhg m;aùfuka miq p¾Ñ,a lïlre"

,snr,a iy fldkaifõáõ mËj, kdhlhskaf.a

iyfhda.fhka leìkÜ uKav,hla msysg jQ w;r Tyq tys§

ish¨ lKavdhï ksfhdackh lrk njg j. n,d .;af;ah'

Tyqg md¾,sfïka;=fõ wdêm;Hhla ;snQ kuq;a lsis úfgl;a

wkjYH wdldrhlska th Ndú; fkdl< w;r" tx.,ka;h

foaYmd,k .egqï j,ska f;dr lsßug W;aidy .;af;ah'

idu .súiqula i|yd c¾uksh f.k wd fhdackdj p¾ú,a

m%;sfËam l< Tyq —fyd|u meh˜ kñka w;s úfYaI l:djla

bÈßm;a lf<ah' tu.ska Tyq ì%;dkHhka yg bÈßhg tk

igkg iqodkï jk f,ig;a rdcldßj, ksr;=reju /òS

isák f,ig;a ck;djf.ka b,a,d isáñka ì%;dkHhkaj

È.=ld,Skj iqodkï lf<ah'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

úkaiagka p¾Ñ,a NdKavd.dßl OQrh fydnjk ,§' 1930

.Kka j, Tyq jeä ld,hla foaYmd,ksl jYfhka n,

rys; úh' fï ld,h ;=< c¾uksh h<s ikakoaO ùug

tfrysj ±ä f,i wk;=re weÕjQ w;r" c¾udkq igka

úrduhg tfrysj igka lsßug iQodkï jk f,i

ì%;dkHhkaf.ka b,a,d isá w;r" w.ue;s fkú,a

fpïn¾,hska ysÜ,¾j i;=gq lsÍu oeäj úfõpkh lf<ah'

1939 iema;eïn¾ ui tlai;a rdcOdksh c¾ukshg tfrysj

hqO m%ldY l< w;r túg úkaiagka p¾Ñ,a woañrd,a f,i

m;a lrk ,§' hqoaOh w;r;=r cmdkh tlai;a fldg th

tl yd iudk ;;a;ajhlg m;a lsÍu iòyd Tyq

md¾,sfïka;=fõ yd .=jka úÿ,sfha foaYkd meje;aúh' ta

wkqj 1940 uehs 10 fpïn¾,aiaf.a b,a,d wiaùfuka miq

p¾Ñ,a tlai;a rdcOdksfha w.%dud;HOQrhg m;aúh'

p¾Ñ,af.a oË kdhl;ajh hgf;a 1940 § ì%;dkH iufha§

fojk f,dal ix.%duh f,dj úYd, mrdchla c¾ukshg

w;alr ÿkafkah' 1941 Tyq rdclSh ix.ufha idudcslfhl=

f,i (Fellow of the Royal Family) f;aÍ m;a úh' Tyq ;u

m<uq OQr ld,fhaÈ ;u rg fjkqfjka l< m%uqL;u fiajdj

jQfha fojk f,dal hqoaOh tx.,ka;h ch.%yKh olajd

fufyh ùuhs' óg wu;rj rg fjkqfjka jev lsÍug

fojk f,dal hqoaOh ksid Tyqg wjia:djla ysñ fkdùh'

fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miq meje;ajqKq Pkaofhka Tyq ,o

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

±jeka; mrdch iuÕ 1945 cQ,s 26 isg 1951 Tlaf;dan¾ 26

olajd jir 06 l ld,hla ì%;dkHfha úmË kdhl f,i

fiajh lf<ah' úmË kdhlhd f,i isáñka jqjo ;u

rfgys wNsjDoaêh fjkqfjka y`v ke.Sug Tyq j.

n,d.;af;ah' Bg fyd| u ksoiqkla f,i 1946 ud¾;= 05

Èk Tyq úiska isÿ lrkq ,enQ —hlv lv;=rdj˜ (The Iron

Curtain) kï l;dj ±laúh yelsh'

1951 Tlaf;dan¾ ui mej;s uy ue;sjrKfhka Tyq fojk

jrg;a w.ue;s OQrhg m;a úh' úkaiagka p¾Ñ,af.a fojk

OQr ld,h wdrïN ùu;a iuÕ flkahdj yd u,hdfõ we;s

jQ ler<sj,g iDcqju hqO l%shdud¾.hlska újdod;aul

m%;spdr ±laùh' thg wu;rj m;,a yd .,a j,j,a

l<ukdlrKh lsÍu yd iqNidOkh iqrËs; lsßu i|yd

úêúOdk i,ik ,§' 1954 § m;,a yd .,a j,j,a mk;

yd 1955 ksjdi w¨;ajeähd yd l=,S mk; o y÷kajd fok

,§' m<uqjr f,dal hqoaOh ksid w;miq jQ ;u cd;sl j.lSï

fojk jdrfha§ foaYh fjkqfjka lsßug Tyq iïmQ¾K

W;aidy oerE kuq;a th iSud iys; jQfha Tyqf.a fi!LH

;;a;ajh Èfkka Èk krl w;g yeÍug mgka .ekSu

ksidh' ta wkqj Tyq 1955 wfm%a,a udifha§ b,a,d wiajQfha

oreKq yDohdndOhlska fm¿Kq ksidh'

Tyq Okm;s ì%;dkH wêrdcHjd§ woyia we;af;l= jqjo"

weu;sjrfhl=j isá iufha rfÜ ú/lshdfjka fmf<k

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

;reK msßif.a cSjk ;;a;aajh by< kexùug lghq;=

lf<ah' È.= l,la foaYmd,kfhka ,o we;a±lSfuka —

,snr,ajdoh˜" —iudc w¾nqoh˜ yd —ck;djf.a whs;Ska˜

jeks .%ka: rpkd lsßfukao Tyq ;=< uq,a nei .;a u;hka

fkdmels,sj m%isoaêfha m%ldY lsßug Tyq W;aidy .;af;ah'

Tyq ;=< we;s Wiia kdhl;aj .=Kdx. ksid foaYfhka

muKla fkdj" cd;Hka;r uÜgñkao Tyqg we;sjQ ms<s.ekSu

w;suy;a úh'

Tyq 1963 § tlai;a ckmofha f.!rj mqrjeishka f,i m;ajQ

msßi w;=ßka m<uqjekakd úh' —f.%aIa f.%aÜ˜ kñka ì%;dkHh

;=< n,j;a ish fokd ;SrKh lsßu i|yd 2002 îîiS

(BBC) úiska krUkakka ñ,shkhlska isÿlrk ,o Pkao

úuiSul§ Y%su;a úkaiagka p¾Ñ,a —ish,a,kaf.au

fY%aaIaG;uhd˜ f,i f;aÍm;aùug ;rï Tyqf.a fY%aIaG;ajh

fya;= úh'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

hlv lv;=rdj (The Iron Curtain) kï l:dj bosrsm;a

lruska

úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh

f,dalfha ìysjQ fY%aIaG kdhlhska w;r iqlaIu {dkhlska

hq;= Y+r kdhlfhl= f,i p¾Ñ,a m%lg jkafka hqO

Wml%uhka ie,iqï lsÍug Tyq ;=< jQ wiu iu olaI;djh

fukau ì%;dkHfha úfoaY in|;d Yla;su;a ia:djr;ajhl

mj;ajd .kakg ;rï Wml%uYS,s jQ ksidh' nqoaêu;a"

úplaIKYS,s hqO Wmdh {dkhla fmkakqï l< úkaiagka

p¾Ñ,a" fojk f,dal hqoaOh ch.%dyS udj;lg f.k hdug

wjYH mßÈ ;u úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh ilia lsßug W;aiql úh'

Tyq m<uqjr w.ue;s OQrhg m;ajQ úg fojk f,dal hqoaOh

wdrïN ù mej;=Ks' Tyq ysi u; mejÍ ;snqfKa flfia fyda

f,dal hqoaOfhka ch.%yKh lsÍfï j.lSu úkd ;u cd;sl

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

wdYdjka cd;Hka;rhg bÈßm;a lsÍu fkdfõ' ta fya;=fjka

Tyq hqO iufha ì%;dkHhg uqyqK §ug isÿjk w¾nqohka

iy wjYH;djhka ms<sn| wjOdkfhka lghq;= lsÍug

mgka .ekqKs' w.ue;sjrhd f,i c¾uksfha kdis mlaIh

iu. idu .súiqug t<öu m%;slafIam l< w;r c¾uksh

hqfrdamhg tfrysj wdl%uKh Èh;a lrk úg m%;sm%ydr

±laùfï yelshdj ;r lsÍug j. n,d .;af;ah' bka

wk;=rej jeo.;a mshjrla f,ig weußldkq ckdêm;s

*%Ekala,skala rEiafõ,aÜ iu. hym;a ñ;% in|;djla f.dv

k.d .kakd ,§' tu.ska hqO iuh i|yd wjYH NdKav

iïmdokh lr .ekSug Tyqg yelsúh' fuf,i ì%;dkHh

yd weußld tlai;a ckmoh w;r ñ;%;ajh ;r lr

.ekSfuka m¾,a jrdhg m%ydrhla t,a, jQ wjia:dfõ

tlai;a ckmoh thg iDcqj m%;sm%ydr t,a, lsÍug iqodkï

jQ úg tu ie,iqu fjkia lr fkda¾fõ we;=¿ hqfrdamSh

rgj,a ish,a, .,jd .ekSfï igk fufyhjkakg

úkaiagka p¾Ñ,ag yels úh'

fojk f,dal hqoaOfha iqúfYaIs;u ch.%yKhla jQ fuh ñ;%

cd;Skaf.a ch ;yjqre lrkakg w;a;sjdrula úh' hqo

iufha wjYH;djh f,i i,ld reishdj iu. ñ;%

iïnkaO;d we;s lr.;a;o Tyq ±rE iudcjdoh —mqyq

w¾:ySk l%uhla hehs hk u;h tu ñ;%;ajh ksid fjkia

fkdjk nj m%ldY lf<ah' Tyq ux uq<d ù isák reishdkq

kdhlhka flfrys yd Tjqkaf.a wkq.dñlhka flfryso

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

wkqlïmd lrk nj mejiSh' fldñhqksiaÜjdohg ±ä f,i

úfrdaOh ±lajqjo j¾I 1941 § c¾uksh" reishdjg myr ÿka

wjia;dfõ reishdj iu. p¾Ñ,a tla jQ w;r ì%;dkHh"

reishdkq kdis úfrdaê hqO .súiqï w;aika lf<ah' bka

wk;=rej úkaiagka p¾Ñ,a úiska weußldj" tx.,ka;h iy

reishdj tl;= lr “Big Three” ikaOdkh msysgqjd ñ;=re

.súiqï w;aika lf<ah' fgfyrdka (Teheran), hd,agd

(Yalta) ys ñ;=re kdhlhska iu. /iaùï ixúOdkh lrñka

idlÉPd meje;ajQy'

1942 oS iagd¾,ska yd rEiafj,aÜ iuÕ idlÉPd mj;ajd

flá ld,hlska reishdfõ iagd,ska.dâ (Stalingrad) h<s

Èkd.ekSug iyfhda.h ±lajQ w;r tu ch.%yKh fojk

f,dal hqoaOfha wjidkh wdrïNh iksgqyka lf<ah'

bkamiq ñ;% cd;syq" c¾uka yuqod W;=re wm%sldfjka o"

wk;=rej isis,fhka yd b;d,sfhkao m,jd yer kej;;a

tu N+ñ m%foaY uqod .;ay' fujeks ch.%yK j,ska miqj

1945 § fojk f,dal hqoaOfha iudma;sh iksgqyka lf<ah'

fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka wk;=rej tx.,ka;fha mej;s

ue;sjrKfhka p¾Ñ,a yg mrdch ùug isÿjQ w;r úmlaI

kdhlhd f,i m;aúh' fuu mrdch fndfyda fokdf.a

ika;dmhg yd wdYap¾hg fya;= jQ isoaêhla úh' úmlaI

kdhlhd f,i isáh§ 1946 oS meje;ajQ —hlv lv;=rdj˜

kï l;dfõoS bÈrsfha we;s jkakd jQ iS;, hqoaOh ms<sn|

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

wkdjels m< lrk ,§' ñiqß k.rfha —*q,agka˜ (Fulton)

ys —o fjiaÜñksiag¾ fldf,aca˜ (The Westminister

College) ys tjlg weußldkq ckdêm;s yeÍ gDDuka (Harry

Truman) wi,§ Tyqf.a fuu iqm%isoaO l:dj bÈßm;a lrkq

,enqfõh' Tyq úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o mYapd;a hqO ld,Sk

l;djka w;r fuu —hlv lv;=rdj˜ (The Iron Curtain)

b;d jeo.;alula Wiq,hs' fuys§ Tyqf.a fmr ñ;=re

rdcHhla jQ fidaúhÜ foaYfha ke.S isàu ms<sn|j wk;=re

w`.jk ,§' my; i|yka jkafka Tyqf.a l;dfõ Wmqgd.;a

fldgils'

—fnda,aála ys isg weä%hdála olajd (Boltic to Adriatic) hlv

;Srhla m;s; ù ;sfí' tu ;Srfhka miqmi uOHu yd

kef.kysr hqfrdamfha mqrdK w. k.r ish,a,u msysgd

we;' j¾fida" n¾,ska" m%d.a" úhdkd" nqvdfmiaÜ" fí%,af.%aâ

iy fid*shd fï k.r fõ' fïjdfha wjg m%foaY iy

ck.%yKh fidaúhÜ f.da,h f,i ye|skafjk w;r tajd

ish,a,u tla wdldrhlska fyda fjk;a wdldrhlska

fidaúhÜ n,mEug muKla fkdj b;d by< uÜgulska

fudialõ md,khg ,laù ;sfí'˜

fuu m%ldYfha n,mEu w;s úYd, jQ w;r" fidaúhÜ foaYh

iS;, hqoaOhla wdrïN lsÍug Èk f;dard .;af;a uOHu yd

kef.kysr hqfrdamh w;am;a lr.;a fudfydf;a isg fkdj

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

fuu fudfydf;a isg nj Tyq mejiSh' úkaiagka p¾Ñ,af.a

fuu hlv lv;=rdj l;dfõ yrh jQfha 1917 m<uq f,dal

hqoaOfhka miqj weußldj wkq.ukh l< jerÈ m%;sm;a;s

fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miqjo isÿ lsÍfuka j<lajd

.ekSuhs' tkï yqol,d ùfï m%;sm;a;shlska f;drj f,dal

iduh yd wdrlaIdj we;s lsÍug weußldj Wkkaÿ lrùuhs'

thg wu;rj 1949 § fkafgda ixúOdkh (NATO

Organization) f.dv kexùu o fuys tla n,dfmdfrd;a;=jla

úh' úkaiagka p¾Ñ,a ÿr olakd {dkhlska hq;=j isÿl<

fuu m%ldYh miqj i;H jQ w;r" weußldj iy fidaúhÜ

foaYh m%Odk fldg.;a uq¿ f,dj mqrd jHdma; jQ iS;,

hqoaOhlg uqyqK §ug f,dal jdiSkag isÿ úh'

.; yels wdo¾Y

p¾Ñ,a jkdys W;alDIag .=Kdx.hka leáfldg .;a

ixlS¾K hq. mqreIfhls' tla wf;lska wkqlïmd iy.;

jxYdêm;sfhl= jk w;r wks;a w;ska iudc iqNidOkh

b,lalfldg ú/lshdj u¾okh Wfoid kS;s flgqïm;a

ìyslrkakg wkq.%yh ±lajQ iudc fYdaOlfhla úh' Tyqf.a

cSú;h ;=,ska olaI kdhlfhla" rKldó finf,l=" ohdnr

ieñfhla yd wdorKSh msfhla hk pß; ±lsh yels úh'

ysre fkdnisk wêrdcHfha wiydh fijke,a, fyj;a

úkaiagka p¾Ñ,a kï fï hq. mqreIhdf.ka wmf.a

cSú;j,g .; yels wdo¾Y fndfydauhla úh'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

fudyq ;u Èú we;s ;=rdjg foaYhg yd ck;djg uq¿ yo

m;af,kau fm%au l< foaYfm%añfhl= úh' ta wdorh úYsIaG

lD;s rpkd lsÍug;a" Wiia l,d ks¾udK lsßug;a" ;u

osúfha w`ÿre ld, mßÉfPaoj, mjd foaYhg kdhl;ajh

Èug;a Tyqj fufyhjkq ,eîh' p¾Ñ,a ±ä u;Odß"

fkdkefuk iq¿ mqoa.,fhl= jqjo ;u ìß|g yd orejkag

±ä f,i wdorh lrñka mjq, fj; bgq úh hq;= hq;=lï

ish,a, bgq lrñka ìß|f.a ;SrKh i|yd weyqïlka foñka

wehg b;d mlaImd;S ohdnr ieñfhla iy orejkag jákd

msfhla úh' Tyq ksfjig we;=¿ jQfha w.ue;s OQrh ksji

bÈßmsg ;eîfuka wk;=rejh' ;u wdorKShhkag yojf;a

,eìh hq;af;a ljr ia:dkhla ±hs Tyq fyd|ska ±k isáfhah'

fï wdorh" fm%auh" fï mlaImd;S;ajh Tyq ñh hk

;=rdjgu fkdkeiS ;snQ w;r wog;a úkaiagka p¾Ñ,a

ñksiqkaf.a u;lfha /|Sug th fya;= idOl úh'

tfukau Tyq ;uka úYajdi lrk foa fjkqfjka fmkS

isáfhah' ysÜ,¾f.a ke.S isàu ms<sn| wk;=re weÕjQ

y`vj,a lsysmh w;=ßka p¾Ñ,af.a y`v m%Odk úh' ;u

úYajdih ksjerÈ nj;a th fjkqfjka fmkS isáh hq;= nj;a

;SrKh lrñka ;u u;h m%ldY lsÍu fkdkej;S isÿ

lf<ah' hqfrdamh l%ufhka kdis .%yKhg ,lajk úg

ck;dj yg Tyqf.a m%ldYfha w.h ±fkkakg úh'

ck;djg Tyq wjYH úh' miq lf,l f,dal hqoaOh wjika

fldg iduh kej; ia:dms; lsßug fuu fkdief,k

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

wêIaGdkh yd fkdief,k úYajdih uyÕ= msájy,la úh'

fuu.ska wm bf.k .; hq;af;a wm .ek yd wmf.a

;SrKhka ms<sn| b;d úYajdifhka l%shd l< hq;= njhs'

wmf.a ish¨ id¾:l;ajfha Wm; wm jk w;r wmg úYd,

b,lalhka <Õd lr .; fkdyels hehs is;k ;dla l,a

lsis`ÿ wruqKla fj; wmg hd fkdyelsh'

p¾Ñ,a ks;r hul ksr;jQ w;r jev lrk ñksfila úh'

Tyqf.a mjq, t;rï Okj;a fkdjQ neúka hï hï ld,j,§

Tjqkayg uqyqK §ug isÿjQ ndOl yuqfõ cSj;aùu i|yd

úkaiagkaf.a l=i,;d yd ±kqu u; úYajdih ;nd ta u;

r|d mej;Sug isÿ úh' Tyq jdäù meh .Kka .;lr

wjidkh olajdu ±jeka; fmd;a rpkd lrk ,§' th

Tyqf.a w;a fkdyeÍfï .=Kh;a ±ä W;aidyhla ms<sn|

m%n, idlaIshla úh' fmr ue;sjrK j,§ ch.%yK lrd

fufyhjQ ck;dj úiskau 1945 § mrdchg weo ±uqjo Tyq

bj;aù ksy`v jQfhao ke;' úmlaI kdhlhd f,i /|S

isáñka ;u foaYhg bgqúh hq;= hq;=lï bIag lrñka kej;

;u mlaIh 1950 oS ch.%yKh lrd fufyhùug iu;a úh'

ta w;ru hqo iufha Tyq úiska fmkajd ÿka kdhl;ajh yd

ud¾f.damfoaYl;ajh wmf.a cSsú;j,g uyÕ= wdo¾Yhla

úh' fm!oa.,sl cSú;fha fõjd" foaYmd,k cSú;fha fõjd

wxY= ud;%hlska fyda mrdch ms<sfkd.;a Tyq fkdmiqng

ù¾hfhka hq;=j ;u wjika wruqKq olajd .uka l<

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

mqoa.,hl= úh' ì%;dkHfha w÷re;u meh j,§ ck;dj

.=jkaúÿ,sh jgd ießirñka ìfhka isÿjkafka l=ula±hs

wjOdkfhka isák ld,fha§ p¾Ñ,af.a y`v Tjqkaf.a

ksjig .,d tafuka ;u foaYh fyd|u w;g ysñ ù we;s

nj Tjqka f;areï .kakd ,§' ukao Tyq olaI kdhlfhl=

fukau olaI lÓlfhl= o úh' ì%;dkHfha n,j;a mjq,l

Wm; ,enqjo iem iïm;a uOHfha wl¾uKHj l,a

fkdf.jd ;ukaf.ka bgqúh hq;= iEu j.lSulau foaYh

fjkqfjka bgql< foaYfm%añhl= úh' cSú;hg fkdfhla

ndOd meñKsho tajdg fkdie,S uqyqK foñka ;u foaYhg

muKla fkdj f,dalhgo Kh ke;s mqf;l= jkakg iu;a

úh' fuu hq. mqreIhdf.a iEu .=Kdx.hlau wmf.a

cSú;j,g tlalr .ksñka wmf.a cSú;h id¾:l lr

.ekSug wm W;aidy l< hq;=h'

Tyq i;=kag oeäj wdorh lf<ah

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

úkaiagka p¾Ñ,a ìß|g ohdnr ieñfhla úh

miqjok

úkaiagka p¾Ñ,a kï hq. mqreIhdf.a cSú;fhka wmg .;

yels foa fndfydah' Tyq úfgl l=;=y,fhka hq;= mqf;ls'

úfgl wdorKSh ieñfhls' úfgl fifkfyjka; msfhls'

Tyqf.a kdhl;ajh yuqfõ i;=rka mjd ìfhka ;e;s .;ay'

Tyq ;=< jQ fkdmiqniakd W;aidyh Tyqj id¾:l ñksfil=

f,i f,djla bÈßfha Tijd ;eîug WmldÍ úh' p¾Ñ,a

;=< jQ foaYdkqrd.h Tyqf.a Èú .ufka ;=fkka foll ld,

jljdkqjla ;u rg fjkqfjka l< fiajfhka ukdj

meyeÈ,s fõ' idys;Hhg l< fufyjr ksid fkdfn,a

;Hd.fhka mjd msÿï ,eîh' 1898 —o iafgdß T*a o u,alkaoa

*S,aâ f*d¾ia˜ (The Story of The Malakand Field Force),

1899 oS —ieõfrda,d˜ (Savrola), 1906 oS —/kaâf,d*a p¾Ñ,a

W;=udKka˜ (Lord Raldlph Churchill), 1948-1953 “j¾,aâ

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

l%hsiia (World Crisis) “ysiaá% T*a bx.a,sIa iamSlska mSm,a

(History of English Speaking People) kï .%ka: lsysmhla

rpkd lrk ,§' Tyqf.a ks¾NS;lu j¾;udkfha§ iuia;

f,dajeishkaf.a l;d nyg ,lajk m%Odk ud;Dldjls'

fld;rï oeä .=Kdx. ;snqKo Tyqf.a Nd¾hdjg yd ;u

mjq,g .re lrñka orejka wdorfhka n,d .ksñka mjq,g

w.kd jDËhla ùug Tyqg yels úh' Èú ufÕys ieòE iuh

i;=ka iuÕ f.dúm,l cSj;a ùug;a" w,xldr is;=jï

we|Sug;a Tyq mqreÿ jQ w;r w;s ±jeka; pß;hla jqjo Tyq

;=< ixfõoS ñksfil= isá njg fuhska ;yjqre úh'

