FINAL MRP..PDF Avinash Singh (1)

8/4/2019 FINAL MRP..PDF Avinash Singh (1)

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PROJECT REPORT

ON

POST IMPLEMENTATION EFFECT OF THE DATABASE IN THE

PERFORMANCE OF DATABASE IN PERFORMANCE OF

INDORE MUNICIPAL CORPORATION

Major Research Project

(In the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree)

Master of Business Administration (FT)

2008-2010

GUIDED BY: SUBMITTED BY:

PROF. SANJAY SOLANKI AVINASH SINGH

(Faculty-system) MBA IV SEM

GOVINDRAM SEKSARIA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT

AND RESEARCH, INDORE

(Affiliated to Devi Ahilya vishwa Vidhyalaya, Indore)


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It takes the cooperation and combined effort of several resources of knowledge, Energy and time to complete a

interdisciplinary project.

I herewith take this opportunity to express my profound sense of gratitude and reference to all those who hav

helped and encouraged me towards successful completion of the project.

I express my sincere thanks towards Director, G.S.I.M.R., Dr. H Indurkar for permitting to start my work o

the project.

The project work has easily been carried out with the able guidance and experience of Prof.Sanjay Solank

Faculty (G.S.I.M.R.). I am highly obliged and thankful to his valuable advice and moral support. Throughou

this work he has been a constant source of inspiration for me. His sincere cooperation and valuable suggestio

have gone a long way in the improvement of quality of work.

Date :


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GOVINDRAM SEKSARIA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMEN

AND RESEARCH, INDORE (M.P.)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the present piece of work, entitled POST IMPLEMENTATION EFFECT OF TH

DATABASE IN THE PERFORMANCE OF DATABASE IN PERFORMANCE OF INDOR

MUNICIPAL CORPORATION has been successfully carried out by Mr. Avinash Singh, student of MBA

fulltime, from GSIMR (DAVV), Indore.

The work has been carried out under my supervision and guidance, and is in partial fulfillment of th

requirement for the award of the degree of Masters in Business Administration.

The research work is an original study of the candidate and is of commendable standard to warrant it

presentation for examination requirement of DAVV, Indore.

Project Guide Director

prof. Sanjay Solanki Dr. H Indurkar

External Examiner


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PREFACE

The First chapter is introduction. It deals with the introduction to database usefulness and its vital role i

automation, and then we have discussed about the Indore municipal corporation in detail, after this w

have gone through the brief introduction of impact of implementation of database in Indore Municipa

Corporation.

The Second chapter deals with the literature survey. A literature review is a body of text that aims t

review the critical points of current knowledge on a particular topic. Literature reviews are secondar

sources, and as such, do not report any new or original experimental work. In this chapter we have gon

through different studies researches and reports which are somewhere related to our study.

The Third chapter deals with objective of the study. It deals with the objective that we have gone throug

in our study.

The Fourth chapter deals with the Research methodology. Research is defined as human activity base

on intellectual application in the investigation of matter. The primary purpose for applied research i

discovering, interpreting and the development of methods and systems for the advancement of huma

knowledge on a variety of scientific matters of our world and universe. Research can use the scientifi

method, but need not do so.

The Fifth chapter deals with Data Analysis and interpretation. On the basis of our study we have gon

through some results and interpretation, which we have discussed in this chapter in detailed manner.

The Sixth chapter deals with result and findings. After the research there are some findings which

based on result which we have discussed in detail.

The Seventh chapter deals with the limitations of the study.

The Eighth chapter deals with the recommendations. Which we have given to the Indore municipa

corporation

The Ninth chapter deals with the conclusion of the study.

Then there is reference which deals with the sources from where secondary data has been collected, th

is the books and websites.

Lastly the appendices contain the questionnaire, Synopsis and response sheet.


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GOVINDRAM SEKSARIA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH

S. N

o.

Particulars Page

No.

01 Acknowledgement NR

02 Certificate NR

03 Preface NR

04 Index NR

05 Chapter 1: Introduction 01

06 Chapter 2: Literature Review 11

07 Chapter 3: Objective of Study 17

08 Chapter 4: Research Methodology 19

09 Chapter 5: Data Analysis & Interpretation 24

10 Chapter 6 : Result & Findings 42

11 Chapter 7: Limitations 44

12 Chapter 8: Recommendations 46

13 Chapter 9: Conclusion 48

14 Chapter 10: Bibliography 50

15 Annexure: (i) Questionnaire 52

(ii) Synopsis -

(iii) Data Sheet -


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CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION


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1.1 Information Technology

The government of a nation is comprised of many varied institutions. However developments in informatio

technology have helped governments to improve their "service" to their citizens.

Today the government sector is going through fundamental changes the ongoing advances in it an

communication technology continues to have effect in the people work and play. Governments hol

confidential information. Both data from its individual citizens and country specific security data. as a

information becomes digital and available to anyone who cares to see it. Proper maintenance of database i

must.

As it pertains to organizations within enterprises, IT represents an operational group that helps solve suc

problems as those related to data, information and knowledge capture, persistence, processing, brokering

discovery and rendering. Such organizations can be as small as one or two people that can be shared betwee

multiple small business and as large as multi-billion dollar structures that are common in all Fortune 50

enterprises.

We use the term information technology or IT to refer to an entire industry. In actuality, information technolog

is the use of computers and software to manage information. In some companies, this is referred to a

Management Information Services (or MIS) or simply as Information Services (or IS). The informatio

technology department of a large company would be responsible for storing information, protectininformation, processing the information, transmitting the information as necessary, and later retrievin

information as necessary.


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1.2 Information System and Economy

The widespread development of information system is changing the vary nature of society in which the system

are used.

Along with the global transportation infrastructure, network-based information systems have been a factor i

the growth of international business and corporations. Although studies have yet to show a relationship betweethe deployment of information systems and higher productivity, it is widely believed that such a relationshi

exists. In addition to investing in other information systems, a large and growing number of organizations hav

embraced electronic commerce over the Internet.

An information system is a technologically implemented medium for recording, storing, and disseminatin

linguistic expressions, as well as for drawing conclusions from such expressions.

