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7/31/2019 Fibras cermicas

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H@N^MV FCÊ@FMV

[cq{g {gemkg kcb b`n~g .[q`fgv Fc~e`fgv." |g~ Og~ic Hc~ddkcz Fa`{`$

FGE\GV@F@D P SVGV

Bmv bbmemkmv h`n~mv fc~e`fmv vc hmn~`fmd fgd em{c~`mv |~èmvfgdgf`kmv? fmgbd" mbe`dm" fsm~zg" ev |c}scgv |g~fcd{mocv kc q`kg kcf`~fgd`g p g{~gv" `dfbs`kgv |m~m ecog~m~ vs ~cv`v{cdf`m" cbmv{`f`kmk p|~g|`ckmkcv$ K`famv em{c~`mv |~èmv vgd hsdk`kmv m {ce|c~m{s~mv espcbcxmkmv !cd{~c =3


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~cmbecd{c vc~`gv" }sc ~c}s`c~md fmb`kmk p ks~mf`d$ Dg am |gk`kg vc~vs|c~mkg cb kchcf{g cvcdf`mb }sc |~cvcd{md fgdv`v{cd{c cd vs f~`v{mb`zmf`d|~gi~cv`xm? fgd bg }sc vc xmd kchg~emdkg p ~c{g~f`cdkg m fmkm fgff`dsdmv kfèmv kc e`bec{~g cd hg~em è|bmfmnbc$ Mb f~`v{mb`zm~vc" bmv h`n~`bbmvvc vc|m~md cd{~c v" fgd bg }sc |`c~kcd m`vbme`cd{g {~e`fg !cv |g~ cbbg }sc

bgv ag~dgv kc h`n~m fgd cb {`ce|g fmv` dg |sckcd {gfm~vc cq{c~`g~ecd{cfsmdkg vc ambbmd fmb`cd{cv" e`cd{~mv }sc mb vc~ dscxgv m|cdmv cv{d {`n`gv)$Bgv |`vgv kc cv{gv ag~dgv !mv fgeg bmv {cfasen~cv) vgd `~~`vg~`gv$ Dg

cv |gv`nbc kcv|sv kc sd {`ce|g kc svg cb emd{cdc~ bm ag~`zgd{mb`kmkdcfcvm~`m |m~m sdm fm~im fg~~cf{m kc |`czmv" |scv{g }sc vc xmd ~c{g~f`cdkgev p ev m fmkm ag~dmkm !|g~ cbbg mag~m {gkgv bgv ag~dgv kc h`n~m bbcxmd|`vg kc bmk~`bbgv)$ Bgv disbgv g cv}s`dmv kc cv{gv ag~dgv ìsmbecd{c xmd|c~k`cdkg vs mdisbm~`kmk p fgd cb {`ce|g vc ~ckgdkcmd" |scv bmv h`n~mv{~mnmomd mb fmbg~$ Bmv ~cv`v{cdf`mv cbf{~`fmv dg |sckcd vgv{cdc~vc$ Bmv|sc~{mv vc {sc~fcd p dg f`c~~md ac~e{`fmecd{c$ Cd h`d? fgeg em{c~ mb~ch~mf{m~`g m`vbmd{c vgd sd kcvmv{~c |m~m ag~dgv fc~e`fgv$

Bm m{evhc~m ~c`dmd{c cd cb `d{c~`g~ kc bgv ag~dgv kc h`n~m fc~e`fm cvmdembm c è|~ckcf`nbc !v` vgd cbf{~`fgv)$ Cq`v{c cd cbbgv sdm ~cmff`d}se`fg%hv`fm }sc amfc }sc bm h`n~m mkvg~nm aseckmk |~gxcd`cd{c kc bmv|`czmv cd fgff`d" bm ~c{cdim p bm {~mdve`{m m bm fm~fmvm ec{b`fm" fgd bg }scv{mv vc gq`kmd mb fmbg~ p dg ks~md$ Sd x`cog fc~me`v{m |~ghcv`gdmb" }sc`dv{mb cd vs hn~`fm xm~`gv kc cv{gv ag~dgv" dgv kòg? Dsdfm |skc vmfm~ sdnscd cvemb{c em{c cd ag~dgv kc h`n~m Cb {cfag kcb ag~dg kc h`n~mv`ce|~c {~mnmom egomkg Sdm ag~dmkm vmbc mfc|{mnbc |c~g bm g{~m vcm~~s`dm Bm {ce|c~m{s~m kcd{~g kc sd ag~dg kc h`n~m fc~e`fm dg ~cvsb{msd`hg~ec" mb cq`v{`~ |gfm mnvg~f`d fmb~`fm |g~ bmv |m~ckcv kcb ag~dg !fmbg~sd`hg~e`zmd{c g ~chbcog)$