úkaiagka p¾Ñ,a fkdfyd;a fï wiydh mqreIhd f,djg

bgq l< fiajdj ksid Tyq wm yoj;a ;=< iod wurKShj

jecfUkq we;'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

Is cska mska.a

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

fm< .eiau

• yeòskaùu

• <ud ld,h iy wOHdmk miqìu

• foaYmd,khg msúiSu • foaYmd,k Èúh • Ök isyskh


• .; yels wdo¾Y

• idrdxYh

lKavdhu

• tÉ'jhs' lúkaos fl!I,Hd

• koSId os,sks wfíúl%u

• ksIdrd p;=ß wfíúl%u

• ld,sx.f.a ÿ,xYs wxYsld ckrxck is,ajd

• ví't,a'tÉ'fla' isßj¾Ok

• i`ÿks p;=ßld

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

yeòskaùu

fï jk úg f,dalfha fndfyda fokdf.a wjOdkh oskd

.ksñka uyd n,jf;l= f,i lr<shg meñfKñka isák

rdcHhla jYfhka uyck Ök iuQydKavqj oelaúh yelsh'

fï whqßka Ökh f,dj m%n, rdcHla f,i biau;= ùug

fya;=jk m%Odku idOlh f,i j;auka Ök ckm;s" IS cska

mska.a kï jQ wiydh rdcH kdhlhdf.a wd.ukh

fmkajdosh yel fõ' kuq;a w.aksos. wdishdj ;=< msysgd

we;s iqúfYaIS rdcHhla jk Ökfha j¾;udk

ckdêm;sjrhd ms<sn| wm okafka fl;rï l=vd m%udKhla

o@

fuyso’ wm idlÉPdjg .kq ,nkafka fuu wiydh

kdhlhdf.a cSjk pß;dx.h ms<sn|jhs' tA wkqj fï ;=<ska

iqúfYaIS wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,nkafka m%n,

fldñhqksiaÜjdosfhl=f.a mqf;l= jQ Tyqf.a <ud ld,h"

wOHdmksl miqìu yd mjq,a cSú;h fukau Tyqf.a

foaYmd,k wd.ukh ;=<ska Tyq ,enQ id¾:l;ajh

ms<sn|jhs' ;jo IS cska mska.a Ökfha ckdêm;sOQrh

fydnjñka Ök isyskh h:d¾;hla njg m;a lsÍug f.k

hk jevms<sfj< ms<sn|jo fï ;=<ska idlÉPd flf¾'

tfukau “tlaa ;Srhla tlaa udj;la ” hk Ök ixl,amh

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

ms<sn|j;a wm fuysoS jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lrkq ,nhs'

óg wu;rj Ök Ys% ,xld ñ;=ou iy wjidk jYfhka

Tyqf.a osúfhka .; yels wdo¾Y ms<sn|j wm fuysoS

idlÉPd lrkq ,nhs'

<ud ld,h" wOHdmkh yd mjq,a cSú;h

2013 j¾Ifha Ökfha ckdêm;s OQrhg m;a jQ IS cska mska.a

jpkd¾:fhka muKla fkdj ls%hdfjka o iqúfYaIs

mqoa.,fhl= f,i uq¿ wdishd uyoaùmh ;=< fukau f,dj

mqrdu w;s uy;a ckms%h;ajhg m;a jQ ck kdhlhl= f,i

y÷kajdÈh yel¡

ÎS cska mska.a l=vd ld,fha ;u mshd iy fidfydhqrd iuÕ&

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

(Is cska mska.af.a mshd&

IS cska mska.a Wm; ,nkafka 1953 cQks ui 15 Èk îcsx ys§h¡

Xi zhang xun iy Tyqf.a ìß| jk Qi xin f.a fofjks

mq;%hdh¡ Is cska mska.a (Xi jinping) yg Xi Yuanping kñka

ifydaorfhla o Qi Qiaoqiao yd Qi Anan kñka ifydaoßhka

fofofkla o úh¡ IS cska mska.aaf.a mshd wdrïNfha isgu

by< fmf<a fldñhqksiaÜ m%pdrl weu;sjrfhla úh¡ 1963

j¾Ifha ISf.a jhi wjqreÿ 10la jk úg Tyqf.a mshd

mlaIfhka bj;a lr 1960 uehs udifha f,fkdx ys

lïy,l jev lsÍug hjk ,§¡ fï fya;=fjka IS g msh

fifkyi wjeis iufhau mshdf.ka ÿriaj Èú f.ùug isÿ

úh¡ tfukau Ökfha isÿjQ ixialD;sl úma,jh ;=<ska ish¿

foa fjkia úh¡ fulS ixialD;sl úma,jh fya;=fjka ISf.a

oaú;shsl wOHdmkh wv mk úh'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

1975 isg 1979 olajd IS Tyqf.a Wiia wOHdmkh lghq;=

id¾:l lr.kakd ,oS¡ IS meßisfha iskayqjd úYajúoHd,fha

isiqfjl= f,i wOHdmk lghq;= lf<ah¡

tfiau Tyq weußldkq lDIsl¾udka;h wOHhkh lrkq jia" (Muscatine) k.rfha weußldkq mjq,la iuÕ /§ isáñka" ta nj wOHhkh lrñka ish Èúhg uy;a jQ w;a±lSï iïNdrhla ,nd .ekSug iu;a jQ iqúfYaIS mqoa., pß;hla jYfhka y÷kajd osh yelsh' IS cska mska.a Ök ;dkdm;sjrhl= jQ Kehua f.a oshKsh iuÕ újdy csú;h wdrïN lf<ah¡ kuq;a jir lsysmhlska Tjqka Èlalido úh¡ bka miq 1987 oS Tyq ckms%h .dhsldjla jQ Peng Liyuan iuÕ újdy úh' fuu hqj,f.a jD;a;suh fjkialï fya;=fjka Tjqkaf.a újdy Èúh t;rï id¾:l fkdùh¡ Tjqkag Xi Mingze kï ÈhKshla úh¡ weh 2015 Harwad úYajúoHd,fha Wmdê ,nd we;¡ Tyqf.a mjq,g uOHu hqO yuqod fldñiu (central military commission) úiska mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk jhUÈ. m%foaYfha ksjilg ysñlï we;¡ Tyqf.a Nd¾hdj úiska m%isoaêfha Tyqj m%Yxidjg ,lalrk ,§¡

tfiau Is cska mska.a f.a ìrs| jk Peng Liyuan ish ieñhd

ms<sn| fufia woyia olajhs “Tyq ksjig meñfKk úg ug

wmf.a ksjfia kdhlfhla isák njla fkdyef`.a”. ;jo Is

cska mska.a ms<sn| weh olajk uy;a jQ fifkyi ms<sn|

fufia m%ldY lrhs —uf.a weia foflkau Tyq uf.a

iajdñmqreIhdh'˜ ñka mjqf,a iudcslhka iuÕ isák úg

Tyq ta ;rugu wdorKSh pß;hla jk nj ukdj úYo

lrkq ,nhs'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

Ökfha ixj¾Okhg odhl jQ iqúfYaIs kdhlhl= f,i

y÷kd .; yels Is cska mskaf.a ixialD;sl fm!rI;ajh

úoydmdkq ,nk wjia:djla f,i Tyq úiska Tyqf.a

rdcHfha f.!rjhg md;% jQ fmd;am;a" ldgqka" .S; .dhkd

m%lg lsÍug W;aiql ùu oelaúh yel'

(Is cska mska.a ;reK ld,fhaoS)

2011 oS fjdIskagka ys m, jQ jd¾;djlska Is csx mska.a ms<sn|

fufia bÈßm;a fldg ;snqKs' Tyq ish j.lSï yd ld¾hhka

ksis f,i bgq lrk iqúfYaIS mqoa.,fhl= jk w;r Tyqf.a

ÈhqKqfõ h;=r thhs' tfiau Is csx mska.a l=vd l, isgu ish

Èúh ;=<ska kdhl;aj ,laIK biau;= lrk ,o w;r Tyq

;=< meje;s iqúfYaIS úfkdaodxYhkao ish Èúhg wjYH

w;a±lsï yd kj ±kqï iïNdrhla fukau iudch ms<sn|

úi,a

wjfndaOhla o ,nd ÿka nj ukdj m%lg lrkq ,nhs' Tyqf.a

úfkdaodxYhka jkafka fmd;a lshùu" mdmkaÿ lS%vd lsÍu yd

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

msyskSu fõ' th Is cska mska.ag ksfrda.s Èúhla ,nd .ekSug

uyÕ= Wmldrhla jQ nj meyeÈ,s fõ' Tyqf.a ms%h;u fmd;a

w;r reishdkq fmd;a iqúfYaIS úKs'

l=vd l, isgu Is cska mska.a fn!oaOd.ñl woyia oerejo

Tyq iaÓr jYfhkau fn!oaO wd.ñlfhl= fkdfõ' kuq;a

Tyqf.a foaYmd,k Èúh ;=< Tyq fn!oaOd.ñl m%fõYhkao

Ndú;d l< nj ukdj m%lg fõ'

foaYmd,k cSú;hg msúiSu

1983 j¾IfhaoS fyfnhs ^Hebei& m<df;a mlaI f,alïjrhd f,i lghq;= lrk úg tys udj;l fïihla oud ck;d woyia úuik whqre)

Is cska mska foaYmd,k cSú;hg wj;S¾K jkafka m%n,

fldñhqksiaÜjdÈfhl= jQ Tyqf.a mshdf.a wdNdih iuÕhs'

ixialD;sl úma,jh iuÕ ;u mshd w;awvx.=jg m;a jQ

w;r tu ldrKd uq,a lr .ksñka Is cska mska yg Ök

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIfha idudcsl;ajh ,nd.ekSu ÿIalr

ld¾hhla úh' j¾I 1974 § Tyq ks< jYfhka Ök

fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIfha idudcsl;ajh ,nd .kafka fndfyda

jrla .;a W;aidyfha m%;sM,hla jYfhks' Ök uOHu

wdKavqfõ wdrlaIl weu;sjrfhl= jQ f.ka.a ìhd ´ ^Geng

Biao& kï úYsIaG kdhlhdf.a f,alïjrhd jYfhka

lghq;= lrñka Is cska mska ;u foaYmd,k cSú;hg

wj;S¾K úh' kuq;a j¾I 1982 § Tyq tu ;k;=ßka bj;aj

fyfnhs ^Hebei& m<df;a fldñhqksiaÜ mlaI f,alïjrhd

f,i lghq;= lsßu wdrïN lf<ah'

Îshduka (Xiamen) k.rfha Wm wdKavqldrOQrh orK ld<fha

úfoia ixpdrhla w;r;=r .;a PdhdrEmhla'&

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

blaì;s j¾I 1985 § Wm wdKavqldrjrhd f,i Tyq *qcshdka

^Fujian& m<df;a Ishduka ^Xiamen& k.rhg m;alr hjk

,oS' tys§ Tyq jdßud¾. ÈhqKqj Wfoid hï hï fhdackd

bÈßm;a l<o tajd m,d;a mßmd,kh u.ska m%;slafIam

lrkakg úh' tfukau Tyq úiska Ishduka ^Xiamen& k.rh

i|yd iudc wd¾:sl oshqKqjg wjYH l%%fudamdhka we;=<;a

flgqïm;lao ilik ,oafoa tu k.rfha oshqKqj we;s

lsrSughs (socio-economic development strategy of

Xiamen 1985-2006 ). kej; 1995 § mlaI f,alïjrfhl=

f,i Tyqg Wiiaùula ,eìKs' tfukau 2000 j¾Ifha§ Tyq

*qcshdkays ^Fujian& wdKavqldrjrhd f,i m;a flreKs'

*qcshdkays wdKavqldrjrhd jYfhka Ökfha m%:u jrg

wdydr kdia;sh yd wdydr iqrlaIs;;djh Wfoid Tyq úiska

jHdmdrhla wdrïN lf<ah' tfukau 1999 j¾IfhaoS Is cska

mska f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh *qcshdka jeishkag y÷kajd ÿka

w;r tu m%foaYfha f;dr;=re ;dËK há;, myiqlïo

kÕd isgqùug lghq;= lf<ah'

kej; 2002 jif¾È Is cska mska Iscshdka ^Zhejian& m<d;g

udre lrk w;r Tyq tu m<df;a wdKavqldrjrhd f,i

Wiiaùulao ,nd .;af;ah' tysoS Tyq ;u OQr ld,h ;=<

Iscshdka ^Zhejian& m<df;a id.r wd¾:slh oshqKq lsrSug

lghq;= lf<ah' ;jo Tyq tu m%foaYfha há;, myiqlï

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

ÈhqKq lrñka ;sridr ixj¾Okhla Wfoid o lghq;=

lf<ah' óg wu;rj Iscshdka ^Zhejian& m<df;a uyck

wdrlaIdj ms<sn|j jeä wjOdkhla fhduq l< w;r tys

m%;sM,hla f,i ta jk úg Ökfha iqrlaIs;u m<d;la f,i

Iscshdka ^Zhejian& yeòskaùu oelaúh yel' Iscshdkays

wdKavqldr OQrh fudyq úiska ork ,o wjidk m%dfoaYSh

;k;=rhs' ukaoh;a bka wk;=rej 2007 j¾Ifha uq,aNd.fhaoS

fudyq Iekayhs Shanghai& k.rfha mlaI f,alïjrhd f,i

m;a ù tu j¾Ifhau Tlaf;daan¾ udih jk úg Tyq Ök

fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIfha foaYmd,k ld¾hdxYh ^China

Communist partyZs political Bureau& uOHu ldrl iNdfõ

^Standing Committee of Central Political Bureau &

idudcslhska 9 fokdf.ka tla whl= njg m;a úh' fulS

uOHu ldrl iNdj ^ Standing Committee of Central

Political Bureau) mlaIfha m%Odku md,k jHqyhhs' fï

iuÕu Is cska mska tjlg Ök fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIfha

kdhlhd fukau uyck Ök iuqydKavqfõ ckêm;sjrhd

jQ" yq cskagd´f.a ^Hu Jintao& wkqm%dma;slhd f,i

,ehsia;=.; úh'

thska miq 2008 j¾Ifha§ fudyq Ökfha Wm ckdêm;sjrhd

jYfhka m;a úh' tu ks< ld,h ;=<§ Tyq Ökfha

cd;Hka;r in|;d j¾Okh lr .ekSug uyÕ=

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

ld¾hNdrhla bgq lf<ah' uyck Ök iuQydKavqfõ

ckdêm;s OQrhg m;aùug ;enQ ±ejeka; mshjrla jkafka

2010 j¾Ifha Tlaf;dan¾ udifha§ Is cska mska uOHu hqO

fldñiu ^Central military Commision& ys Wm iNdm;s

OQrhg m;aùuhs' kej; 2012 j¾Ifha§ uOHu ldrl

iNdfõ idudcsl;ajh ,nd.kakd Tyq" ;ks mlaI l%uhla

mj;sk Ökfha m%n,u ;k;=rla f,i yeÈkaúh yels mlaI

uyf,alï OQrhg o m;aúh' th Ökfha ls%hdldÍ jvd;a

n,.;= OQrhla njg fkdryils'

fï wkqj Tyq 2013 j¾Ifha ud¾;= ui 14 jk Èk uyck

Ök iuQydKavqfõ ckdêm;sjrhd f,i m;ajkafka ì csx ys

meje;s 12 jk cd;sl uyck fldx.%ifha (12th national

peoples’ congress) Pkao úuiSfukah¡ tys§ Tyq Pkao 2952

,nd.;a w;r Tyqg úreoaOj ,eî ;snqfka tla Pkaola muKs'

fï wkqj ckdêm;s OQrhg m;a Tyq ;u foaYmd,k

wdêm;H fya;=fjka zzwiydh kdhlfhl= f,i

y`ÿkajkakg úh'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

Is cska mskaf.a foaYmd,k Èúh

Is cska mskaf.a foaYmd,k Èúfha iqúfYaIs ikaêia:dkh

jQfha Tyq Ökfha ckdêm;s OQrhg m;aùuhs' Ñkfha ysgmq

ckdêm;s “Hu Jintao” f.a fiajd ld,h wjika ùfuka miq

Ökfha ckdêm;s OQrh i|yd 2013 j¾Ifha È ud¾;= ui 14

Èk Is cska mska.a iqÿiqlï ,eîh'

ckdêm;s Is cska mska.a ie,flkafka Ökfha ckdêm;s

OQrhg m;a jq jhiska wvqu mqoa.,hd f,ihs' Tyq n,hg

m;aùfuka miq m%:ufhkau isÿ lf<a mlaIfha úkh

n,d;aul lsÍu yd wNHka;r iu.sh ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd

mshjr .ekSuhs' bka miq Ökfha ¥Is; md,khg tfrysj

lghq;= l< Is csx mska.a úiska iudcjdoS wd¾Ólh ms<sn|

wd¾Ól m%;sixialrK y`ÿkajdoSu i|yd lghqq;= lf<ah'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

kS;Shg wkqj mßmd,k lghq;= lsÍu;a" kS;Sh ksjerÈj

ls%hd;aul lsÍug kS;S wdh;k Yla;su;a lsÍu i|yd;a “Ök

isysk" hk igka mdGh hgf;a mqoa., yd cd;sl

wNs,dIhka flfrys wjOdrKh fhduq lsÍug cska mska.a

lghq;= lf<a h' fï ms<sn|j ;jÿrg;a “Ök isysk" hgf;a

idlÉPd lrkq ,nhs' Is cska mska.a Tyqf.a md,k ld,h

;=< jvd;a n,j;a úfoaY ms<sfj;la f.k .sh nj ljqre;a

okakd lreKls' tyso úfYaIfhkau Ök - cmka in|;d"

ol=Kq Ök uqyqo ;=< Ökfha ysñlu" ksoyia fj<| yd

f.da,ShlrK ls%hdj,sh fya;= úh' tfukau Is cska mska.a

Ökh ;=< wms%ldkq iy hqfrda wdishdkq n,mEu mq`t,a lsÍu

i|yd One Belt One Road jHdmD;sh wdrïN lrkq ,eîh'

jir 1950 § isÿ jQ Ök isú,a hqoaOfhka miqj m%:u j;djg

Ök ckdêm;s Is cska mska.a iy ;dhsjdk ckm;s ud hska.a

cQ ^Ma ying jeou& w;r yuqjla 2015 jif¾ o’ isÿ úh'

tfukau Ök YS% ,xld in|;djka ys jvd;a lemS fmfkk

lreKla jQfha YS% ,xldfõ isú,a hqoaOh iïnkaOfhka

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wdrlaIl ljqkai,fha Pkao úuiSfï §

cska mska.a m%uqL rch ueÈy;a fkdùugo lghq;= lsÍuhs' Is

cska mska.a f.a úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh ms<sn| wjOdrKh fhduq

lsÍfïoS Ök weußlka in|;dj jvd;a jeo.;a fõ' tys§ Is

cska mska.a fl;rï nqoaêu;a jQjdo lsjfyd;a Tyqf.a

ue;sjKfhka miq weußldkq ckm;s Tndud iu. ihsn¾

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

wdrlaIdj yd W;=re fldßhdj ms<sn| idlÉPd lsÍug

wu;l fkdlf<a h' ;jo Tyq ckdêm;s OQrhg m;aùfuka

i;shla we;=<; reishdj" gekaidkshdj" ol=Kq wms%ldj iy

fldkaf.da iuQydKavqj iu`. idlÉPd i|yd ixpdrh lf<a

h'

Is cska mska.a md,k ld,h ;=< fndfyda wd¾:sl yd iudcSh

m%;sm;a;s /il fjkialï isÿ úh' ta w;ßka Ökfha meje;s

tla ore m%;sm;a;sh bj; oud foore m%;sm;a;sh 2016

ckjdß 1 jk od isg ls%hd;aul lsÍug Tyq lghq;= lf,ah'

;jo Is cska mska.a Ökfha mrsmd,kh ;=< mj;sk ¥IKh

iyuq,ska bj;a lrk njg fmdfrdkaÿ fokq ,eìh' th

;jÿrg;a ;yjqre lrñka Is cska mskaf.a OQrld,fha m<uq

jir fol ;=< ysgmq uOHu yuqod fldñifï Wm iNdm;s

Xu Caihou iy wdrlaIl m%OdkS Zhou Yougkongg tfrys

kvq mjrkq ,eîh' ta whqrska Is cska mskaf.a ¥IK úfrdaê

jHdmdrh id¾:l f,i Tyqf.a OQrld,h ;=< ls%hd;aul

úh'

Is cska mska.a ;u md,k ld,h ;=< ñ,sgß lghq;= i|yd

ls%hdldÍ f,i iyNd.S ùula olakg ,efnk w;r yuqod

m%;sixialrK yryd o iDcq w;a±lsï ,nd .ekSug fhduq

úh' ta wkqj 2014 oS ñ,sgß m%;sixialrK f.k wd Is cska

mska.a úiska jvd;a M,odhS igka yuqodjla f.dv k.d

.ekSu b,lal lr.ksñka wdrlaIl yuqodjkaf.a wdrlaIdj"

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

msßisÿNdjh iy hqla;siy.;Ndjh we;s lsÍu fjkqfjka

lghq;= lrk njg fmfrdkaÿ úh ' tfukau Tyq 2014 È

Ökfha by< m%Odk yuqod ks,Odßka /ia lrñka ksõ

.=fÜka ^“New Gutian”& iïfï,kh meje;aúh' IS cska

mska.af.a rdcH m%;sm;a;s foi ne,SfïoS Tyq mdrsirsl

wrlaIdjg m%uqL;ajhla ,ndÿka mdrsirsl ys;jdosfhla f,i

ioyka l, yelsh¡ ukao Tyq mrsir ÿIKh uev meje;au

iïnkaOfhka fndfyda ks,OdrSkag iy iud.ïj,g o

o`vqjï muqKqjk ,oS¡ kuq;a Ökfh ld¾ñl l,dmj,

mdrsirsl .eg,q nrm;, f,i olakg ,enqks¡ cska mska.a

;u OQr ld,h ;=< orsø;djh ;=rka lsÍu fjkqfjka úYd,

uqo,a m%udKhla fjka lrkq ,eìh¡ Tyq 2013 isg 2016 olajd

ñ,shk 55 wêl ck;djla orsø;djfhka uqojd .eksug

iu;a jq iqúfYaIs kdhlfhla úh¡ tfukau Ökfha jd¾Isl

wd¾:sl j¾Ok fõ.h 65] g jvd by<ska ;nd .ekSug o

Tyq iu;a úh¡ ISf.a rch úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK yd

;dlaIKh iòyd úYd, jYfhka wfhdack isÿlrkq ,eìh¡

2013 jif¾ ud¾;= ui reishdfõ ixpdrh l< Is cska mska.a

trg ckm;s õ,eäñ¾ mqáka iuÕ fj<| yd n,Yla;s

.eg¨ ms<sn| idlÉPd lrkq ,eîh' tu jif¾u cQks ui

weußldfõ ixpdrh l< Is cska mska.a trg ckm;s Tndud

iuÕ “Shirtsleeves” iuq¿jg iyNd.s úh' tu jif¾ È

Tlaf;daïn¾ ui bkaÿkSishdfõ nd,s ysÈ meje;a jQ APEC

iuq¿jg o Is cska mska.a iyNd.s úh'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