The technology used for implementing information systems by no means has to be computer technology.

notebook in which one lists certain items of interest is, according to that definition, an information system

Likewise, there are computer applications that do not comply with this definition of information systems

Embedded systems are an example. A computer application that is integrated into clothing or even the huma

body does not generally deal with linguistic expressions

Information system through their central role in the information economy are affecting the changes in fou

central way

1 people are working smarter

2 people working with information

3 simplified working methods

4Time saving


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1.3 Impact of Database Implementation

The nature of work has been redefined. every work place can afford to install a dozen of powerful computer

with very high disk storage capacity then it is not possible for every person in government sector to b

proficient in programming to carry out the activity of data storage and retrieval instead it is simpler if data i

stored at one system and all the staff can retrieve the respective information without much efforts. In thi

respect database have become a dominant tool in computing and is the engine of information system, whic

evolve itself to its current state through different stages.

Database is software that facilitates to efficient store shared, integrated, persistent data to be used in severa

applications.

1.3.1 User friendly

Although there are various other technologies for storing data, accessing the information would certainl

require programming a task best avoided by anyone without training and experience. The important aspect o

database is that it is collection of integrate data for multiple uses. Hence every user uses the same data but use

it as per his or her own requirement.

Database is well organized collection of data that are related in a meaningful way which can be accessed i

different logical orders but are stored only once.

Thus in any organization database cost of developing and maintaining systems is lower standards can b

enforced security can be improve integrity can be improve enterprise requirements can be identified and bette

services to the users can be provided.


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1.3.2 Database Implementation Procedure

Stage 1 : Define Scope of the Database Project

Identify which organizational subdivisions will be served by the database

Define which functions within these organizations will utilize the database

Identify which existing and planned applications will be converted to the database system

Prepare proposal for management and obtain go-ahead

Stage 2 : Organize Database Project

Pick users for design team

Select database Administrator (DBA)

Establish regular meetings and periodic management reporting for design team

Stage 3 : Select Database Management System Products

Document requirements in formal proposal requests

Select DBMS vendor

Stage 4 : Develop Initial Implementation Plan and Schedule

Identify files that will be converted

Identify programs within applications specified

Estimate programmer hours needed to modify applications programs

Estimate user clerical support needed to verify data using conversion

Develop implementation schedule


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Stage 5 : Design Database

Complete detailed information requirements

Identify data requirements

Determine data structure and complete design specifications

Review and approve design specifications

Stage 6 : Perform Training

Develop training requirements and training schedule

Train programmers in the use of DML (Data Manipulation Language)

Train DBA in DMCL (Data Manipulation Control Language) and DDL (Data Definition Language)

Stage 7 : Install and Test Database

Code DMCL, schema and subschema

Modify representative programs for DBMS test

Code conversion programs

Generate the database

Test and debug

Review and approve test results

Stage 8 : Develop Detailed Conversion Plan

Make individual programming assignments for each program to be modified and each file to be loaded


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Schedule users to verify and correct file contents

Schedule computer availability

Prepare formal written conversion schedule and obtain commitments and from all parties involved

Approve conversion involved

Stage 9 : Convert Existing Applications

Bring up one application at a time

Update and regenerate database as required

Approve revised applications as they are converted

Begin using database for new applications and programs

Stage 10 : Fine-Tune Database

Monitor DBMS access statistics and visible performance, and modify database as required

Regenerate database when necessary

Stage 11 : Periodically Review Database Performance

Restate organizational goals and information requirements

Evaluate success of database project

Begin new database projects when required


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1.4 Indore Municipal Corporation, Indore

The administration of all urban matters in the city of Indore lies under the jurisdiction of the Indore Municipa

Corporation, a council whose works sheds light about Indore's urban policies. The Indore Municipa

Corporation on the other hand adheres to the regulations of the Madhya Pradesh Nagar Palika Nigam

Adhiniyam, 1956.The city of Indore is divided into 69 wards that are pigeonholed further into 11 groups i

order to facilitate administration. This administration of this council is spearheaded by the mayor who acts a

the Chairperson of the council and is elected through direct voting by all the citizens of the concerne

municipal area in Indore.

A 10 member body, the Mayor-in-Council, appointed by the Mayor acts as the Advisory Committee of th

Corporation. This committee is also headed by the Mayor who is assisted by a group of nine councilors.

One of the principal functions of the Indore Municipal Corporation (IMC) is the construction and maintenanc

of good roads, drainage and sanitation facilities, water supply, sewage, electricity and street management awell as waste management, disposal and recycling services as mandated by the law. In fact, the Indore stat

government has been a guarantee for the Municipal Bond for an expenditure of Rs. 10 crores for th

amelioration of the road conditions through private agencies.

The Indore Municipal Corporation is now endeavoring to improve the revenue collection and the property ta

assessment methodologies. Another point on their agenda deals with the computerization of bills, rent

licenses, certificates and other records as well as adopting new computerized methods of accounting an

automatic generation of bills and statements. A master date bank as well as an Urban Environmental Workboo

for Indore city is also imminent.

1.5 Database implementation initiatives by Indore Municipal Corporation

Indore Municipal Corporation has been the pioneer in the field of Database Implementation. It has bee

providing many of its services through computerization for over five years. All the zones are connected wit

the head office through wireless wide area network. IMC have plans to provide internet access to the centra

database to citizens not only to record suggestions and grievances but also to view all the account


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of tax with all

specifications

considered

No incentives for tax

payees

Low collection Number of

incentives given

Tax base and

collection increased

Ambiguous and

lengthy design

of bill

Discrepancy in the

bills and time

consuming

Simplified and

transparent bill format

Bills contained

statement of dues,

surcharges, rebates

and advance

payments.

Finance statementsof the corporation

Time consuming,pending records

and not up to date

since 1998 till datefinance statements

with all calculations

computerized

Regular updatedrecords available

Pubic complaints Grievances redressal

was lengthy and time

taking

Easy and direct

access on single

window counters

Efficient monitoring

system and citizens

charter compliance

Social security

pension orders

No proper listing of

the pensioners. Issuing

money orders was

extremely tedious.