Bm xcd{mom }sc v`~xc fgeg esbc{`bbm |m~m bgv fgec~f`md{cv" hmn~`fmd{cvkc ag~dgv p cvfscbmv kc fc~e`fm }sc vc kck`fmd m |snb`f`{m~ cv{mv h`n~mvfmdfc~icdmv" cv }sc bgv ag~dgv kc h`n~m |cvmd ecdgv: bg fsmb cv f`c~{g"|c~g m }s |~cf`g$$- G{~m xcd{mom |snb`f`{mkm cv }sc fgdvsecd ecdgv" bg}sc cv hmbvg$ Vè|bcecd{c cv{gv ag~dgv vc |~cv{md |m~m fgff`gdcv%fgac{c" pcv |g~ cbbg }sc fgdvsecd ecdgv cbcf{~`f`kmk" |c~g vcecomd{c ~m|`kczm~~s`dm bmv |`czmv" amfc cq|bg{m~ bmv |mv{mv f~skmv p m~~s`dm bgv cvemb{cvem{cv }sc m}scb hmn~`fmd{c kcfm dg |gkc~ fgdvcis`~ \mv{mv p cvemb{cvvgd v`b`fm{gv |c~czgvgv |m~m x`{~`h`fm~ g hsdk`~$ Ecog~ fmb`kmk fc~e`fm vcfgdvìsc m {~mxv kc |~gfcvgv {~e`fgv bcd{gv$ Cv f`c~{g }sc bm h`n~mfc~e`fm mnvg~nc esfag ecdgv fmbg~ }sc bgv bmk~`bbgv ~ch~mf{m~`gv: |c~g cvmcv |~cf`vmecd{c bm x`~{sk kc bgv bmk~`bbgv {~mk`f`gdmbcv" p bm hmbbm kc bmv h`n~mv$

Cb ag~dg e`bcdm~`g" fgdv{~s`kg fgd em{c~`mb fmgbd`fg mbse`dgvg"fsmdkg {`cdc ~cxcv{è`cd{g `d{c~`g~ |g~gvg xm mnvg~n`cdkg fmbg~ mb fgecdzm~bm fgff`d !|~èc~g vc fmb`cd{md bmv |m~ckcv kcb ag~dg p ev {m~kc bmv|`czmv)$ Cbbg cdf`c~~m sdm fbmxc ei`fm p ev{`fm? mb fmbcd{m~vc kc m |gfg bmv|`czmv" v{mv dg cq|bg{md |g~ fmbcd{me`cd{g ~|`kg" bg }sc v vsfckc fgd cbag~dg kc h`n~m$ Cq`v{c g{~g em~mx`bbgvg chcf{g cd cb ag~dg {~mk`f`gdmb$ Sdmxcz }sc bmv |m~ckcv vc amd fmbcd{mkg |g~ vgn~c cb |sd{g ~gog !vgn~c bgv 83


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cv{c egkg sd chcf{g cv|cog cd cb `d{c~`g~ kcb ag~dg" bg }sc sd`hg~e`zm bm{ce|c~m{s~m ~c`dmd{c p amfc }sc bmv |`czmv vmbimd |m~comv !cd xcz kckcv`ismbcv" g me|gbbmkmv sdmv" m~~simkmv g{~mv" p xc~~sigvmv bm empg~m"fgeg vsfckc fgd bgv ag~dgv kc h`n~m)$

Cb ag~dg fc~e`fg cv sd m|m~m{g ei`fg$ Cbmng~mkg amfc e`bcv kc mgv

|g~ fc~me`v{mv `d`f`mkgv" dg |g~ mxcd{s~c~gv em{c~`mb`v{mv |gv{egkc~dgv"{gkg b fgdv`v{c cd sd v`v{cem `e|gv`nbc kc vc~ vs|c~mkg$ Ks~md{c cbfmbcd{me`cd{g" bmv |m~ckcv p |bmfmv kcb ag~dg mnvg~ncd fmv` {gkg cb fmbg~: cb}sc kcv|sv cv fck`kg |gfg m |gfg m bmv |`czmv |g~ vgn~c bgv 83