2014 ud¾;= ui fko¾,ka;fha fya.a ys meje;s kHIaál

wdrlaIl iuq¿jg iyNd.s jQ Tyq m%xYh c¾uksh iy

fn,acshu ;=< o ixpdrh lrkq ,eîh' 2014 jif¾u cQ,s

ui ol=Kq fldßhdkq ckm;s yuqjla o isÿ úh' tu udifha

oSu IS cska mska.a BRICS kdhlhskaf.a iuq¿jg iyNd.s jQ

w;r wd¾ckaákdj" fjksishq,dj iy lshqndj hk

rdcHhkays§ ixpdrh lrkq ,eîh' 2014 iema;eïn¾ ui

bkaÈhdkq w.ue;s kf¾kaø fudaos yd Is cska mska.a w;r

yuqjla isÿ jQ w;r fkdjeïn¾ uioS íafÜ%,shdkq w.ue;s

yd Is cska mska.a w;r yuqjla o isÿúh¡ cska mska.a 2015

jif¾ wfma%,a ui mlsia:dkh n,d ixpdrh lrkq

,nkafka Ök mlsia:dkq in|;d ;j;a Yla;su;a lr

.ekSfï wruqfKks' tysÈS Tjqka Ök-mlsia:dk wd¾Ól

lghq;= ms<sn| .súiqug w;aika ;nk ,§' bka miq Tyq

bkaÿkSiShdj n,d msg;a jkafka Afro-Asian kdhlhskaf.a

iuq¿jg iy Bandung iuq¿fjys 60 jk ixj;airhg

iyNd.Sùu i|ydh' Is cska mska.a foaYmd,k Èúfha ;j;a

jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhla jkafka Tyqf.a reishdkq ixpdrhhs'

reishdkq ixpdrh w;r;=r § Tyq lilia:dk ckm;s

Nursultan Nazarbayer yuqùug o wu;l fkdlf<a h'

tfukau 2015 jif¾ iema;eïn¾ udifha § Is cska mska.a

ish m<uq weußldkq ixpdrh isÿ lrk ,È' tfukau tu

jif¾ Tlaf;dan¾ udifha § Tyq uyd ì%;dkHfha ixpdrh

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

lrk ,os' ;jo Tyq 2016 ud¾;= udifha § fpla rdcHfhys

^Czech republic& ixpdrh lsrSu ;=<ska n,dfmdfrd;a;=

jQfha forg w;r wd¾Ól in|;d ;jÿrg;a ;yjqre lr

.ekSuhs' Tyqf.a foaYmd,k Èúfha ;j;a jeo.;a isÿùula

f,i 2017 jif¾ ckjdß ui f,dal wd¾Ól iuq¿j weu;Su

lemS fmfkhs' tfukau f,dal wd¾Ól ixiohg iyNd.s jQ

m<uq Ök ckdêm;sjrhd jkafka o IS cska mska.a h' f,dal

wd¾Ólh ;=< Ökh jvd;a Yla;su;a fukau n, iïmkak

cd;shla njg m;a lr.ekSu i|yd IS ±ä u;Odß mshjr

/ila wkq.ukh lf<a h'

2014 jif¾ lshqndkq ixpdrfha § lshqndkq rch úiska Is

cska mska.a f.!rjdkaú; úma,jjdÈfhl= yd f,aLlfhl=

f,i kï lr iïudkhlao mqo lrkq ,eîh' fuh Ök‐

lshqndkq in|;d Yla;su;a lsÍug o bjy,a jQ nj

fkdryils'

tfukau 2014 jif¾ § Ök fj<| ud¾. jeä ÈhqKq l< Is

cska mska.a wdishdkq há;, myiqlï wdfhdack nexl=j

wdrïN lf<a h' foaYsh jYfhka Tyqf.a mlaIh fm!oa.,sl

nexl= n,h jeä lr" cd;Hka;rj úYajdijka;

wdfhdaclhkag fldgia fjf<| fmdf<a iDcqju lghq;=

lsÍug bv i,id ÿkafka h'

fï whqßka Tyq ish foaYmd,k Èúfha iqúfYaIs w;a±lsï

/ila ,nd .kakd Tyq ckdêm;s OQrh ;=< wjqreÿ 5 la

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

fiajh lrk ,oS' ta wkqj 2018 jir Tyqf.a foaYmd,k

Èúfha ;j;a jeo.;a ikaosia:dkhla úh' tkï Tyq 2018

ud¾;= 17 jk Èk Ök jHjia:dohl úiska kej; j;djla

Ökfha ckdêm;s OQrhg m;a lsÍuh¡ fï iuÕu Ökfha

ckdêm;s OQr ld,iSudj bj;a lsÍu ms<sn| jHjia:d

ixfYdaOkhla f.k tkq ,enQ w;r th cd;Hka;r m%cdj

úiska úfõpkhg ,la lrk ,§' kuq;a ta ;=<ska Tjqka

n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQfha Ök isyskh idlaId;a lr .eksu

i|yd jQ Yla;su;a kdhl;ajhlah¡ tfia jqjo Tyq j;auka

Ök ckdêm;sjrhd f,i tu OQrfha lghq;= fydnjk w;r

Tyqf.a foaYmd,k ;Skaÿ ;SrK yd m%;sm;a;s ls%hd;aul lsßu

;=<ska rg ,nd we;s m%.;sh ksidu Tyq fnfyda fokdf.a

m%idohg ,la jq foaYmd,k pß;hls'

Ök isyskh

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

by;oS idlÉPdjg nªka jQ zzÖk isyskhZZ kï ixl,amh IS

ðka mskaf.a foaYmd,k igka mdGh úh' fuh Tyq muKla

ÿgq isyskhla fkdjQ w;r uq¿uy;a Ök m%cdju olskakd jq

isyskhla njg m;aúh' fuu isyskh ;=<ska IS ðka mska

ÿgqfõ uyck Ök iuQydKAvqfõ mqK¾cSjkhhs' fuh

yqfola ySkhla muKla fkdj oekg Ökfha IS ðka mska

úiska wkq.ukh lrk cd;sl yd úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha

yrhhs' tkï Ökh kùlrKh lsÍfï jevms<sfj,la

we;=<;a jHdmD;shla fuu isyskh ;=<ska l, t<s neiafiah'

tA wkqj fulS isyskh h:d¾;hla njg m;a lssÍug IS ðka

mska ;u wiydh kdhl;ajh fkdu|j ;ukaf.a rdcHg

fukau ;u uyck;djgo ,nd fokafkah'zzÖk isyskhZZ

;=,ska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka Ökfha wd¾Ól, iudcSh,

ixialD;sl yd mdßißl fukau foaYmd,ksl oshqKqjhs'

mdßißl yd iïm;a jYfhka ;sridr njla ,Õd

lr.ekSug úoHd;aul uQ,O¾u u; mokï jQ wd¾Ól

oshqKqjla IS ðka mska wfmaCId lrhs' fuf,i wd¾Ól

oshqKqjla ,nd.ekSu ;=< iudcjdo’ iudchl cSj;ajk

ñksiqkaf.a cSjk ;;ajhka kÕdisgqùug fukau iy;sl

lsÍug wLKav W;aiyhl ksr; fõ' tu.ska iudcSh

oshqKqj we;slsÍug Tyq n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh' ;jo Ök m%cdj

i;= oCI;djka j¾Okh lrñka yd Ök cd;sl ye`.Sï

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

m%j¾Okh lrñka Ök ixialD;sh oshqKq lsÍu Ök isyskfha

wfmaCIdjla úh'

óg wu;rj mdßißl oshqKqj Wfoid mßirh ixrCIKh

lsÍug cd;sl Wmdhud¾. .ekSuo fuys wfmaCIdjhs' fulS

wfmaCIdjkag wu;rj iudcjdo’ udj;l .uka lrñka

Ökhg wdfõKsl ,CIKhkaf.ka hqla; jQ iaÓr yd

ld¾hCIu foaYmd,k m%;sixialrK f.k tñka Ökfha

foaYmd,k oshqKqj we;slsÍug IS ðka mska n,dfmdfrd;a;=

fõ' tfukau zztla ;Srhla tla udj;laZZ (One Belt One

Road) hkak fulS Ök isyskh yd lr<shg meñKs

ixl,amhls'

tA wkqj Ök isyskh h:d¾;hla njg m;alr .ksñka by;

lS wd¾Ól, iudcSh, ixialD;sl, mdßißl yd foaYmd,ksl

wxY j¾Okh ;=<ska wfmaCId lrkafka Ökfha oshqKqjhs'

wjidk jYfhka by; olajd we;s lreKq ;=<ska .uH

jkqfha IS ðka mskaf.a tlu wNsm%dh jkafka uyck Ök

iuQydKavqfõ ishjia mQ¾Kh iurk 2049 j¾Ih jk úg

Ökh wd¾Ól, iudcSh yd foaYmd,ksl jYfhka kùlrKh

lrñka yd ;u uDÿ n,h ^soft power& Ndú;d lsÍfuka

oekg f,dal n,j;d jk weußlka rdcHhg wNsfhda.

lsÍu uÕska f,dj n,j;au rdcHh njg m;a ùuhs '

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh

Ökh IS ðkamskaf.a kdhl;ajh hgf;a f.da,Sh in|;dj,

ieneúkau jvd;a l%shdldÍ iyNd.Slrefjl= njg m;a ù

we;' f.da,Sh md,kh flfrys IS fm!oa.,slj Wkkaÿjla

olajhs' tys m%;sM,hla f,i Ökh IS hgf;a whjeh

l%shd;aul lsÍu" f.da,Sh iduh mj;ajd .ekSu iy úfoaY

ixj¾Ok wdOdr ,nd §u hkd§ lghq;=j, § tlai;a

cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkhg jvd;a úYd, jYfhka odhl;ajh

imhhs' uyck fi!LHh jix.;j,g tfrysj igka

lsÍfï isg wdmod iyk" n,Yla;slrKh yd uqyqÿ ux;Sre

wdrlaIdj" m%;s;%ia;jdoh iy uqyqÿ uxfld,a,lEï úfrdaë

fufyhqï olajd lafIa;% .Kkdjl th jvd;a l%shdldÍ

fõ'

tfukau IS ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,a iuÕ

mj;ajk in|;d b;d w.h fldg i,lhs' Ökfha úfoaY

m%;sm;a;sfha mrud¾:h yd moku f,i ixj¾Okh fjñka

mj;sk rgj,a iuÕ in|;d Yla;su;a lsÍu yd jeä ÈhqKq

lsÍug Ökh úiska l%shdud¾. .kq we;ehs Tyq jrla

mejiqfõ h' ISf.a úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh ksÍlaIKh lrk úg

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

fvka.a Ishdfjdamsx.a (Deng Xiao Ping) úiska 1985 § y÷kajd

fok ,o wka;¾cd;sl in|;d j, § iduh iy ixj¾Okh

ms<sn| Ök fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIfha (CCP) zzuQ,sl

fldgiska˜ Wmqgd.;a 2000 oYlfha ueo Nd.fha§ yq cskagd´

(Hu Jintao) úiska m%ldY lrk ,o zziduldó

ixj¾OkZZ^peaceful development stratergy) Wmdh ud¾.h

IS Yla;su;a lr we;s nj wmg oel.; yels h' fuu zziduh

iy ixj¾Okh˜ Wmdh ud¾.h u.ska Ökfha wd¾Ól

ixj¾Okh i|yd iduldó ndysr mßirhla yd uy

n,j;=ka iuÕ iyfhda.S in|;d wjYH nj hk úYajdih

fmkakqï lrhs' fuu Wmdh ud¾.h f.da,Sh moaO;sh ;=<

jvd;a úYd, n,mEula we;s lsÍug Ökhg Wmldr lrkq

we;ehs IS úYajdi lf<a h' ISf.a m%;sm;a;s m%ldYkh u.ska

.uH jkafka Ökfha úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh flfrys we;s oeä

ie,ls,a, Ökfha wLKav ixj¾Okh i|yd zzjvd;a il%Sh

cd;Hka;r mßirhla˜ ks¾udKh lrk nj hs' ksoiqka

jYfhka 2017 Tlaf;dan¾ ui 19 jk Èk Ök fldñhqksiaÜ

mlaIfha ^CCP) cd;sl fldx.%ihg bÈßm;a lrk ,o ISf.a

jd¾;dfjys zzf.da,Sh iduh iy ixj¾Okh i|yd kj

odhl;ajh˜ f,i zz;Sr iy udj;a jevigykZZ (Belt and

Raod Innitiative) iy wdishdkq há;, myiqlï wdfhdack

nexl=j we;=<;a lrñka Tyqf.a mia wjqreÿ ld, iSudfõ

úfoaY m%;sm;a;s ch.%yK Tyq olajd isáfha h' zziduh yd

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

ixj¾Okh˜ Wmdhud¾.h rfÜ uQ,sl wjYH;djhkag

wkql+, jk w;r th uQ,sl úfoaY m%;sm;a;s b,lalhla

nj;a Tyq ;jÿrg;a mlaI kdhlhskag mejeiqfõ h' óg

wu;rj by; zzIs cska mskaf.a foaYmd,k ÈúhZZhgf;ao

Tyqf.a úfoaY m%;sm;a;s yd wka;¾ rdcH in|;d ms<sn|j

idlÉPd lrk ,os'

“tla ;Srhla tla udj;la ” ixl,amh

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

ISf.a zz;Sr iy udj;a jevigykZZ (Belt and Road

Initiative-BRI) ie,lsh hq;= jkafka Tyqf.a m%Odk;u

ld¾hhka j,ska tlla f,ihs' BRI hkq l,dmSh

taldnoaO;dj" fj<|du by< kexùu iy wd¾Ól j¾Okh

W;af;ackh lsÍu hk wruqKq we;sj wd¾Ól fldßfvda

yhla êconomic corridors&Tiafia wm%sldj yd hqfrdamh

iu. wdishdj f.dvìñka yd iuqøSh cd, yryd iïnkaO

lsÍu i|yd wfmalaIs; há;, myiqlï ixj¾Ok

jevigykls' ishjia .Kkdjla mqrd Ökh hqf¾Ishdj

yryd uOHOrŒ uqyqog iïnkaO l< ft;sydisl fjf<|

ud¾. cd,hla jk jir fooyilg fmr yka rdcjxYh

ld,h w;r;=r § ia:dms; lrk ,o fiao udj; (silk route)

ixl,amh fj;ska IS wdNdih ,nd .;af;a h' BRI w;S;fha

§ ˜tla ;Srhla tla udj;la˜ f,i o ye¢kafõ' BRI

.sKsfldKÈ. wdishdj" ol=Kq wdishdj" uOHu wdishdj"

reishdj iy hqfrdamh iuÕ Ökh f.dvìñka iïnkaO

lrk wka;¾-uyoaùmsl ud¾.hla jk fiao udjf;a wd¾Ól

máhlska iy Ökfha fjr<nv m%foaY" .s‚fldKÈ. yd

ol=Kq wdishdj yd ol=Kq meismsla" ueofmrÈ. yd

kef.kysr wm%sldj iuÕ iïnkaO lrk uqyqÿ ud¾.hla

jk hqfrdamh olajd Èfjk 21 jk ishjfia iuqø fiao

udj;ska o (Marine silk route) iukaú; fõ'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

m%;sm;a;s iïnkaëlrKh" há;, myiqlï" ndOd rys;

fj<odu" uQ,H taldnoaO;dj iy mqoa.,hska iïnkaO lsÍu

hk m%Odk m%uqL;d my fuu uq,msÍu u.ska w¾: olajd

we;'

fndfyda ÿrg jrdh" ud¾." ÿïßh ud¾." .=jka

f;dgqfmd<j,a fukau úÿ,s n,d.dr iy úÿ,s ixfoaY cd,

jeks há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh lsÍu i|yd fuu

jevigykg wefußldkq fvd,¾ á%,shk 1 lg wêl

wdfhdack m%udKhla we;=<;a jkq we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾'

fuu jevigyk yryd Y%S ,xldjg fndfyda meyeÈ,s

m%;s,dN ,nd.ekSug iy kj wjia:d fndfyduhla ckkh

lsÍug yels jq‚' BRI Èh;a lsÍfuka jir 3lg miqj rgj,a

65 lg wdikakj rgj,a úYd, ixLHdjl tlÕ;ajh

,nd.ekSug Ökhg yels úh'

tu jevigyk hgf;a f,dj mqrd w;alr f.k we;s jeo.;a

jHdmD;s iuyrla my; mßÈ fõ'

cdl¾;d- nekavqx wêfõ.S ÿïßh ud¾.h-bkaÿkSishdj (Jakarta-Bandung high speed rail –Indonesia)

fld<U jrdh k.rh- Y%S ,xldj ^Colombo port city-Sri

lanka&

msrdhia jrdh- .S%ish ^Piraeus port- Greece&

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

f;ïnqfrdx md,u- nDDkdhs ^Temburong bridge- Brunei&

mqkagd isfhrd iq<x f.dúm< -Ñ,S punta sierra wind farm)

hud,a LNG jHdmD;sh- reishdj Yamal LNG project-Russia&

ðnqá cd;Hka;r ksoyia fj<| l,dmh- ðnqá ^Djibouti

International free trade zone -Djibouti &

Ök- fn,rEia l¾udka; WoHdkh- fn,rEia ^China -

Belarus Industrial park - Belarus&

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

Ök - › ,xld in|;d

Ök › ,xld in|;d iqúfYaIs fõ¡ ta wkqj Ök › ,xld

in|;dj,g we;af;a oS¾> b;sydihls¡ forfÜ in|;d

f.dvke.Su ms<sn| ,sÅ; idOl ls%ia;= j¾I miajeks

ishjfia mgka yuq jqjo w,sÅ; idOl yd ft;sydisl

mqrdjD;a; j,g wkqj th ;j;a jir oyia .Kkla

w;S;hg .uka lrkq ,nhs¡ j¾;udk ;;a;ajh i,ld

ne,Sfï oS Ök ckm;s Is cska mska.a hgf;a Ök › ,xld

in|;d fndfyda fihska j¾Okh jQ nj meyeos,s lreKls¡

jrla Ök ckm;s fufia mejiqfõ —› ,xldjg iyfhda.h

oelaùfïoS th foaYmd,k mlaIhla fyda mqoa.,fhl= u;

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

rod fkdmj;sk nj;a" Ök › ,xld in|;d ì|fy<Sug

;=kajeks md¾Yjhlg fkdyels nj;a h¡ t;rï

Wkkaÿjlska hqla;j ckm;s Is cska mska.a hgf;a Ök ›

,xld in|;d Yla;su;a úh¡

,xldj iuÕ rdcH;dka;s%l in|;d uq,ajrg wdrïN lrk

,oafoa Ökfha —f.dñka ;dx˜ rchhs¡ 1957 ckjdrs udifhaoS

Ök w.ue;s fp! tka ,dhs uy;d forg w;r

rdcH;dka;s%l in|;d f.dvke.Su ms<sn| .súiqulg

w;aika ;eìh¡ t;eka mgka forfgys rdcHh kdhlhka

úiska úáka úg Ök ,xld in|;djka ;rlsÍug lghq;=

l<y¡ Ök ckm;s Is cska mska.a miq.sh ld,fha isÿ l< ›

,xld ixpdrh Ök ckm;s jrfhl= úiska jir 28 miq isÿ

l< m<uq › ,xld ixpdrh fõ¡ › ,xld ysgmq ckm;s

uyskao rdcmlaI uy;df.a OQr ld,h Ök ,xld in|;d

Yla;su;aj mej;s ld, jljdkqjla f,i i|yka l, yel¡

ta wkqj Is cska mska.af.a › ,xld ixpdrh w;r;=roS forg

w;r kj fj<| in|;d we;s lr .ekSug lghq;= lrkq

,eîh¡ fuysoS úfYaIfhka há;, myiqlï" ixpdrl

jHdmdrh fj; jeä wjOdkh fhduq lrk ,os¡ ta wkqj

Ökh › ,xldjg ,ndoS we;s Kh j, jákdlu fvd,¾

ì,shk 4 blaaujhs¡ fï jk úg;a Ökh ;u iud.ï 14la

yryd › ,xldj ;=< fufyhqï lghq;= wdrïN lrñka ›

,dxlsl Y%ñlhska 2500g wdikak m%udKhlg /lshd

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

wjia:d Wod lroS we;¡ › ,xldjg wdfhdackhka isÿlr

we;s rgj,a w;ßka Ökhg ysñ jkafk m%uqL ia:dkhls¡

ta wkqj Ökfha ueosy;aùu u; ls%hdjg ke.=K jHdmD;s

w;r olaIsK wêfõ.S ud¾. moaO;sh" yïnkaf;dg jrdh"

u;a;, .=jkaf;dgqm," fk¨ï fmdl=K rÕy, bosfjñka

mj;sk fld<U jrdfha ol=Kq os. fldgfia kj m¾hka;h"

fkdfrdÉfpda, .,a w.=re n,d.drh i|yd ;dlaIKsl

iyh ,ndoSu" bosfjñka mj;sk fld<U kqjr wêfõ.S

ud¾. moaO;sh iy W;=re wêfõ.S ud¾. moaO;sh i|yka

l< yel¡ tmuKla fkdj mej;s hqO iufhaoS bkaoshdj"

weußldj jeks rgj,a › ,xldj fj; wdhqO ,ndoSu

m%;slafIam l< wjia:dfõ wdhqO we;=¿ hqO wdOdr imhkq

,enQ rgla f,i Ökh ye|skaúh yel¡ ;jo tlai;a

cd;Skaf.a wdrlaIl uKav,fha idudcslfhla jk Ökh

weußldj úiska › ,xldjg úreoaOj f.k tk ,o

fhdackd j,g tfrysj ;u Pkaoh m%ldY lrk ,os¡ ta wkqj

n,k l< meyeos,s jkafka Ök › ,xld in|;d ì| oeóug

fkdyels ;rï Yla;su;a uÜgul mj;sk njh¡

wdo¾Y

f,dal foaYmd,kh ;=< wdo¾Yu;a lemS fmfkk úYsIaG

kdhlfhl= f,i IS ðka mska.a m%lgh' Tyqf.a foaYmd,ksl

fukau mqoa.,sl cSú;h ;=<skao úoHudk jkakd jQ

úYsIaG;ajhka mqoa.,sl jYfhka fukau iudcSh jYfhkao

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

Wlyd .ekSu w.fkah' tfukau cd;Hka;r fõosldj ;=<

f,dal kdhlhska mjd IS ðka mska.af.a foaYmd,k cSú;h

wdo¾Yhg .ekSu wdrïN ù ;sfí'

IS ðka mska.a i;=j úYsIaG kdhl;aj .=Kdx. mj;S' Tyq ;u

rdcHh;a jeishkq;a tla oelaula Tiafia bosßhg f.k hhs'

tkï Ökfha mqk¾cSjkh yd oshqKqj Tyqf.a tlu me;=uhs'

th imqrd .ekSug Tyq iQCIu Wmdhka Ndú;d lrhs' tjeks

ls%hd f,dal foaYmd,k kdhlhskaf.a wjOdkhg fhduqj

;sfí'

IS yg we;af;a iaÓr oelaula yd meyeos,s wruqKls' th

rdcH kdhlfhl= i;= úh hq;= b;du;a fyd| .=Kdx.hls'

Tyqf.a oelau Ökfha mqk¾cSjkhhs' bka Tyq wruqKq lr

.kq ,nkafka Ökh f,dal n,jf;l= njg m;a lsÍuhs' fï

i|yd Tyq “tla ;Srhla tla udj;la ” hk ixl,amh mjd

lr<shg f.k wdfõh'