Updated scheduled

listing of pensioners

and computerized

printing of money

orders

regular payments


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CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE REVIEW


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3.2 journal e business, David Kuhns, 2007

Database implementation is a effective tool in increasing working efficiency of an organization which deals i

access of information management. Database-backed applications use databases in very specific ways. They d

all the input, processing, and display in the application. They use the database to store information that must b

kept after the application exits and information that must be shared with other applications. In summary, th

application does its own:

Input

Processing

Display and relies on the database for:

Permanent storage

Sharing information

databases make this much easier, and have features like transactions, indexing, joins, aggregates, and a tabl

structure that makes the job of the application programmer easier.

3.3 Mr.R.C. Kajarekar, Dr.Kamal Naydn kabra, Case studies,2005

We reviewed case studies of Mr.R.C. Kajarekar and Dr. Kamal Naydn kabra how database is effective in a

organizations. A database helps you to organize your data in an logical manner. Database management system

are fine-tuned to rapidly retrieve the data you want in the way you want it. Databases also enable you to brea

data into specific parts. Retrieving data from a database is called querying. Databases also allow you to set u

rules that ensure that data remains consistent when you add, update, or delete data. A properly set-up databas

minimizes data redundancy Databases also make sharing data between different systems much easier than usin

proprietary data formatsthat is, a format specific to a particular program, manufacturer, or operating system

One final significant advantage of databases is security. Most database management systems allow you t

create users in order to specify various levels of security. Before someone accesses the database, he or she mus

log on as a specific user.


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3.4 Working papers, 1999 Indore Municipal CorporationWe reviewed working papers of Indore municipal corporation in year 1999.IMC realizes the need o

computerized management of data and information. Rather than manual management of information.it wa

estimated that the planning and implementation will be a complex process to restructure the whole organization

the research team was formed to work on the project training of employees were given to enhance their skill t

handle computerized work, various software were used for database information the whole process o

implementation of database was finally implemented in 2001 in which they analyze pros and cons of databas

implementation in their organization and concludes it is a need of hour to implement database for efficien

working as well as organization and people development.

A research study of eight companies, all with at least two years' experience with computers, lends credence t

this conclusion.19 Fifty-three middle managers and fourteen top managers reported that, be-cause the compute

had relieved middle management of many petty administrative details, these jobs had grown in complexity an

importance. There was no evidence from the study that middle management would be eliminated, that thei

positions would become highly structured, that they would become mere specialists in computer techniques, o

that their jobs are taking on the characteristics of pure leadership or supervision. In some cases, instead o

reducing the role of the middle manager, the computer has made possible the expansion of existing operation

and has resulted in the addition of middle management positions.

Another study gives further support to this viewpoint by showing that the effect of the computer can be

decrease in the decisions reaching top management for resolution.20

This study of one hundred top manager

over a fourteen-month period revealed that top management rarely made direct use of the computer as

decision tool. When it did, the computer was used to provide support for middle management decision

Therefore, it would appear, many believe that:

The automation of decision making, irrespective of how far it goes, and in what directions it proceeds, i

unlikely to obliterate the basically hierarchical structure of organizations. The decision process will still call fodepartmentalization and sub-departmentalization of responsibilities.

Harold Wolff, a management consultant who led a panel session on "the new management" at an annua

meeting of the Institute of Management Science (TIMS), says one characteristic of this group is their point o

view that "change is one constant fact of life." As a result, the group insists that organizational flexibility is th

prime requisite for good management, rather than rigid structures with clearly defined job descriptions and line


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of authority. While a great deal has been written concerning the impact of computers on organizationa

structures, there was little empirical evidence supporting the various conclusions. As a result, a plant facility o

a large, nationally known company employing several thousand employees was studied to determine th

influence on installed computer systems. The conclusions:

Computers provided many benefits to the company through reduction in manual effort, improve

performance, cost savings, and more timely information for decision making and control purposes. Computer

resulted in organizational change and, in many cases, upheaval. Departments became combined, function

became obsolete, and positions were eliminated; all resulting in a change in managerial philosophy towar

organizational relationships3. Failure to recognize the importance arid the extent of such changes wi

jeopardize the best technically designed systems. The result may be the loss of key personnel and sabotage o

the system to the extent that technical information gains are negated.

Further validation of the structural impact of computers is provided in reports that such companies as Ling

Temco-Vought, flow Chemical, Pillsbury, General Electric, General Mills, and many others have had or ar

now experiencing many organizational changes resulting from computer installation. In addition, specia

organizational development departments to provide expertise in organizational planning have been establishe

at companies such as the Hotel Corporation of America and Federated Department Stores.

Another article states:

Most current theories of structuring organizations stress the concern for humanizing the organization. . . . Wha

needs to be recognized is that technology may also exert an important effect upon the structures of th

organization and may help determine the tasks toward which the other . . . components of the organizatio

structure strive.11

On the other hand, for those who think change is necessary for the sake of change or to keep up with the times

James D. Webb, NASA's former administrator, warns and insists that the dimensions of any new compute

organization system are impossible to determine in advance. His rationale:

"The critical factors arise out of the environment in which the systems are being devised, and that environmen

is constantly changing."

Some examples of organizations implementing Database Management System


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3.5 SETI @ HOME PROJECT

Database implementation is applying the resources of many computers in a network to a single problem at th

same time - usually to a scientific or technical problem that requires a great number of computer processin

cycles or access to large amounts of data. A well-known example of database in the public domain is the ongoing SETI (Search for Extra-terrestrial Intelligence) @Home project in which thousands of people are sharin

the unused processor cycles of their PCs in the vast search for signs of "rational" signals from outer space

According to John Patrick, IBM's vice-president for Internet strategies, "the next big thing will be gri

computing. Grid computing requires the use of software that can divide and farm out pieces of a program to a

many as several thousand computers. Grid computing can be thought of as distributed and large-scale cluste

computing and as a form of network-distributed parallel processing. It can be confined to the network o

computer workstations within a corporation or it can be a public collaboration (in which case it is als

sometimes known as a form of peer-to-peer computing).

3.6 EUROPIAN UNION GRID PROJECT

A number of corporations, professional groups, university consortiums, and other groups have developed or ar

developing frameworks and software for managing grid computing projects. The European Community (EU)

sponsoring a project for a grid for high-energy physics, earth observation, and biology applications. In th

United States, the National Technology Grid is prototyping a computational grid for infrastructure and a

access grid for people. Sun Microsystems offers Grid Engine software. Described as a distributed resourc

management (DRM) tool, Grid Engine allows engineers at companies like Sony and Synopsys to pool th

computer cycles on up to 80 workstations at a time. (At this scale, grid computing can be seen as a mor

extreme case of load balancing.)