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[GQ@F@KMK

\g~ bg ecdgv kcvkc =01< vc x`cdcd cv{sk`mdkg cv{mv h`n~mv kcvkc cb|sd{g kc x`v{m {gq`fgbi`fg$ P |g~ mbig vc~ }sc vgd {md cv{sk`mkmv$ Cddscv{~g hgbbc{g {`{sbmkg b{èmv `dxcv{ìmf`gdcv vgn~c bmv h`n~mv fc~e`fmv!=006)" k`v{~`ns`kg cd hg~em i~m{s`{m |g~ bm Hsdkmf`d Fgdkg~asmv` p|snb`fmkg kcb e`veg egkg |g~ bm Sd`xc~v`kmk kc Fa`bc" acegv ~cvse`kg bgvcv{sk`gv ev vìd`h`fm{`xgv ~cmb`zmkgv |g~ Sd`xc~v`kmkcv kc kcfcdmv kc|mvcv$ Cv{sk`gvgv kc d`xcb `d{c~dmf`gdmb dg |sckcd cv{m~ c}s`xgfmkgv d`fsm{~g |`bbc{cv kc M~icd{`dm" g N~mv`b" g mbid |m{d kc Vg|cbmdm !Cv|mm)}sc `dvsb{m |g~ fg~~cg" |sckcd cv{m~ cd bg f`c~{g" pm }sc cb `d{c~v kc cv{gvb{ègv dg cv |~cf`vmecd{c bm xc~kmk f`cd{h`fm v`dg cb ngbv`bbg f~skg pv`d`cv{~g" }sc fgd cv{mv h`n~mv xmd bbcdmdkg mb m|~gxcfam~vc kc bm ìdg~mdf`mkc icd{c `dicdsm" }sc vc mfc~fm~gd m bm fc~e`fm fgd meg~ p vgd svmkgv|m~m xcdkc~bcv ag~dgv g h`n~mv fmdfc~icdmv m cvfgdk`kmv" v`d mx`vg |~cx`gmb ecdgv" fgeg vc~m bg agdcv{g$

Cd Sd`xc~v`kmkcv kc Om|d vc am bbcimkg m fgdfbsv`gdcv `~~cnm{`nbcv cdfsmd{g m bm mf{`x`kmk |g{cdf`mbecd{c fmdfc~icdm kc cv{mv h`n~`bbmv" mb vc~`dambmkmv p mbgom~vc cd bgv mbxgbgv |sbegdm~cv$ K`fagv mbxgbgv cd ~cmb`kmkvgd bgv vmfgv {c~e`dmbcv kc bgv fgdksf{gv ~cv|`~m{g~`gv ev |c}scgv kcb|sbed" cd kgdkc vc ~cmb`zm cb `d{c~fmen`g kc gqicdg !}sc |mvm m bm vmdi~c)p vc cbè`dm mdak~`kg fm~nd`fg !}sc vmbc mb m`~c)$ M fmkm `dambmf`d%cq|`~mf`d vc |gdcd cd hsdf`gdme`cd{g e`bbgdcv kc cv{gv mbxgbgv$ [gkgvfgdv{md kc xmvgv vmdisdcgv mkac~`kgv m vs |m~ck" bm }sc cv m{~mxcvmkm |g~vegv`v |g~ bgv ecdf`gdmkgv imvcv? ~cfc|{megv gqicdg }sc cv bbcxmkg|g~ bgv ibnsbgv ~gogv m {gkg cb fsc~|g" p cbè`dmegv mdak~`kg fm~nd`fg}sc vmbc mb m`~c fsmdkg cqambmegv$ K`fag mdak~`kg fm~nd`fg cv cb kcvcfag~cvsb{md{c kc bm fgensv{`d kcb gqicdg m d`xcb fcbsbm~" |scv dscv{~g fsc~|gcd ~cmb`kmk cv sd ag~dg }sc emd{`cdc vs {ce|c~m{s~m }scemdkg gqicdg!ìsmb }sc cb ag~dg m bcm)$ [gkm gq`kmf`d cv sdm fgensv{`d }sc icdc~mfmbg~$

Cb ecfmd`veg kc bm `d{gq`fmf`d |g~ xm |sbegdm~ cv vè`bm~ mb kcbme`md{g g mvncv{g$ Bmv kècdv`gdcv kc menmv h`n~mv vgd mvgen~gvmecd{cvè`bm~cv" mb ìsmb }sc vs hg~em$ Mb vc~ mbm~imkmv p kcbimkvèmv" menmvh`n~mv" fsmdkg amd |cdc{~mkg cd bgv fgdksf{gv ~cv|`~m{g~`gv p amd bgi~mkgmbfmdzm~ bgv n~gd}s`gbgv p mbxgbgv" k`hf`becd{c |gk~d vc~ cbè`dmkmv$

[md{g cb {memg kc bmv h`n~mv fgeg vs fge|gv`f`d }se`fm fgdv|`~mdv`d~i`fmecd{c |m~m mfcd{sm~ bm f`{g{gq`f`kmk$ Bmv h`n~mv fc~e`fmv {`cdcdsd kèc{~g }sc gvf`bm cd{~c sdg p {~cv e`f~gdcv" osv{mecd{c cb {memg ev

