バリアフリーデザインと公共空間におけるアクセシ …バリアフリーデザインと公共空間におけるアクセシビリティの導入―バングラディシュ、

バリアフリーデザインと公共空間におけるアクセシビリティの導入―バングラディシュ、

ダッカ市を対象として BARRIER-FREE DESIGN AND INTRODUCING ACCESSIBILITY IN PUBLIC PLACES –

THE CASE OF DHAKA CITY, BANGLADESH

Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo; 37-116789 Md. Mustafizur Rahman

During recent years, the attention to accessibility for all people has increased and equal opportunities for all people to

participate in society are being emphasized. With increasing attention to accessibility issues, empirical research

focusing more accessible environments for deferent user groups as well as practical solutions in deferent sectors of

society are being carried out and new solutions have been implemented. Today, accessibility for transport is an

important issue to maintain the sustainability of our society. This research aims to investigate the barriers and

deficiencies for disable people found in public places and transportation and then to provide valuable information on

effective design techniques and principles for ensuring barrier free accessibility for disable people.

1. Introduction

Access is an issue that plays a vital part in the life of

persons with disabilities, who are becoming increasingly

scared of going outside and do whatever work he/she has

to do and accessible transportation is the passport to

independent living for everyone. Barrier-Free Design

means giving users the ability to move around without

restriction. The term barrier-free design is commonly

interpreted as removing physical and attitudinal obstacles

that prevent the free movement of persons with

disabilities in a manner that is consistent with regulations,

standards or codes of practice. Conversely access to

transport without barrier-free, making the public places

and pathways very difficult. Barrier free transportation

accessible environment will formulate advantages for all.

If persons with disabilities can get to a public places and

pathways easily, it’s means that other people also have

easy to use public places and public transportation.

2. Background and statement of problems

Presently no comprehensive empirical study has been

conducted at present to determine the incidence and

prevalence of disabilities in Bangladesh. While no

reliable national data exist, unreliable information and a

number of micro studies generally suggest a disability

prevalence rate of between 5 to 12 per cent. This is close

to the WHO (World Health Organization) estimate,

which states that 15 per cent of any given population can

be considered to have some or other form of disability.

Then recent survey explains that among all disable

people - 41.5 % has physical disabilities, 19.7% has

visual disabilities and 19.6% speech and hearing

disability, intellectual disabilities 7.4%, cerebral palsy

7.0%, multiple disabilities 3.4% and mental illness 1.4%

now exist in Bangladesh (Situation Analysis of Autism

and Developmental Disabilities in Bangladesh, 2012).

Despite this, disabled people in Bangladesh face

immense difficulties in accessing services, facilities and

opportunities. There are a number of reasons behind the

poor accessibility in Bangladesh; however, probably the

root of the problem is lack of awareness of disability and

the needs of disabled people.

In this state of affairs the government had declared about

two decades back a 10 per cent employment quota for

persons with disabilities. But this quota has never been

properly implemented due to the lack of sensitivity of

employers about the potentialities of persons with

disabilities, contradictory employment policies and a

lack of proper monitoring system.

However legislation with the title of “Protibandhi

Kallayan Ayn-2001 (Disability Welfare Act-2001)” has

been enacted in 2001 for the disabled. To fulfill the need

and creation of opportunities for the people with

disabilities Govt. of Bangladesh is currently considering

the amendment of the law for the Persons with

Disabilities. Following Table 1-1 illustrates the disability

related policies and act undertaken in Bangladesh in

different years.

Besides this Bangladesh has a building code that clearly

demarcates accessibility options for all people including

persons with disabilities. Yet again ambiguity in the

system, the lack of proper monitoring, and a lack of

system to penalize violators prevent accessibility for

persons with disabilities. Now the government has

decided to reserved seats for persons with disabilities in

public transports. But this decision has not been

implemented since the public transports themselves have

lack of general accessibility facilities.

3. Research Objective and Methodology

The main purpose of this research work is to provide

valuable information on effective design techniques

and standards for ensuring barrier free accessibility for

disabled people. To fulfill this purpose intensive

concentration will give throughout the study to achieve

the following specific objectives:

- To identify problem of movement and access

deficiencies for handicapped people

- To observe facilities and deficiencies of available

accessibility for disabled people in public places

- To design barrier-free accessible Public Places for

disabled people

- To design barrier-free accessible Rickshaw for

disabled people

To counter these objectives the research questions are set

up as follows:

- What groups of handicapped people move out often

and what kind of barrier free facilities should be

provided for their daily movement?