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CHAPTER -4

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY


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4. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

Primary objective -

To measure performance improvement at Indore Municipal Corporation afte

implementing database system.

It is believed that implementation of database management is need of the hour.

Indore Municipal Corporation implemented database management in the year1996, with the implementation th

working at the workplace is expected to be improved as it will increase efficiency and will be helpful in bette

time management.it will also be an economic working process.

Secondary objective-

To measure service quality towards consumer provided by Indore municipal corporation

As database management will lead to better efficiency so it will be beneficial on the part of consumers also th

organization will be able to provide better services. Consumers access will become easy to information and

will increase transparency of the organization.


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CHAPTER-5

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY


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5. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research methodology is a method of studying problems whose solutions are to b

desired partly, over all from facts. These facts may be statement of opinions, historica

facts, those contained in records and reports, the results of tests, answers t

questionnaires, experimental data of any sort, and so forth.

-By M.S.Monore

Thus, research is the systematic exploration of the region of the unknown to find satisfactory answers to thquestions: what, how and why? It may be diligent enquiry in a scientific manner for improvement for a

existing system or for development of a new one, or for improving a process.

Every project report conducted scientifically has specified framework for controlling data collection. Thi

framework is called research design. Its function is to ensure that required data are collected accurately an

effectively.

5.1) RESEARCH DESIGN- Descriptive.

Descriptive research, also known as statistical research, describes data and characteristics about the populatio

or phenomenon being studied. Descriptive research answers the questions who, what, where, when and how...

Although the data description is factual, accurate and systematic, the research cannot describe what caused

situation. Thus, Descriptive research cannot be used to create a causal relationship, where one variable affec

another. In other words, descriptive research can be said to have a low requirement for internal validity.

The description is used for frequencies, averages and other statistical calculations. Often the best approach

prior to writing descriptive research, is to conduct a survey investigation. Qualitative research often has the aim


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of description and researchers may follow-up with examinations of why the observations exist and what th

implications of the findings are.

In short descriptive research deals with everything that can be counted and studied. But there are alway

restrictions to that. Your research must have an impact to the lives of the people around you. For example

finding the most frequent disease that affects the children of a town. The reader of the research will know wha

to do to prevent that disease thus, more people will live a healthy life.

5.2) SAMPLING DESIGN- Probability sampling.

A probability sampling scheme is one in which every unit in the population has a chance (greater than zero) o

being selected in the sample, and this probability can be accurately determined. The combination of these trait

makes it possible to produce unbiased estimates of population totals, by weighting sampled units according t

their probability of selection.

Example: We want to estimate the total income of adults living in a given street. We visit each household i

that street, identify all adults living there, and randomly select one adult from each household. (For example

we can allocate each person a random number, generated from a uniform distribution between 0 and 1, an

select the person with the highest number in each household). We then interview the selected person and fin

their income. People living on their own are certain to be selected, so we simply add their income to ou

estimate of the total. But a person living in a household of two adults has only a one-in-two chance of selection

To reflect this, when we come to such a household, we would count the selected person's income twice toward

the total. (In effect, the person who is selected from that household is taken as representing the person who isn

selected.)

In the above example, not everybody has the same probability of selection; what makes it a probability sampl

is the fact that each person's probability is known. When every element in the population does have the sam

probability of selection, this is known as an 'equal probability of selection' (EPS) design. Such designs are als

referred to as 'self-weighting' because all sampled units are given the same weight.

Probability sampling includes: Simple Random Sampling, Systematic Sampling, Stratified Sampling

Probability Proportional to Size Sampling, and Cluster or Multistage Sampling. These various ways o

probability sampling have two things in common:


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Every element has a known nonzero probability of being sampled and

involves random selection at some point.

5.3)SAMPLING UNIT- Employees of Indore municipal corporation.

5.4) SAMPLE SIZE-50

5.5) Techniques of Data Gathering

There are many techniques available for collecting data. While deciding about the method of data collection t

be used for the study, the researcher should keep in mind two types of data viz..primary and secondary.

5.5.1) Primary data-Primary data are those, which are collected afresh and for the first time, and thus happen tbe original in character.

5.5.2) Secondary data are those which have already being collected by someone else and which have alread

been passed through the statistical process.

Some important method of collecting data is:-

1:-Observation method

2:-Interview method

3:-Through questionnaires

4:-through schedules

5.6) Tools used in this research for the data collection

1. Primary data-: Questionnaire

A questionnaire consists of a number of questions printed or typed in a definite order on a form or set of form

The questionnaire are expected to read and understand he questions and write down the reply in the spac


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meant for this purpose in the questionnaire itself. The respondent is supposed to answer the questions on the

own.

2. Secondary data -: The secondary data is collected from various journals, magazines of marketin

and various websites. The data have been collected through literature on the current events of Indore municipa

corporation.

5.7) TOOLS FOR DATA ANALYSIS- Pie Chart/Graphical/t Test/Z Test

Pie chat-The pie chart is perhaps the most ubiquitous statistical chart in the business world and the mas

media.[3] However, it has been criticized,[4] and some recommend avoiding it,[5][6][7][8] pointing out i

particular that it is difficult to compare different sections of a given pie chart, or to compare data acros

different pie charts. Pie charts can be an effective way of displaying information in some cases, in particular i

the intent is to compare the size of a slice with the whole pie, rather than comparing the slices among them.[1

Pie charts work particularly well when the slices represent 25 to 50% of the data,[9] but in general, other plot

such as the bar chart or the dot plot, or non-graphical methods such as tables, may be more adapted fo

representing certain information. It also shows the frequency within certain groups of information.

Graphical analysis-Graphs are vital tools for analyzing and displaying data. Graphs allow us to explore the

relationship between two quantities -- an independent variable usually plotted on the x axis and a dependent

variable usually plotted on the y-axis .Consider an experiment measuring the pressure of a gas while itstemperature is varied. The measured pressure is the dependent variable, depending on the temperature set by th

experimenter.