|cbì~gvg pm }sc dg |sckc vc~ cq|cb`kg mb cq{c~`g~ kcb |sbed d` ~c{cd`kg |g~bmv x`n~`vmv dmvmbcv$ \m~{fsbmv ecdg~cv kc sd e`f~d" }sc ampmd |cdc{~mkgcd bgv fgdksf{gv ~cv|`~m{g~`gv" |sckcd vc~ cq|cb`kmv fgd bm {gv p g{~gvecfmd`vegv kc kchcdvm$ P bmv empg~cv kc k`cz e`f~gdcv" vgd ~c{cd`kmv |g~bmv x`n~`vmv p |g~ bm esfgvm" bg }sc amfc è|gv`nbc vs mffcvg amv{m bgvmbxgbgv |sbegdm~cv" }sc vgd bgv vmfgv {c~e`dmbcv$ \c~g bmv |m~{fsbmv cd{~cbgv {~cv p f`dfg e`f~gdcv k`hf`becd{c |gk~d vc~ cq|cb`kmv" d` ~c{cd`kmv |g~bm esfgvm |m~m vs cbè`dmf`d mb cq{c~`g~$ \m~m fgbeg kc embcv" bm hg~em {md


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`dv`k`gvm }sc {`cdcd cv{mv h`n~mv fc~e`fmv !ìsmbcv cd vs hg~em m bmv kcbmvncv{g g me`md{g)" cd cq{~ceg bm~imv fgd ~cbmf`d m vs kèc{~g" amfc }schbg{cd cd cb m`~c p dg vc kc|gv`{cd fgeg v bg amfc cb |gbxg m{egvh~`fg$Fsmb}s`c~ ag~dg cd hsdf`gdme`cd{g" v` cv kc h`n~m" dg n`cd vc fmb`cd{m" |g~k`hc~cdf`m kc |~cv`d b`nc~m~ amf`m cb cq{c~`g~ e`bcv kc cv{mv h`n~mv }sc vgd

fm~cd{cv kc |cvg cv|cfh`fg$ Hbg{m~d `dkch`d`kmecd{c cd {g~dg mb ag~dg p cdbm vmbm kc {~mnmog kgdkc vc bg sn`}sc" |mvmdkg `dcx`{mnbcecd{c m bgv|sbegdcv kc }s`cdcv f`~fsbcd cd vsv `deck`mf`gdcv$ V` cb ag~dg hsdf`gdm mimv" bm fmd{`kmk kc h`n~mv cq|cb`kmv mb cq{c~`g~ vc~ esfavèg empg~"kcn`kg m bm i~md hsc~zm kc fgdxcff`d fmb~`fm !m`~c fmb`cd{c cd f`~fsbmf`dhg~zmkm |g~ bm |~cv`d kcb imv)$ Ag~dgv esp svmkgv" g x`cogv" vgd esfagev |cbì~gvgv }sc bgv dscxgv" |scv{g }sc vsv h`n~mv vc amd vc|m~mkg mbf~`v{mb`zm~" fgd bg }sc vc ambbmd esfag ev vscb{mv p xgbmk`zmv$

Sdm xcz mbgomkmv cd cb hgdkg kc bgv fgdksf{gv ~cv|`~m{g~`gv p cd bgvn~gd}s`gbgv" vc kcvcdfmkcdm~ sd bm~ig |~gfcvg kc ~cmff`d kcb g~imd`veg"cb }sc `d{cd{m~ hmigf`{m~ cv{gv fsc~|gv cq{~mgv" bbcxdkgbgv amv{m bgvimdib`gv b`dh{`fgv$ \c~g cb q`{g kc cv{m e`v`d }sc fse|bcd bgv emf~hmigv!ibnsbgv nbmdfgv mkm|{mkgv |m~m ~cmb`zm~ cv{mv hsdf`gdcv kc bè|`czm cd bgvmbxgbgv)" kc|cdkc~ kc bm fmd{`kmk kc h`n~mv `dambmkmv" kcb {`ce|g kccq|gv`f`d mb fgd{me`dmd{c" kc bm kcdv`kmk kc bmv h`n~mv hbg{mdkg cd cb bsim~kc {~mnmog" kcb cv{mkg kcb v`v{cem `desdgbi`fg kcb `dk`x`ksg" p" espcv|cf`mbecd{c" kc vs fgdk`f`d kc hsemkg~" bm }sc mi~mxm~ esfag cbfsmk~g icdc~mb$

