Final_KTMT5b.pdf

8/10/2019 Final_KTMT5b.pdf

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TRNG I HC NGOI THNGC S2

BMN NGHIP V

---------***--------

TIU LUNChuyn ngnh: Kinh ti ngoi

U IM CA VIC SDNG IN HT NHN

V LIN HVIT NAM

Thc hin: Nhm 5B

Lp: K51C

Mn hc: Kinh tmi trng

Ging vin: C Phan Bi Khu i

Tp.HCM, thng 9 nm 2014


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MC LC

LI MU ............................................................................................................ 1

CHNG 1: GII THIU VNH MY IN HT NHN......................... 3

1.1 Nguyn tc hot ng ........................................................................................ 3

1.2 Cc thhl phn ng ht nhn ........................................................................ 3

1.3 Mt sbin php an ton trong nh my ht nhn ............................................ 4

1.3.1 Mt sbin php ngn nga sc .............................................................. 4

1.3.2 Nguyn tc xl cht thi trong nh my .................................................. 5CHNG 2: U IM CA VIC SDNG IN HT NHN.................. 7

2.1. Vmi trng ................................................................................................... 7

2.1.1. Gim pht thi kh nh knh ....................................................................... 7

2.1.2. Xl cht thi ............................................................................................ 7

2.1.3 Van ton v ri ro r r ........................................................................ 8

2.2. Ngun nng lng cho spht trin bn vng............................................... 10

2.3. Li ch kinh t ................................................................................................. 12

2.4. Vchnh tr, x hi ......................................................................................... 14

2.5 Hn chca vic sdng nhng nng lng ti to khc .............................. 15

CHNG 3: LIN H- VIT NAM NN XY DNG NH MY IN

HT NHN ............................................................................................................. 173.1. Scn thit ca in ht nhn ti Vit Nam .................................................. 17

3.2. Thc trng in ht nhn ti Vit Nam v mt sbc chun bcn thit cho

vic xy dng nh my in ht nhn. .................................................................. 17

3.2.1. Thc trng ................................................................................................ 17

3.2.2. Mt sbc chun bcn thit ................................................................ 18

KT LUN .............................................................................................................. 21


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TI LIU THAM KHO ...................................................................................... 22

BNG BIU ............................................................................................................ 22

DANH SCH NHM V BNG PHN CNG CNG VIC........................ 23


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1

LI MU

Trc vn nhu cu in nng ang ngy cng bc thit, cng vi l snngln ton cu v vn bin i kh hu th vic sdng cc ngun nng lng khng

ti to v c nguy c cn kit nh ha thch, than , kh t, du th khng cn

l mt gii php ti u na. Bn cnh , ngun nng lng c to ra tgi, nc,

mt tri hoc nhin liu xanh l sso snh khp khing so vi nhu cu ngy cng gia

tng. Khng c cuc ci cch chnh trv kinh tno c thgii quyt c nhng

vn ang n gn nu nh chng ta khng c trong tay mt ngnh nng lng hu

hiu - tri tim ca nn kinh t. Trc tnh hnh , vic sdng nng lng in tht nhn l mt gii php c tnh chin lc v ti u nht cho vn khng hong

nng lng trn Tri t hin nay.

Trong 50 nm phc v, in ht nhn trthnh ngun ti y quan trng ca th

gii. Lin minh Chu u (EU), nng lng in ht nhn l ngun in ln nht,

chim 35% tng sn lng. Nht Bn, ttrng ht nhn l 30%. Tlny l 75%

Php v 20% Hoa K. Thng qua ci tin cng nghv quy trnh, hiu sut lmvic ca l ht nhn ngy cng cao. Ktkhi ra i ln u tin vo nm 1954 ti

Nga (Lin X c), nh my in ht nhn mang li nhng li ch to ln, khng th

phnhn cho i sng con ngi. Tuy nhin, bn cnh , vic sn xut loi nng

lng ny cng em n nhng ri ro, tai nn khng khip, nh scxy ra l

Three Mile Island ti M,vnnh my in ht nhn ti Chernobyl (Ukraine) nm

1986 v Fukushima (Nht Bn) nm 2011V vy, Vic sdng nng lng ht

nhn vn cn gy tranh ci, nhiu ngi ng hvic xy dng cc nh my in ht

nhn trong khi mt skhc li phn i v mi e da tim n ca n i vi mi

trng v i sng con ngi.

