ウガンダの産業と在来中小企業にとっての貿易

アジア経済研究所地域研究センター

アフリカ研究グループ・研究員

吉 田 栄 一ウガンダの産業と在来中小企業にとっての貿易

アジア経済研究所地域研究センターアフリカ研究グループ

研究員 吉 田 栄 一

ウガンダについて

１ ウガンダ概観

2600万人(8/48, 1000万＜22)270ドル/c +6.8%(90-03) 14% 都市

２ 経済の状況

植民地経済(62)→経済混乱(71-79,79-86)→安定と成長の２０年(86-)「アフリカの星」

３ マクロ指標

ウガンダの位置

ウガンダの収支状況

表　　　ウガンダの経常収支資料　Statistical Abstract 各年版

-1500

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

1500

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

（百万

米ド

ル）

経常収支

　（貿易収支）

　（移転収支）

海外直接投資

対ウガンダ 直接投資表　　　　Uganda FDI In-Flow

Source: Bank of Uganda, Private Capital Flows Survey 2001 Report, 2002

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

160.0

1992/93

1993/1994

1994/1995

1995/1996

1996/1997

1997/1998

1998/1999

1999/2000

2000/2001

2001/2002

( Millions of USD)

Primary

Agriculture,hunting,forestry andfishingMining,quarrying and petroleum

Secondary

Tertialry

Electricity,gas and water

Construction

Wholesale trade,retail andcatering

Accommodation and tourism

Transport storage andcommunication

Realestate

Realestate

Realestate activitys

Unspecified

対ウガンダ 投資国

FDI In-Flow /origin

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

1992

/93

1993

/199

4

1994

/199

5

1995

/199

6

1996

/199

7

1997

/199

8

1998

/199

9

1999

/200

0

2000

/200

1

2001

/200

2

(Millio

ns

of USD)

Belgium

France

Netherlands

Sweden

United Kingdom

Canada

United States

Kenya

Mauritius

South Africa

Bermuda

India

Singapore

ウガンダの輸出

表6 ウガンダの輸出

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

伝統産品

コーヒー 396206 309362 295666 287958 125316 97652 96626 100233 124238

綿 15330 29197 7691 17408 22088 13434 9519 17755 38920

紅茶 15305 30483 28181 21425 37050 30031 31293 38314 37258

タバコ 7275 12576 22332 14673 26889 32096 45262 43042 40687

非伝統産品

とうもろこし 18143 15063 9359 5291 2437 18339 10609 13724 17896

豆類 16050 11875 6451 8754 4454 2354 3284 5235 8227

魚 46251 27864 39879 24837 30818 78150 87945 88113 103309

皮革 7787 10020 6088 2967 12893 25532 9810 4925 5409

胡麻 9563 1448 11 1420 747 796 510 2183 2788

石鹸 2289 2273 1727 1960 1639 2700 3434 5553 7663

電力 4163 11688 11741 13209 18634 10554 15645 13778 12075

ココア 1105 1300 1429 1474 1191 1921 2023 7001 6801

コバルト 10963 12656 7032 0 11548

バニラ 809 4 1260 781 2417 6898 13546 6120

果物 36 314 386 111 733 68 670 436 917

バナナ 908 52 257 473 983 672 225 110 850

切花 2809 3592 7502 7328 9912 14750 17828 22080 26424

金 65066 80615 19493 33485 43285 49293 60342 38446 61233

他 97564 46249 76673 32075 41336 44952 46714 77193 123952

石油 8684 12252 10749 27901 27761

(単位千ドル)