Bgv emf~hmigv vgd i~mdkcv hmigf`{gv mkm|{mkgv |m~m cbè`dm~ |g~ cbecfmd`veg bbmemkg hmigf`{gv`v m nmf{c~`mv" agdigv" x`~sv" fsc~|gvcq{~mgv" |~g{cdmv {q`fmv p g{~gv kcvcfagv |~gksf`kgv |g~ bcv`gdcv kcb|~g|`g g~imd`veg$ Dg n`cd vc `dv{mbm sdm h`n~`bbm cq{~mm" g ev n`cd sdmfesbg kc cbbmv }sc cv cb fmvg ev fged" ~cmff`gdmd ~gkcmdkg mb fsc~|gcq{~mg c `d{cd{mdkg kcxg~m~bg |m~m kìc~`~bg$ Cb ecfmd`veg fgdv`v{c|~èc~g cd bm k`vgbsf`d kc bm h`n~m" `d{cd{g }sc k`hf`becd{c vc bbcxc m fmng|g~ fge|bc{g kmkm bm fge|gv`f`d }se`fm kc cbbmv$ Hg{gi~mhmv cbcf{~d`fmv|~gxcd`cd{cv kc sd`xc~v`kmkcv om|gdcvmv kcescv{~md }sc" v`d cenm~ig"|m~{c kc bmv h`n~mv vgd k`vscb{mv |g~ bgv emf~hmigv" bg fsmb |~gksfc~mk`fmbcv b`n~cv }sc vgd fmdfc~icdgv" cd cv|cf`mb bgv kc mbse`d`g!~cfg~kcegv }sc bm mbe`dm cv fge|gdcd{c nv`fg kc cv{mv h`n~mv)$ Mkcev"k`fagv emf~hmigv `d{cd{m~d {~mdv|g~{m~ cb fsc~|g cq{~mg amv{m bgvimdib`gv b`dh{`fgv" }sc ~gkcmd {gkgv bgv fgdksf{gv ~cv|`~m{g~`gv cd i~mdfmd{`kmk$ V`d cenm~ig" fsmdkg bm fgd{me`dmf`d cv i~mdkc k`fag {~mdv|g~{cg bè|`czm ~cvsb{m~ è|gv`nbc" pm }sc dscv{~g g~imd`veg dg cv{mkm|{mkg |m~m m{mfm~ fgd q {g m bmv vsv{mdf`mv `dksv{~`mbcv v`dg m bmvdm{s~mbcv !|gbcd" |gbxgv m{egvh~`fgv" aseg" c{f$)$ Cb aseg !svmkg |g~ bmAsemd`kmk kcvkc amfc e`bbgdcv kc mgv" fsmdkg ~megv egdgvmd{~g|g`kcv)" cv fm|mz kc bbcim~ m bgv imdib`gv b`dh{`fgv mb |sd{g kc {c`~bgvkc i~`v g dci~g" v`d }sc cbbg v`d cenm~ig vcm fmsvm kc fdfc~ b`dh{`fg$

\c~g cv {g{mbecd{c k`hc~cd{c cb fmvg kc bmv h`n~mv fc~e`fmv !mb ìsmb}sc cb kcb mvncv{g)$ Cv{ fge|~gnmkg cd fgdk`f`gdcv kc bmng~m{g~`g }sc bmbsfam cd{~c bgv emf~hmigv p bmv h`n~mv fc~e`fmv cv kcvìsmb$ Bgv


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emf~hmigv icdc~mbecd{c {c~e`dmd vsfsen`cdkg mb m{m}sc" pm }sc mkcevkcb fsc~|g cq{~mg vc hg~emd |~g{cdmv |g{cdf`mbecd{c fmdfc~icdmv cd{g~dg m bmv h`n~mv$ Cd bmv |i`dmv ~cv|cf{`xmv vc |gk~ gnvc~xm~ hg{gi~mhmv`bsv{~m{`xmv kc emf~hmigv esc~{gv mb {~m{m~ kc k`vgbxc~ p {~mdv|g~{m~ h`n~mv$Cbbg vsfckc g cd cb `d{c~`g~ e`veg kc bgv mbxgbgv |sbegdm~cv" g cd bgv

fgdksf{gv b`dh{`fgv" kgdkc icdc~mbecd{c }sckmd m{mvfmkmv fmsvmdkgdksbgv h`n~gvgv" |~cfgdk`f`d |m~m bm hg~emf`d kcb fm~f`dgem g {seg~embìdg" b{èm c{m|m kc bm `d{gq`fmf`d$