Z-test-The `Z-test` is a statistical test used in inference which determines if the difference between a sample

mean and the population mean is large enough to be statistically significant.

t-test-A statistical test involving means of normal populations with unknown standard deviations; small

samples are used, based on a variable tequal to the difference between the mean of the sample and the mean of

the population divided by a result obtained by dividing the standard deviation of the sample by the square root

of the number of individuals in the sample.


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CHAPTER-6

DATA ANALYSIS


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Classification of the employee on the basis of Gender:-

Gender No. of Employee Percentage

Male 44 88

Female 06 12

Total 50 100

Data Analysis:-From the above we analyze that from the sample size of 50 Employees, 88% are male and

the rest 12% are female. So this clarifies that the Indore Municipal Corporation are being dominated by male

employees.

88%

12%

Male Female


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Classification of the Employee on the basis of Age group:-

S. No. Age group No. of

Employee

Percentage

1 Below 20 years 04 08

2 25-35 25 503 35-45 15 30

4 Above 45 06 12

Total 50 100

Data Analysis:-From this we analyze that out of the sample size of 50 Employees 08% belongs to 25yrs of age group

50% belongs to 25-35 yrs. of age group, 30% belongs to 35-45 yrs. Of age group and the rest 12% belongs to above 45

yrs. of age group. It clearly states that the Indore Municipal Corporation recruits mostly the youngsters.

8%

50%

30%

12%Below 25 years

25-35 years

35-45 years

above 45 years


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Classification of the Employee on the basis of their Qualification:-

S. No Qualification

No. of

Employee Percentage

1 Undergraduate 01 02

2 Graduate 28 56

3 Post Graduate 21 42

Total 50 100

Data Analysis:-From the above data of qualification of the 50 employees we analyze that maximum of them are

graduate i.e. 56% and 42% are postgraduate with the remaining 2% as undergraduate. This also adds up that most of

the employees are graduate in the Indore Municipal Corporation.

2%

56%

42%

Undergraduate Graduate Post graduate


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Classification of the Employee on the basis of Income group:-

S. No. Income group (Monthly in lakhs) No. of Employee Percentag

e

1 Below 2.5 lakhs 33 66

2 2.5-3.5 lakhs 13 26

3 3.5-4lakhs 04 08

4 Above 4 lakhs 00 00

Total 50 100

Data Analysis:-From the above analysis it is clear that 08 % of them earns between 3.5-4.5 lakhs, 26% earn

between 2.5-3.5 lakhs, 66% of them earns below 2.5 lakhs Rs per month, so we can conclude that most of th

employees of the Indore Municipal Corporation earns below 2.5 lakhs.

66%

26%

8%

0%

Below 2.5 lakhs 2.5-3.5 lakhs 3.5-4 lakhs Above 4 lakhs


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1. Are you satisfied with database implementation in the organization?

INTERPRETATION:- Database implementation increase satisfaction level of employees in the organization. Database

implementation serves many aspects to built satisfaction amongst employees.

The above pie chart provides the following information:

04% of the respondents dissatisfied,38%neutral,52%satisfied and 06%highly satisfied with the database

implementation in the organization.

6%

52%

38%

4% 0%

H. satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dis satisfied H. dissatisfied

Options No. of respondents Percentage

Highly satisfied 03 06

Satisfied 26 52

Neutral 19 38

Dissatisfied 02 04

Highly dissatisfied 00 00


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2. Are you satisfied that database implementation justify large financial investment.



Satisfied 27 54

Neutral 12 24

Dis satisfied 00 00

Highly dis satisfied 00 00

INTERPRETATION:- Database implementation justifies large financial investment as it saves additional resources

includes in previous manual type work in the organization.


24% of the respondents neutral,54%satisfied and 22%highly satisfied with the view that database implementation

justifies large financial investment in the organization.

22%

54%

24%

0% 0%

H.satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dis satisfied H. dis satisfied


36/72


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4. Are you satisfied that database implementation increases service quality of the organization.

INTERPRETATION:- Database implementation escalates service quality of the concern organization as it increases

employees competency with changing scenario.


02% of the respondents highly dissatisfied,4% dissatisfied,26%neutral,50%satisfied and 04%highly satisfied with the

fact that database implementation is easy to use.

18%

50%

26%

4% 2%

H satisfied satisfied neutral Dis sataisfied H. satisfied



Satisfied 25 50

Neutral 13 26Dis satisfied 02 04



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5. Are you satisfied that database implementation helpful in organizational development ?

INTERPRETATION:- Database implementation enhances every aspect which overall improvise the working procedur

and finally leads to organizational development.


0% of the respondents highly dissatisfied,24% dissatisfied,14%neutral,60%satisfied and 00%highly satisfied with th

fact that database implementation is easy to use.

24%

60%

14%

2% 0%

H satisfied satisfied neutral Dis sataisfied H. dissatisfied



Satisfied 30 60

Neutral 07 14

Dis satisfied 01 02



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6. Are you satisfied that database implementation helpful in reducing work load?

ptions o. of respondents ercentage

ighly satisfied 5 10

atisfied 0 0

eutral 10 0

is satisfied 5 10

ighly dis satisfied 0 0

INTERPRETATION:-description provided for database implementation reduces work load.


00% of the respondents highly dissatisfied,10% dissatisfied,20%neutral,60%satisfied and 10%highly

satisfied that database implementation reduces work load of the organization.

10%

60%

20%

10%

0%

H satisfied satisfied neutral Dis sataisfied H. dissatisfied


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7. Are you satisfied implementation of database increase efficiency?



Satisfied 20 40

Neutral 12 24

Dis satisfied 07 14


INTERPRETATION:- Description is provided for increased efficiency after Database implementation in the

organization.



satisfied that database implementation increases efficiency of the organization.

H satisfied

20%

Satisfied

40%

neutral

24%

Dis satisfied

14%

H dissatisfied

2%


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.8. Are you satisfied that database implementation is helpful in time saving?



Satisfied 19 38

Neutral 16 32

Dis satisfied 05 10


INTERPRETATION:- Description is provided for saving of valuable time after implementing Database

implementation in the organization.



satisfied that database implementation saves time for whole organization.