Statistical Abstract 各年版

ウガンダの輸出国表７

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

DRコンゴ 40301 7154 8391 3384 6090 8832 7554 12891 28913

ルワンダ 51463 35412 12686 11833 9014 16617 12873 20803 24683

スーダン 19960 4043 8536 15840 4367 9152 5763 13765 22676

ケニア 44308 17140 24863 29143 62947 59063 61504 78432 76903

タンザニア 8412 7489 6048 6446 5487 6689 5774 5832 12155

ブルンジ 2342 1156 145 2088 1643 4778 6267 10076 18113

エジプト 2264 438 45 369 1672 5278 1948 2673 2533

南ア 1314 2211 1727 23870 28893 24076 42997 29632 9250

イギリス 151877 19423 18695 38691 38690 28806 30015 33883 29438

ドイツ 21088 6456 26630 15738 6986 12134 13399 12024 17677

ベルギー 23066 13020 19733 23809 2107 16085 21902 12899 34277

オランダ 21702 7968 32882 28151 34698 52803 56000 48955 61227

フランス 14576 4655 13801 5981 2665 4057 6844 5116 22702

スペイン 9700 7129 17332 28860 11664 7961 17732 14526 13914

スイス 206762 43802 33335 29333 99104 70674 69011 72993 108779

ポーランド 54 2990 1047 1071 456 286 652 3066 2545

アメリカ 2233 2461 11755 1451 8545 6743 9190 12693 15182

カナダ 6 29 241 83 120 943 832 1765 3064

イスラエル 4837 2166 3136 1906 1483 3082 2036 5256 1210

サウジアラビア 4 1705 1676 142 44 12527 1625

ア首連 1409 1743 1906 1048 2593 6119 6914 345 33458

香港 2123 3261 4333 4197 12786 26505 13360 12300 15845

オーストラリア 10355 4626 4759 3736 6242 5404 4644 9214 3417

日本 2163 2302 5702 4503 8016 8032 13354 10006 5975

シンガポール 25223 3411 5067 2545 12291 7278 8719 13859 22210

Statistical Abstract 各年版

ウガンダ対外輸出 (単位千ドル)

ウガンダの輸入

Description 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Animal & Animal Products 4.319 9.333 6.242 5.400 35.921 11.373 10.671 9.303 4.577

Vegetable Products, Animal,Bevarages Fats, & Oil

79.976 118.515 97.949 86.436 124.481 158.702 179.807 217.637 154.955

Prepared Foodstuff, Bevarages &Tobacco

19.967 44.727 36.939 43.218 36.580 36.699 27.265 41.128 26.698

Mineral Products (excludingPetroleum products)

18.580 51.103 35.317 28.978 37.997 50.351 69.661 79.100 48.788

Petroleum Products 112.103 107.796 116.353 159.873 158.212 145.999 163.756 98.410 82.362

Chemical & Related Products 80.396 110.180 132.137 102.209 130.822 132.621 165.715 194.192 85.169

Plastics, Rubber & RelatedProducts

37.605 53.752 53.665 44.067 54.031 55.623 54.425 90.894 53.614

Wood & Wood Products 26.161 40.325 44.622 47.567 48.537 57.452 67.292 69.998 41.559

Textile & Textile Products 43.411 56.916 63.407 46.983 59.737 67.047 37.996 63.346 37.746

Misclanneous Manufactured Artides 30.723 51.078 62.119 53.872 54.215 56.558 85.009 105.216 44.011

Base Metals and their Products 61.727 82.720 78.694 73.543 70.481 94.746 105.990 124.298 44.493

Machinery Equipments, Vehecles &Accessories

195.192 311.241 289.346 260.926 309.921 325.167 361.847 258.303 1198.114

Arms, Ammunitions & Accessories 0.023 0.082 0.126 0.174 0.445 0.134 0.956 0.801 1.724

Total 710.183 1,037.767 1,016.916 953.246 1,121.380 1,192.472 1,330.390 1,352.626 1,823.811

Statistical Abstract,

Composition of Imports (value in million US$)

ウガンダの輸入国

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Germany 26.378 19.286 36.729 34.757 40.388 37.349 24.031

United Kingdom 51.553 83.972 84.406 71.165 88.779 90.898 51.049

Belgium 11.004 17.341 15.814 26.483 22.657 38.658 15.650

France 14.096 13.567 24.034 12.139 18.336 33.158 10.560Netherlands 13.996 14.298 15.059 20.468 25.592 36.102 23.386

Poland 10.357 0.047 0.140 0.193 0.787

USA 26.009 28.090 30.975 37.094 77.603 96.679 36.181Canada 10.376 6.961 8.140 7.199 8.646 16.289 21.486

Middle East 58.758 73.446 71.680 78.676 105.975 118.248 78.420

Bahrain 32.726 31.620 0.369 0.011 0.178 0.482 0.488

Saudi Arabia 13.234 6.372 8.445 8.636 12.490 19.544 9.760

Asia 187.507 194.414 268.367 318.733 387.319 495.501 256.903

Malaysia 26.505 18.127 23.004 32.075 38.120 66.517 23.746India 47.804 54.332 65.429 73.814 99.892 119.902 61.364Japan 41.389 47.633 86.618 106.120 94.287 122.759 72.512China 38.919 31.408 35.823 44.782 70.962 100.362 50.541COMESA 145.121 244.338 377.346 360.615 392.226 442.113 269.370Kenya 128.867 216.136 352.383 332.681 355.910 390.251 237.021South Africa 45.604 71.450 76.210 89.911 99.165 147.573 69.141Statistical Abstract