- What should be the standard and implementation

process for proposing barrier free design in the

proposed area?

However this study has been designed as a survey

research where qualitative and quantitative data are

combined. Qualitative data have been obtained from

written documents, interviews with concerned people

and institutions and observations intended for

accessibility for the disabled people to the public places.

Quantitative data have been compiled by means of

questionnaires intended for wheel chair users and

visually impaired people. Hence, 93 disable persons

living in Dhaka city have been surveyed using random

sampling technique where 34 visually impaired persons

and 59 wheelchair dependents have been evaluated under

the study. The questions have been prepared in 7

interrelated categories: personal information about the

disabled person, help requirements, frequency of travel

and modal behavior of disable people, Opinions of

disable people using the public places and public

transportation. Then the survey has been made using

paper based face-to-face question and answer method

regarding barriers in rickshaw travelling, Kamlapur

Railway

Station and

pedestrian

environment

in Motijheel

area, Dhaka;

for two

months in

two deferent

times – first

one in

September

2012 and

second one

in March

2013. Lastly

in evaluation

of the survey data SPSS software package has been used.

Figure 2-1 shows the two survey location in Motijheel

area.

Table 1-1: Disable associated legislation and act in

Bangladesh

1993 National Coordination Committee on Disability

established under the Ministry of Social Welfare

1995 National Policy on Disability approved

outlining guidelines for prevention,

identification, education, rehabilitation, research

and management of the national program

1996 Action Plan on Disability approved outlining

the plan for the implementation of the National

Policy - this plan has not yet been fully

implemented.

2000 National Foundation for the Development of

Disabled Persons (NFDDP) established under

the Ministry of Social Welfare

2001 Disability Welfare Act passed by Bangladesh

Parliament

Source: Bangladesh Protibandhi Kallyan Somity

Figure 2-1: Survey area; Motijheel & kamlapur

Railway Station

National Stadium

SaplaChattar

Kamalapur

Kaptan Bazar

urana Paltan

gor

Madhya Basabo

Sabuj Bagh

Fakirapool

Sutrapur, Wari

RK Mission Road

New Paltan

Pentagon Hotel

Ideal Govt. High School & College

Basabo Buddha

Rajarbag

Bangabhaban

Kamlapur

South Shahjahanpur

Sardar Hotel

Kamlapur Rail Station

North Kamlapur


South Shahjahanpur Railway Colony

WASA Staff Quarter

RailwayPWD Quarter

Sher-E-Bangla Hawker Market

Shenakallayn Sangstha

National Laber Council

Younus Center

Rajuk Bhabon

South East Bank Ltd.