Mb ~c|c{`~vc cv{c ecfmd`veg p |~gfcvg embìdg" i~mksmbecd{c {gkg cbv`v{cem `desd`{m~`g kcfmc" fgd bg }sc cb g~imd`veg }sckm cq|scv{g m bg|cg~$ Cv{m cv osv{mecd{c bm fmsvm |g~ bm }sc esfamv fc~me`v{mv }scfgdgfcegv amd fgd{~mkg fdfc~ b`dh{`fg mb svm~ ag~dgv kc h`n~m$ V`dcenm~ig" esfagv d`cimd bm ~cbmf`d" |scv f~ccd }sc vgbmecd{c cq`v{c cb~`cvig kc fdfc~ |sbegdm~" bg }sc cv sd f~mvg c~~g~$ Bm k`vgbsf`d kc bgvfge|gdcd{cv kc bmv h`n~mv fc~e`fmv cq`v{cd{cv cd bgv mbxgbgv vc cbè`dm|g~ xm b`dh{`fm" fspg kcvmig{c h`dmb cv cb ~`d$ \~cf`vmecd{c xm~`gvhmn~`fmd{cv kc ag~dgv kc h`n~m fgdgf`kgv |g~ cb ms{g~ !kc bgv |~èc~gv)" amdhmbbcf`kg kc fdfc~ ~cdmb" fgvm }sc bgv kchcdvg~cv kc bm h`n~m mksfcd cd vskchcdvm mb f~cc~ c~~dcmecd{c }sc cbbmv vbg vgd fm|mfcv kc fmsvm~ fdfc~|sbegdm~ !fm~f`dgem)$ Ks~md{c cq|c~`cdf`mv fgd ~m{mv kc bmng~m{g~`gcq|scv{mv m sdm m{evhc~m kc h`n~mv fc~e`fmv" es~`c~gd {gkmv mb |gfg{`ce|g kc cq|gv`f`d$ Mdmb`zmdkg cb fgd{cd`kg ~cdmb" vc fge|~gn }sc amnmsd bbmem{`xg mfesbg kc vb`fc cd mengv ~`gdcv" |~scnm kc }sc i~md |m~{ckc bmv h`n~mv cv k`vscb{m p" |g~ xm b`dh{`fm" mbfmdzmd bgv ~`gdcv$ Cv{gkcescv{~m }sc dg vgbmecd{c |sckc mhcf{m~vc bgv |sbegdcv" v`dg {men`dbmv xmv b`dh{`fmv" imdib`gv" ~`gdcv" vmdi~c" c{f$

Bmv fmsvmv kcb |gv`nbc fdfc~ kcb fc~me`v{m vgd xm~`mv$ \c~g bmv evè|g~{md{cv vgd" cd |~èc~ bsim~" bm cq|gv`f`d mb fgd{me`dmd{c" vs kcdv`kmkcd cb m`~c ~cv|`~mnbc p ks~mf`d kc bm cq|gv`f`d$ Cd vcisdkg {~e`dg" bmvgbsn`b`kmk kc k`famv h`n~mv" mb b`nc~m~ |~g{cdmv kc mb{m {gq`f`kmk pfm~f`dgicd`f`kmk" {men`d cv fmsvm kcb e`veg emb$ Cd {c~fc~ bsim~" v` cbfc~me`v{m cv hsemkg~" {cdk~ |g~ bg ecdgv f`dfg xcfcv ev |gv`n`b`kmkcvkc vc~ mhcf{mkg |g~ cb fgd{me`dmd{c cd hg~em embìdm$ Cb cv{mkg kcb v`v{cem`desdgbi`fg cv hmf{g~ kc{c~e`dmd{c kc fsdkg m|m~cfc~ cb kmg bc{mb !geg~{mb)" cb }sc cd fmvgv |sckc kcfs~vm~ |g~ xm~`gv mgv md{cv kc |~cvcd{m~vd{gemv mbm~emd{cv !{mb fgeg vsfckc fgd cb fìm~~`bbg)$

V@[SMF@D MF[SMB

Cd =00= vc ~csd` cd Om|d cd Vè|gv`g @d{c~dmf`gdmb vgn~c ~`cvigv|m~m bm vmbsk fmsvmkgv |g~ nmom cq|gv`f`d m em{c~`mbcv h`n~gvgv"|m{~gf`dmkg |g~ bm Fge`v`d @d{c~dmf`gdmb kc Vmbsk Gfs|mf`gdmb: p bmSd`xc~v`kmk kc Vmbsk Men`cd{mb p Gfs|mf`gdmb$ Mbb vc cv{mnbcf` bg }sc pmc~m fgdgf`kg |g~ bgv cv{sk`gvgv kcb {cem? ]sc cb kc|v`{g" cbè`dmf`d"


7/10

~c{cdf`d p |c~emdcdf`m kc bmv |m~{fsbmv `dambmkmv kc h`n~mv fc~e`fmv cdbgv |sbegdcv" vgd è|g~{md{cv hmf{g~cv |m~m bm `dksff`d kc h`n~gv`v|sbegdm~ p fdfc~$

Cd =00>" cb Kc|m~{mecd{g kc Cdhc~eckmkcv ^cv|`~m{g~`mv p cb kc\gb{`fm p Icv{`d Vmd`{m~`m kcb e`veg |mv" cv{mnbcf` }sc? Bmv h`n~mv

e`dc~mbcv cv{èsbmd m bgv emf~hmigv mbxcgbm~cv |m~m |~gksf`~ sd hmf{g~ kcdcf~gv`v {seg~mb$Pm kcvkc esfag md{cv" Fgdkg~asmv` amnm `d`f`mkg vs fme|mm kc