Composition of Imports (million US$)

カンパラ市内

視点をよりミクロに・・・

国内経済の二重構造

• Monetary: Non-Monetary 74.3:16.7 (2005) (Agriculture,Construction+)

• Self Employed: Paid Employeerural 89.6:9.7 (8.033m )urban 61.0:39.0 (1.228m)total 85.9:14.3(9.26m)

• Informal:Formalretail and service sector 61.4% informal manufacturing 38.6% border trade export 200m USD,(811m:formal)

import 66m (2054m: formal) (2005)

家計を支えるのは

Employment Statusrural urban total

Self Employed 89.6 61 85.9Employers 0.2 0.4 0.3Own account Workers 54.5 50.7 54Unpaid Family Workers 34.9 9.9 31.6

Paid Employees 9.7 39 14.3Gov perm 1.2 5.5 2.5Gov temp/casual 0.5 0.7 0.5Gov casual 0.1 0.1 0.1Private perm 1 8.2 2Private temp/casual 6.9 24.5 9.2numbers(million) 8.033 1.228 9.26

source: Report on the Labour Force Survey, Uganda National Household Survey 2002/03

国内製造業

表 　　ウガンダ　製造業事業所数の変遷ウガンダ事業所統計

ウガンダ事業所登記簿統計

1989年 2001年

肉魚青果加工 25 56乳製品 4 56

コーヒー加工 221 331製粉 253 1747お茶 28 31砂糖 39 5

飲料 10 157たばこ 1 4

綿紡績 28 15テキスタイル 17 67アパレル 30 3418皮革 3 8製靴 17 71

製材 48 154木工 7 50紙製品 12 14

出版印刷 11 266レコード 43 35ゴム 3 40基礎金属 3 14金属加工 147 1659機械 19 11電気機械 8 3ラジオテレビ 1 3輸送機器 3 22家具 268 3088

従業員5人以上の事業所

全事業所(従業員1人〰）

Census of Business Establishments Uganda 19Uganda Business Register 2001/2002

Index of industrial production in Uganda 1963-2001 (1990=100)

1

10

100

1000

10000

1963

1965

1967

1969

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

Food products Beverages Tobacco

Textiles Leather product Footwear, except rubber or plastic

Wood products, except furniture Furniture, except metal Paper and product

printing and publishing Industrial chemicals Other chemicals

Rubber products Plastic products Pottery, china, earthenware

Other non metallic mineral products Iron and steel Non ferrous metals

Fabricated metal products Machinery, except electrical Machinery, electrical

Transport equipment Other manufactured products

Scale of firms and sectoral concentration in the manufacturing sector in Uganda

Number of Businesses in the Manufacturing Sectornumber ofbusiness

employmentemploymentper firm

Wearing Apparel 3418 5667 1.7

Furniture 3088 10986 3.6Grain mill products,starches 1747 6433 3.7Fabricated metal 1659 6418 3.9coffee processing 331 4653 14.1publishing and printing 266 2504 9.4bakery 200 2412 12.1sawmilling and planing 154 807 5.2non-metalic mineral products 138 1731 12.5spirts, alcohol, wine and beer 131 1376 10.5

Tea Processing 31 19707 635.7Furniture 3088 10986 3.6grain mill products , starches 1747 6433 3.7fabricated metal 1659 6418 3.9wearing apparel 3418 5667 1.7coffe processing 331 4653 14.1publishing and printing 266 2504 9.4suger 5 4253 850.6textile 67 2398 35.8chemical products 65 1983 30.5

Uganda Business Register 2001/2002

Annual growth furniture manufacturing among industrial sectors in Uganda, Kenya and SSA

Average Annual Real Growth Rates

uganda kenya sub-sahara

ISIC(Rev.2)-Branch

AverageAnnualReal GrowthRates(%)

AverageAnnualRealGrowthRates(%)

AverageAnnualRealGrowthRates(%)