Adomji Court

Biman BhabanKrishi Bank Bhaban

City Center

National Sports Council

Riad Bhaban

BIWTA Bhabon

Ittefaq Bhaban

Ismail Mansion

Notordem College

Mirza Abbas Degree College

Shajanpur Railway Govt. Primary School Mohasharok Jame Mosque

Pan Pacific Hospital

Santi Nibash

Mazumdar Villa

Railway Super Market

P, W, D

Care Medical Center

Detective Training School

Bangladesh Railway

South Shajjahan Pur Jame Mosque

Modhumita Cinema Hall Sonali Bank Staf Quater

Nirala Bhaban

Sena Kolyan Bhaban

Bangladesh Bank

Bitanic Trade

Wapda Vaban

Mugda Grave Marke

Eden Jam-e- MosqueDyinik Jogantor

Motijheel Collonee Jame Mosque

Rail Nibash

Jonota Bhaban

Motijheel Model High School & College

Ban

glad

esh

Roa

d T

rans

port

Cor

pora

tion

Komlapur Rail Station

Shobuj Kanon Jame

Shatkshira Los

Colony Bazar

Fakirapul Bazar Siddikia Jame mosque

Al Amin CoumplexFakirapul Hafejia Madrasa

Polton Comunity Center

T.N.T

Mosque Market

Kasem Traders P.W.D Jame Mosque

High School+Post Office

Bangladesh Bank Staff Quarter

Baitul Aman Islamiya Madrasah

PWD

I.C.D Bhobon

Govt. Staff Quarter

Volley Ball Stadium

Paltan Maidan

Shilpa Bank

Mohammad Ali Boxing Stadium

Ideal School and College

Rajarbag Police Line

Polwell Market

Jibon Bima Bhaban

Hotel Purbani

4. Opinions of accessible environment and identify

barriers

Regarding opinions of accessible environment and

identify barriers of this area, this study gives details of

relationship between kind of disability and frequency of

travel, modal behavior, opinions of accessible situation

of public places, public transport and barriers in rickshaw

when travelling. Yet again this study also shows barriers

of Kamlapur Railway Station and pedestrian

environment regarding accessibility, identified by the

assistance of two kinds of disable persons.

In Figure 3-1 explains most of them goes out every day,

where 84.7% were wheel chair user and 79.4% were

visual impairments persons. Figure 3-2 explains both of

respondents preferred rickshaw for their daily travelling.

Comparing to other two kinds of mode nearly every

wheel chair user considered rickshaw for traveling.

However for travelling rickshaw, respondents go and get

barrier concerning its height, store, sitting and assistance

facilities. Figure 3-3 illustrates that height is the major

barrier while rickshaw travelling. Then Figure 3-4 and

Figure 3-5 shows opinions regarding accessible

environment about public places. Consequences explain

that wheel chair users identified very inaccessible

(cannot move without assistance) situation in railway

station and visual impairment respondents recognized as

public places has very inaccessible (cannot move without

assistance) position for moving. Then roads are decided

as most inaccessible (can be move without assistance)

for both respondents. Then Figure 3-6 and Figure 3-7

shows opinions of accessible environment about public

transport in Dhaka city. It shows that both auto rickshaw

and rickshaw identified as very inaccessible (cannot

move without assistance) situation for all respondents

while travelling. Subsequently the majority of the

respondents considered about pedestrian in this location

has most inaccessible (can be move without assistance)

environment for transporting.

Yet again for identifying barriers of pedestrian in this

location, first the study area was divided into eight

locations like P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7, P8 and then

with the help of respondents six types of barriers were

selected as lack of pedestrian signals, street vendors,

Figure 3-1: Kind of disability and frequency of travel

Figure 3-4: Opinion of wheel chair user about public places

Figure 3-5: Opinion of visual impairment person about public places

Figure 3-2: Kind of disability and travel mode

Figure 3-6: Opinion of wheel chair users about public transport

Figure 3-7: Opinion of visual impairment person about public transport

Figure 3-3: Opinions of Barriers in Rickshaw travelling of Visual Impairment & Wheel Chair User

open manhole, illegal car parking, pedestrian obstruction

and other problems (slum, construction material, dust bin,

tree, and lamp post). Figure 3-8 to Figure 3-11 shows

barriers in pedestrian 1 and 2. Both

of these locations, street vendors

were the major barrier for access

and it was 38% and 27%. Figure

3-12 to Figure 3-15 shows barriers

in pedestrian 3 and 4. Both of

these areas, lacks of pedestrian

signal were

the major

barrier for

access.

Then

Figure

3-16 and

Figure

3-17 shows

only 3 types of

barriers in

pedestrian 5.

Again lacks of

pedestrian signal

were the major

barrier for

accessible

environment of

this location.

Figure 3-18 and

Figure 3-19

shows 4 types of

barriers in

pedestrian 6.

Once more street

vendors were the

key barrier in this location. Figure 3-20 and Figure 3-21

shows again 4 types of barriers in pedestrian 7. In this

location barrier for accessible environment was due to

slum and construction

material on the

pedestrian. Finally

Figure 3-22 and

Figure 3-23 shows 6

types of barriers in

pedestrian 8. This

location also has

access problem

largely due to lacks

of pedestrian signals.

Figure 3-24 explains

total barriers

Figure 3-10: Barriers in P2

National Stadium

SaplaChattar


Younus Center

Rajuk Bhabon


Adomji Court


City Center


BIWTA Bhabon

Notordem College

Ede

Govt. Staf

Shilpa Bank

Jibon Bima Bhaban

Hotel Purbani

P2

N

Illegal car parking

Open Man hole

Other Problems

Pedestrian Obstructions

Lack of pedestrianSignals

Street Vendors

Figure 3-12: Barriers in P3 and Figure 3-14: Barriers in P4

SaplaChattar


Younus Center

ast Bank Ltd.