Vit Nam l mt nc ang pht trin v ang phn u trthnh nc cng nghip

ha, hin i ha vo nm 2020. Trc tnh hnh pht trininhtnhn trn th

gii,nhn listngtrngkinh tvitccao VitNam trong nhngnmgn

yth nhu cupht trinnnglnginphcvcc ngnh kinh tihiphi


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2

lun itrcmtbc.Bivy,mctiu pht trininhtnhn v ho bnh, gp

phnphcvnhu cuinnng cacc ngnh kinh tcngnhnhu cudn sinh l

mtvnangctra. Theo khoch ca chnh phVit Nam th n nm

2014 scho tin hnh dn in ht nhn vi tng cng sut 4000MW v si vohot ng vo nm 2020. Tuy nhin, c nn xy dng nh my in ht nhn hay

khng ang mt vn gy ranh lun bi chi ph ti chnh, cht thi v vn an

ton ht nhn,Nhng trc spht trin khng ngng ca t nc ta ni ring v

thgii ni chung, cng vi l nhu cu in nng ngy cng tng cao th vic xy

dng nh in ht nhn vn l mt vn bc thit ca nc ta hin nay.


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3

CHNG 1: GII THIU VNH MY IN HT NHN

1.1Nguyn tc hot ng

Nh my in nguyn thay nh my in ht nhn l mt nh my to ra in nng

quy m cng nghip, sdng nng lng thu c tphn ng ht nhn.

Cc loi my in nguyn tphbin hin nay thc tl nh my nhit in, chuyn

ti nhit nng thu c tphn ng phn hy ht nhn thnh in nng. a sthc

hin phn ng dy chuyn c iu khin trong l phn ng nguyn tphn hy ht

nhn vi nguyn liu ban u l ng vUran 235 v sn phm thu c sau phn

ng thng l Pluton, cc neutron v nng lng nhit rt ln. Nhit lng ny, theo

hth

ng lm mt khp kn (trnh tia phng x

r r

ra ngoi) qua cc my trao

inhit, un si nc, to ra hi nc p sut cao lm quay cc turbine hi nc, v

do quay my pht in, sinh ra in nng.

Tuy nhin, m bo an ton trong vic xy dng, vn hnh v xl cht thi, nh

my xy dng in ht nhn phi la chn phng n thit kan ton ti u. C th

ni, mt na nh my in ht nhn l cc thit ban ton. Bn cnh th chi ph

xy dng rt cao v thi gian xy dng kh di m bo kim tra mc an ton

ca n. Khi qu trnh sn xut vxl cht thi c bo m an ton cao, nh my

in nguyn tsc thsn xut nng lng in tng i rv sch so vi cc

nh my sn xut in khc, c bit n c tht gy nhim mi trng hn cc

nh my nhit in t than hay kh thin nhin.

1.2 Cc th h l phn ng ht nhn

C 4 thhl phn ng ht nhn trn thgii. Trong , l phn ng thhu tin

hu nh c db, cn l phn ng thh4 ang c pht trin nhng cha

tha vo p dng trn thc ttrc nhng nm 2035-2050.

a snh my ht nhn trn thgii ang vn hnh theo l thhth2, c bt

u vn hnh vo nhng nm 1970. L thhII gm cc kiu l PWR (l nc p

lc) v BWR (l nc si); VVER v RBMK (l nng lng nc ca Nga); CANDU

nc nng (ca Canada, n ); AGR... Cc l ny vn hnh theo c chchng

truyn thng bao gm cc tc ng in hoc c kh thc hin theo lnh. Mt sh


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1.3.2 Nguyn tc xl cht thi trong nh my

Hin nay c mt sbin php xl cht thi ca nh my ht nhn

1.3.2.1 a vo khng gian

V trl mt ni hot ng phng xmnh, nhng cng hp thu phng x, nn cht

thi stan bin v khng gy hi cho con ngi khi c a ra ngoi v tr. Tuy

nhin, nu cc chuyn tu a rc thi phng xvo v trtht bi, hu qui vi

bu kh quyn l rt nng. Ngoi ra th chi ph phng tu cng rt ln, l mt bin

php khng ph hp vi cc nc ang pht trin.

1.3.2.2 Chn su trong lng t

y l la chn ca nhiu quc gia, bng vic a cht thi vo trong nhng hp thp

ri chn su di lng t. Tuy nhin vn cn c vn ang c tranh ci trong

phng php ny, l a im chn lp, nhng nguyn tc tiu chun m bo

an ton cho mi sinh khu vc ...