IS ðka mska.a ck;djf.a kdhlfhls' Tyq foaYmd,k osúhg

wj;S¾K jQ l< mgka ck;djf.a iqnfi; Wfoid fndfyda

ld¾hka bgqfldg ;sfí' ;jo IS ðka mska.a hkq ÿIKh

msgqolsk kdhlfhls' “mKqjkag jeäh yelafla osrdm;a ù

l=Kq ù hk hula ;=< muKs” f,i jfrl Tyq m%ldY lr

isáfhah' ta ;=<ska IS ms<sìUq lrk ,oafoa Ökfha ÿIKh

ms<sn|jhs' fuysoS Ökfha iS.%fhka me;sr hk ÿIKhka uev

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

fkdmeje;ajqfyd;a Tjqkaf.a mlaIh yd rdcH hk folu

úkdY uqLhg we|jefgk nj IS ðka mska.a wjOdrKh

lrhs' ñka .uH jkqfha IS ðka mska.a ;u rdcH ;=<

isÿfjñka mj;sk ÿIK ls%hdjka ms<sn|j jeä ie<ls,a,la

olajk njhs' tfukau IS rg ;=< f.khk ÿIK úfrdaë

jevms<sfj< ;=<ska m%lg jkafka Yla;su;a yd foaYfma%ó

kdhlfhl=f.a .;s ,CIKhs' fuh oshqKq fjñka mj;sk

rdcHhkaf.a kdhlhskag fukau f,dal n,j;=kago ISf.a

osúh ;=<ska .;yels úYsIaG wdo¾Yhls'

uyck Ök iuQydKavqfõ kdhl;ajhg m;aùug Tyq

fndfyda lemùï lrk ,oS' Bg wjYH miqìu Tyq

foaYmd,k osúhg wj;S¾K jQ od isgu ilid .;af;ah'

jfrl mlaI f,alïjrfhla f,i lghq;= lrñka yd úúO

m<d;a j, wdKavqldr OQr orñka wjYH w;aoelSï

,nd.;af;ah' tu ld, j,oS Tyq ;u n, m%foaY úúO wxY

Tiafia oshqKq lrk ,oafoa Ökfha wkd.;h ms<sn|j ;snq

¥ro¾YS Ndjh úoyd mdñkah' tfukau fulS w;aoelSï

;=<ska ,nd.;a mkakrh wojk úg ISf.a foaYmd,k osúh

id¾:l lr.ekSug WmldÍ ù ;sfí' fï fya;=fjka

wdo¾Yu;a kdhlfhl= f,i Tyqf.a ku f,dal foaYmd,k

fõosldj ;=< nn<kafkah' ;jo fujeks .=Kdx. yd

kdhl;aj ,CIK j,ska fyì IS ðka mska.a oekg f,dal

foaYmd,k fõosldfõ f,dl= fmdä iEu rdcHhlu

wdo¾Yu;a pß;h ù yudrh'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

idrdxYh

uq`t uy;a cd;Hka;r iudch ;=< iqqqúfYAIS kdhl;ajhlg

Wr foñka iqmsrs n,j;=ka yd lrg lr ;r. josk IS csx

mska.a kï wiydh kdhl;ajh f,dj oskQ prs; w;r buy;a

f.!rjkSh yd m%lg pß;hls¡

IS csx mska.a l=vd l< isgu kdhl;aj ,laIK biau;=

lrñska yeoS jevqKq wfhls' tl< Ökh ;=< ;snQ

jd;djrKh Tyqf.a wOHdmk lghq;= j,g ndOd t,a, l<o

Tyq ;=< jQ oeä wêIAGdkh yd lemùu ;u Wiia wOHdmk

lghq;= id¾:lj ksud lr .ekSug rel=,la úh¡ IS cska

mska.a Wiia wOHdmkh ksu lsrSu;a iuÕu újdy osúhg

we;=<;a úh'

Tyq foaYmd,k osúhg fhduq jkafka m%n,

fldñhqksiaÜjdosfhl= jQ Tyqf.a mshdf.a wdNdih;a iuÕhs¡

tfy;a foaYmd,k fõosldjg wj;S¾K ùu Tyqg t;rï

myiq ld¾hhla fkdùh' flfia jqj;a úúO jQ ndOl ueo

Tyq ish foaYmd,k osúhg uq,a mshjr ;nkq ,nkafka Ök

uOHu wdKavqfõ wdrlaIl weu;sjrhdf.a f,alïjrhd

f,i lghq;= lrñkah' miqj tu ;k;=rska bj;aj 1985 oS

*Qcshka m%foaYfha Wm wdKavqldr OQrhg m;a jk Tyq oYl

.Kkdjla m%foaYSh jYfhka mlaI f,alï ;k;=re

fynùh' tfukau Shanghai, Hebei, Fujian, Xiamen,

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

Zhejian hk m<d;aj, rcfha ks,Odßfhla f,i wdKavqldr

yd Wm wdKavqldr OQro oerefõh' tu ld, iSudjka ;=< oS

IS tu m%foaYj, úúO wxY oshqKq lsÍug wjYH ls%hdud¾.

.kakd ,oS' wk;=rej îcskhg (Beijin) meñfKk IS cska

mska.a Ök fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIfha uy f,alï OQrhg m;a

jkafka uyck Ök iuQydKavqfõ ckdêm;sjrhd jYfhka

m;aùug wä;d,ï ouñkah'

blaì;sj j¾I 2008 oS Ökfha Wm ckdêm;sjrhd jYfhka

m;ajk IS cska mska.a Ökfha cd;Hka;r in|;d j¾Okh

lr .ekSug m%n, jEhul ksr; jQ njo úIo lreKls¡

miqj 2013 j¾Ifha oS ckdêm;sjrhd njg m;a jk fudyq

;u m%:u mshjr f,i mlaIfha úkh n,d;aul lsrSu yd

wNHka;r iu.sh ;yjqre lsrSug mshjr .;af;ah' Ökh

;=< ¥Is; md,khg tfrysj ke.S isák Tyq iudcjdoS

wd¾Ól m%;sixialrKhka ;u rdcHh ;=<g f.k hkafkah'

;jo Tyq n,j;a úfoaY m%;sm;a;shla f.k hk ,o njgo

m%lgh¡ ta wkQj IS cska mska.a wfkl=;a rdcHhka iuÕ

id¾:l wka;¾ rdcH in|;d mj;ajd f.khkafka ;u uDÿ

n,h (soft power) Ndú; lrñkah' ta w;rska Ök YS% ,xld

in|;d iqúfYAIS fõ¡

IS cska mska.a ;u Ök isyskh h:d¾:hla njg fmr<ñka

fï jk úg Ökh ;=< f.khk jevms<sfj,;a ta yd neÿKq

zz;Sr iy udj;a jevigykZZ;a (belt and raod innitiative)

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

Tyqf.a foaYmd,k yelshdj fukau ¥ro¾YSNdjh ukdj

ms<sìUq lrhs' fulS Ök isyskh ;=<ska uyck Ök

iuqydKavqfõ mqk¾cSjkh we;slr,Su Tyqf.a m%Od;k;u

wNs,dYh fjhs' by; lreKq foi wjOdKh fhduq lrñka

wjidk jYfhka mejish yelafla IS cska mska.a hkqq f,dj

oskQ wdo¾Yu;a wiydh kdhlfhla njhs'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

fcdaka't*a'flkä

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

fm< .eiau

• yeòskaùu


• foaYmd,khg msúiSu • foaYmd,k Èúh • úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh

• .; yels wdo¾Y

• idrdxYh

lKavdhu

• pdrel uOqixl

• wfrdaIa ud¾áka

• f.da;ó kdrx.,

• l%Siaàka le/õf.dv

• ;=Isks hiiaY%S

• ksfudaId úu,r;ak

• ,laIsld l=,;=x.

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

yeòskaùu

fcdka't*a'flkä weußldkq tlai;a ckmofha 35 jk ckdêm;sjrhd h' Tyq trg isá <dnd,;u fukau m<uqjk frdaudkq lf;da,sl ckdêm;sjrhd o fõ' Tyq ckdêm;sOQrh fydnjk iuh jk úg weußldj yd reishdj w;r ;snQ iS;, hqoaOh orekq w;g yeÍ ;snq‚' ;j o lshqndj yd úhÜkduh jeks rgj,a iuÕ mej;s in|;d o b;d oreKq u;fNAod;aul ;;a;ajhlg m;aj ;snq‚' fndfyda úpdrlhka Tyqj iduhg ,eÈ ;eke;a;l= jYfhka yÿkajhs' tfia lSug fya;= jQfha Tyq lshqndkq ñihs, m%Yakh f,a fi,ùulska f;drj olaI f,i úiòSu ksidfjks' flfia kuqÿ mj;sk iajNdjhg wNsfhda. lsÍug hdu ksidfjka Tyqg wjidkfha § Ôú;fhka jkaÈ f.ùug isÿ úh'

fuu ,smsh u.ska bÈßm;a flfrkafka flkäf.a pß; l;djhs' tys§ Tyqf.a <ud ld,h yd wOHdmkh foaYmd,kh" Tyqf.a foaYSh yd úfoaYSh fiajdjka yd wdo¾Y f.kyer olajd we;'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

<ud ld,h" wOHdmkh" mjq,a cSú;h yd wjidk ld,h

<ud ld,h" wOHdmkh mjq,a cSú;h

1917 uehs ui 29 jk Èk fuf,dj t<sh olsk fcdaka

*sÜiaf.r,aâ flkä fndiagka kqjr Massachusetts

Brooklyn ys Wm; ,eîh' fudyqf.a fouõmshka jk frdaia t,sin;a *sÜiaf.r,aâ iy fcdaima flfkä hk fofokdu Okj;a fukau m%uqL wh¾,ka; lf;da,sl fndiagka mjq,aj,g wh;a úh' flkäf.a mshd f,dal hqoaOfhka miq fldgia fj<|fmdf<a jdikdjka; id¾:l nexl=lrefjls' flkäf.a jeäuy,a fidfydhqrd fcdai*a fcÍ jQ w;r Tyqg ;j;a nd, fidfydhqrka y;a fofkla úh' ta wh kñka frdaiauÍ" leÜ,Ska"hqkqia" meÜÍIshd" frdnÜ" Ôka iy tâjâ úh'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

mjqf,a {d;Ska iy ys;=j;=ka Tyqj —cela˜ hkqfjka ye¢kajQ w;r ifydaor ifydaoßhka kjfofkl= isák mjqf,a Tyq fofjkshd úh' Tyqf.a ifydaoßhl jk hqksia flfkä wdndê;hka i|yd jk úfYaI T,sïmsla Wf<f,a ks¾ud;Djßh jkafka h' wefußldkq kS;sm;s frdnÜ flkä yd wefußldkq b;sydifha n,j;au fifkÜ iNsl fgâ flkä Tyqf.a nd, ifydaorhd h' flkä <uqka ;u Ôú; ld,h mqrdu tlsfkld iuÕ iyfhda.fhka lghq;= l<y' flfkä fouõmshka" ;u orejkaf.a wOHdmkhg wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu fjkqjg Tjqka wjOdkh oelajQ fndiagka iudchg Tjqkaj wkq.; lrk ,§' flkä <uqka uqyqÿ fjrf<a" .sïydk ksfjiaj, iqfLdamfNda.S wdydr iy by< mkakfha nd¾isf,dakd hd;%d we;=¿j" jrm%idÈ; Ôjk rgdjla N=la;s ú¢kakg úh' úfYaIfhkau fcdaima flkä ;u orejkaf.a Ôú;fha iEu f;dr;=rlau .ek .eUqßka ldjeoaÿfõh' mjqf,a ñ;=frl= mejiQ mßÈ" ta ojiaj, fndfyda mshjreka ;u orejka l< foa .ek Wkkaÿ jQfha ke;' tfy;a fcdaka flkä l,a mj;sk foa .ek oek isáfhah' ;u orejka fjkqfjka fcda flfkä uy;a n,dfmdfrd;a;= ;eîh' flfia kuq;a fl;rï Okh" n,h ;snqk o celaf.a <ud ld,h ;=< Tyqg WoHdkhla ;=< weú§ugj;a fkdyels úh' 1919 § wdrïNfha isg wkd.; ckdêm;s frda.dndOj,ska fmf<k w;r bka lsysmhlau Ôú;hg ;¾ckhla úh' f;jeks Wmka Èkg udi ;=klg muK fmr cela ;on, WK frda.h je<£ we;s w;r Tyq udi foll ld,hla i|yd frday,g we;=<;a lr we;' Tyq iïmQ¾Kfhkau iqjh

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

,nd ;snqKo" celaf.a r;= WK frda.h ;j ;j;a fi!LH .eg¨j,g uq, msrSh' Tyqf.a <ud ld,h iy ;reK wjÈfha § cela" äma;Sßhdj" wefmkaäihsáia" leiai" weÿu yd kshqfudakshdj jeks frda.j,g f.dÿre jQfha h' flkä ;u Ôú;fha m<uq jir oyh ;=< nDla,skaj, Ôj;a jQ w;r" 1917 cQks 19 jk Èk Tyq nõ;Siau jQ Ydka; taâka m,a,sfhka uq,a wOHdmkh ,eîh' bkamiq Tyq ueipqfiÜia

nDDla,ska Massachusetts Brooklyn& mdi," fkdfn,a .S%k*a

f,daj¾ ^Noble Greenough Lower& mdi, yd fvlaiag¾

^Dexter& mdif,ka 4 jir olajd wOHdmkh ,eî h' Tyqf.a mshdf.a jHdmdrh È.= ld,hla Tyqj Tyqf.a mjqf,ka wE;a lr ;nd we;s w;r Tyqf.a jHdmdrhka fjda,a ùÈh yd fyd,sjqvh u; ixflakaøkh ù ;snq‚' j¾I 1927 iema;eïn¾ udifha mjq, ksõfhdala k.rfha ßfjdafâ,a wi, msysá nDla,ska isg mÈxÑhg .sh w;r ;reK fcdaka 5 jk fY%aKsfha isg 7 jk fYa%Ksfha msßñ <uqka i|yd mqoa.,sl mdi,la jk ßfjdafâ,a cd;Hka;r mdif,a my, l|jqrg iyNd.s úh' jir follg miqj" flkä mjq, ksõfhda¾la k.rhg meñfKk w;r túg fcdaka nd,olaIfhl= jQ w;r Ydka; fcdaYmaf.a m,a,shg iyNd.S úh' k;a;,a yd mdial= oskhkays yhsksia fmda¾Ü

ueipqfiÜiays ^Hyannis Port Massachusetts& ksjig;a iS;

R;=fõoS *Af,dÍvdfõ mdï îÉys Florida Palm Beach& msysá ksjig mosxÑhg .shy' j¾I 1930 iema;eïn¾ 19 jkod flkä wjqreÿ 13 la jhie;s flkä ksõ ñ,a*¾âys

flkag¾nß úoHd,fha Kentabury School of Milfred& 8 jk fYA%‚hg iyNd.s úh'

Tyq kjjeks fYa%‚fha fIdagÜ fndaäx mdie,g ^Shortet

Boarding School& we;=<;a jQ úg" cela Tyqf.a ifydaorhd

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

jk fcda f.ka ;ud fjka lr y÷kd.ekSfï fjk;a ud¾. fidhd.;af;a h' flkä fyd| YsIHfhla yd olaI u,, l%Svlfhla o úh'

fudyq uQ,sl wOHdmkh ,nd .ekSfuka wk;=rej" Wiia wOHdmkh yd Wmdêh ,nd .ekSu 1935 jif¾§ wdrïN lrk ,È' flkä l=vd l, isgu mdmkaÿ l%Svdjg Wmka ymkalï oela jQ w;r ;reK ld,fha§ úYd, jYfhka tu yelshdj m%.=K lr.;af;a h' kuq;a fkdis;+úrE f,i wjdikdjka; wk;=rlg ,laj wdndOhla jQ ksidfjka mdmkaÿ l%Svdfjka fudyqg iuq.ekSug isÿúh'

;reK flkä fld;rï ndOdjka uOHfha jqjo f,dj m%n,;u rdcH jk weußld tlai;a ckmofha <dnd,;u ckdêm;sjrhd ùug jdikdjka; úh' tjeks jQ miqìula Tyqg Wm;skau ysñ fkdjqko" Tyqf.a yelshdj" olaI;djh fukau ;reKhl= jYfhka ,nd .;a oekqu" w;aoelSï u; fkdìhj bÈßhg meñKSfï Yla;sh Tyq ;=< jkakg úh' flkä ;u .uka u. ;=< ukd oelaulska hqla;j lghq;= l< ksidfjka 1937 jif¾§ tlai;a rdcOdksh ;=< weußldkq ;dkdm;sjrhd jYfhka ks¾foaYhg mjd ,laúh' Wiia wOHdmk lghq;= w;r;=r ì%;dkH ixpdrfha fhÿk w;r" kej;;a Tyqf.a wOHdmk lghq;= lrñka isá ydjâ

úYajúoHd,hg Ûniversity of Harward& we;=<;aj b;sydih" wdKavql%u hkd§ úIhka .eUqßka yodrk ,oS'

1914 § m,uq f,dal hqoaOh wdrïNh jk w;r flkä Tyqf.a úYajúoHd, wjidk jir ksnkaOkh i|yd m,uq f,dal hqoaOhg mdol jQ isoaêoduh Wmfhda.S lrkakd ,È' m%Odk jYfhkau Tyq wjOdkh fhduqlrkq ,enqfõ f,dal hqoaOh i|yd ì%;dkH ie,iqï iy.; fkdùu ms,sn|jh'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

miqld,Skj flkäf.a tu ksnkaOkh" —Why england

slept˜ kñka .%ka:hla jYfhka iuia; f,dalhdf.a oek.ekSu msKsi t<soelaùh'

WmdêOdÍhl= jQ fcdaka t*a' flkä trg iïm%odh wkqj yuqod mqyqKqj ,nd.ekSu i|yd weußldkq kdúl yuqodjg we;=,;a úh' Tyqf.a wOHdmksl yd iudc oekSu fya;=fjka kdúl yuqodfõ ¨;skka fldufodare m%Odkshl= jYfhka

PT-109 hd;%dfõ fiajh lrk ,È' Tyqf.a wKmßÈ fiajh l, kdúl n<EKsh ishü m%ydrhka fukau wNsfhda. j,g id¾:lj uqyqK foñka rg wdrlaId lsÍug lemúh' ¨;skka flkä úiska isÿlrk ,o fiajdj, kdhl;ajh

w.h lrñka weußldkq rch úiska Tyqg —The Navy &

Marine Corps˜ hk úfYaI f.!rj iïudkh mqolrk ,oS'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

wjidk ld,h

ckdêm;s fcdaka t*a' flkä 1963 fkdjeïn¾ 22 od 12:30 g muK fglaidia v,diays § >d;kh lrk ,§' ckm;s ìß| jQ cel,ska flkä ksrka;rfhka ;u ieñhd iuÕ foaYmd,k ixpdr i|yd iyNd.S fkdjqk;a fuÈk weh Tyq iuÕ ßh fmryefr ys isáhd h' Tjqka iuÕ fglaidia

wdKavqldr fcdaka fldk,s John Connally& iy Tyqf.a ìß| o úh' Tjqka uÕ fomi /iaj isá ck;djg wdpdrh m< lrñka ßh fmryefrys .uka lrkakg úh' Tjqkaf.a ßh fmryer fglaidia mdie,a fmd;a .nvd f.dvkeÕs,a, miq lrkjd;a iuÕ u ysgmq tlai;a ckmo ueÍka finf<l= jQ

,S ydú íaj,aâ ^Lee Harvey Osweld& úiska yhjk uyf,a isg fjä ;eîï 3 la ckdêm;s flkä yd wdKavqldr fldk,s .uka .;a r:h foig t,a, lrk ,§' bka ckdêm;s flkä udrdka;sl ;=jd, ,enQ w;r wdKavqldr fldk,s nrm;< f,i ;=jd, ,eîh' ;=jd, ,enQ ckdêm;s

flkä md¾la,kaâ wkqiaurK frday, ^Parkland

Memorial Hospital& fj; /f.k .sh w;r bka úkdä 30lg miqj Tyq ñh .sfha h' ñh hk úg Tyq 46 jeks úfhys miq úh'

flfkä ñh hdfuka miq j Wm ckdêm;s ,skavka fcdkaika ckdêm;s f,i Èjqreï fokq ,eî h' fjä ;eîu isÿjk úg Tyq flfkä .uka .;a r:hg msgqmiska meñKs f;jk r:fha .uka .;af;a h' ,skavkaf.a Èjqreï §u thd

f*daia jka Âir Force One& ckm;s ks< .=jka hdkfha isÿ jQ w;r ;ju;a ;u iajdñ mq¾Ihdf.a reêrfhka keyejqkq we÷fuka isá cel,ska flkä we;=¿ 30 fofkl= ta wjia:djg iyNd.S ù we;'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

ckdêm;s ,skavka fcdkaika úiska ñh .sh ckm;sg f.!rj ms‚i fkdjeïn¾ 25jk Èk fYdal Èkhla f,i m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,§' wjux.,H W;aijh rdcH f.!rjh iys;j Èk 3la mqrd fjdIskagka ã'iS' ys§ meje;aúK' flfkäf.a foayhg wjika f.!rjh oelaùu i|yd w;s úYd, ck ixLHdjla meñ‚ w;r rgj,a 99l muK rdcH kdhlfhda o Bg iyNd.S úh' wNdjm%dma; ckdêm;s flfkäf.a foayh fkdjeïn¾ 25jk Èk mQ¾K yuqod f.!rjh iys;j j¾Ôkshd ys wd¾,sxgka iqidk N+ñfh ys ;ekam;a lrk ,§'

flfkä ckm;s moúfha isáh § ñh .sh wgjk weußldkq ckdêm;s jk w;r moúfha isáh § >d;khg ,la jQ isõjekakd h' ^,skalka" .d¾*S,aâ iy ueflka,s&

flkä fjä ;eîfuka iq¿ fõ,djlg miq Tiaj,aâ Tyqj m%Yak lsÍug ,la lrk ,o fmd,sia ks,Odßfhl=g o myr oS m,d .sh w;r bka úkdä 30lg miqj iskud Yd,djl ieÕù isáh § Tyqj fmd,sia w;awvx.=jg .kakd ,§' miq Èk tkï fkdjeïn¾ 24jk Èk Tiaj,aâj v,ia fmd,sisfha isg jvd iqrlaIs; nkaOkd.drhlg /f.k hk wjia:dfõ § fmd,sish wi, /iaj isá msßi w;f¾ isá cela

rEì ^Jack Ruby& kï mqoa.,fhl= Tyqg fjä ;nd >d;kh lrk ,§'

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foaYmd,khg msúiSu

j¾I 1946 § f,dalfha tla hq.hl wjidkh;a kj hq.hl wdrïNh;a iksgqyka lf<a h' kej; jrla rKúrefjda isú,a /lshdj, ksr; ùug yd iduh iy iqrlaIs;Ndjh i|yd ld,h .; lsÍug W;aiql jQy' 1946 fkdjeïnrfha § f;aÍ m;a jQ ksfhdað; uka;%S

uKav,h w;ßka kdúl yuqodfõ fcdaka t*a' flfkä lemS fmfka'

flkä foaYmd,kfhys È.= b;sydihla we;s Okj;a fndiagka wh¾,ka; mjq,lg wh;a úh' Tyqf.a ujf.a mshd fndiagkays k.rdêm;s jQ w;r tlai;a ckmo ksfhdað; uka;%S uKav,fha o fiajh lf<a h' jHdmdßlfhl= jQ Tyqf.a mshd" iq/l=ïm;a yd úksuh fldñIka iNdfõ m%:u iNdm;sjrhd úh' miqj Tyq tx.,ka;fha weußldkq ;dkdm;sjrhd jYfhka o lghq;= lf<a h'

Tyq m%ùKhka i|yd jvd;a fyd| ksjdi ,nd §u" ish,a,ka i|yd jvd fyd| fi!LH /ljrKhla b,a,d isàu" meh wfgys jev uqrh" jevj¾ck lsÍfï whs;sh wdosh fjkqfjka iydh ,nd fok ,§' Tyq fidaúhÜ foaYhg