20%

38%

32%

10%

0%

H satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dis satisfied H.dis satisfied


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9. Are you satisfied that database implementation is cost effective?



Satisfied 24 48

Neutral 15 30

Dis satisfied 04 08


INTERPRETATION:- Description is provided for cost effectiveness after Database implementation in the

organization.


08% of the respondents dissatisfied,30%neutral,48%satisfied and 14%highly satisfied that database is cos

effective to implant in the organization.

14%

48%

30%

8%

0%



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10. Database management is better than manual working?



Satisfied 27 54

Neutral 14 28

Dis satisfied 02 04


INTERPRETATION:- Description is provided Database implementation better then previous manual working in the

organization.


04% of the respondents highly dissatisfied, 04% dissatisfied, 28%neutral,54%satisfied and 10%highly

satisfied that database implementation is quite better then manual working as it manages things much consistently.

10%

54%

28%

4% 4%



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11. Are employee at every level satisfied by database implementation?



Satisfied 19 38

Neutral 13 26

Dis satisfied 06 12


INTERPRETATION:- Description is provided for satisfaction of every level employee after Database implementation

in the organization.


02% of the respondents highly dissatisfied,12% dissatisfied,26%neutral,38%satisfied and 22%highly satisfied that

database implementation increases efficiency of the organization.

22%

38%

26%

12%

2%



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12. Are you satisfied that database implementation improve working environment in the organization



Satisfied 22 44

Neutral 13 26

Dis satisfied 07 14


INTERPRETATION:- Description is provided for changes in working environment after Database implementation in

the organization.


14% of the respondents dissatisfied,26%neutral,44%satisfied and 16%highly satisfied that database

implementation effect in the organization.

16%

44%

26%

14%

0%



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13. Are you satisfied that database implementation helpful in increasing consumer satisfaction?



Satisfied 14 28

Neutral 09 18

Dis satisfied 09 18


INTERPRETATION:- Description is provided for increased in consumer satisfaction after Database implementation.


08% of the respondents highly dissatisfied,18% dissatisfied,18%neutral,28%satisfied and 28%highlysatisfied that database implementation increases consumer satisfaction.

28%

28%

18%

18%

8%



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RESULT AND FINDINGS

Maximum responses say that database implementation increase satisfaction level of employees in th

organization and its implementation serves many aspects to build satisfaction amongst employees.

Maximum responses agree Database implementation justifies large financial investment as it save

additional resources includes in previous manual type work in the organization.

Suggests Database implementation is quite easy to access with the concern employees of the organizatio

and it is easy to comprehend too. .

Maximum responses believe database implementation escalates service quality of the concern organizatio

as it increases employees competency with changing scenario.

Itenhances every aspect which overall improvises the working procedure and finally leads to organizationa

development and database implementation reduces work load.

Database implementation in the organization increased efficiency and saving of valuable time in th

organization

Maximum agrees it is cost effective for the organization. It suggest Database implementation is better than previous manual working in the organization.

At every level employee after Database implementation in the organization are satisfied

It finally results in consumer satisfaction after Database implementation.


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CHAPTER 7

LIMITATIONS

LIMITATIONS


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Budgetary constraintsgathering and processing data was expensive. May be due to lack of expertise t

conduct extensive surveys to gather primary data, whatever the potential benefits, and also lack the funds to pa

specialist market research agencies to gather such data for them. In these cases, organisations may be forced t

rely on data that is less than perfect but that can be accessed more cheaply, e.g., from secondary sources

Time constraintsorganisations are often forced to balance the need to build up as detailed a picture a

possible regarding customer needs etc. against the desire to make decisions as quickly as possible, in order t

maintain or improve their position in the market

Reliability of the data the valueof any research findings depend critically on the accuracy of the dat

collected. Data quality can be compromised via a number of potential routes, e.g., leading question

unrepresentative samples, biased interviewers etc. Efforts to ensure that data is accurate, samples ar

representative and interviewers are objective will all add to the costs of the research but such costs ar

necessary if poor decisions and expensive mistakes are to be avoided.

Legal & ethical constraintsthe Data Protection Act (1998) is a good example of a law that has a numbe

of implications for market researchers collecting and holding personal data. For instance, the data they obtai

is kept secure, is only used for lawful purposes and is only kept for as long as it is necessary.

Unresponsive attitudes on administrative part.

It was difficult to convince management at the workplace that the data provided by them will be used only fo

academic use only although they cooperated but initially they were reluctant to provide complete information.


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CHAPTER -8

RECOMMENDATIONS


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RECOMMENDATIONS

Indore Municipal Corporation should opt for the training session for those employees who are still not a

ease with the database implementation.

Effective communication with the employees will make them respond in a much better way and which wi

increase efficiency in the work.

Consumers should be made aware of the services provided to them so that they can avail those facilities s

customer satisfaction will increase.

Since database management is an advance process so it is needed to update periodically and training t

employees should be provided in a comprehensive way.

At every level process should be more simplified as much as possible and easy process of working shoul

be adopted.

Supportive environment should be provided to employees to motivate then to perform better .

Grievance redressal procedure should be adopted.

More skilled employees should be recruiting for efficient use of the database.


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CHAPTER-9

CONCLUSION


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CONCLUSION

It is evident that there are many conflicting opinions as to the impact of database management system on th

organizations that use them. When it is viewed as a management system, its installation may result in drastiand extensive change. some tentative observations