1992-2002 1992 2002 1992-2002 1992 2002 1992-2002 1992 2002Food and beverages 10.9 27.4 30.2 -1 43.6 43.6 2.3 35 33.8Tobacco products 11.7 2.6 3.2 -3.2 1.3 1.1 2.5 2.9 3.1Textiles 5.2 6.6 3.9 -7 7.5 2.6 -0.1 7.8 7Wearing apparel, fur … 0.4 0.4 -1.5 3 2 1.7 4.7 4.3Leather,leather products and foot 14.6 0.3 0.5 -4.3 1.7 1.2 0.6 1.2 1.1Wood products (excl.furniture) 10 3.4 2.5 -7.4 1.6 0.6 0.7 3.9 4.4Paper and paper products 15.1 0.9 1 5.7 4.4 6.2 0.5 2.6 2.6Printing and publishing 15.1 3 3.3 0.2 2.1 2.3 3.7 4 4.3Coke,refined petroleum products, … - - 6.1 0.8 1.5 3.2 2.2 2.6Chemicals and chemical products 14.3 4.9 5 0.2 8.3 8.7 2.7 6.4 6.6Rubber and plastics products 16.3 0.6 1.1 5.1 5.9 9.3 2.4 3.1 3.4Nonmetallic mineral products 19.4 4 3.8 -5.2 3 2.5 3.8 3.8 4.7Basic metals 20.8 9.2 11.7 … - - 5.3 2.6 2.8Fabricated metal products … 21.4 19.7 1.8 5 6.5 0.4 6.4 6.4Machinery and equipment n.e.c … 2 1.8 -1.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 1 1.1Office accounting and computing … 3.6 3.4 … - - 2.2 0.1 0.2Electrical machinery and apparatu 1.5 4.6 3.8 -2.2 2 1.9 0.3 1.2 1.1Radio, television and communicat 1.5 1.9 1.6 … 3.1 3.7 2.5 0.5 0.5Medical, precision and optical inst … - - … - - -3.1 0.2 0.2Motor vehicles, trailers, semi-trai 6.2 0.8 0.6 … - - -4 4.2 4Other transport equipment 6.3 - - -10.8 3.3 1.6 -7.8 1 0.8Furniture; manufacturing n.e.c 6.2 2.5 2.6 6.5 2.4 4 2.6 5.5 5.1

MVA Structure(% share)

MVA Structure(% share)

MVA Structure(% share)

国内産業の例としての木工産業

• 国内資源の活用

• 労働集約的生産

• 事業所数の多さ

• 過去においては広い流通範囲

(カンパラは大湖地域最大の都市)• 輸出が伸び始めている

• 中小企業を含めた産業セクター全体としての成長可能性

Woodworking industry: global and local trend

• Traditional producers and exportersItaly, US, Denmark, Sweden

• New exportersChina, Canada, Mexico, Czech…

←Changing factors-post-modern life style Globalisation (javanese, vietnamese,), rapid urbanisation, urbanised life style, small household unit, limit of space per capita

←Logistical technology development module furniture (labour reduction, transport cost cut), supply chain management

Global Furniture ExportersCountry Gross exports Net exports Net exports Net exports

2000 1995 2000 percentage change1995-2000

Italy 8359 7595 7395 -3China 4582 1671 4412 164Canada 5179 685 2044 198Poland 2191 1180 1815 54Indonesia 1518 819 1498 83Malaysia 1596 826 1491 80Denmark 1900 1687 1209 -28Mexico 3315 468 1173 151Thailand 949 712 909 28Spain 1453 523 531 2Slovenia 586 409 461 13Czech Rep 780 148 445 201Romania 445 472 377 -20Sweden 1298 510 338 -34Brazil 496 212 333 57Total of rest 22742Total 57388

source:ITC (www.int

Share of furniture production among developed, transitional and developing countries