1.3.2.3 Chn di y bin

y bin vi cc lp ph sa, cc lp t st dy v nng c thhp thu tng i tt

phng x, tuy nhin vic khoan cc hchn c thgp ri ro vkhoan nhm ging

du gy thm ha.

1.3.2.4 Ct gitrong nhn to

La chn tt nht v hin thc nht hin nay l c lp cht phng xbng cc loi

tng hp nhn to (synroc) sau chn xung lng t. Mt gii php tng tl s

dng vt liu gm nano; vi u im l rt bn, thi gian tn ti lu hn cc ion phng

x, v c khnng by cc ion dng phng xv lu gichng trong , lu gi

v bo qun cht phng x.

1.3.2.5 ng dng cht khong xl cht thi ht nhn

Ngi ta chng minh c rng, cc ha cht c tnh phng xc thc loi

bkhi dng phthi v c lp bng vic sdng cc khong cht khc nhau, nhmica, t st v zeolit.


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Ngoi ra, cn c mt sbin php khc: Chn lp vng ht chm gia cc mng

kin to, chn di sng bng, rt ngn chu k bn r ca cht phng xhay ti ch

cht thi ht nhn. Do mt siu kin hn ch, hin nay Vit Nam ang xl cht

thi ht nhn bng phng php chn su di lng t.


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CHNG 2: U IM CA VIC SDNG IN HT NHN

Tuy cn c nhng lo ngi v nh hng ca in ht nhn nhng khi nh gi tc

ng sinh thi ca ton b chu trnh bng cc trng s s dng ti nguyn, nh hng

n sc khe, an ton, hu qu ca cht thi, li ch kinh tth nng lng htnhn vt ln trn cc phng n nng lng thng thng khc v ngang bng vi

nng lng mi.

2.1. V mi trng

2.1.1. Gim pht thi kh nh knh

Kh nh knh gy hin tng nh knh, lm bin i kh hu ton cu. Nhng loi kh

ny gm CO2, N20, CH4, O3, trong CO2 l loi kh nh knh quan trng nht pht

thi do hot ng ca con ngi, ch yu l do s dng nhin liu ha thch sn

xut in hay dng trong ng c xe c v my mc, ng gp gn mt na vo vic

gy m ln ton cu. Lng CO2 pht thi hng nm t 1970 2004 tng 80% v

chim 77% tng lng kh nh knh pht thi ca nm 2004.

Trong khi , in ht nhn l ngun nng lng sch, khng pht thi kh c hiu

ng nh knh, khng h c kh CO2v cng khng c bi. Ngc li vi nhng nng

lng c dng t nhin liu ha thch, th cc nh my in ht nhn hng nm

gip trnh thi 2,5 t tn CO2 tng ng mt na s kh thi ca ngnh vn ti th

gii. M rng cng sut in ht nhn ng ngha vi gim thi cht gy hiu ng

nh knh.

Nng lng ht nhn cn gip gim bt nhim khng kh v b mt tri t. L

phn ng ht nhn khng thi ra khi (nguyn nhn gy ra sng m v cc bnh v

ng h hp) v cc cht kh to nn ma a xit (hu hoi rng v ao h).

2.1.2. Xl cht thi

Lng cht thi phng x pht sinh trong nh my in ht nhn cng rt t . Vi s

liu so snh gia cht thi thng thng v cht thi cng nghip. Nm 1955, lng

cht thi bnh qun ca mt ngi Nht Bn trong mt 1 nm l 3,900 kg. Trong khi

, lng cht thi phng x pht sinh t ton b cc nh my in ht nhn cha


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n 0,104 kg. C ngha l cht thi t nh my in ht nhn tuy phi mt cng x l

phng x, nhng v lng t, nn qun l cng d dng.

Mc d, cht thi c to ra trong l phn ng ht nhn rt nguy him i vi mi

trng cng nh sc khe con ngi v s tn ti trong mt khong thi gian di

nhng cht thi phng x khng phi l mt im yu m l mt c th ca nng

lng ht nhn. So vi lng thi khng l ca nhin liu ho thch vo kh quyn,

lng cht thi ht nhn l nh, khng ng k v c th ct gi m khng gy nguy

hi cho con ngi v mi trng. Phn ln nhin liu qua s dng c gi li

nh my. Cht thi mc cao c xp trong thng thp dy chng n mn v t

su trong lng t - ni c kin to n nh, v c theo di cn thn. Cc nh khoahc khng nh rng cc khu chn ct an ton trong hng thin nin k, cho ti

khi c cng ngh x l c mi ngi chp nhn.