Structure. The computer not radically change organizational principles that are valid and enduring. Chang

is only made in the application of these principles.47

As a result, a model of the structure of organization usin

database management will closely resemble that of the ones not using them. These organizations will still hav

the conventional three layers of top management, middle management, and the operational level. Th

organization will still be a hierarchy. Although distinct lines between some divisions and departments tend t

fade, there is still a structure that is divided into parts and those parts into subparts and so on, much resemblin

the form of organization that has been traditionally famililar.48

Middle Management. Although computers have affected and will probably continue to affect the content o

middle management jobs, they will not destroy them. Because they are relieved of many routine, repetitive

programmable decisions, middle managers will tend to be more fully utilized on the unstructured aspects o

their jobs.49

Centralization versus Decentralization. In order to facilitate database systems integration, the trends towar

decentralization may be slowed or partially reversed. However, it appears that in the final analysis there will no

be as great and radical a shift toward centralization as some may think. Just because an organization centralize

its computer activities is no reason for it to alter the existing degree of centralization or decentralization o

authority.50

The New Breed. Although the role of information specialists in computer functions takes on greate

significance and their influence increasingly felt throughout the organization, they will not take over to

management of the organizational functionsthey support. It is clear that a prime responsibility of top militar

management is to providesufficient guidance tocomputer personnel, and information to other organization

functions they support, so that confusion, unrest, and mistrust do not become organizationally disruptive. Thi

role of top management is vital and essential because computer specialists must function in an establishe

organizational environment. By understanding that environment, the personnel in it, and their role

managementcan greatly facilitate the effective, efficient operation of acomputerized data processing activity i

conjunction with its users.51


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CHAPTER 10

BIBLIOGRAPHY


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BIBLIOGRAPHY & WEBLIOGRAPHY

Working papers, 1999-2001 Indore municipal corporation.

Avi silberschatz, henry f korth, s sudarshan Database System Concepts, Sixth Edition, McGraw-Hil

was released January 28, 2010.

Hector Garcia-Molina, Jeff Ullman, and Jennifer Widom, Database Systems (DS:CB) second edition

June 9, 2008

Deccan chronicle Press release,29 Jan 2001

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database

www.imcindore.org


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Annexure: (i) Questionnaire

(ii) Synopsis

(iii) Data Sheet


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QUESTIONNAIRE

Dear Prospectus,

I am an MBA student and doing research on Post implementation effect of database i

performance of Indore Municipal Corporation, Indore for the partial fulfillment of the course

The information and responses provided by you will be kept strictly confidential and used foacademic purposes only. Please tick the most favorable option.

Name- : Gender : (a) Male (b)Female

Age : (a) Below 25 years (b) 25-35 years (c) 35-45 years

(d) Above 45 years

Qualification : (a) Undergraduate (b) Graduate (c) Post graduate

Income group : (a) Below 2.5 lakhs . (b) 2.5-3.5 lakhs (c) 3.5-4 lakhs.

(d) Above 4 lakhs .

Ques.1 Are you satisfied with data implementation in the organization ?

(a) Highly satisfied (b) Satisfied (c) Neutral (d) Dissatisfied (e) Highly dissatisfied

Ques.2 Are you satisfied that database implementation justify large financial investment?


Ques.3. Are you satisfied database implementation is user friendly ?


Ques.4. Are you satisfied that database implementation increases service quality of the organization


Ques.5. Are you satisfied that database implementation helpful in organizational development ?


Ques.6. Are you satisfied that database implementation helpful in reducing work load?


Ques.7. Are you satisfied implementation of database increase efficiency?



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Ques.8. Are you satisfied that database implementation is helpful in time saving?


Ques.9. Are you satisfied that database implementation is cost effective?


Ques.10. Database management is better than manual working?(a) Highly satisfied (b) Satisfied (c) Neutral (d) Dissatisfied (e) Highly dissatisfied

Ques.11. Are employee at every level satisfied by database implementation ?


Ques.12. Are you satisfied that database implementation improve working environment in th

organization


Ques.13. Are you satisfied that database implementation helpful in increasing consumer satisfaction?



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SYNOPSIS

1. INTRODUCTION

The government of a nation is comprised of many varied institutions. However developments in informatio

technology have helped governments to improve their "service" to their citizens.

Today the government sector is going through fundamental changes the ongoing advances in it an

communication technology continues to have effect in the people work and play. Governments hol

confidential information. Both data from its individual citizens and country specific security data.as a

information becomes digital and available to anyone who cares to see it. Proper maintenance of database i

must.

The widespread development of information system is changing the vary nature of society in which the system

are used.

Information system through their central role in the information economy are affecting the changes in fou

central way

1 people are working smarter

2 people working with information

3 simplified working methods

4Time saving

The nature of work has been redefined. every work place can afford to install a dozen of powerful computer

with very high disk storage capacity then it is not possible for every person in government sector to b

proficient in programming to carry out the activity of data storage and retrieval instead it is simpler if data i

stored at one system and all the staff can retrieve the respective information without much efforts. In thi

respect database have become a dominant tool in computing and is the engine of information system, whic

evolve itself to its current state through different stages.

Database is software that facilitates to efficient store shared, integrated, persistent data to be used in severa

applications.


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Although there are various other technologies for storing data, accessing the information would certainl

require programming a task best avoided by anyone without training and experience. The important aspect o

database is that it is collection of integrate data for multiple uses. Hence every user uses the same data but use

it as per his or her own requirement.

Database is well organized collection of data that are related in a meaningful way which can be accessed i

different logical orders but are stored only once.

Thus in any organization database cost of developing and maintaining systems is lower standards can b

enforced security can be improve integrity can be improve enterprise requirements can be identified and bette

services to the users can be provided.


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2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Todays complex and highly competitive market scenario has put forward a daunting task befor

organization to manage their functions in more integrative and synchronized manner in order to build an

sustain their competitive edge. one such function of organization is management of information and dat

whose importance can be outline by the fact that this result in a situation for an organization where it star

facing mismanagement of data and information which results in increase of work load. to overcome th

problem in data collection, processing, its storage for effective functioning database is created whic

effectively defined, store and retrieve the information stored in a database. it provide various applicatio

programme so that the data can be used by multiple application and users. It also provide option opreventing unauthorized users to access the data.

R. Business success and information technology: are they really related? Ahituv, N., and Giladi, 1993

With the enormous investments in Information Technology (IT), the question of payoffs from IT ha

become increasingly important. Organizations continue to question the benefits from IT investment

especially in conjunction with corporate initiatives such as business process reengineering (BPR

Furthermore, the impact of technology on nonfinancial outcomes such as customer satisfaction and qualitis gaining interest. However, studies examining the IT-performance relationship have been far from

conclusive. The difficulty in identifying impacts from technology has been the isolation of benefits of I

from other factors that may also contribute to organizational performance. Furthermore, benefits from

technology investments may be realized over an extended period of time. Finally, IT benefits may accru

when they are done in concert with other organizational initiatives such as business process reengineering

This calls for studies that take into account control variables as well as data that span time periods.

journal e business, David Kuhns, 2007

Database implementation is an effective tool in increasing working efficiency of an organization whic

deals in access of information management. Database-backed applications use databases in very specifi

ways. They do all the input, processing, and display in the application. They use the database to stor


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information that must be kept after the application exits and information that must be shared with othe

applications. In summary, the application does its own:

Input

Processing

Display

and relies on the database for:

Permanent storage

Sharing information

databases make this much easier, and have features like transactions, indexing, joins, aggregates, and

table structure that makes the job of the application programmer easier.