Industrial Production index between 1993 and 2003

1993 1998 2003 1993 1998 2003 1993 1998 2003Food and beverages 74.4 73.5 71.7 4.5 3.6 4.6 21.2 22.9 23.7Tobacco products 53.2 52.3 51.6 3.6 1.9 4.2 43.2 45.9 44.2Textiles 63.9 63.1 56.1 2.9 2.5 3.5 33.2 34.5 40.4Wearing apparel, fur 75.2 70.5 59.4 3.1 3.6 5.3 21.7 25.9 35.3Leather, leather products and footwear 63.5 63.9 56.5 4.4 3.5 4.6 32.1 32.6 38.9Wood products (excl.furniture) 83 84.2 83 2.9 2.6 4 14.1 13.2 13Paper and paper products 86.3 85.8 83.1 2.7 2 3.5 11 12.3 13.5Printing and publishing 90.9 90.7 89.9 1.2 1.4 1.9 7.9 7.9 8.2Coke, refined petroleum products, nuclear fue 62.3 60.8 58.4 4.4 3.4 4.1 33.3 35.8 37.5Chemicals and chemical products 80.5 80 78.4 2.8 1.7 2.4 16.7 18.4 19.2Rubber and plastics products 78.9 79.3 76.4 2.3 2.1 3.6 18.8 18.6 20Nonmetallic mineral products 74.4 73.6 70.4 4.7 3.8 5.1 20.9 22.6 24.5Basic metals 77.4 77.6 73.6 6.8 4.6 6.1 15.8 17.9 20.3Fabricated metal products 86.2 86.7 83.5 2.1 1.8 3.3 11.7 11.5 13.2Machinery and equipment n.e.c 86.1 87.7 84.1 3.3 2.5 3.4 10.5 9.8 12.5Office accounting and computing machinery 91.6 93.4 90.6 0.6 0.3 0.3 7.8 6.4 9.1Electrical machinery and apparatus 91 91.4 89.2 1.8 1.5 2.6 7.2 7.2 8.3Radio, television and communication equipmen 72.9 76.8 72.6 1.8 1.3 1.7 25.3 21.9 25.7Medical, precision and optical instruments 90.4 92 91.2 2.4 1.6 2.5 7.2 6.4 6.3Motor vehicles, trailers, semi-trailers 86.8 87.3 84.6 1.7 1.7 2.1 11.4 11 13.3Other transport equipment 83.5 81.7 75.8 4.6 2.8 4 11.9 15.5 30.3Furniture; manufacturing n.e.c 87.2 86.2 83 1.8 2.2 3.6 11 11.7 13.4

ISIC(Rev.3)-BranchDeveloped market economies Transition economies Developing countries

Growing exporters

Exports 1999-2003Product group: 821 - FURNITURE/STUFF FURNISHG(ITC data)

順位 伸び率Value 1999US$ '000

Value 2000US$ '000

Value 2001US$ '000

Value 2002US$ '000

Value 2003US$ '000

1 26.793 ALGERIA 29 737 1,481 1,914 7772 10.187 PAKISTAN 4,668 5,828 7,849 22,986 47,5513 6.173 NIGERIA 300 208 62 67 1,8524 6.030 UGANDA 33 21 279 92.000 1995 4.725 SLOVAKIA 184,148 285,891 337,308 493,746 870,1086 4.421 INDIA 30,240 46,514 51,805 68,200 133,6797 4.375 TOGO 256 1,713 870 398 1,1208 3.848 KYRGYZSTAN 138 227 5319 3.829 LATHYANIA 95,402 132,744 159,747 224,958 365,261

10 3.544 MORROCCO 11,104 13,436 17,401 22,390 39,350- 1.266 KENYA 5,213 4,965 6,425 3,051 6,599

中小零細企業中心の産業集積ウガンダの首都カンパラ（道路の両側に続く家具

工房） タンス、ソファ等が見える

木製家具＋籐製家具

手作業だが汎用デザイン

なぜ、集積地区を選ぶのか？（中小零細企業の立地選好要因）

Location preference among woodworking SMME

市場（商業中心地）

機械加工の利便

用地確保の容易さ

ショールームスペース確保

幹線道路沿い

投入財確保の容易さ

自宅に近い顧客が既にいる

知名度が既にある

ほか

B 70 13 4 10 1 43 1 0 23 9 7

N 30 7 5 11 0 8 7 5 5 0 2

K 30 22 6 14 0 2 7 1 0 1 4

立地選好（立地の時期毎にみると）

立地年代毎の立地選好理由

B（n=70)商業中心地に近い

機械加工の利便

用地確保の容易さ

ショールームスペース確保

幹線道路沿い

投入財確保の容易さ

自宅に近い顧客が既にいる

知名度が既にある

ほか

７１年以前 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

７２～８５年 4 3 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0

８６～９１年 12 1 0 3 0 10 0 0 5 0 0

９２～９５年 11 3 1 1 1 7 1 0 2 0 1

９６～９７年 9 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 5 4 3

９８～９９年 13 4 1 1 0 5 0 0 5 3 0

００～０１年 17 2 2 2 0 10 0 0 4 2 2

０２年 4 0 0 2 0 3 0 0 2 0 1

70 13 4 10 1 43 1 0 23 9 7

N (n=31)