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

tfrysj tlai;a cd;Ska iu. tlaj iduh i|yd Woaf>daIK lf<a h'

md¾,sfïka;=fõ m<uq jk OQr ld,h ;=< fifkÜ iNdj úiska .Dyia: nexl= lñgqfõ oaúmd¾Yúl mßmQ¾K ksjdi mk; f.k wd kuq;a fldkaifõáõjreka úiska th wjysr lrk ,§' flfia fj;;a" iq¿;rh ksfhdackh l, ksid;a wêlrK lñgqfõ idudðlfhl= fkdjQ ksid;a" fuu mk; iïu; lr .ekSug Tyqg l, yels lsisjla fkdùh' flfia kuq;a fldka.%ih m%Odk ksjdi mk; iïu; lr .;a;o thska rKúrejkaf.a ksjdi m%Yakhg úi÷ula fkdjk nj Tyq úiska fmkajd fok ,§' lïlre mka;sfha .eg¨ Tyqg y`vla kexùug m%Odk f;da;ekakla úh' g*AÜ yd¾Ü,s

mk;g ^Taft-Hartley Act& tfrysj flkä y`v ke.+fha th lïlre ix.ï wvmK lsÍug .;a l%shud¾.hla ksidfjks'

g*aÜ-yd¾Ü,s mk; kS;shla jQ jydu flkä" msÜian¾.a isg ie;mqï 10 la muK ÿßka msysá fmkais,afõkshdfõ uela flaiÜ fj; .uka lf<ah' újdofha § Tyqf.a úreoaOjdÈhd jQfha wOHdmk yd lïlre lñgqfõ idudðl ßpâ kslaika h' Tjqka újdofhka miqj fjdIskagkhg ÿïßfhka meñKsfha h' újdoh ch.%yKh lf<a ljqrekao hkak meyeÈ,s ke;'

md¾,sfïka;=fõ m<uq OQr ld,h wjidkfha§ flkä fifkÜ iNdfõ idudðlhl= ùug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQj;a Tyq rdcH uÜgfï ;rÕhla i|yd ;ju;a iQodkï jQ njla fmfkkakg fkd;snqKs' kej; f;aÍ m;aùfuka miqj Tyq ueipqfiÜiays iEu k.rhlu l;d meje;aùug W;aidy lf<a h' j¾;udkfha oS fldka.aria iNslhka iEu i;s wka;hlu ;uka f;aÍ m;ajQ k.rhg .uka lrhs' flfia fj;;a" 1948§ th tfia fkdùh' tys§ isÿ jQfha idudðlhska

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iEu i;s y;rlg fyda i;s yhlg jrla k.rhg hduhs' kuq;a th flkäf.a ms,sfj; fkdùh' Tyq iEu i;shlu n%yiam;skaod Èk tys .sfha h'

lÓlfhl= fidhñka isá ´kEu foaYmd,k ix.uhlg" ifydaor ixúOdkhlg" m%ùK lKavdhï fyda jHdmdr ix.uhlg fyda f.dia ;u woyia m%ldY lsÍug Tyq W;aiql úh' fldx.%ia udKav,slfhla yd hqo ùrhl= f,i Tyq iEu ;eklu ms<s.kq ,eìh' flfkä wkd.;fha§ m%pdrl lghq;= i|yd fhdod.; yels mqoa.,hkaf.a kï ,ehsia;=jla ilia lsÍu wdrïN lf<ah'

kj hq.hl wdrïNhla iksgqyka lrñka 1952§ flkä fifkÜ iNdfõ uka;%S wdikhla fjkqfjka ;r. lr

ch.%yKh lf,ah' lenÜ f,dÊg ^Cabort Logde& tfrysj flkäf.a ch.%yKh ksYaÑ; fohla fyda myiq tlla fkdùh' fï fofokdu yuqodfõ f.!rj iïudkhg md;% úh'

1953 w. Nd.fha § fifkÜ iNdj wu;ñka flkä i|yka lf,a kj tx.,ka; wd¾Ól ie,eiau" ;u rgg iy tx.,ka;hg jdis iy.; tlla njhs' flkä ;¾l lf,a lïlrejka i|yd jD;a;Sh mqyqKqj iy ;dlaIK iyh fuka u iud.ï i|yd ydkslr nÿ m%;smdokj,ska iyk ,nd §fuka kj tx.,ka; wd¾Ólh úúOdldrfhka j¾Okh lr .; yels njhs'

wju jegqm iy <ud Y%u kS;s m%n, f,i l%shd;aul lsÍu fjkqfjka Tyq y`vla ke.=fõh'

flkä ;¾l lf,a ;u wd¾Ól ie,eiau" fldñhqksiaÜjdohg tfrysj rfgys l%shd;aul jk igkg Yla;shla jk njhs' fiajlhskag jev ìfï§ iy

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

ú/lshdfõ§ tl f,i ie,lSu u.ska fldñhqksiaÜjdohg tfrysj l%shd;aul úh yels nj Tyqf.a woyi úh' flkä Ydka; f,darkaia uqyqÿ ud¾. újdofha § th f.dvke.Sug Pkaoh fok ,§' m<uqjk ld,iSudj §" fifkÜ iNdfõ oS úfoaY in|;d lñgqj, uqyqÿ ud¾.fha bÈlsÍï i|yd weußldkq iyNd.s;ajh mejÍfï mk;la wkqu; lf<A h' Wm ckdêm;s wfmalaIl;ajh ioyd jeä fokdf.ka leue;a; fgkisys fifkÜ iNsl tiafgia flf*!j¾g

Êstes Kefauver& ysñúh' flf*!j¾ úiska m<uq rEmjdyskS fifkÜ úldYfhka tlla jQ" ixúOdkd;aul wmrdO iïnkaO úfYaI lñgq úu¾Ykhla fufyhjQ w;r tys m%pdrl;ajh ksid Tyqf.a ku m%isoaO úh' m<uq Pkao jgfha§ lsisÿ wfmalaIlfhl= f;aÍ m;a fkdúks' flkä fojk Pkao jgh i|yd fmruqK .;a kuq;a kdufhdackd ,nd .ekSu i|yd m%udKj;a ;rï Pkao fkd;snq‚' flf*!j¾ wjidkfha kdufhdackd Èkd.;af;ah' ckdêm;s OQrh i|yd iQodkï ùfï § flkä ;u fifkaÜ iNdfõ OQr ld,h b;d m%fhdackj;a f,i Ndú; lf<a h'

Tyq fifkÜ iNdfjys lïlre lñgqfõ ;u idudðl;ajh Ndú; lrñka wju jegqma jeä lsÍu i|yd mk;la f.k taug l%shd lf,a h'

1957 § flkä úfoaY in|;d lñgqjg tla úh' tys§ Tyq m%xYfhka we,aÔßhdjg iajdëk;ajh ,nd .ekSu i|yd iyh oelajQ w;r reishdkq ieg,hsÜ cd;Skag wdOdr ,nd fok ixfYdaOkhlg wkq.%yh oelaùh' cd;Hka;r ino;d lñgqfõ fiajh lsÍu u.ska ckdêm;s wfmalaIl flkäf.a wka;¾cd;sl ms<s.ekSu j¾Okh úh'

1950 oYlfha§ rEmjdyskS wd.ukh u.ska fldka.%ifha foaYmd,k l%fudamdhka fjkia jkakg úh' uelaf,,ka

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lñgq idlÉPdj rEmjdysksfha úldYh ùu ksid" Pkaoodhlhskag Rcqju th keröug yels úh' flkä idOdrK yd nqoaêu;a fifkÜ iNslhl= f,i fmkS isàu i|yd Wmßu jYfhka W;aidy lf<a h'

uelaf,a,ka lñgqfõ úu¾Ykfha fidhd .ekSï mokï lr.;a kS;s iïmdokh lsÍfuÈ" lñgqj flkä fj;g yere‚'

Tyq foaYmd,k iy kS;s úYdrohska iu. mq¿,a f,i idlÉPd l< w;r ßmí,slka fifkÜ iNsl w¾úka bõia

Êrvin Eaves& iu. mk; flgqïm;a lsÍug lghq;= lf<a h' flkä whsjia mkf;ys l<ukdlrK yd jD;a;Sh iñ;s l%shdldrlï iSud lsÍu i|yd úêúOdk .Kkdjla wvx.= úh' mk; fifkÜ iNdfõ§ jeä Pkao 87 lska iïu; úh' flfia fj;;a" fldka.%ia iNdj l,a oeóug fmrd;=j tu mk; l%shd;aul lsÍug fkdyels úh' fuu mk; l%shd;aul fkdlsÍu ksid flkä fifkÜ iNdfõ iNslhkag fodaIdfrdamKh lr we;'

flkä w¾úka mk; iïu; lr .ekSfuka miqj f.k wd lïlre mk; lïlrejkag b;d oDv kS;s Í;s ud,djlska iukaú; jQ ksid flkä thg úreoaO úh' fuu mkf;ys wka;¾.;h flfia fj;;a tu úIhm;h ms<sn| flkäf.a oekSu Tyqf.a ñ;=rka w;r m%Yxidjg fya;= úh'

1960 ckjdß 2 jk Èk flkä tlai;a ckmo ckdêm;s wfmalaIl;ajh m%ldY lf<a h'

kdu fhdackd Èkd .ekSu i|yd Tyq iQlaIu ie,eiaula

ilia lr we;s w;r" y¾nÜ yï*aß ^Hubert Humphrey&"

iagqj¾Ü isñxgka ^Stuart Symington& iy ,skavka

fcdkaika ^Lyndon Johnson& jeks jvd;a m<mqreÿ

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

foaYmd,k{hka o mrdchg m;a lr we;' wk;=rej Tyq ;u kjl idudðlhd jk ßpâ kslaika mrdch lrñka" ckdêm;sjrKh ch.%yKh lrk ,§'

j¾I 1961 § weußld tlai;a ckmofha ,dnd,;u ckdêm;sjrhd f,i msÿï ,enQ fcdaka't*a' flkä trg 35 jk ckdêm;sjrhd jQfõ h' tjlg Tyqf.a jhi wjqreÿ 43la mu‚' Tyqf.a ue;sjrK .ukau. ms<snò úuiSfu § th b;d wdl¾IŒh jQ;a WmdhYS,S jQ;a ue;sjrKhla jQ nj ukdj ms<sìUq fõ' flkä ;ukaf.a ue;sjrK lghq;= iòyd b;du;a fjfyilr jQ;a §¾> jQ;a fydardjka f.jQ w;r iEu i;s wka;hl§u weußldj mqrd ixpdrfha fh§u lemS fmfkk ,laIKhla úh'

m%cd;ka;%jd§ mlaIh úiska 1960 cQ,s ui 13 jk Èk ckdêm;sjrKh iòyd fudyqg kdufhdackd ,nd §u;a iu. ;j;a úfYaI ue;sjrK ls%hdud¾. wkq.ukh lrñka flkä ;ukaf.a ud¾.h ilid .kakd ,§'

1960 mj;ajk ,o ue;sjrKh úisjk ishjfia jQ foaYmd,k mrïmrdjg m%uqL;ajh ,nd ÿka w;r tu mrïmrdj ksfhdackh lrñka 43 yeúßÈ flkä tjlg rsmí,slka wfmalaIl jQ 47 yeúßÈ ßp¾â tï kslaikag wNsfhda. lrk ,§' uOH ngysr weußld tlai;a ckmofha fndfyda m%foaYj, fkdief,k ,snr,ajdohla fynjQ ñkfidagdfjys y¾nÜ tÉ' yï*aß flkäf.a m%Odk m%;sjdÈhd úh' yï*sß" wi,ajdiS úiafldkaiays n,h Èkd.ekSug yd th ;ukaf.a is;e`.s mßÈ j¾Kj;a lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jqj o flkäf.a uQ,Huh iy foaYmd,k ie,iqï bÈßfha yï*aß ;ukaf.au l,dmh ;=< mrdchg m;a úh'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

fuu ue;sjrKfha § flkä yg ngysr j¾ðkshdj oejka; yerjqï ,laIHhla úh' ngysr j¾ðkshdj fudyqg oeä wNsfhda.hla úh' ukaoh;a oeä úfrdaO;d rdcHhla jk ngysr j¾ðkshdfõ jevlrk mka;sfha Pkaoh Okj;a ‐ lf;da,slfhl= jQ flkä iòyd ,efíú o hkak .eg¿ iy.; ;;a;ajhla jQ ksidu fudyqg fï iòyd úYd, mßY%uhla orkakg isÿúh' flkäf.a oejka; m%;sjdÈfhl= jQ yï*aß ngysr j¾ðkshdj Èkd .ekSu Wfoid Tyq i;= ishÆ iïm;a iy uqo,a fhdojkaakg úh' kuq;a fuu wjia:dfõ o’ Tyq b;d úplaIKYS,S f,i lghq;= lrkakg úh' rdcH ue;sjrKhl Pkao úuiSfï o’ kS;Hdkql+,j lïlrejkag iy Pkao odhlhka yg uqo,a f.ùug yels tlu rdcH ngysr j¾ðkshdjhs' fuys o’ flkäf.a uQ,H l<uKdlrKh Tyqg iqúfYaIS jdis ,ndÿka w;r fuhska oeä ÿIalr;djkag uqyqK mE yï*aß tu ;r`.h w;ayer oeóh'

;jo cQ,s ui wdrïNfha o’ f,dia wekac,Siays mej;s m%cd;ka;%jdo’ cd;sl iuq¿fõo’ flkä ;u ióm;u m%;sjdÈfhl= jQ fglaiiays fikÜ iNsl ,skavka î fcdkaika mrdchg m;a lrkakg iu;a úh' miqj flkä úiska fcdkaika yg ;u iylre jk f,i lrk ,o wdrdOkdj" ol=K iduldó lsÍu hk u;fNaod;aul l%shdjg ;=vq ÿka fya;=jla jQ nj fmkakqï lrk ,o w;r wfkla mlaI kdhlhka jQ yï*aß iy ñiqßfha fikÜ iNsl iagqj¾Ü iS ñka.agka wdo’ka u.yßñka bÈßhg hdu iòyd flkä wjia:dj Wod lr.kakd ,o’'

i;s lsysmhlg miqj Ñldf.dafjys mej;s rsmí,slka iuq¿fõ o’ ckdêm;s wfmalaIl;ajh ,nd .ekSu Wfoid trg oaù‐mlaI moaO;s b;sydifha m%:u Wm ckdêm;s jQ kslaikaf.a ku fhdackd úh' kslaika úiska ;u iylre

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

f,i tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha tjlg m%Odk ksfhdað;hd jQ fykaß lefndÜ f,dÊ keue;a;d f;dard.kakd ,o’' fuu wjia:dfõ o’ flkä ;u m%;sjdÈhdg jvd fydò ckdêm;sjrfhl= jk nj weußldkq Pkao odhlhka yg ta;a;= .ekaùfï ld¾hh Ndr.kakd ,o’' flkä Tyq úiskau iS;, hqO ,snr,ajdÈfhl= f,i yeisßKq w;r whsikayj¾g fpdaokd lrñka iy rg md,kh lsÍu ms<snò kslaikag w`.jñka weußldj .;dkq.;sl núka uqod .kakd njg fmdfrdkaÿ úh' fuu m%pdrK l%shdj,sh mqrdjg ue;sjrKh" Tyq ch.%yKh lrk nj fmfkkakg ;snqKs'

Oj, ukaÈrh iòyd flkä i;= jQ n,dfmdfrd;a;=jg <`.d ùug Tyqg úYd, ndOl follg uqyqKmdkakg isÿ úh' tkï Tyqf.a ;reKNdjh iy Tyqf.a wd.uhs' tfukau" weußldj iS;, hqO ;¾ckhkag oeäj uqyqKmd ;snQ wjêhl rgg kdhl;ajh o’ug ;rï f,dal foaYmd,k fõÈldjg wdOqksl jQ fuu ;reK wfmalaIl;ajhg Pkaoh ,nd o’ug fndfyda weußldkqjka hï;dla ÿrg ue,s njla oelaúh'

flkäg jvd wjqreÿ y;rla muKla jeäuy,a jQ kslaika yg fuu ue;sjrKh t;rï úYd, lreKla fkdùh' Bg fya;=j jkafka kslaika trg Wm ckdêm;s f,i ckm;s whsikayj¾ iufha fojrlau lghq;= l< neúks' tu ksid Tyq jvd m%p,s; jQ w;r ,nd ;snQ foaYmd,k mkakrh fya;=fjka fuu ue;sjrKh t;rï wNsfhda.d;d;aul fkdùh'

tfukau fudyqg fuu ue;sjrKh jvd wiSre jQfha" fndfyda úfrdaO;dlrejka uq¿ uy;a cd;sh md,kh lrkakd jQ ckdêm;s ;rï n,hla frdaudkq lf;da,slfhl= i;= ùu ms<snò wlue;s ùuhs' tu ksid flkä úiska

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

wd.ñl .eg¿ újD;j iy Rcqj ksrdlrKh lsÍug ;SrKh lrk ,o’' ta hgf;a Tyqf.a wd.ñl úYajdi fyda weoys,s fyda ms<sn| lsis`ÿ ielhla we;s fkdjk mßÈ l;d ud,djla mj;ajd tu.ska yshqiagkays frmrudÿ mQcl mlaIh úiska m,a,s ‐ rdcH in|;d ms<sn| Tyq ork u;h m%Yak lsÍug wjia:djla ks¾udKh lrk ,o’' flfia j qj;a lf;da,sl fkdjk fndfydafokd fudyqf.a fuu W;aiqlhkaf.ka iEySulg m;a úh'

kslaika yg jdis ,nd foñka l%u l%ufhka Tyqf.a m%isoaO ms<s.ekSu j¾Okh ùu ksid flkä úiska kslaikag rEmjdyskS újdo ud,djla i|yd wNsfhda. lrk ,o’' kslaika w;aoelSï iys; olaI lÒlfhl= jQ ksid lsis`ÿ mels,Sulska f;drj fï i|yd tl`. úh' fuu wfmalaIlhka fofokdf.a újdo ud,dj m<uq mq¿,a Ndú;dj jQ w;r Bg miq weußldkq foaYmd,k m%pdrK jHdmdrfha m%Odk udOHh njg m;aúh' flfia fj;;a újdo y;rla wjidkfha flkä úiska ue;sjrKh i|yd úYd, W;af;ackhla ,nd fok ,o’' ñ,shk y;l fma%laIl ck;djla úiska fuys m<uq újdoh kerUQ nj jd¾;d fõ'

1960 fkdjeïn¾ ui 8 jk Èk ckdêm;s ue;sjrKh meje;a jQ w;r tu ue;sjrKfhka flkä Tyqf.a m%;sjdÈhd jQ ßp¾â kslaika mrojñka b;d m%n, ch.%ykhla ,nd.;af;ah' ta wkqj ue;sjrK úoHd,fha Pkao m%;sM, f,i flkä úiska Pkao 303 la iy kslaika úiska Pkao 219 lao" m%dka; rdcHhkaf.ka muKla flkä úiska Pkao 22 la iy kslaika úiska Pkao 26 lao" fmdÿ uyck Pkaoh f,i flkä úiska Pkao 34"220"984 iy kslaika úiska Pkao 34"108"157 lao Pkao m%;sY;h jYfhka flkä 49'72]la iy kslika 49'55]la f,i ,nd .ksñka flkä tu ue;sjrKh ch.%yKh lf<a h'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

ta wkqj 1961 ckjdß ui 20 jk Èk flkä weußld tlai;a ckmofha ckdêm;sjrhd f,i Èjqreï ÿkafkah' b;d úYd, ue;sjrKhlska wk;=rej flkä úiska lrkakg kshñ; jQ iudrïNl l;dj ;u úreoaOjdo’ka fj; iómùug yels mßÈ l< hq;= ùu b;d jeo.;a úh' tu ksidu Tyq iqm%isoaO weußldkq lÒlhkaf.a l;d wOHhkh fldg ishqï úÑ;% ffY,Ska wkqlrKh lrkakg úh' ish iudrïNl l;dfõ o’ Tyq iEu weußldkqfjl=gu l%shdldÍ mqrjeisfhl= ùfï jeo.;alu yqjd olajñka fuf,i mejiSh' —Tfí rgg Tn fjkqfjka l< yels foa fkdúuikak" Tfí rg fjkqfjka Tng l< yels foa úuikak'˜ Tyq iEu úgu ;u foaYiSudjka Tífnys we;s ldrKd i|yd wjOdkh fhduq lf<a h' Tyqf.a ue;sjrKh b;sydifha uQ,sl mrïmrd.; fjkila fmkakqï l< ue;sjrKhla úh'

úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh

flkä 1961 isg 1963 olajd weursld tlai;a ckmofha ckdêm;sjrhd f,i lghq;= lrk ,È' tys§ Tyqf.a úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh fukau udkj whs;Ska fjkqfjka Tyqf.a ld¾hNdrh wog;a f,dj mqrd uy;a f.!rjfhka idlÉPd lrkq ,nhs'

flkä ckdêm;s f,i m;a jkafka iS;, hqoaOfha m<uq ld,mßÉfþoh ;=<h' tys§ tjlg fidaúhÜ foaYfha

kdhlhd jQ ksls;d lDfYaõ ^Nikita Khrushchev& iu. 1961 § mej;s úhkd iïuq;sh iqúfYaIs wjia:djla f,i oelaúh yelsh' weußldj yd fidaúhÜ foaYh w;r mej;s w¾nqoldÍ ;;ajhka úiòd .ekSfï wruq‚ka fuu idlÉPdj mj;ajk ,È' idlÉPd jgfha§ c¾uksh iïnkaO m%Yakhg id¾:l tlÕ;ajhlg meñŒug iu;a úh' tfia jqj;a lDfYaõ

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

kej; fidaúhÜ foaYhg .sh miq tu tl`.;djh ìò ouñka kef.kysr c¾ukshg lsis`ÿ f;jk md¾Yjhlg we;=¿ ùu ;ykï lrk ,oS' fuys§ blaukska l%shd;aul jQ flkä ngysr c¾uksfha wdrlaIdj ;yjqre lsÍug lghq;= lrkq ,enQfha wu;r 200"000 l Ng lKavdhula ngysr c¾ukshg msg;a lrñks' fuu wjia:dj hqOuh wjia:djlg miqìu ks¾udKh l,o f,dal m%lg n¾,ska ;dmamh 1960 § ks¾udKh lsÍu;a iu. th iu:hlg m;a úh'

bka wk;=rej flkä f.a úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh ;rula wdl%uKYS,s fukau weußldkq n, mrdl%uh fmkakqï lrkakla úh' lshqndkq ñihs, w¾nqoh yd tu foaYmd,k isÿùï fm<o flkä ckdêm;s f,i lghq;= lrk iufha jQ úfYaI isÿùuls' weußldj úiska È.ska È.gu *sfo,a

leiaf;%daf.a ^Fidel Castro& wdKavqjg tfrysj lghq;= lsÍu ksid reishdj úiska weußldjg úreoaOj ñihs," lshqndkq N+ñfha iú lsÍug ;SrKh lrk ,oS' thg úreoaOj flkä úiska weußldkq hqO fk!ld lshqndjg msg;a lrkq ,enQfõ f;jk f,dal hqoaOhlg miqìu ks¾udKh lrñka h' flfia kuq;a ksls;d lDfYaõ úiska fuu ñihs, kej; bj;a lr.ekSug tl`. ùu;a iu. fuu w¾nqoh wjika úh'

flfia jqj;a ,;ska weußldkq l,dmh flrys flkäf.a úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh ;jÿrg;a oro`vq iajrEmhla .kakd ,oS' ,;ska weußldkq l,dmh ;=< fldñhqksiaÜjdoh me;sÍ hdu fuhg n,mE fya;=j úh' flkäg wkqj iduh uq,a lr.;a úma,j ;sìh fkdyels jQ w;r ishü fldñhqksiaÜjd§ úma,j wudkqIsl úh' tneúka ,;ska weußldkq l,dmh flfrys oeä úfoaY m%;sm;a;shla f.k hEug fudyq lghq;= lrk ,oS' flkä ckdêm;s f,i lghq;= lrk iufha isÿlrkq ,enQ ;j;a jeo.;au fiajdjla f,i idu