fgdvf`cd{`zmf`d fgd{~m bm |cbì~gv`kmk kc cv{mv h`n~mv$ Cd dscv{~gK`ff`gdm~`g kc Fc~e`fm" |snb`fmkg cd =01;" m~{fsbg H`n~m fc~e`fm"mh`~enmegv }sc vgd fm|mfcv kc fmsvm~ fdfc~ kc |sbed !bg e`veg cd{gkmv dscv{~mv |snb`fmf`gdcv" fs~vgv p fgdhc~cdf`mv)$ Cd cb b`n~g ]s cv bmFc~megbgim !=00>)" Fm|{sbg Hg~dmfgbgim" dgv ~chc~ègv me|b`mecd{c mb{cem p cq|b`fmegv }sc bm vb`fc |sckc vc~ fmsvm kc v`b`fgv`v: cb me`md{g gmvncv{g kc mvncv{gv`v p fdfc~: p bm h`n~m fc~e`fm kc h`n~gv`v p fdfc~|sbegdm~" b`dh{`fg p ~cdmb$

Cd =006 dscv{~m Hsdkmf`d |snb`f sd hgbbc{g {`{sbmkg?b{èmv `dxcv{ìmf`gdcv vgn~c bmv h`n~mv fc~e`fmv" cb }sc hsc {~mksf`kg cd@dibm{c~~m |g~ cb mb{g Fge`{ kc Vmd`kmk p Vcis~`kmk$ V`d cenm~ig" cv{chgbbc{g i~m{s`{g }sc ~cfg~~` cb esdkg" dsdfm hsc |snb`fmkg |g~ d`disdm~cx`v{m kc fc~e`fm" |scv{g }sc {gkmv cbbmv vgd xcdkckg~mv kc mx`vgv p{cecd |c~kc~ mdsdf`md{cv$ d`fmecd{c bm Sd`xc~v`kmk kc Fa`bc bg è|~è`|m~m vs k`v{~`nsf`d ks~md{c bm N`cdmb @d{c~dmf`gdmb kc Fc~e`fm" ~cmb`zmkmcd Vmd{`mig cd =000$

Pm cd =006 cb K`~cf{g~ kcb ecdf`gdmkg Fge`{ `dibv dgv kcfm?\m~cfc |~gnmnbc }sc bm h`n~m fc~e`fm vc~ ~cfgdgf`km fgeg |gvcckg~m kcbm fm|mf`kmk kc fmsvm~ fdfc~ p }sc vc~ fbmv`h`fmkm kc mfsc~kg m cbbg$ \g~b{èg" cd vs Ngbc{d D 10 !mg =001)" bm Mfmkce`m @d{c~dmf`gdmb kcFc~e`fm !I`dcn~m" Vs`zm) kcfbm~m? H`n~mv fc~e`fmv? dscv{~g e`cen~gOg~ic Hc~ddkcz Fa`{` amnm acfag sd bbmemkg }sc acegv {~mdve`{`kg cddscv{~g Ngbc{d D 93" Dmx`kmk kc =016" vgn~c cb |cbì~g kc bmv h`n~mvfc~e`fmv$ Bm Fgesd`kmk Cs~g|cm mfmnm kc kcfbm~m~ m cv{mv h`n~mvfmdfc~icdmv$ Bm bsfam kc dscv{~g e`cen~g dg am v`kg cd xmdg

Cd chcf{g? bm K`~cf{`xm D 0980 CF am fbmv`h`fmkg m bmv h`n~mv fc~e`fmvfgeg fmdfc~icdg kc fm{cig~m >" p {men`d fgeg `~~`{md{c$ Cbbg gfs~~` cddgx`cen~c kc =009$ Bm ~cx`v{m `dibcvm kc fc~e`fm am v`kg bm d`fm cd cbesdkg fm|mz kc |snb`fm~ cv{m `dhg~emf`d !p dg fgd esfag kcv{m}sc)$ Cdbgv |mvcv kc dscv{~g `k`gem p cd N~mv`b cb v`bcdf`g hsc {g{mb" bg fsmb cvfgac~cd{c fgd bm fg~~s|{cbm è|c~md{c cd dscv{~gv |mvcv$ Bmv cvfscbmv kcfc~e`fm" }sc kcnc~md vc~ ism~k`mdmv fcbgvmv kc bm vmbsk kc mbsedgv pfc~me`v{mv" esp |g~ cb fgd{~m~`g" fgd{`dsm~gd svmdkg ag~dgv kc h`n~m" p|gd`cdkg cd i~mxc ~`cvig kc fgd{~mc~ bcv`gdcv |sbegdm~cv p amv{m fdfc~ mvs mbsedmkg$ \gkc~gvg fmnmbbc~g cv kgd K`dc~g" kòg mbis`cd$