７１年以前 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

７２～８５年 2 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

８６～９１年 4 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0

９２～９５年 7 4 0 2 0 3 3 1 1 0 1

(86-95) 11 4 1 3 0 3 4 2 2 0 1

９６～９７年 5 2 1 2 0 0 1 2 1 0 1

９８～９９年 5 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 0 0

(96-99) 10 3 2 3 0 2 2 3 2 0 1

００～０１年 6 0 1 2 0 2 1 0 1 0 0

０２年 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

31 0 2 3 0 2 1 0 1 0 0

7 5 11 0 8 7 5 5 0 2

集積する中小零細企業の商圏

• １次 首都圏

（共通する製造品目ベッド、ソファ、サイドボード、ダイニング

セット、商用家具）

→中小サービス業（飲食店等）、被雇用者

• ２次 首都圏 上記以外

• ３次 地方 高級市場

• ４次 ボーダートレード

立地選好の比較 大企業の場合

locational preference among major investors in woodworking sectorugandan uganda/ital korean indian italian

A B C D E total

地元の労働力 5 5 5 5 5 25

地代 5 5 5 5 5 25

ユーティリティ 5 5 4 5 5 24

輸送 5 5 4 4 5 23

金融制度 5 5 4 5 4 23

ローカルマーケット 4 4 5 5 5 23

木材供給 5 3 5 5 5 23

居住環境 5 3 5 5 5 23

法制度 2 5 5 5 5 22

内政の安定 5 4 4 4 5 22

交通のスムーズさ 4 2 5 5 5 21

税制許認可制の優遇制度 2 3 5 5 5 20

サプライヤー 3 5 4 4 4 20

中堅・大規模木工産業の市場

• 公共需要

• 建材市場

• 商業サービスセクター・法人需要（ホテル等）

• 小規模な輸出市場

学校、オフィス家具、商用家具、システム家具、デザイン家具 ↑↑↑

このような輸出品製造に中小企業が直接参入するのは難しい。分業の促進による参画の機会を。

主要企業による下請け発注

A 社 B 社 C 社 D 社 E

工程外注先との距離

デザイン (km) 2 1 - - 1

製材加工 (km) 1 4 - 0.5 2

枠組み(km) 3 - - - 0

クッション張り (km ) 0 - - 0 0

仕上げ、塗装 (km) 0 - - 0 0

卸売り(km) 0 - - 0 1

小売り(km) 0 - - 0 0

その他(km) 0 - - 0 0

２つの異質な産業セクター

• 中堅・大規模木工産業

• 工業団地、工業用途地区

• 自己完結

• 中小零細木工産業

• 事実上の工業用途地区を形成

• 協力体制あるも、分業は限られる

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::LARGE FIRM LOCATION::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

EXPORT MARKET (regional and other market) DOMESTIC MARKET (upper and upper-middle class market)

Institutionalisation of Land Use/Zoning Infrastructure/Utility exclusively laid out through colonial administration

↓

Industrial Zoning and Plot Development non-existence

↓Regional Market Integration Failed Major Woodwork Firms located in Industrial Zone. But plots unfilled(East African Community, 1972) ↓

Dual land system, Western and Traditional

: :C IVIL WAR PERIOD/ Disinvestment/ Domest ic economy shrunk: : : : : : C IVIL WAR PERIOD/ Disinvestment/ Domest

Industrial Area Developmentat Peri City Centre, Suburban estate, Local town estate,

↓ Insitutionalisation of export/investment incentives↓ ↓ Export/Investment incentives (application based, any location) EPZ not well understood compared with neighbouring Kenya and Tanzania

↓ ↓ Plots unfilled

Regional Market Integration resumed Industrial estate development (Old Namanve Estate)

new East African Community, 2004 firm locates in a old estates with incentives

↓ Plots unfilled

delayed Export Processing Zone Estate Development, compared with neighbouring Kenya and Tanzania(New Namanve Estate) both domestic and export purpose

↓※ANCHOR FIRMS NOT YET ATTRACTED (insufficient utility, political problem, market integration not enough)

↓ ↓※RELATED FIRMS not access Uganda information ※Local large firms doesn't grow as anchor firm