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

lKavdhï ks¾udKh lsÍu oElaúh yelsh' ta yryd ÈhqKq fjñka mj;sk rgj, wOHdmkh" fi!LH iy lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= k.d isgqùug wjYH hdka;%Khla ks¾udKh lrk ,oS'

wdo¾Yh

weußldkq b;sydifha ,dnd,;u ckdêm;s f,i flfkä yeÈkaúh yel' l=vd l, isgu úúO frda.S ;;a;ajhkaf.ka miq jqj o tu ndOl ish,a, wNsnjd ;u b,lalhka lrd <Õd ùug Tyqg yels úh'

Tyq ckdêm;s f,i Èjqreï ÿka wjia:dfõ § lshd isáfha —Tfí rgg Tn fjkqfjka l=ula l< yelsoehs fkdúuid¦ Tfí rg fjkqfjka Tng l=ula l< yelsoehs úuikak'˜ lshd h' Tyqf.a blauka ;SrK .ekSfï yd is;Sfï yelshdj ksid Tyq m%isoaO úh' tfukau Tyq w;sYhskau úYajdijka; yd Y=Njd§ wfhl= úh'

iS;, hqoaOh ld,h ;=< § flfkä wkq.ukh l< úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh iqúfYaIs tlla f,i ie,lsh yel' úfYaIfhka u 1962 § lshqndkq ñihs, w¾nqoh;a iuÕ we;sjkakg ;snQ kHIaál hqoaOh je<elaùug flfkäg yels úh' ta Tyq i;= jQ iqúfYaIs kdhl;aj .=Kdx. fya;=fjks'

flfkäf.a OQr ld,h úúO m%Yak iy wNsfhda. /ilska iukaú; úh' Tyqf.a wud;H uKav,h;a mlaIh;a úúO u;su;dka;r fya;=fjka fn§ïj,g ,laj ;snq‚' kuq;a ckdêm;s flfkä Tyq i;= jQ kdhl;aj .=Kdx. fya;=fjka Tyqg tu ish,a, wNsnjd hdug yels úh' Tyqf.a lÓl;ajh lemS fmfkk ,laIKhla úh'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

idrxYh

weußld tlai;a ckmofha 35 jk ckdêm;sjrhd jk fcdaka t*a' flkä weußldkq b;sydifha úYsIag;u ckdêm;sjrfhl= jYfhka ie,fla' Tyq úiska wkq.ukh lrk ,o Tyqg wdfõ‚l jQ md,k l%uh weußldj ;=< úYd, ixj¾Okhla w;Am;a lr.ekSfuys ,d iqúYd, fufyjrla l< nj f,dal b;sydih ;+< weußldj;a" flkä kduh;a rka wl=ßka iksgqyka lsßug fya;=ldrl úh'

j¾;udkfha mjd weußldkq ckdêm;sm;sjre flkä úiska wkq.ukh lrk ,o fndfyda l%fudamdhka wkq.ukh lrk nj meyeÈ,s lreKls' tfy;a flkä úiska ish Ôú; ld,h ;=<È w;am;a lr.kakd ,o ch.%yKhka Tyqf.a pß;dmodkh jvd;a §ma;su;a tlla lsÍug rel=,a fok nj meyeÈ,sh'

flkä iy tan%yï ,skalka w;r we;s we;eï iudklï ie,l+ úg weußlka b;sydifha w;s úfYaI md,lhka fofofkl= nj fmkShk w;r flkä úiska fndfyda wjia:d j,§ ,skalka ckdêm;sjrhdj wkq.ukh l< nj fmkShhs'

fï .%ka:fha olajd we;s wdldrhg fcdaka t*a' flkä ckdêm;sjrhdf.a Ôú;fha úúO wjëka yd ckdêm;s OQrfha ikaêia:dk uekúka ú.%y fldg we;' tjeks úYsIag foaYmd,k fm!reIhla ms<sn|j wOHhkh lsÍfuka wkd.; foAYmd,k kdhl;ajhkag ukd msájy,la jk nj wm úYajdi lruq'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

fm< .eiau

• yeòskaùu


• foaYmd,khg msúiSu yd w.ue;s OQrhg m;aùu

• foaYmd,k Èúh


• fojk jr w.ue;s OQrhg m;aùu

• .; yels wdo¾Y

• idrdxYh

lKavdhu

ta'hQ'cS'iS'mS' .=K;s,l fla'ú'iS'tia'ta' lUqre.uqj fla'tia'tia' lrkakdf.dv fla'ta'ã'tka'tia' l=remamq tï'tÉ'î'tia'tï' udok fla'cS'ta'tï' ñysÿñ hQ'tï'hQ' TIdka

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

ye¢kaùu

uef,aishdkq w¾Ooaùmh iy kef.kysr uef,aishdj f,i N+ñ fldgia follska ks¾udKh jQ uef,aishdj w.aksÈ. wdishdfõ msysá iqúfYaIS rdcHhls' ñ,shk ;sylg wêl jQ ck.ykhlg ysñlï lshk uef,aishdj uef,a" Ök" bka§h yd úúO wdÈjdiS f.da;% rdYshlskao bia,dï m%uqL wd.ï yd ixialD;Ska /ilska hqla; jQ w;s ixlS¾K ckjd¾.sl Wreulï lshhs' 1957 ì%;dkH wêrdcHfhka ksoyi ,nd .kakd uef,aishdj fjiañksiag¾ md¾,sfïka;= iïm%odkql=,j md,kh jk w;r w.ue;sjrhd rfÜ m%Odkshd fõ' ksoyiska miq wNHka;r yd ndysr w¾nqohkag uqyqK foñka isá uef,aishdjg wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k ia:djr;ajh <`.dlr §ug wemlem jQ mqoa.,fhls" uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ' uef,aishdfõ y;rjk iy y;ajk tkï j;auka w.ue;sjrhd jk uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ uef,aishdj kùlrKh lsÍfuys mshd f,i y÷kajhs' ;jo Tyq uef,aishdkq wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfhys iy iudc" foaYmd,ksl moaO;SkayS yerjqï ,laIHh igyka l< m;dl fhdaOhl= f,i o yeòskaúh yelsh'

<ud ld,h yd wOHdmk miqìu

uef,aishdfõ flfvdla ^Kedak& m%dka;fha b;d ÿmam;a

.ïudkhla jQ wef,da¾ figd¾ Âlor Setar& kï .%dufha 1925 cQ,s ui 10 jk Èk uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ Wm; ,nhs' uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâf.a mshd kñka fudfyduâ ìka bilkao¾ jQ my, uÜgfï iudc wd¾Ól ;;a;ajhlg WreulïlS mdi,a .=rejrfhls' flfia jqjo miq lf,l ;u mshd ms<sn| woyia olajk uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ lshd isákafka ;u id¾:l;ajh msgqmi isákafka ;u mshd njhs' oekqu fidhd hdug ;udj fmdf,dUjd wOHdmkfha jákdlu ;udg myod §u ;=<ska mshd ;udg ;u Ôú;fha id¾:l;ajh <`.dlr ÿka nj uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâf.a woyihs' uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâf.a uj kñka jka f;ïmjka jka yekdms jQ w;r weh flvd*a ^Kedaf& kï jQ rc mrmqrg ÿria {d;s;ajhla we;a;shl jQjdh' uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ b;d wvq wd¾:sl iudc ;;a;ajhla uOHfha ;u l=vd

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

ld,h .; l,o Tyq ksrka;rfhkau wOHdmkfhys,d úYsIag oialï oelajQfõh' tksidu bx.%Sis udOHfha oaú;sl mdi,la jk wíÿ,a yóâ úoHd,fha wOHdmk ,eîug YsIH;ajhla ,nd .ekSug Tyqg yelsúh' tys wOHdmkh id¾:lj wjika lrk Tyq bkamiqj isx.mamQrefjys msysá y;ajk tâjâ wkqiaurK ffjoH úoHd,fhka King Edward 7 Collage of Medicing& Tyqf.a ffjoH Wmdêh ,nd .ekSugo iu;a úh' wk;=rej uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ ffjoHjrhl= f,i ;u jD;a;Sh wdrïN lf<ah' 1953 isg 1957 olajd jQ ld,h ;=< rcfha frday,l ffjoH ks,Odßhl= f,i lghq;= lf<ah' 1956§ ;u È.= ld,Sk mdi,a ñ;=ßhl jk is;s yiaudya iu. újdy jk uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ yg ¥ orejka 7 fofkls' 1957 §" tkï jhi wjqreÿ 32 § Tyq ;u Wmka m%foaYh jk wef,da¾ figd¾ Âlor Setar& ys fm!oa.,sl ffjoHjrhl= f,i fiajfha ksr; úh' ful,§ tu m%foaYh ;=< fiajh l, tlu uef,a cd;sl ffjoHjrhd uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ jQ w;r ta fya;=fjka wi,ajdiS uef,a cd;slhkaf.a m%sh;djh ks;r.fhkau Tyqg ysñ úh'

foaYmd,khg msúiSu yd w.ue;s OQrhg m;aùu

l=vd l, isgu ;snQ cd;Hd,h ksidfjka foaYmd,k lafIa;%h ms<sn|j Tyq ;=< oeä we,aula ;sfnkq olakg ,enqKs' tksidfjkau ;u úYajúoHd, Èúh ;=<o YsIH l%shdldßfhl= f,i uef,aishdfõ ksoyi fjkqfjka ;u y`v wjÈ lf<ah' uef,aishdkq cd;shla jYfhka bÈßhg hdug kï ksjerÈ foaYmd,k kdhl;ajhla hgf;a fm<.eish hq;= nj y÷kd.;a t;=ud 1964 § uef,aishdfõ úYd,;u foaYmd,k mlaIh jk —tlai;a uef,a cd;sl ixúOdkh˜ Ûnited Malays National

Organization& ys idudðl;ajh ,nd.;af;ah' jeäl,a fkdf.diau tu ixúOdkfha m%n, yd l%shdldÍ idudðlhl= f,i wef,da¾ figd¾ m%foaYfha lghq;= lf<ah' tu ld, jljdkqj ;=<§ uyck;djf.a ys; Èkd.;a kdhlhl= f,i uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ lemS fmkqKs'

uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ 1959 jif¾ ue;sjrKhg bÈßm;a ùug wfmalaId l,o Tyq yd tjlg uef,aishdkq w.ue;sjrhd j"Q

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

gqkal= wíÿ,a ryuka Tunku Abdul Rahman & w;r jQ wukdmhla fya;= fldgf.k ue;sjrKhg fmkS fkdisàug ;SrKh lf<ah' bka wk;=rej 1964 mej;s ue;sjrKhg fldgd fidg¾ fif,;dka ^Kota Setar Seletan& m%foaYh ksfhdackh lrñka f*fvr,a md¾,sfïka;=jg ckjrñka f;aÍ m;aúh' ful, uef,aishdkq wNHka;r wr., wêl jQ ld,hla úh' Ök yd uef,a jd¾.sl fkdikaiqka;djh iy ta yd neÿKq foaYmd,kuh úhjq, Bg fya;= úh' fuu jd¾.sl ler<s ksidfjka oyia .Kkl Ök yd uef,a jd¾.sl ckhd ñh.shy' fuu w¾nqoldÍ wjia:dfõ Ök jd¾.slhkag mlaImd;s m%;sm;a;shla wíÿ,a ryuka w.ue;sjrhd úiska wkq.ukh l< w;r tu l%shdj úfõpkhg ,la lrñka újD; ,smshla uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ bÈßm;a lf<ah' tu úfõpkhg m%;spdr jYfhka uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ yg W;a;Í;r uKav,fha yd tlai;a uef,a cd;sl ixúOdkfha iduðl;ajhka wysñ úh' tmuKla fkdj 1969 jif¾ uyd ue;sjrKhg bÈßm;a ùfï wjia:djo wysñ úh'

fujka ndOl yuqfõ jqjo ;u foaYmd,k .ukg iuq fkdÿka uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ ;j ÿrg;a wíÿ,a ryuka w.ue;sjrhdf.a mßmd,kuh ÿ¾j,;d úfõpkhg ,la lrñka —uef,a WNf;dafldaálh˜ ^Malay Dilemma& kñka Tyqf.a m%:u .%ka:h t<solajkq ,eîh' tys wka;¾.; úfõpkd;aul lreKq fya;=fjka tu .%ka:h ;ykï lrkq ,eìh'

1973 § wíÿ,a ryuka w.ue;sjrhdf.a md,k n,h ì| jeàu;a iu`. wíÿ,a ridla yqfiaka Abdul Razak Hussain& n,hg m;aúh' ta iu`. jir 3l ksyඬ;djhlska miqj kej; foaYmd,k lr,shg msúfik uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ 1973 § wíÿ,a ridla yqfiakaf.a fikÜ uKav,fha idudðlhl= njg m;afõ' 1974 § wOHdmk wud;Hjrhd f,ig leìkÜ wud;H uKav,hg tlajk uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ uef,aishdfõ wOHdmk lafIa;%fha úYd, ixj¾Okhla bgqlrñka uy;a fufyjrla bgqlf<ah' ful,§u l=nka.a mdiq ^Kubang Pasu& wdikh ch.%yKh lr tlai;a uef,a cd;sl ixúOdkfha Wm iNdm;s OQrh ysñlr.kakd fu;=ud 1976 § ksfhdacH w.%dud;H OQrhgo m;aúh' 1981§ wíÿ,a ridla yqfiakaf.a úY%du hdu;a iu. uyd;S¾

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

ìka fudfyduâ w.ue;sjrhd f,i uef,aishdkq foaYmd,kfha m%Odk ;k;=rg m;aúh'

uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ hgf;a uef,aishdj

uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ kj uef,aishdkq rdcHhla ìys lsÍfï wruqKska wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,ksl hk fowxYfhkau rg kùlrKhg ,la lf<ah' ta w;=ßkao kj wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s iqúfYaIS fjhs' fu;=ud hgf;a tlai;a uef,aishdkq rdcHh fhdaO ixj¾Okhla ,`.d lr.ekSug iu;a úh' úfoaY wdfhdaclhska yg uef,aishdfõ wdfhdackhg wjia:d ,nd ÿks' nÿ yd nÿ fkdjk ndOl bj;a lr nÿ iyk ,nd foñka wdfhdack wjia:d mq¿,a lrñka ixj¾Okhg wä;d,u ;nk ,§' t;=<ska uyd mßudKfha úfoia wdfhdack rg ;=<g .,d wd w;r kj jHdmdr nyq, jYfhka wdrïN úh' ú/lshd uÜgu my, f.dia kj /lshd W;amdokho ful, olakg ,enqKs' rfÜ há;, myiqlï yd ixj¾Okh i|yd jQ uyd mßudKfha jHdmD;s Èh;a l< w;r fmfg%dkdia l=¿Kq ^Petronas Towers &" W;=re-ol=Kq wêfõ.S

ud¾.h" nyq udOHh iqmsß fldßfvdaj" iy mq;%ch ^Putrajay a& kj mßmd,k w. k.rh tajd w;=ßka lSmhls'

;jo rcfha wdh;k fm!oa.,SlrKh lrk ,§' Bg cd;sl .=jka m%jdyk iud.ï" Wmfhda.s;d wdh;k fukau úÿ,s ixfoaY wdh;ko wh;a úh' fuu mqoa.,SlrK m%;sm;a;s yryd rcfha wh Ndrh by< .sh w;r rdcH fiajlhkaf.a ld¾hlaIu;djh fukau iqn idOkho by< w.hla úh' Tyq hgf;a wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok o¾Ylhka by< w.hla .kq ,eìh' 1991 kj ixj¾Ok m%;sm;a;s ;j ÿrg;a uef,aishdkq wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a l< w;r úfYaIfhka È<s÷ nj ;=rka lsÍfuys,d fya;= mdol úh' Ôjk wfmalaIl o¾Ylhkao by< w.hla .kq ,eîh'

1988 isg 1996 olajd jQ ld,h ;=, uef,aishdj 8]l wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhla ,nd .;af;ah' uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ ;u wd¾Ól wNsm%dhka ;j ÿrg;a mq¿,a mrdihlg ie,iqï lf<ah' —2020 ixj¾Ok oelau˜ ksoiqkla f,i oelaúh yelsh' 2020 § uef,aishdj ixj¾ê; rdcHhla njg m;alsÍu tys wruqK úh' ta hgf;a uef,aishdkq wd¾Ól wä;d,u lDIs l¾udka;h iy

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

iajNdúl iïm;aj, isg NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh yd wmkhk olajd fjkia u.lg fhduq lrk ,§' tys m%;sM,hla f,i uef,aishdkq o, cd;sl wodhu 1988 isg 1996 olajd ld,h ;=<§ fo.=Khla úh'

flfia jqjo uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâf.a we;eï l%shd l,dmhka Tyqf.a lS¾;s kduh m¿ÿ lsÍug fya;= úh' 1980 ka miq uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ taldêm;s md,lhl= f,i l%shd l< nj foaYmd,k úpdrlhkaf.a u;hhs' thg m%Odk;u fya;=j jkafka 1987 § l%shdjg kexjqKq wNHka;r wdrlaIl mk;hs' uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ fuu mk; hgf;a cd;sl ;,fha mqj;am;a 4la m%ldYkh ;ykï l< w;r wd.ñl kdhlhka" foaYmd,k l%shdldÍka" foaYmd,k m%;sjd§ka we;=¿j l%shdldÍka 106 fofkl= w;awvx.=jg .ekSug l%shd lf<ah' ;j ÿrg;a jHjia:dfõ fjkialï isÿlrk uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ tu.ska wêlrKfha kS;s w¾:l:k n,h iSudlr wêlrK moaO;sfha by< ks,OdÍkag b,a,d wiaùug n,lrk ,§' foaYSh kS;s moaO;sh ixfYdaOkh lrñka u;aøjH cdjdrïlrejka ysi.id urKhg m;alsÍug kS;s ilik ,§' ta hgf;a urK oKavkhg ,lajQjka w;r úfoaYSh cd;slhkao úh' uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ uef,aishdkq isú,a l%shdldÍka yd Tjqkaf.a l%shdl,dmh flfrys ksrka;r wjOdkh ,ndÿks'

1990 oYlfha w. Nd.fha§ uef,aishdj wd¾Ól wjmd;hlg uqyqK fok w;r" w.ue;s uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ yd t;=udf.a wkqm%dma;sl ksfhdacH w.ue;s fukau uqo,a wud;Hjrhd jQ wkaj¾ tan%yï w;r jQ u; .egqï óg fya;=úh' wkaj¾ tan%yï újD; wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;sj,g úreoaOj l%shdl, w;r 1998 j¾Ifha§ Tyqj ;k;=frka bj;a lr w;awvx.=jg .kq ,eîh'

uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ hgf;a uef,aishdkq úfoaY m%;sm;a;s

uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ hgf;a uef,aishdj ;u úfoaY m%;sm;a;Skao kùlrKhg ,laúh' ta wkqj l,dmSh iy wi,ajdiS n,j;d jk Ökh iu`. jQ in|;d iqúfYaIS fõ' uef,aishdkq yd Ök ks, rdcH ;dka;%sl in|;d 1974 jif¾§ wdrïN jk w;r

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ hgf;a uef,aishdkq yd Ök ks, rdcH ;dka;%sl in|;d ;j ÿrg;a Yla;su;a fõ' Bg m%Odk;u fya;=j f,i uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ hgf;a uef,aishdj fkdne¢ úfoaY m%;sm;a;Skao" ;u l,dmhg ,eÈ úfoaY m%;sm;a;Skao ngysr rdcH úfrdaë úfoaY m%;sm;a;Skao wkq.ukh lsÍu Ökfha ,eÈhdjg fya;=ùuhs' tksidu Ök uef,aishdkq in|;d b;d läkñka Yla;su;a wdldrhg j¾Okh úh' fuu in|;d foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól fukau ixialD;sl jYfhkao f.dv ke.=Ks' fï w;ßka úfYaIfhkau Ök-uef,aishd rdcH ks,OdÍkao iïnkaO jk Wmdh ud¾.sl WmfoaYk /iaúï meje;aùu wdrïN ùu oelaúh yelsh' fuu l%shdoduh oaú md¾Yúl Wmdh ud¾.sl WmfoaYk /iaúï f,i wdrïN jQ w;r j¾;udkfha§ jd¾Isl /iaùï ud,djla f,i mj;ajd f.khdug forgu lghq;= lrhs' fuu`.ska wfmalaId lrkq ,enqfõ oaú md¾Yúl lreKq iïnkaOj woyia yqjudre lr .ekSu iy l,dmSh w¾nqo yd forggu n,mdk fmdÿ wruqKq iys; lreKq ldrKd idlÉcdjg fõÈldjla ks¾udKh lsÍuhs' l,dmSh iy wi,ajdiS n,j;d fukau f,dal n,jf;l= jk Ökh iu`. fujka in|;d we;s lr .ekSu uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâf.a md,k ;ka;%h ;enQ jeo.;a mshjrls'

ol=Kq Ök uqyqo wdY%s; .eg¨j uef,aishdj Ökhg muKla fkdj wfkl=;a l,dmSh rdcHhka ish,a,gu n,mdk .eg¨jls' fï ms<sn|j woyia olajk uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ wdkafoda,k;aulj m%ldY lr isákafka" —Ökh lsisu wjia:djl§ ol=Kq Ök uqyqo wdY%s; .eg¨jg iïnkaO rdcHhkag wdl%uK fyda n,mEï t,a, fkdlrk uq;a wefußld tlai;a ckmoh ksrka;rfhkau l,dmSh rdcHhka Ökhg úreoaOj Wis .ekaùug W.=,a wgjk njhs'˜

ñka meyeÈ,s jk lreK kï uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ Ökh iu`. úril ùug wjeis fkdjQ nj;a wd¾Óluh jYfhka iuDoaêu;aj ke.S isák wdishdkq n,j;d jk Ökh iu`. bÈß oelaula iys;j lghq;= lsÍug wjeis nj;ah' bkaÿkSishdj" isx.mamqrej hkd§ rdcHhka úáka úg Ökh iu. w¾nqoldÍ jd;jrKhkag uqyqK ÿkako uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ hgf;a