Bn cnh , ht nhn l ngnh cng nghip nng lng duy nht c trch nhim v

tt c cht thi ca mnh. Tt c cc nc c sn xut in ht nhn chu hon ton

trch nhim qun l an ton cht thi sinh ra trong hot ng ht nhn ca h.

nhng nc s dng k thut ht nhn, lng cht thi phng x khng qu 1% cht

thi cng nghip c hi khc. C im khc bit l tnh phng x ca cht thi ht

nhn gim dn theo thi gian do phn r t nhin cn tnh c ca cc cht thi cng

nghip khc hu nh vnh vin.Cng nghip ht nhn cam kt cng khai minh bch

khi ra quyt nh, to s ng thun vi cng ng dn c trong qun l cht thi.

2.1.3 Van ton v ri ro r r

Ti nn Chernobyl nm 1986 ti Ukraine, tai nn gy cht ngi lm xu hnh nhnng lng ht nhn. Loi l ny thiu hn cu trc tng ngn c tc dng chn cht

phng x khng cho r thot ra ngoi trong trng hp khn cp v chc chn ngy

nay n s khng bao gi c cp giy php hot ng. V Chernobyl thc y thnh

lp Lin on cc nhvn hnh ht nhn th gii, mt t chc ngh nghip quan tm

ti tng l phn ng thng mi trn th gii v thng qua n, ch cc cng ty in

lc p dng nhng tiu chun thc tin tt nht nh mt phn vn ho an ton ht

nhn ton cu.


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Cc nhm chngin ht nhncho rng khng c mc phng x an ton, song theo

TS vt l Travis Norsen ca M, cc ngun phng x ln u l t nhin v c mt

khp mi ni: Con ngi lin tc phi nhim vi phng x t cc tia v tr tng

trn ca kh quyn v cc nguyn t phng x t nhin trong lng t. So vi nhngngun ny, phng x t nh my in ht nhnkhng ng k. Mc bc x trung

bnh hng nm m ngi M phi nhim l 360 millirem, trong 300 millirem c

ngun gc t cc ngun t nhin chng hn nh radon. Tri li, con ngi ch nhn

c 0,01 millirem phng x mi nm do sng cch nh my in ht nhn 15m.

Ngay c mt chic my bay cng lm cho con ngi tip xc 3 millirem mi nm

trong khi mc phi nhim t X-quang trong y hc l 20 millirem mi nm.

Trong bt c hon cnh no, mt l phn ng ht nhn khng bao gi xy ra n nh

bom nguyn t. Thm vo , k t cuc tn cng khng b thng 9/2001, nhng

ngi vn hnh l v gii chc chnh ph trn khp th gii xem xt li vn an

ninh v nng cp h thng an ninh nh my in ht nhn.Nh my in ht nhn

Hoa K s khng l him ha i vi c dn a phng, thm ch c khi mt my

bay c tnh m vo. Lp v thp v lp b tng c gia c cng cu trc bn trong

hn ch ti thiu kh nng r thot phng x trong trng hp nh vy.

H s cn cho thy rng in ht nhn thng mi an ton hn rt nhiu so vi cc

h thng dng nhin liu ho thch c v mt ri ro cho con ngi trong khi sn xut

nhin liu, c v mt nh hng sc kho v mi trng khi tiu th. Nhng tai nn

cht ngi xy ra thng xuyn trong cc v v p thu in, n m than hay chy

ng dn du.

Ch quy phm ht nhn nghim ngt c tm quc gia v quc t m bo an

ton cho ngi lao ng, cng chng v mi trng. Mi nh my in ht nhn c

yu cu dnh u tin hng u cho cc bin php an ninh v nhng k hoch cu h

nhm bo v cng chng trong tnh hung xu. Ngy nay, cc l phn ng ht nhn

p dng trit l phng th theo chiu su ngha l gm nhiu lp bo v vng chc

v cc h an ton d phng - ngn chn r r phng x thm ch trong iu kin tai

nn xu nht.