↓ ↓※CLUSTERING unexpectable ※Inter-firm network not develop

中小零細木工セクターの形成:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::SMME LOCATION:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

DOMESTIC MARKET (mass consumer and working class mark

Utility Provision

Free Standing SMME

Small business regulation eased to meet the demand in WWII

SMME sector remained uninstitutionalised

R PERIOD/ Disinvestment/ Domestic economy shrunk

Agglomerating SMMEs

Utility insufficient/ await service provisionSMME surge in the economic boom but No SMME support institution

ty

A few of SMMEs graduate from agglomeration to industrial estupgrade production environment

Over agglomeration/congestion

Agglomeration shrink and Drop-outs( Not spin-out)

Networking deservedClustering deserved

Uganda Investment Authority (UIA)

Investor perception survey

FactorStrongPositiveEffect

LimitedPositiveEffect

No EffectLimitedNegativeEffect

StrongNegativeEffect

Most Important Factors That Determind Initial Decision to InvestEconomical and FinancialRegional economic situation /market size 36.9 28.6 24.2 8.5 1.8Domestic economic situation / market size 46.1 30.2 14 7.7 2.1Economic policy 38.4 34.0 16.6 7.9 3.1Investment incentives 32.9 27.7 29.9 5.7 3.9Trade policy 26.5 32.9 30.4 7.5 2.7Trade policy 20.1 21.4 22.8 19.2 16.4Invest rate 14.8 16.9 25.3 22.4 20.6Exchange (dividend / capital remittance) control 14.2 19.7 51.3 9.2 5.6Availability of local business finance /credit 17.1 30.6 34.1 9.6 8.7Availability of international business finance /credit 14.7 19.5 49.7 8.1 7.9Access to credit 22.3 27.8 30.0 11.4 8.4Other (please specify) 12.3 15.0 63.1 6.4 3.2Political and GovernancePolitical stability 60.7 22.2 9.3 4.5 3.4Domestic political scenario 43.4 32.3 14.5 6.6 3.2Regulatory framework /state intervention 22.6 29.6 35.6 8.2 4Other(specify and rate below) 9.1 13.3 72.7 2.4 2.4Natural ResourcesMinerals 5.4 9.1 81.9 1.4 2.2Forests 9.1 12.0 75.9 1.6 1.4Lakes and Rivers 13.7 12.5 71.0 1.4 1.4Arable Land 13.9 13.1 71.4 1.0 0.6Flora and Fauna 8.7 12.6 76.3 1.6 0.8Others 7.9 8.4 79.9 2.5

Investor Perceptions of Factors Affecting Investment.

UIA survey -continued-

Infrastructure and ServicesLand 32.1 27.4 33.6 5.3 1.6Water 28.0 29.1 34.7 6.8 1.5Roads 33.7 29.4 18.6 12.2 6.1Railways 14.4 20.5 46.0 8.9 10.2Electricity 32.3 28.6 16.8 13.4 8.8Telecommunications 37.1 32.5 16.2 10.3 3.9LaborRestrictions regarding bringing in expatriates 8.8 15.2 53.2 15.9 6.9Wage levels 10.8 33.8 36.1 15.7 3.6Availability of skilled labor 19.6 28.1 25.1 21.5 5.7Cost of skilled labor 13.3 29.8 28.9 21.1 6.9Cost of unskilled labor 13.0 30.0 40.2 13.7 3.1Other(specify and rate below) 7.0 14.0 68.0 9.0 2.0Environmental and healthEnvironmental Impact Assessment 10.1 17.2 60.6 10.1 2.0Environmental legislation and Control 7.2 19.2 60.6 9.9 3.1Other(specify) 2.6 8.8 82.4 3.1 3.1

まとめ• マーシャル型 産業集積として今のところ確立（将来的には・・・・）

→ハブスポーク型へ移行？ 分業体制の拡大→マーシャル型のまま高度化？ 各々規模拡大→衰退？ 市場縮小、制度改変、外的要因、過剰参入

• ２つのセクターの課題

中小企業クラスター 国内低・中級品市場 技術向上主要企業部門 国内高級品市場 市場拡大

優位性 ①林産資源 ②市場統合（東アフリカ、東部南部アフリカ）③近隣内戦地区の収束（南スーダン、東コンゴ）市場復活

市場空間の拡大の機会をいかす議論を。（２つの業界、政策）

ありがとうございました