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

uef,aishdj ksrka;rfhkau Ökh iu. fyd| ys; mj;ajdf.k hdu Tyqf.a wruqKq ;jÿrg;a meyeÈ,s lrhs'

uef,aishdj" f,dj iqúfYaIS l,dmSh ixúOdkhla jk wdishdka ixúOdkfha wdrïNl idudðlfhls' uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ hgf;a uef,aishdj yd wdishdka ixúOdkh iu. jQ in|;d uef,aishdkq úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha ikaêia:dkhla f,i y÷kajdÈh yelsh' uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ uef,aishdkq w.ue;s OQrhg m;ajk úg;a uef,aishdj wdishdka ixúOdkfha idudðlfhl= úh' tkuq;a tu ixúOdkh ;=<ska Yla;su;a l,dmSh iyfhda.hla olakg fkdùh' uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ wdishdka ixúOdkh ;=< Yla;su;a l,dmSh iyfhda.hla wjYH nj fmkajd ÿkafkah' úfYaIfhkau l,dmSh iy wi,ajdiS idudðl rdcHhka iu`. ñ;%YS,s wd¾Ól" foaYmd,ksl" iudÔh iyfhda.S;djhla j¾Okh lsÍfuys,d wdishdka ixúOdkfha wjOdkh yd m%uqL;ajh we;slsÍug fudyq oelajQ W;aidyh w.h l, hq;=uh'

l,dmSh rdcHhkays ixialD;sl" NdIduh yd wd¾Ól úúO;ajh uekúka y`ÿkd.;a uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ ta ishü úúO;ajhkag .e<fmk mßÈ wdishdkq ixúOdkh m%;sixialrKh lsÍfuys,d wem lem ù lghq;= lf<ah' Bg wu;rj l,dmSh rdcHhka iu`. oaú md¾Yúl in|;d we;slr .ekSfï wjYH;djhka iy tys jákdlu ;u ys;j;a wi,ajdiS rdcHhka yg jgyd §ug uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ iu;a úh' t;=<ska ;u ys;j;a wi,ajdiS rdcHhka iu`. oaú md¾Yúl in|;d we;slr .ekSugo Tyq iu;a úh' l,dmSh iy wi,ajdiS idudðl rdcHhka w;r wfkHdakH wjfndaOh yd iu.sh j¾Okh Wfoid wdishdka ixúOdkfha jHQyh yd ld¾hNdrh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ W;aidy lf<ah'

;jÿrg;a kef.kysr wdishdkq l,dmh ;=<o l,dmshjdoh ^Regionalism& jHdma; lsÍu Wfoid ASEAN Mekong Basin

Development Cooperation iy ASEAN+3 (APT) hk woyio l,dmh ;=< m%p,s; lf<ah'

wdishdka ixúOdkh yryd l,dmh ;=< foaYmd,k yd wd¾Ól taldnoaOlrKfha wjYH;djh;a tu.ska idudðl rgj,g

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

w;ajk jdish;a fmkajd§ug iu;ajQ uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ j¾;udkfha§ wdishdka ixúOdkh w;am;a lrf.k we;s ÈhqKqj Wfoid uy;a msájy,la l< kdhlfhls'

tfukau uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ l,dmfhka ndysr rdcH iu`.o ñ;%YS,s inò;d f.dvk.d .ekSugo lemjqks'

uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâf.a úfoaY m%;sm;a;s flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï§ meyeÈ,s jkafka Tyq ngysr rdcHhka flfrys t;rï ukdmhla fkdoelajQ njhs' ngysr rdcHhkaf.a wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;Ska iy ld¾ólrKh fjñka mj;sk rgj,a ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd rgj,a flfrys oelajQ m%;sm;a;so oeäj úfõpkh lf<ah' ;jo uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ wefußldj" ì%;dkHh" íafÜ%,shdj iu`. w¾nqoldÍ inò;d meje;aùh' ;ud .ek iDKd;aul ,sms m, lsÍu ksid —The New York Times yd

The Wall Street Journal˜ hk mqj;am;a uef,aishdj ;=< ;ykï lsÍug uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ l%shd lf<ah'

uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ Tyqf.a m<uq w.ue;s OQr ld,h ;=<§ bia,dï yd bia,dï fkdjk úfoia rdcHhka úYd, ixLHdjla iu. hym;a úfoia iïnkaO;d meje;aùh' 2001 iema;eïn¾ ui 11 jk Èk wefußldjg isÿjQ ;%ia; m%ydrfhka miqj uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ Tyqf.a iyfhda.h ;%ia;jd§kag tfrysj wefußldj Èh;a l< hqoaOhg m, lf<ah' kuq;a 2003 § weußldj brdlh wdl%uKh lsÍug ;Èkau úreoaO jQfõh' ksrka;rfhkau u;fíohkag ;=vq fok pß;hla jQ uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ 2003 Tlaf;daïn¾ ;u úY%du hdu m%ldYhg Èk lSmhlg fmr hqfoõjka úfõpkh lrñka m%ldYhla ksl=;a lrk ,§' Tyqf.a fuu l%shdj ngysr rgj, fukau uqia,sï fkdjk wfkl=;a f,daljdiSkaf.a fkdukdmhg yd Woyig fya;=úh'

fojk jr w.ue;s OQrhg m;aùu

2003 Tlaf;dan¾ ui 31 jk Èk uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ w.ue;s OQrfhka b,a,d wiajQ w;r ta iu`.u Tyqf.a mlaIhg tf;la md¾,sfïka;=j ;=< i;=jQ 2$3 nyq;r n,h wysñ úh' uyd;S¾ ìka

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

fudfyduâ ;u ;k;=frka úY%du .;a;o foaYmd,k lafIa;%h ;=< ksrka;rfhka l%shdldÍj lghq;= l< w;r Tyqf.a wkqm%ma;slhd jQ wíÿ,a,d nâjd,d oeäj úfõpkh lf<ah'

ish wä mdf¾ .uka lrùug 2008 § kÔí ridla yg w.ue;s OQrhg m;aùug u. fmkaúh' tfiajqjo ridla yg ksrka;rfhka ÿIK fpdaokd t,a,úKs' ;u mlaIfhka bj;aj úmlaIh jk ^Pakatan Harapan& yd tlajk njg 2016 oS uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ l< m%ldYh foaYmd,k wdkafoda,khg ;=vq ÿkafkah' foaYmd,k úY%dñl Èúhg iuq§ isá 92 yeúßÈ uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ ish lksgq ys;j;d jQ w.ue;s kÔí ridlago wNsfhda.hla fjñka úmlaIhg udreúh'

2017 § ;ud úmlaIfha w.ue;s wfmalaIlhd f,i uyd ue;sjrKhg bÈßm;a jk nj m%ldY lf<ah' ta wkqj 2018 uehs ui 09 jk Èk mej;s 14 jk uef,aishdkq uyd ue;sjrKfha§ wkfmalaIs; ch.%yKhla ,nd .ekSu;a iu`.u uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ fojk jrg;a uef,aishdfõ w.ue;s ;k;=f¾ Èõreï ÿka w;r f,dj jfhdajDoaOu kdhlhd f,I o Tyq jd¾;d ;nhs'

uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ ,o iqúfYaIS ch.%yKh iu`. 1957 j¾Ifha uef,aishdjg ksoyi ,nd .ekSfï isg trg md,kh f.k .sh Barisan National iNd.h n,fhka bj;g úisúKs'

ish ikaOdkh kS;sfha wêm;Hh h<s m%;sia:dmkh lrk njg uyd;S¾ fudfyduâ mejiqjo ish mrdch ms<sn|j kÔí ridla uqksj; rlsñka isáhs' l%shdldÍ iy ;SlaIK nqoaêfhka hq;= uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ ;r. l, wdik 222ka wdik 113l n,h ;yjqre lr.;af;ah' tu wdik w;=ßka we;eï wdik lsisÈkl úmlaIh ch.%yKh fkdl< tajd ùu úfYaI;ajhls'

uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ pß;fhka .; yels wdo¾Y

rdcH kdhlfhl= f,i uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ ;=< olakg we;s .=Kd;aul pß; ,laIK fndfydauhls' ienE kdhlhl= ùug kï Tyq fyda weh ;=< ks;e;skau kdhlhl= ùfï wNsm%dh wjeis

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

nj uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ pß;h ;=<ska wjOdrKh fõ' mq¿,a oekqï iïNdrhla iy úi,a oelaula ysñ uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ" lsisúgl;a oekqu fyda oelau fkdue;s wfkl=;a rdcH kdhlhka fuka wúksYaÑ;Ndjhg m;ajQfha ke;' ;ud i;= oekqu iy oelau Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka l=uk wiSre wjia:djl§ jqjo ;u rdcHhg iy mqrjeishka yg hym; yd id¾:l;ajh ,`.d lr§ug iu;aúh' ;u wkq.dñlhkag iy iuld,Skhka yg ksrka;rfhkau wdo¾Yu;a mqoa.,hl= jQ uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ t;=<ska ck;d m%idoh iy f.!rjh Èkd .;af;ah' uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ lsisúfgl;a kdhl;ajfhka ysi Wÿïujd .;a kdhlhl= fkdfõ' wjia:dkql+,j ;u moúfhys lghq;= lrñka ;u mqrjeishka yd Wfrkqr .efgñka Tjqkaj Èßu;a lrñka kj uef,aishdjla ìys lsÍfuys,d wemlem ù lghq;= lf<ah' iyfhda.s;djh yd iduQysl;ajh yryd mqrjeishkaf.a lemùu rdcHfha wNsm%dhhka bgqlr.ksfuys,d ksis f,i fhdod .ekSug uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ iu;a úh'

idrdxYh

“wdishdfõ jHd>%hd˜ (Asian Tiger) hk wkaj¾: kdufhka uq¿ f,dj mqrd m%p,s; j;auka uef,aishdkq w.ue;sjrhd jk uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ uy;d trg ÈhqKqfjys ,d uy.= ld¾hNdrhla bgql< foaYmd,ksl kdhlfhls' uef,aishdfõ b;d È<s÷ .ïudkhl ;u l=vd l< .; l<o ;u olaI;djh yd W;aidyh u; imqrd.; hq;= ish,a, imqrd.;a t;=ud j;auka uef,aishdj ìys lsÍfuys,d uy`.= fiajhla bgqlf<ah' uef,aishdfõ wd¾Ól n,h Ök iq¿;rh i;= jqjo nyq;rh jk uef,ajre foaYmd,ksl jYfhka m%Odk;ajhla Wiq,hs' wOHdmk" jHdmdr" isú,a wxYh hkd§ jQ jeä ,dN ,nkafkao uef,ajre fj;s' fuf,i nyq;rh jQ uef,ajrekag m%Yia; ,dN ,nd .ekSfï ;;a;ajhla kS¾udKh lsÍfï f.!rjh uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâg ks;r.fhka ysñ fõ' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i trg úYajúoHd,j, l=,m;s hkd§ by< ;k;=re uef,a cd;slhkag muKla ysñfõ' fujka oelaula rg ;=, ks¾udKh l, uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâf.a foaYmd,ksl .ukau. wurKSh fõ' 1981 isg 2003 olajd jQ jir 22 l m<uq OQr ld,h ;=<§ b;d úYd, mßj¾;k rdYshla isÿ lrñka uef,aishdfõ iaj¾Kuh hq ks¾udKh lsÍug iu;aúh' tksidu

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

t;=ud uef,aishdj kùlrKh lsÍfuys mshd f,i y÷kajhs' uyd;S¾ ìka fudfyduâ 2018 uehs 10 jk Èk isg uef,aishdkq w.%dud;H OQrfhys ;u fojk OQr ld,ho fydnjñka uef,aishdj wdishdkq l,dmh ;=< muKla fkdj uq¿ f,dfjysu tla ikaêia:dkhla njg m;a lsÍfuys uy`.= fiajhla bgqlrñka isákafkah'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

yerS tiA gDDuka

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

fm< .eiau

• yeòskaùu


• foaYmd,khg msúiSu yd w.ue;s OQrhg

m;aùu

• gDDuka rg ;=< l%shd;aul l< wNHka;r

m%;sm;a;s


• .; yels wdo¾Y

• idrdxYh

lKavdhu

• mQ¾Ksud wfí.=Kfialr

• fla'ta'mS'Ñka;d

• hQ'..=,s .relaIsld m%kdkaÿ

• B'fla'fÊ'fl!Y,Hd

• tka'ta'tia'tia'ksIaIxl

• mS'ã'fla'iS'ã'mdÿlal

• ta'î'à'tï';s,sks uÿIsld

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

yeòskaùu

*a?lA,SkA ã' rEiAfj,AÜ ckdêm;sjrhdf.A wNdjfhka miq yerS

tiA gDDuka uy;d weursldfõ 33 jk ckdêm;sjrhd (1945-

1953) f,i f;arS m;a úh' fudyq úiska ngysr hqfrdamfhA

wd¾:slh kej; f.dv.ekxùu iòyd udI,a ie,eiau ls%hd;aul

l< w;r gDDuka uQ,O¾u ia:dms; lf<ah'

1884 oS ñiqßys Wm; ,enQ gDDuka 20 jk ishji ;=< my< jQ

úoHd Wmdêhla ,enQ Mlu weursldkq ckdêm;sjrhd f,i

b;sydi .;ù we;'

1934 oS gDDuka weursldkq fifkgh i|yd f;arS m;a úh' Tyqf.a

m<uq OQr ld,h ;=< Tyq fiajh lf<a ckdêm;s *a?lA,SkAf.a

.Kqfokq jHdmdr i|yd nÿ uqo,a fjka lsrSu i|yd j.lsj hq;=

fifkÜ úi¾ck lñgqfõ iy ÿïrsh ud¾." keõ.; lsrSï iy

wka;¾ rdcH m%jdyk lghq;= wëlaIKh l< wka;¾ rdcH

lñgqfõh' ish fojk OQr ld,h ;=< Tyq wdrlaIl wxY j, hqO

,dN yd kdia;sldr úhoï je<elaúu i|yd jQ cd;sl wdrlaIl

jev ms<ssfj< ú¾uIKh lrkq ,nk úfYaI lñgqjl

idudcsl;ajh oerSh'

uq,a ld,fhaa id¾:l;ajhla oelsh yels jqjo" gDDukaf.a

rdcH;dka;s%l Ndjh wNsfhda.hkag uqyqK ÿkafkah¡ Tyqf.a

wNsfhda. cd;Hka;r lghq;=j,g muKla isSud fkdùh' flfia

kuqÿ id¾:l md,khla f.k .sh Tyq ckdêm;s OQrfhka úY%du

.ekSfuka miqj ñiqßhg meñKsfhah¡ 1972 foieïn¾ 26 Tyq

fuf,dúka ioygu iuq.;af;a h'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

<ud wjêh yd wOHdmk miqìu

1884 uehs ui 08 jk osk weußld tlai;a ckmofha ñiqßys Wm;

,o yeÍ tia' gDDuka" orejka ;sfofkl=f.ka hqla; mjqf,a

jeäuy,a orejd úh' fcdaka wekav¾ika gDDuka ^John Anderson

Truman& Tyqf.a mshd jq w;r uj ud¾;d t,ka gDDuka Martha

Ellen Truman& jqjdh'

udß fcaka ^Mary Jane) kñka fidfydhqßhla iy fcdaka úúhka

^Vivian& hk kñka fidfydhqfrla jq w;r yeÍ tia'gDDuka

weußldkq idudkH mjq,l Wm; ,enQ ;eke;af;ls' jD;a;sfhka

f.dúfhla jQ Tyqf.a mshd iy kQ,a fjf<ka|shla jQ Tyqf.a uj

gDDuka yg "S" hk ueo ku ;SrKh lf,a Tyqf.a ududg

f.!rjhla jYfhks'

jhi wjqreÿ 5imsfroa§ uj l=vd gDDukag lshùu mqreÿ l<dh'

tys m%;sM,h jkafka jhi wjqreÿ 8 § Tyq m<uq jif¾

wOHdmkh wdrïN lrk úg Tyqf.a iu jhfia i.hkag jvd

±kqñka bÈßfhka isàuhs' mdif,a§ fyd¢ka wOHdmk lghq;= isÿ

l< w;r iEu wjia:djl§ u mdfya lshùug uq,a ;ekla ,nd

fok ,§' äiaflkd frda.hg f.dÿre ùu ksid l=vd gDDuka g

fojeks fY%aKsh Tyqf.a iu jhia ñ;=rka iuÕ wOHdmkh ksud

lsÍu w;miqj .sfha h' tf,iu Tyqg f;jk fY%aKsho u.yeÍ

.sfha h' kej;;a Tyq .sïydk mdi,g we;=<;a ùfuka miq b;d

Wkkaÿfjka ish wOHdmk lghq;= flf¾ fhduq úh' ;=kajk

fY%aKsh w;miq fldg Rcqju y;rjk fY%aKshg we;=¿ ùug

isÿùu thg fya;= úh'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

kuq;a fY%aKshla w;miq fldg ;u iu jhia ñ;=rka yd kej;

tlaùu u Tyqf.a wOHdmkh flf¾ jQ olaI;djh fudkjg m%lg

lsÍug lÈu ksoiqkls' YsIH gDDuka mdi,g" mdif,a .=rejrekag

fndfyda fia wdorh" f.!rj lrk ,§' Tyq lsisu f,ilska

lsisfjl= wj;lafiarejg ,lal< whl= fkdjQ w;r wjHdc

mqoa.,hl= úh' thu fmr,d wka whf.a wdorh" f.!rjh

wjHdcju Tyqg ,eîug fya;=jla úh'

l=vd ld,fha isgu Tyq hqOuh isysk olskafkl= úh'

lsisúfgl;a ish hqOuh isysk w;afkdyeß kuq;a Tyqg Tyqf.a

È<s`ÿ Ndjh ndOdjla úh' foudmshka fofokd È<s`ÿ f.dúhka ùu

ksid gDDuka g úoHd, úhoï mjd ±ßh fkdyels úh' kuq;a

ngysr wxYhg whÿï lsÍug Tyq wjOdkh fhduq l< w;r thg

Tyqf.a ÿ¾j, weia fmkSu ndOdjla jk nj Tyq ;rfha úYajdi

lf<ah'

l=vd l, mgka uõmshka iu`. ÿIalr cSú;hla .; l, gDDuka

rcfha mdi,a j,ska wOHdmkh yodrd 1901 oS ;u Wiia

wOHdmkh ksud lf<ah' mdi, yerhdfuka miq Tyq ÿïßh ud¾.

boslsßï fldka;%d;alrefjl=f.a ld, md,lfhla f,i;a miqj

lekavdia k.rfha nexl= foll ,smslrefjla f,i;a fiajh

lf<ah' bka wk;=rej 1906 oS ;u mshdg mjqf,a f.dúm,

mj;ajdf.k hdug Woõ lsßug Tyq .%Ekaâ ùõ fj;

.sfhah'fojk f,dal hqoaO iuh meñfKk úg gDDuka hqO

rdcldß i|yd iafjÉPdfjka bosßm;a úh'

idudkHfhka ,ecacdYS,s yd ksy;udkS iajNdjhla fkd;snqK o

gDDuka ish¨ fokd w;r f.!rjh w;am;a lr .kakd pß;hla

úh' hqoaOh wjika ùfuka miq ;u ksji n,d msg;a jq gDDuka

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

1919 oS ish <udúfha wdorKSh fmïj;sh t<sifn;a fnia fjd,ia

iu`. újdy úh' gDDukag tla oshKshla jQ w;r weh udßhd

ud.%Ü kï úh' Tyq ;u ys;jf;l= jk tã celaika iu`. tu

jif¾oS u jHdmdr lghq;a;la wdrïN lf<ah' 1920 .Kka j,

uq,a Nd.h jk úg weußldj wd¾:sl mßydkshg uqyqK ÿka w;r

1922 oS fuu jHdmdrh wid¾:l úh' jHdmdr jid oeóu;a iu`.

gDDuka Kh ysñhkag fvd,¾ 20000 la f.ùh' ;u

nxfldf,d;aNdjh ms<s.ekSu m%;slafIAm l< w;r Tyq Khg .;a

ish¨ uqo,a wdmiq f.ùug fmdfrdkaÿ úh' ta i|yd Tyqg jir

15 lg jeä ld,hla .; úh'

fï ld,h w;r;=r Tyq äfudl%ála mdlaIsl f;dauia

fmkaârdia.iaÜ fj; meñKsfhah' Tyqf.a nEkd jq fcañia gDDuka

iu`. fiajh lf<ah' gDDuka uydud¾. j, wëlaIK

ks,Odßfhl= f,i m;a lrk w;r wjqreoaolg miqj Tyq celaika

m%dka;fha úksiqre ;k;=re i|yd tla wfhl= f;aÍ m;aúh'

Tyq jir 4 l ld,hla fiajh l< w;r wjxlNdjh yd lS¾;su;a

l<uKdlrKh ms<snò m%isoaêhla ,nd .;af;ah'

foaYmd,kfha uq,ald,Sk iyNd.S;ajh iy foaYmd,k

Ôú;h

uq,a ld,Sk foaYmd,k Ôú;h

1934 § gDDukaf.a foaYmd,k Èúh wjika Tyqf.a /lshdjg

iïnkaO jQ oaú;aj iïm%odhg yd Wiia ;k;=rlg m;a lsÍug

fmkaø.dia hdka;%Kfha wlue;a;h' flfiafj;;a ckmo

fikÜ iNdfõ wdikhla i|yd äfudl%ála mlaIh m%dka;fha

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

l%shd;aul lsÍug fhdað; hdka;%Kh lsysmfofkla m%;slafIam

l<úg blaukska ms<s.;a gDDuka ta i|yd bÈßm;a úh' 40000lg

jeä nyq;r Pkaohlska Tyq n,h Èkd.;af;ah' 1935 ckjdßfha§

ñiqßfha lKsIaG fifkújrhd f,i gDDuka Èõreï ÿkafka h'

¥Is; fmkaø.diaf.a rElvhla f,i Tyq ish fifkÜ jD;a;Sh

wdrïN l< kuq;a gDDukaa ñ;%;ajh" fm!oa.,sl wLKav;dj yd

Tyqf.a ld¾hd,fha rdcldÍ flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfuka

Tyqf.a iuld,Skhkaf.a u; ch.kakd ,§' 1929 § werUqkq uyd

wd¾Ól wjmd;fhka cd;sh bj;a lsÍu i|yd oYlhg wdikak

ld,hla mqrd mej;s cd;sl jevms<sfj,g ckdêm;s *%ekala,ska

reiafj,aÜf.a kj .kqfokqj,g iyh ÿkafkah'

óg wu;rj Tyqf.a m<uq OQr ld,h ;=< *%Ekala,ska

reiafj,aÜf.a kj .kqfokqj,g nÿ uqo,a fjka lsÍu i|yd

ÿïßh ud¾." keõ.; lsÍu yd wka;¾ m<d;a m%jdyk lghq;=

wëlaIKh lrk ,o wka;¾ rdcH jdKsc lñgqj mejÍ ;snqKs'

1938 isú,a .=jka .ukd.uk mk; iïu; lr.ekSu i|yd

gDDuka lghq;= l, w;r 1940 § fifkÜ iNsl n¾gka ù,¾

iuÕ ÿïßh ud¾. fidhdne,Su wdrïN l, w;r weußldfõ

ÿïßh" keõ.; lsÍu yd g%la r: l¾udka;h i|yd kj f*vr,a

fr.=,dis ia:dms; lrk ,o m%jdyk mk; yd rdcH m%jdyk

kshdukh ia:dms; lrk ,§'

1940§ m%n, äfudl%ála m%d:ñl ch.%yKfhka miqj fifkÜ

iNdfõ fojk jdrhla Èkd.;a w;r tlai;a ckmo yuqodj ;=,

jxpd yd wmrdO ms<sn| mÍlaIKhla fufyhùu i|yd cd;sl

ms<s.ekSula ,nd.;af;a fuu ld,iSudj ;=<h'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

hqoaOh i|yd cd;sh iQodkï lsÍug osh;a lrk ,o ±jeka;

W;aidyhka wk;=rg ,laùu je<elaùug;a" ksIamdok

l%shdj,skaf.a ksfrdaOkh yd wvqmdvqlï fy<sorõ lsÍug;a

gDDuka lñgqj m;a lrk ,§' Tyqf.a Rcq jd¾;d yd m%dfhda.sl

ks¾foaY i|yd uyck iyh yd ms<s.ekSula ,nd.;a w;r Tyq

yd i.hka ksis f.!rjh Èkd.;af;ah'