City Center

BIWTA Bhabon

Notordem College

Ed



omunity Center

T.N.T


Bangladesh Bank Staff Qua

Baitul Aman Islamiya Madras

PWD

Govt. Sta

Hotel Purbani

P3

riers in Pedestrian P3

ar parking

an hole

roblems

an Obstructions

pedestriangnalsendors

New Paltan

Rajarbag

WASA Staff Quarter

PWD Quarter

Riad Bhaban

BIWTA Bhabon

P, W, D

Care Medical Center

Detective Training School



Polton Comunity Center

T.N.T

Mosque Marke

Kasem Traders P.W.D Jame Mosque

Rajarbag Police Line

Polwell Market

P4

Pedestrian P4

g

uctions

an

Figure 3-8: Barriers

in P1

SaplaChattar

enakallayn Sangstha

Ittefaq Bhaban

Ismail Mansion

Modhumita Cinema Hall

Nirala B

Sena Kolyan Bh

Bitanic Trade

Wapda VabanP1

Illegal car parking

Open Man hole

Other Problems



Street Vendors

Barriers in Pedestrian P1

N

Figure 3-9: Percentage of barrier in P1





North Kamlapur

Jonota Bhaban

Ban

glad

esh

Roa

d T

rans

port

Cor

pora

tion

Bangladesh Bank Staff QuarterP5

Barriers in Pedestrian P5

N

Illegal car parking

Open Man hole

Other Problems



Street Vendors

Figure 3-18: Barriers in P6 and Figure 3-20: Barriers in P7

Fakirapool

WASA Staff Quarter

Motijheel Collonee J

Motijheel Model H

Colony Bazar

Mosque Market


PWD


P6ng

ructions

ian

Fakirapool

WASA Staff Quarter

Railway

MotijheeJame Mo

Colony Bazar


T.N.T

Mosque Market



PWD

Ideal School and Co

P7

t i P7

ns


National Stadium

SaplaChattar


Younus Center

Rajuk Bhabon


Adomji Court


City Center


BIWTA Bhabon

Notordem College

Ede

Govt. Staf

Shilpa Bank

Jibon Bima Bhaban

Hotel Purbani

P2

N

Illegal car parking

Open Man hole

Other Problems



Street Vendors


Fakirapool


Kamlapur

South Shahjahanpur


South Shahjahanpur Railway Colony

WASA Staff Quarter

Railway

Mirza Abbas Degree College

Shajanpur Railway Govt. Primary School

Pan Pacific Hospital

Mazumdar Villa

Bangladesh Railway

South Shajjahan Pur Jame Mosque

Motijheel Collonee Jame Mosque

Rail Nibash

Motijheel Model High School & College

Colony Bazar

Mosque Market



PWD


P8

ions

identified in the study area. About 29% barriers were due

to lack of pedestrian signals which generates more

problems for accessible environment in this location.

Then due to pedestrian obstructions, street vendors and

other problems creates 23%, 19% and 15% barriers

respectively for accessible environment in this location.

Figure 3-25 shows barriers in Kamlapur railway station

which is identified once more by the help of disable

persons. In fact from entry to exit every place has

inaccessible situation for handicapped people. This

figure also shows the rickshaw driving and dropping area

in front of the railway station.

5. Proposed design for accessible environment

This research considers the 2010 ADA (Americans with

Disabilities Act) Standards and present situation of

survey area for proposed barrier free design. Again for

implementations of barrier free design, this research

proposed following three proposals -

I. Proposed Barrier free accessible design for

Kamlapur Railway Station

Figure 3-17, 3-19: Percentage of barrier in P5 and P6

Figure 3-21, 3-23: Percentage of barrier in P7 and P8

Figure 3-24: Percentages of total barriers in study area

Figure 3-25: Existing barriers in Kamlapur Railway Station

up

N

FOOT OVER BRIDGE

M

Rikshaw DrivingArea

Dropping

Walk way

Entry-Exit

Entry Ramp

Ticketing Area

Information Board

Platform Area

Seating area

Existing structure

M

M

Car parking

M A I N R O A D

Car parking

Figure 4-1: Barrier free design proposal for kamlapur Station

Figure 4-2: Barrier free design proposal for entry-exit

Figure 4-3: Barrier free design proposal for information and ticket

counter area

Figure 4-4: Barrier free design proposal for rickshaw dropping area

Figure 4-5: Barrier free design proposal for platform area

up

N

FOOT OVER BRIDGE

M A I N R O A D

Ticket counter

Information Board

Seating area

Dropping

Car parking

Entry & Exit

Proposed designExisting structure

Detected warning

Detected TactileWarning

Rikshaw dropping

Inset A

up

18

'