K`fam K`~cf{`xm kc bm Sd`d Cs~g|cm mfg~kmnm sd mg kc |bmzg |m~mcbmng~m~ bm bci`vbmf`d |c~{`dcd{c" m h`d kc |~g{cic~ m bgv g|c~m~`gv kchn~`fmv fgd{~m bm `dambmf`d kc cvmv h`n~mv$ \c~g" cv |~cf`vg mkxc~{`~ }sc" mbìsmb }sc bg vsfck`kg fgd cb me`md{g g mvncv{g !fmdfc~icdg D = vcid bm


8/10


9/10

\^CFMSF@GDCV DCFCVM^@MV

Cb be`{c eqèg {gbc~mnbc kc h`n~mv fc~e`fmv cd vsv|cdv`d cd cb m`~c"cd bsim~cv kgdkc vc bm emd`|sbm g ce|bcm" vc am cv{mnbcf`kg cd f`dfg

e`bì~megv |g~ fmkm ec{~g fn`fg kc m`~c `dambmnbc$ Mkcev" cd hn~`fmv kch`n~mv" cv gnbìm{g~`g cb svg kc evfm~mv cv|cf`mbcv" md{`|m~~mv" |~g{cff`dms~`fsbm~" fme`vm kc emdim bm~im fgd fscbbg fc~~mkg" vgen~c~g cv|cf`mb"fmbzmkg mkcfsmkg" ~g|m cv|cf`mb }sc vc kcnc~ kcom~ cd cb bsim~ kc {~mnmogBgv g|c~m~ gv kc hn~`fmv kc h`n~mv fc~e`fmv" cd bgv |mvcv kgdkc vc bmhmn~`fm" |m~cfcd mv{~gdms{mv$ Bi`fmecd{c" cbbgv fgdgfcd bgv ~`cvigv p{gemd bmv |~cfmsf`gdcv dcfcvm~`mv m h`d kc cx`{m~ kcemdkmv |g~ |m~{c kcbvcis~g vgf`mb$ \c~g dg vsfckc bg e`veg cd bgv |mvcv kgdkc vc è|g~{m bmh`n~m !fgeg cb dscv{~g)$ Cd bmv fmomv g cdxmvcv kc h`n~m fc~e`fm g~ì`dmbcq`v{c bm mkxc~{cdf`m Ym~d`di? Fs`kmkg" vcis`km kc bm bcpcdkm em{c~`mb|g{cdf`mbecd{c fmdfc~icdg$ \c~g bgv k`v{~`ns`kg~cv m~icd{`dgv" {md{mv

xcfcv `~~cv|gdvmnbcv" kcomd cvmv fmomv g cdxmvcv fgd bm mkxc~{cdf`m cd cbe`veg mc~g|sc~{g$ \m~m cbbgv bg è|g~{md{c cv }sc dg vc vc|m bm xc~kmk p|m~m esfamv cvfscbmv kc fc~e`fm {men`d$ M cv{gv fe|b`fcv kcb fmdmbbmocbcv kcfègv? E` fmvm cv fmvm kc g~mf`d: |c~g sv{ckcv am amd acfag fscxmkc bmk~gdcv$

Cb svg kc sd vè|bc nm~nòg fsmdkg vc fgdv{~spc ag~dgv kc h`n~m gemd{m fc~e`fm cv sd acfag ogfgvg" p ~cxcbmkg~ kc bm ìdg~mdf`m è|c~md{c$Kcn`kg m vs kèc{~g |c}scvèg" k`famv h`n~mv m{~mx`cvmd bm {cbm kcbnm~nòg v`d vc~ ~c{cd`kmv d` cd edèm |m~{c v`}s`c~m$


10/10

^CFGECDKMF@GDCV KCB FGE@[ @DIBV KC VMD@KMK P VCIS @KMK?

Bgv hmn~`fmd{cv `dksv{~`mbcv !mv fgeg bgv fgdv{~sf{g~cv kc ag~dgv)kcncd fgdv`kc~m~ pm bm |gv`n`b`kmk kc svm~ g{~gv em{c~`mbcv |m~m ~cxcv{`~ag~dgv" fm~~c{`bbmv kc ag~dgv" c{f

Bgv cdxmvcv fgd h`n~mv fc~e`fmv kcncd cv{m~ fbm~mecd{c `e|~cvgv|m~m mkxc~{`~ m bgv svsm~`gv p fge|~mkg~cv$ Bm bcpcdkm kcnc `dfbs`~ sdvengbg kc mkxc~{cdf`m p sd kcv{mfmkg {cq{g `dhg~em{`xg$ Bgv |~gxcckg~cv pfgec~f`md{cv kcnc~d cd{~cim~ `e|~cvgv fgd km{gv |~g|g~f`gdmdkgfgdvcogv vgn~c bmv |~cfmsf`gdcv }sc vc kcnc~ {cdc~ mb emd`|sbm~ p svm~ cb|~gksf{g$

Fsdkg vsfckc~ cv{g cd{~c dgvg{~gv7

Hscd{c

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