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S an ton trong qu trnh vn chuyn vt liu ht nhn, c bit l nhin liu mi,

nhin liu qua s dng v chtthi, trong sut bn thp k qua him khi gy r

thot phng x, thm ch c khi c tai nn. Trong sut bn thp k qua, ngnh cng

nghip ht nhn th gii thc hin trn 20.000 chuyn hng vi hn 50.000 tn vtliu ht nhn (cht thi, nhin liu qua s dng v nhin liu mi) song cha h gy

r thot phng x, thm ch c khi c tai nn. Nhng quy nh quc gia v quc t

kht khe i hi vic vn chuyn phi s dng nhng thng cha c bit c lp v

thp dy, chu c va chm mnh v chng c p ph. Do c nng lng khng

l trong khi lng nhin liu uranium nh nn nhin liu ht nhn cn vn chuyn

rt t. Tri li, nhng chuyn hng nhin liu ho thch l mt gnh nng ca vn ti

quc t vi mi e do mi trng, nht l him ho trn du.

2.2. Ngun nng lng cho s pht trin bn vng

Vo nm 2005, tiu th nng lng ca th gii s gp i v nhu cu in nng s

gp ba. Mc tiu th gh gm , m phn ln cc nc ang pht trin, khng th

tha mn c nh nng lng minh gi, mt tri cho d cc ngun ny c th

ng vai tr quan trng mt s vng no . Rt hin thc, nng lng ht nhn l

mt cng ngh sch, c kh nng m rng trn quy m ln cung cp ngun in

n nh lin tc. Ngun ti nguyn Uranium l nguyn t t nhin v phng x t

nhin ca n vn quanh chng ta cn phong ph v trin vng cung cp nhin liu

vi gi n nh rt sng sa.

Hin nay, mt phn ba dn s trn th gii cha c dng in, mt phn ba na

ch dng in mt cch hn ch. Trong cuc vt ln p ng nhu cu nng lng ca

mnh vi nhng ngnh nng lng truyn thng, mt s nc ang pht trin ng

dn c th lm tng pht thi CO2 tm ton cu. Trong khi , nh my in ht

nhn to ra mt lng in nng ln, ch vimt lng nh nhin liu ht nhn ta

thu c nng lng ln. Nhin liu cn thit cho mt nh my in c cng sut

1000 MW vn hnh trong sut 1 nm l:


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Bng 2.1:Nhin liu cn thit cho mt nh my in c cng sut 1000 MW vn

hnh trong 1 nm

Nhin liuKhi lng

Phng tinvn chuyn S lng

Than 2.200.000 tn Tu trng ti 200,000 tn 11 tu

Du 1.400.000 tn Thng cha 200,000 tn 7 thng

Kh thin nhin 1.100.000 tn Thng cha 200,000 tn 5,5 thng

Uran giu 30 tn Xe ti 10 tn 3 xe

Nh vy, nhiu liu cho nng lng nguyn t d vn chuyn v ct gi.

Theo C quan Nng lng nguyn t quc t (IAEA), tng nng lng ht nhn s

tng 70% v th phn ca in ht nhn trong th trng in ton cu s ln ti 19,8%

vo nm 2035. Th gii chuyn sang s dng in ht nhn s lm tng sn lngin c sn xut t ngun nng lng ti sinh v in ht nhn tip tc l gii php

kh thi cho nhiu vn ton cu.

Ti bui phng vn ca trang Risingbd ti hi tho quc t VVER2013: Kinh nghim

v nh gi hu Fukushima (11 - 13/11, Cng ha Sc), ng Leos Tomicek - Ph ch

tch Rosatom Oversease khng nh, khng th p ng yu cu v in trong tng

li nu khng c cc nh my in ht nhn.Theo d bo trong tng lai, ngun dtr du, kh s cn kit, than va lng ph tin va khng an ton hn cho mi

trng. Vic s dng kh biogas s khng th p ng nhu cu nng lng khng l

ti thi im . Bn cnh , ngun nng lng c to ra t gi, nc, mt tri

hoc nhinliu xanh l s so snh khp khing so vi nhu cu ngy cng gia tng. V

vy, in ht nhn s l ngun nng lng ch yu trong tng lai.