6'

3'

Colour Contrast&

Detected warning

3 feet wide ramp

Ele

vatio

n A

2'

18' 6'

2'

3 feet wide rampHand Rail

7'

20 mm letter height for6 m height information board

information board

information table( 30 degree - 45 degree)

2'-6

"1

'-5"

2'-6

"4

'-6"

4'

sound system for blind

table topfor blind

table topwheel chair user

3'

accessible sign

3 feet wide ramp

Rikshaw Dropping

information board

Detected warning

Ele

vatio

n B

3 feet wide ramp

Hand Rail

12 mm letter height for3 m height information board

information board

6'

3'

Ground floor at 2 feet level

P L A T F O R M

4 0 0 m m d e e p T a c t i lew a r n i n g s t r i p a n d 5 0 0 m m

f r o m p l a t f o r m e d g e

w h i t e l i n e a t p la t f o r me d g e

2 0 0 0 m m c le a r w id t h f r o ms e a t in g t o

p l a t f o r m e d g e

II. Proposed Barrier free accessible design for

Pedestrian (study area)

III. Proposed Barrier free Rickshaw design

6. Conclusion and Recommendation

Nearly every respondents travel everyday and the

majority of them choice Rickshaw for their travel

although height is the major barrier for travelling

Rickshaw. Then both wheel chair users and visual

impairment persons decided Railway station is very

inaccessible situation as public places and Rickshaw,

Auto Rickshaw; Pedestrian area has very inaccessible

condition as public transport for traveling. From the

study it is found that disabled people are less cared

population in our country. It is also found that the

practice of accessibility issues in Dhaka city is very

inconsequential. Thus proper planning for disable people

must be increased with provided awareness about

accessible environment. Then believe should be grow

among disable people that accessibility is their right.

References - DOT-1-85-07. U.S. Department of Transportation,

Washington, D.C., 1984, pp. 6-239–6-244. - COUNTRY REPORT: BANGLADESH, Md.

Zulfiker Haider - Responding to the Design Needs of Disabled

People; Rob Imrie, 04 Aug 2010 - “Opportunities for Creating Livable Communities,”

Mia R. Oberlink, April 2008.

Figure 4-6: Proposed section through cross walk

Figure 4-7: Proposed pedestrian width for local residential road

Figure 4-8: Pedestrian width for local neighborhood collectoral road

Figure 4-9: Proposed pedestrian width for Minor arterial road

Figure 4-10: Proposed pedestrian width for Principal arterial road

Figure 4-11: Pedestrian width for street vendors through principal

and minor arterial road

Figure 4-12: Proposed plan for manhole cover

Figure 4-13: Proposed design for covering manhole

9' 1'

Space for Street Vendors

Buffer Space

Accessible Route

15'

6 '

Space for S treet Vendor

B uffer Space

A ccessible R oute

12'

Location of Street Furnitureor Planter Box over Manhole

Location of Manhole (18" diameter)Detected WarningSidewalk

20" width Bentch forseating

at 30" level

20"x20" planter boxof 42" height

Figure 4-14: Proposed Barrier free Rickshaw (option 01)



folding ramp

36" wide and12' long ramp

for wheelchair user

9'11"

1'

2'

2'-9

"

3' 1'-11"

3'-0

"

12'-0"

1'-0

"

proposed 36inch wide spacefor wheel chair

user

proposed rampfor getting inand out to the

rickshaw

inside storefor wheel

chair

3'-6

"

7'

2'-4

"1

'-5"

7"

11"

inside store forkeeping wheel

chair

1'-5

"1'-5

"7"

9'-4"

3'-1

0"

2'-3

"

1'-0

"2

'3

'-1"contrast in

colour

1'-0

"2

'-0"

contrast incolour

3'-1

"

heightreduce

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バリアフリーデザインと公共空間におけるアクセシ …バリアフリーデザインと公共空間におけるアクセシビリティの導入―バングラディシュ、