1941 isg 1944 olajd cd;sl wdrlaIl jevms<sfj, úu¾IKh

lsÍu i|yd fuu lñgqj fufyhjk ,o w;r tlai;a ckmo

ñ,sgß úhoïj, kdia;sh yd ÿ¾j, md,kh wvq lsÍug lghq;=

lrk ,§' weußldkq nÿ fvd,¾ ñ,shk .Kkska fírd.ekSug

gDDuka lñgqj ;=<ska gDDuka n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh' tfukau fuu

lñgqj idOdrK ñ, .Kka hgf;a .=Kd;aul neúka hq;= NdKav

wdrlaIl fldka;%d;alrejka úiska iy;sl lr .ekSu i|yd

ie,lsh hq;= id¾:l;ajhla wfmalaId lrk ,§'

1944 § m%cd;ka;%jd§ m%fõY m;%hla u; *%ekala,ska ã

reiafj,aÜf.a Wm iNdm;s f,i lghq;= lsÍug fykaß ta fjd,ia

gDDuka fjkqjg f;dard.kq ,eîh' reiafj,aÜ - gDDuka álÜ

m;%h Tjqkaf.a ckrc m%;su,a,jhka mrojd 46] la Pkaoh

,nd.;af;ah' 1945 ckjdß 20 jk Èk gDDuka Wm iNdm;s OQrh

Ndr.;af;ah' flfiafj;;a Tyqf.a OQr ld,h Èk 82 la mej;=Kq

w;r Tyq ckdêm;sjrhdj fojrla uqK.eiqfKah' fmfkk

whqßka ;ud wikSm jQ wdldrh f;areï fkd.;a reiafj,aÜ

ckdêm;sjrhd mßmd,k jevigyka yd ie,iqï ms<sn|j gDDuka

±kqj;a lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia ,ndÿkafka ke;'

Tyq úiska gDDuka fj; mejÍ we;s ±jeka; j.lSï iuÕ lghq;=

lsÍug o Tyqj iQodkï fkdlf<ah' flfia fj;;a ckdêm;s

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

reiafj,aÜf.a wkfmalaIs; urKfhka miqj 1945 wfm%a,a 12 jk

Èk Tyq ckdêm;s OQrhg m;aúh'

gDDuka rg ;=< l%shd;aul l< wNHka;r m%;sm;a;s

1945 jif¾§ weußldfõ ckdêm;s OQrhg yeÍ tia gDuka uy;d

m;ajQfha *a/kala,Ska rEiafj,a uy;df.a wNdjfhka miqjhs'

fudyq Bg fmr Èk 82 la weußldfõ Wm ckdêm;s OQrh ord Bg

miqj ckdêm;s OQrhg m;a úh' fudyq weußldfõ 33 fjks

ckdêm;s f,i fojk f,dal hqoaOfha § wjidk Nd.fha §

c¾uksh yd cmdkh mrdch lsÍug o uq,iqk f.k l%shd lrk

,§' ud¾I,a ie,eiau ks¾udKh fldg ngysr hqfrdamfha wd¾Ól

lghq;= kej; k.d isgqjk ,§'

fudyq rg ;=< isÿ lrk ,o in|;d yd m%;sm;a;s fmr ckdêm;sj

isá rEiafj,aÜ uy;df.a kï m%;sm;a;s ud,dfõ È.=jla f,i

i|yka l< yelsh' fudyq l¨ cd;slhka i|ydu iqúfYaI iu

whs;Ska ud,djla cd;sl foaYmd,k kHdh m;%h ;=<g we;=,;a

lrk ,§' gDDukaf.a md,k ;ka;%h ;=< fhdackd lrk ,o

m%;sm;a;s ud,dj f*hd^¾) ã,a (FAIR DEAL) f,i y÷kajk ,§'

fuu jevigyk hgf;a ishü weußldkqjkag fi!LH

rlaIKhla we;s lrk w;ru iudk whs;Ska o ;yjqre lrk ,§'

kuq;A fudyqf.a fuu ie,iqï fldx.%ih ;=< m%isoaO fkdjQ w;r

Tjqka tajd m%;slafIam lrk ,§'

fudyq f*hd^¾& tïmaf,dahsukaÜ welaÜ ^Fair Employment Act)

hk m%;sm;a;s ud,djo fhdackd lrk ,§' fhdackd lrk ,o

w;f,diaila muKla kS;S njg ms<s.kq ,eîh' wfkla fhdackd

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

ish,a, újdohg ,la jQ w;r wOHdmkhg iduQysl wdOdr ,nd

§u" idOdrK /lshd mqyqKq fldñIula ks¾udKh" g*aÜ yd¾,s

welaÜ TAFT-HARLEY-ACT& wfydais lsÍu yd lïlre iyfhda.s;d

lñgq j, n,h iSud lsÍu yd Tjqkaf.a f,dal fi!LH rlAIK

iSud lsÍuo ta w;r úh' tu lghq;= j,g fnfyda fihska úúO

u; m, lrk ,oafoa lkaifõáõ idudðlhka úisks' fudyqf.a

FAIR DEAL keue;s m%;sm;a;s ud,dj ms<sn| idlÉPd lsÍfï§

fudyq lreKq 21la bÈrsm;a lr we;' tajd kï"

• /lshd úrys;hka yg mj;sk iSud yd jkaÈ ,nd §u

jeä lsÍu'

• wju fõ;k jeä lsÍu'

• iduldó wd¾Ólhla ;=< Ôj;a ùu i|yd hk úhou

md,kh'

• /lshd i|yd mj;sk kS;s mekùu'

• fojk f,dal hqoaO ld,fha§ f.dvke.=Kq iduQysl

ixúOdk yd kS;s ud,djka ke;s lr oeóu'

• idOdrK /lshd fj<|fmd<la i|yd kS;s mekùu'

• iduQysl yd idOdrK fj<| in|;d ;yjqre lsÍu'

• /lshd ,nd fok weußldkq jev ms<sfj,la l%shd;aul

lsÍu'

• iduQysl Wmldrhla f.dúhkag ,nd §u'

• ksjdi Kh jeä lsÍu'

• mÍlaIKhka i|yd ;ks iduldó ixúOdk we;s lsÍu'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

1948 isg fuu lreKq 21 fudyq f*hd^¾) ã,a (fair Deal) f,i

bÈßm;a lrk ,§'

fidaúhÜ ix.uh iu. we;s jQ wd;;sh jeä lsßug hqfrdamfha

weußldkq NdKav i|yd fj<|fmd,j,a ks¾udKh lsßug

ie,iqï lr we;s jev ms<sfj,la f,i we;eï b;sydi{hska

fuh úfõpkh lr ;sfí' fuu we.ùï fkd;ld udI,a ie,eiau

ngysr hqfrdamfha ck;djf.a wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy foaYmd,k

ia:djr;ajh Wfoid uQ,H yd udkqISh wdOdr iemhSh'

1948 cQks 24 jk osk fidaúhÜ ix.uh" tlai;a ckmoh" ì%;dkH

iy m%xYh úiska n¾,skh k.rh md,kh lrk ud¾. yd ÿïßh

ud¾.fhka ishü m%jdyk lghq;= kj;d oeóh' weußldkq yd

ì%;dkH yuqod jydu k.rj, ngysr m%foaY md,kh lsrSug

iemhqï .=jka f;dgqm,la wdrïN lr we;'

fidaúhÜ n¾,ska j, ndOd wdrïN jQ l, tlai;a ckmoh

n¾,skfhys /|S iSáug iy fidaúhÜ n,fõ.fha fldgila f,i

k.rh ms<sfkd.kakd f,i ckdêm;s yeß tia' gDDuka ;SrKh

lf<a h' flfia fj;;a" fidaúhÜ l,dmh yryd yuqodjla

n¾,skh fj; heùug Tyq fhdackd lf<a h' th fndfyda úg

hqoaOhg ;=vq fokq we;' ta fjkqjg Tyq .=jka f;dgqm< kv;a;=

lsßug ;SrKh lf<ah' ngysr WmfoaYlhskaf.a woyi jQfha

ngysr n¾,skfha wdydr yd bkaOk iemhSu i|yd .=jka hdkhla

fhoúh yels njh' tfy;a hqoaOh wdrïN lsßfuka f;drj ish

úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh wruqKq iy Tyqf.a foaYmd,k wkd.;h folu

;¾l lf<a h'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

gDDuka md,kfha bosß o¾Ykh wkqj n¾,skh mrdch lsßfuka

f,dalh mqrd tlai;a ckmofha úYajdikSh;ajh hgm;a lr ;sfí'

tlai;a ckmoh yd fidaúhÜ ix.uh w;r mej;s wd;;Ska u.ska

n¾,skh ms<sn| w¾nqoh fmkakqï lf<a h' flfia fj;;a 1948

ckdêm;sjrK iufha oS Tyqf.a mßmd,kfha fidaúhÜ úfrdaë

wla;m;% wjOdrKh lsßug gDDukag bv oSu i|yd tli;a

ckmofha mq`M,a uyck iyfhda.h oskd.;a w;r" fuu wjia:dj

jk úg iS;, hqoaOh cd;Hka;r jYfhka yd foaYSh mßmd,k

fCIa;%fha m%Odk .eg¨jla njg m;aúh'

gDDuka hgf;a úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh

1945 wf.daia;= 6 jk Èk WoEik tlai;a ckmoh cmdkfha

ysfrdaIsud k.rhg m<uq mrudKq fndaïnh w;ayerSh' fojk

mrudKq fndaïnhla kd.idls k.rhg Èk ;=klg miqj weo

jeáks' fndaïn m%ydr fol ;=< cmka cd;slhska 20"000 lg wêl

ixLHdjla >d;khg ,laj we;ehs .Kka n,d ;sfí' fojk

fndaïn m%ydrfhka miq cmdkh wf.daia;= 15od hg;aùfï

fldkafoais j,g tlÕ jQ yuqodjla b,a,d isáfha h' cmdkfha

wêrdcHjYfhka hg;aúh' fojk f,dal hqoaOh wjika jQ w;r

gDDuka úiska —wdhqO ikakoaOj f,dj mqrd b;sydifha oreKq;u

fndaïnh˜ f,i kï lr ;sfí'

c¾uksfha fmdÜiavEï iïfï,kfha §" fndaïnh ms<sn| id¾:l

mÍËKh ms<sn|j jd¾;dj ckdêm;sjrhdg ,enqKq w;r" th

mqmqrd f.dia we;s oejeka; ydks ms<sn| f;dr;=re we;=<;a úh'

wf.daia;= udifha uq,a Nd.h jk úg fndaïnh iQodkï l< yels

nj gDdukag mjid we;' fmdÜiavEï m%ldYkh f,iye|skajQ

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

m%ldYhla f,i" tlai;ackmoh" ì%;dkH yd Ökh cmdkhg

fldkafoais úrys;j hg;aùug fyda —laIKsl yd uqükskau

úkdYhg˜ uqyqKoSug le|jqï lf<a h' m<uq fndaïnh ì| ±óug

fmr cmdkhg ,enqKq tlu wk;=re weÕùu fuhúh'

ysfrdaIsudys id¾:l fndaïn fy,Sfï m%jD;a;sh ,enqKq úg

gDDuka c¾uksfhka wdmiq meñKsfha h'miq Èk WoEik gDDuka

weußldkq ck;djg fndaïn fy,Su ksfõokh l< w;r hg;a

fkdù isáh§ Tjqka uqyqK fok úkdYfhka cmdkhg wk;=re

weÕùh' tlai;ackmoh fofjks fndaïnh ±ófuka miq cmdkh

hg;aúh'

mrudKq fndaïn Ndú;h w;sYhska ckm%sh jQ w;r w;sf¾lj

weußldjg ;j;a wysñùulska f;drj hqoaO wjika lsÍu

ckdêm;sjrhdf.a ckm%sh;ajh ;j;a Yla;su;a úh'

1947 ud¾;= 12 jkÈk" ckdêm;s yeÍ tia gDDuka .%Sish yd ;=¾lsh

i|yd wdOdr b,a,Su i|yd fldka.%ifha taldnoaO ieishlg

fmkS isáfhah' ish woyia ±laùfï § gDDuka tlai;a ckmoh

úia;r lf<a fidaúhÜ ix.uh flfrys iq¨ ieÕjqkq i|ykls"

taldêm;sjd§ n,fõ.hka iuÕ oDIaájd§ .egqulfh§ isàuhs'

nyq;rfha leue;a; u; mokïjq cSjk rgdjla w;r —

nyq;rhlf.a wNsu;h˜ f;dard .ekSu i|yd iEu rglgu f;dard

.; hq;= nj ckdêm;s;=ud ksÍlaIKh lf<A h'

úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh ms<sn| ckdêm;s WmfoaYlhka È.= l,la

;siafia fidaúhÜ ix.uhg tfrysj ;on, ia:djrh ±refõh'

oDIaájdohka folla w;r .egqula f,i .eg¨ rduq lsÍu ;=<ska"

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

ks¾oh i;=frl= u¾okhg f.da,Sh lemùula b,a,disáñka"

Tyqf.a iajrh ;shqkq lf<a h'

1947 cqks 5 jk Èk rdcH f,alï fcda¾Ê iS'udI,a fojk f,dal

hqoaOfhka miq hqfrdamfha úkdYhg m;a cd;Skag wd¾Ól wdOdr

iemhSug ie,eiaula ksfõokh lf<a h' Tyq yd¾j¾â

úYajúoHd,fha (Harvard University) wdrïNl l;dfõ§ udI,a

ie,eiau f,i y÷kajk ,o foa bÈßm;a lf<a h' hqfrdamfha

foaYmd,k iy wd¾Ól ia:djr;ajh Èß.ekaùu yd hqfrdamfha ÿla

ú|sk ckhd fj; fldñhqksiaÜjdoh wdl¾IKh lr .ekSug

ie,eiaùu fuu ie,iqu uÕska ckdêm;s yeÍ tia' gDDuka

wfmaËd lf<a h'

kef.kysr hqfrdamh yd fidaúhÜ ix.uh we;= iuia;

hqfrdamh i|yd wruqo,a imhkq we;s njg f,alï udI,a ish

l:dfõ § woyia ±lajqj;a fidaúhÜ ix.uh iyNd.S ùug

wlue;s úh' fidaúhÜ ix.uh m%;slafIam lsÍu" uydoaùmfha

ke.S tk fn§ï ia:djr lr we;s w;r j¾Okh i|yd fudialõ

fj; fodia mejÍug W;aiql jQy' ie,eiau i|yd iyNd.Sùug

fidaúhÜ ix.uh tlÕ jQjd kï fldka.%ih yryd th iïu;

lr .ekSu jvd ÿIalr úh' hqfrdamfhys rgj,a w;r jvd;a

iyfhda.S;djhka Èß.ekaùu i|yd tlai;a ckmohg iïnkao

fhdackdjla bÈßm;a lrk ,o hqfrdamSh rgj,a u; ud¾I,a úiska

weußldkq wruqo,a fhdojd ;snqKs'

cq,s udifha hqfrdamSh rgj,a 16 l ksfhdacs;hka m%xYfha

merSisfha mej;s iuq¿jlg tlai;a ckmo wdOdr i|yd

fhdackdjla le|ùug iyNd.S úh' fidaúhÜjreka uq,skau

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

/iaùulg ksfhdacs; lKavdhula hjd we;s kuq;a blauKskau

fudialõ isg ksfhda.hla ksl=;a flßKs' iyk ie,iqfï§

fpfldiaf,djelshdj" fmda,ka;h iy refïkshdfõ Wkkaÿjla

fkd;ld kef.kysr hqfrdamSh rgla wefußlka wruqo,a

imhkafkla úh' j¾I 1947 wf.daia;= udifha§ hqfrdamSh

cd;Skaf.a ksfhdacs;hka jir y;rla mqrd fvd,¾ ì,shk 20 lg

jeä wdOdr uqo,la bÈßm;a lf<ah' 1952 § udI,a ie,eiau wjika

jq ld,h jk úg ngysr hqfrdamhg fvd,¾ ì,shk 13 lg jeä

wdOdr m%udKhla imhk ,§'

gDDukaf.a cSú;fhka wmg .; yels wdo¾Y

weursldfõ ;sia;+ka jk ckdêm;s jk yerS tia gDDuka

uy;df.a Ôú;fhka wmg .; yels wdo¾Y fndafydauhls'

1. ;u uõ rg fjkqfjka bgq l< hq;+ Wmrsu hq;=lu

fkdmiqngj bgq lsrSu'

2. Mla úIh fËa;%hlg muKla iSud fkdú ;u oË;d

y÷kd .ksñka ta Tiafia ;u wruqKq lrd .uka lsrsu'

3. ;u Ôú;hg ,efnk w;aoelSï miq mrïmrdjg ,nd

§u'

4. iqÿiq ;SrK iqÿiq fõ,djkaysoss .ekSu yd ;ekg iqÿiq

wdldrfhka ;SrK .ekSu'

5. ;u fm!oa.,sl hym; Wfoid muKla fkdj iuia;

msrsigu .e,fmk whqrska ;Skaÿ ;SrK .ekSu'

6. iEu fokd iuÕu iyfhda.fhka jev lghq;= lsrSu yd

wka whf.a f.!rhg md;%% jk f,i lghq;= lsrSu'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

7. úfõpkhka .eryqï wid¾:lùï csú;hg wdo¾Yhla yd

w;aoelsula f,i i<lñka ;u wruqKq lrd .uka lsÍu'

8. jpkhg jvd l%shdj W;=ï fldg ie<lSu'

9. wkHkaf.a u; j,g .re lSrSu'

10. yels iEu wjia:djlu lshúu mqreoaola lr .ksñka ;u

oekqu jeä oshqKq lr .ekSu'

11. ld,h l<ukdlrKh lr .ekSu'

idrxYh

jir 13 la Oj, ukaÈrh ;=< .;l, Ôú;hg iuqfoñka gDDuka

ish ìß| iu. 1953 § Oj, ukaÈrfhka msg;aj Tyqf.a Wmkaìu

lrd .uka lf<a h' Ôú;fha kj mßÉfþohla wdrïN l< o Tyq

lsisúfgl ish foaYmd,k Èúhg iuqÿkafka ke;' gDDukag miq

ckdêm;s jq fâúâ whsika Nj¾f.a foaYmd,kh yd mßmd,k

ls%hd mámdáh foi úuis,s oEiska n,d isá gDDuka" yels iEu

úgu tys mj;sk mßmd,kuh m%;sm;a;suh yd foaYmd,kuh

.eg¨ m%isoaêfha úfõpkh lrk ,oS' tys wdikak;u m%;sM,h

jQfha 1956 gDDuka úiska tjlg ckdêm;s OQrh oerE fâúâ

whsika Nj¾g tfrysj Woaf>daIKhla Èh;a lsrSuh'

Tyqf.a miqld,Sk wjêh ;=< ;enq jeo.;au mshjrla f,i

yerS'tia' gDDuka ckm;s mqia;ld,h yd fl!;=ld.drh yeòskaúh

yelsh' PdhdrEm" ,smsf,aLk" fl!;=l NdKav" isysjgk yd

Ñ;%mg o¾Yk" m%o¾Ykh lrk uy,a folla fuys úh' fuu

mqqia;ld,h 1955 ckm;s mqia;ld, úêúOdk hgf;a msysgqjk

,o m%:u mqiald,h jk w;ru th cd;sl f,aLkdrËl

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

fomd¾;fïka;=fõ yd jd¾;d mßsYS,k wxYh úiska md,kh

lrkq ,nk ckm;smqia;ld, 13 ka tla mqia;ld,hla o fõ'

ish ieòE iuh jvd;a úfõlsj yd w¾:dkaú;j .;lsßu i|yd

gDDuka úiska fuu ia:dkh f;dard .kakd ,§' ;jo Tyqg jeo.;a

wuq;a;ka ms<s.ekSug" Tjqka yd /iaùï meje;aùug" gDDukaj

uqK.eiSug meñfKk mdi,a <uqka iuÕ idlÉPd meje;aùug;a

f;dard .kakd ,§' 1957 cQ,s ui wdrïN lrk ,o fuu

mqia;ld,h yd fl!;=ld.drh wojk úg weußld tlai;a ckmo

jeishkag uy;a fia Wmldr lrkq ,nhs'

1960 jir jk úg ±ä fi!LH .eg¿ rdYshlg uqyqK foñka isá

gDDukag Tyqf.a .uka ìuka iSud iys; lsÍug isÿjQ w;ru

jeäld,hla ksjfia /òSug ;SrKh lrk ,§' È.= ld,hla lemù

fiajhla l< yerS tia gDDuka uy;d 1972 § jir 88 la wdhqI

N=la;sú| ñh .sfha h' Tyqf.a foayh gDDuka u¿fõ úfYaI .,a

iaudrlhla u; ;ekam;a lrk ,§' tlS iaudrlh u; Tyqf.a

Wm;" úm;" Èh‚hf.a Wm; o igyka lr we;' Tyqf.a ìß| o

ñh hk úg jir 98 la jQ w;r wef.a ksi, foayh Tyq wi<ska

u ;ekam;a lrk ,§' gDDuka lrk ,o m%isoaO m%ldYhka wog;a

f,dal foaYmd,kh ;=< ±lsh yels iod;ksl i;Hls' tkï"

—fydfrla ;laläfhla fkdfõ kï" foaYmd,lfhl=g f,dl=

fmdfydif;la úh fkdyel˜'

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

uQ,dY% kdudj,sh

• is,ajd, P.C.,2015.wog;a ienE fkdjk ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsxf.a isysk osjhskbrsodix.%yh"

[online]4/19.<divaina.com/2015/04/19/diyaga07.html

>[2019/04/25]

• ck ixioh, 2013. ud¾áka ,Q;¾ lsxf.a ft;sydisl foaYkfha mkiajia ieureu" ckixioh'

[online]<peoplesforumsl.blogspot.com/2013/08/blog

post_7398.html>[2019/04/25]Available at:

• https//111finalprojectohnm.voices.wooster.edu/histo

riography/[Accessed 21 jun. 2019]

• Biography.com (2017) Harry S. Truman [nline]

Abailable at:

• https//www.biography.com/people/harry-s-truman-

9511121 [Accessed 23 jun. 2019]

• http://winstonchurchill.ord/ publications/finest-hour

finest- hour- 159/youthful-adventure - 5- from

isolation - to - engagement - how - Churchill

influenced foreign -policy-in the year before the great

- war

• http://learnodo-newtoonic.comwinston-chirchill-

accomplishments

• Xi Jinping-The governance of China,2014,1st Ed,Foreign

Languages Press Co.Ltd

• https://www.cetri.be/Who-is-Xi-Jinping-and-where-

will?lang=fr

http://winstonchurchill.ord/

http://learnodo-newtoonic.comwinston-chirchill-accomplishments/

http://learnodo-newtoonic.comwinston-chirchill-accomplishments/

https://www.cetri.be/Who-is-Xi-Jinping-and-where-will?lang=fr

https://www.cetri.be/Who-is-Xi-Jinping-and-where-will?lang=fr

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02

• https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-

house/presidents/john-f-kennedy/

• https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-F-

Kennedy

• Milne, R. S.; Mauzy, Diane K. (1999). Malaysian Politics

under Mahathir. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-17143-1.

• “Our country is what it is today because of the

contribution from the business community, especially

the Chinese community because they are dynamic in

many ways”,Mahathir, quoted in Danial Dulcify, “You

helped make Malaysia what it is today, PM tells

businessmen, Chinese chamber”, The Malaysian

Insight, 20 July 2018, Available at:

https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/john-f-kennedy/

https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/john-f-kennedy/

https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-F-Kennedy

https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-F-Kennedy

https://books.google.com/books?id=5hYemBg43pkC&printsec=frontcover

https://books.google.com/books?id=5hYemBg43pkC&printsec=frontcover

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-17143-1

Documents

f,dj oskQ pß; - 02f,dj oskQ pß; - 02 fj¿u 2 uqøKh 1 fkdjeïn¾ 2019 cd;Hka;r wOHhk úIh YsIH ixioh cd;Hka;r wOHhk wOHkdxYh le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h YS% ,xldj