Mr.R.C. Kajarekar, Dr.Kamal Naydn kabra,Case studies,2005

We reviewed case studies of Mr.R.C. Kajarekar and Dr.Kamal Naydn kabra how database is effectiv

in all organizations. A database helps you to organize your data in a logical manner. Databas

management systems are fine-tuned to rapidly retrieve the data you want in the way you want i

Databases also enable you to break data into specific parts. Retrieving data from a database is calle

querying. Databases also allow you to set up rules that ensure that data remains consistent when yo

add, update, or delete data. A properly set-up database minimizes data redundancy Databases also mak

sharing data between different systems much easier than using proprietary data formatsthat is,

format specific to a particular program, manufacturer, or operating system. One final significan

advantage of databases is security. Most database management systems allow you to create users i

order to specify various levels of security. Before someone accesses the database, he or she must log o

as a specific user.

Working papers,1999 Indore municipal corporation

We reviewed working papers of Indore municipal corporation in year 1999.IMC realizes the need o

computerized management of data and information. Rather than manual management of information.

was estimated that the planning and implementation will be a complex process to restructure the whol


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organization. the research team was formed to work on the project training of employees were given t

enhance their skill to handle computerized work, various software were used for database informatio

the whole process of implementation of database was finally implemented in 2001 in which the

analyze pros and cons of database implementation in their organization and concludes it is a need o

hour to implement database for efficient working as well as organization and people development.


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3. NEED FOR STUDY

As we know the fact that automation in any field would probably improvise the performance of workin

platform so this study checks whether implementation of database and its applications are making the

mark or not in escalating performance of Indore Municipal Corporation.

The study will show how efficiency increases after implementing database then manual work.

The study will also show whether database will help in cost cutting and time saving then manu

management of information.


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4.OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

Primary objective - To measure performance improvement at Indore Municipal Corporation afte

implementing database system.

Secondary objective- To measure service quality towards consumer provided by Indore municipa

corporation.


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5.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

5.1) RESEARCH DESIGN- Descriptive.

5.2) SAMPLING DESIGN- Probability sampling.

5.3) SAMPLING UNIT- Employees of Indore municipal corporation.

5.4) SAMPLE SIZE-50

5.5) TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION-

5.5.1) Primary data-Interviews, Questionnaires (5likert scale)

5.5.2) Secondary data- Indore municipal corporation employees

5.6) TOOLS FOR DATA ANALYSIS- Pie Chart/Graphical/t Test/Z Test


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6. EXPECTED OUTCOMES

Through the study it is expected that we will come to know how, with the implementation of database, th

working at Indore Municipal Corporation becomes better and efficient. How it will help out in cost cutting an

time saving for the organization. It will also help in knowing how the working become organized and use

friendly for the employees and consumers access to information might become easy, more consistent, an

high-quality work with greater, most cost-effective compliance and service level agreements and finall

increase customer satisfaction plus enhanced customer value.


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7.LIMITATION

1 Time constraint.

2 Unorganized and unavailability of resources in collecting the primary data.

3 The secondary data will be used so the accuracy of findings will depend on it.

4 Unresponsive attitudes on administrative part.


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8. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Working papers, 1999-2001 Indore municipal corporation.

Avi silberschatz, henry f korth, s sudarshan Database System Concepts, Sixth Edition, McGraw-Hi

was released January 28, 2010.

Hector Garcia-Molina, Jeff Ullman, and Jennifer Widom, Database Systems (DS:CB) second edition June 9, 2008.

Deccan chronicle Press release,29 Jan 2001

WEBLIOGRAPHY

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database

www.imcindore.org


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DATA SHEET

Questions

Resp. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1 b a A b b b b a B c b d e

2 c b b a a b a b C b a b a

3 b c c b b c b b C b c c d

4 a c c b b a b a B b a b b

5 c b b b c b b b C b a b d6 c b b b c b b a B b c d c

7 c b b b a b b c B c b c d

8 c b b a b b c b B c b c c

9 c b c b b b c b C b c b c

10 b c b b b b b c C b c b b

11 b c b c b b d c B b e b c

12 b a c b b b a b C b a d e

13 c b b c b c b c B c d c b

14 b a b b b b c b C b d d a

15 c b b b c b c c B b d a d

16 d c b b b b b c B c c a a

17 b a a c b d b d C a b c a

18 b b c b b b c b C b d b b

19 c b c c b b c d B b c b d

20 b a b c b b a b C b b d e

21 d b c b c b b c B b b c d

22 b b b d d c c b B b d c d

23 c b a b c d c b A b c d a

24 b c c e b d a c B d b a d

25 c b b d c b a d D c b b a

26 c b a b a b c d A b c b d

27 b c b c b b b c C b b a b

28 c b a c b c b b A b b a b29 b a b c b b b a B a b b b

30 b a c b a c b a B b a c c

31 b a b a a c b c B e c b a

32 b a b b a a c a B c b a a

33 c a b a b c a b C c a b b

34 b b b a b b b b D b b c c

35 b a b b b c a b D c a a b

36 c c b a b b b a B b a c b

37 b c b a c b c b B c a b b

38 b c b a b d a c B a c b a

39 c b c b b a c b A b b c a

40 b b a b a c b a A b c c b

41 b b c c a b c c B a c b a

42 b b a a a b c d C e c b a

43 b c b b b c a c D c b b c

44 c c d b a b c a B c b a a

45 c b c c b a c b C b a b c

46 b b b c b d b b A c d b b

47 a b c b b a b c A a b c e


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48 b b c c a b a c B c b b c

49 c b b c a b b c B b b d a

50 a b c b b b c a C d a b b

Documents

FINAL MRP..PDF Avinash Singh (1)