Cng ngh nng lng ht nhn tin tin v a dng to iu kin pht trin tng laibn vng c nc cng nghip v nc ang pht trin. L phn ng ht nhn cn


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c dng kh mn nc bin nhm p ng nhu cu nc sch ngy cng tng

trn th gii. Nhng th h l phn ng ht nhn mi ang c k vng sn xut

hydro vi lng ln cung cp nhin liu cho t nng lng sch. Trong t nhin,

hydro khng tn ti dng c th dng cho mc ch nng lng nhng ch ctch ra, n tr thnh ngun nhin liu cho vn ti rt sch i vi mi trng. Ch c

nng lng ht nhn t ra c th sn xut hydro trn quy m ln. Hoa K, nhu cu

hydro dnh cho vn ti khong 230.000 tn mt ngy. Cc l phn ng ht nhn tng

lai hot ng vi nhit cao c th sn xut mt khi lng ln nh vy mt cch

hiu qu nh s dng qu trnh ho-nhit.

2.3. Li ch kinh t

Nh my in ht nhn cng m bo li ch kinh t. in ht nhn c kh nng cnh

tranh v kinh t v s cnh tranh hn khi tnh n chi ph mi trng lin quan n

nhng tn hi do pht thi carbon. bt k u, khi c s dng, nng lng ht

nhn gip m bo s tin cy v an ninh nng lng, li l c s cho kinh t n

nh v tng trng. Nng lng ht nhn cn s quan tm ca chnh ph nhng

khng da vo tr cp ca chnh ph. Trong khi nhin liu ha thch c li nh

nhng chi ph x l nhim m chnh ph phi gnh nhng khng c tnh vo

kinh t ca nng lng ha thch.

Ht nhn l ngnh cng nghip nng lng duy nht c trch nhim v tt c cht

thi ca mnh v tnh c chi ph trong gi bn in. Nng lng ht nhn thm

ch cn cnh tranh hn nu nh tt c cc ngun nng lng u chu cc loi chi ph

chn gi cht thi v chi ph x hi mt cch bnh ng. hiu qu kinh t em ca

vic xy dng nh my ht nhn l khng h nh, theo c tnh, hin nay trn th

gii nu thay th nng lng ht nhn bng nhit in th mi nm cn chi ph khong

gn 7 t USD.

Tuy nhin, Mt s kin cho rng, xy dng nh my ht nhn cn mt chi ph khng

l. ng l s cn mt s tin rt ln xy dng nhng nh my in ht nhn,

nhng th tnh n yu cu cc ln v nng lng ca mt t nc, th khon u

t khng l ny cng l p ng nhu cu ln .Hy xem l khon u t sinhli lu di, bi mt nh my in ht nhn s cung cp ngun in lin tc trong nhiu


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nm, chnh l vn t, li nhiu. Tnh ton cho thy, khi xy dng cc nh my in

c cng xut 1.200 MW cn t 8 - 10 t Euro.Cc nh my in ht nhn c th chy

c khong 90% cng sut, trong khi cc turbine in gi ch t hiu qu khong

25% v cc nh my in mt tri cn thp hn, ch t 15% hiu qu.

V mc gim kh thi CO2 cho mi n v cng sut, cc nh my in ht nhn t

mc cao gp 4 ln so vi in gi v 6 ln so vi in mt tri. Quy thnh tin, in

ht nhn tit kim c hn 400.000 USD tr gi cht thi carbon cho mi megawatt

cng sut, so vi ch 69.000 USD ca in mt tri v 107.000 USD ca in gi.

thay th mt nh my nhit in (chy bng than) c cng cng sut, ngi ta phi

xy dng 4 nh my in gi hay 7 nh my in mt tri. to ra 1 megawatt in

mi nm nh nhit in, ngi ta phi tn 189.000 USD chi ph hot ng cho in

mt tri, v mc cao gn nh vy cho in gi. Mc d chi ph xy dng ban u t

nht, nhng nh my in ht nhn t tnh hiu qu cao nht v c th hot ng

sut ngy m, chng phi ng tri, dm t hay chm thm du.

Bn cnh , vic u t xy dng nh my in ht nhn c chi ph vn hnh li r

hn so vi vnhnh cc nh my pht in s dng than, du hoc kh. Mt khi xy

dng xong v a vo vn hnh, nguyn liu ch yu nh my in ht nhn hot

ng l cc b thanh nhin liu (thng thng l uranium) k t lc np liu s tri

qua qung thi gian vi nm trong l phn ng, vi gi thnh tng i n nh. Mc

d gi nhin liu uranium tng nhanh trong nm 2007, iu t c nh hng ti

gi thnh sn xut ca cc nh my in ht nhn ang hot ng.

Hn na, ngun nhin liu uranium theo cc s liu kho st m bo cung

ng cho ngnh cng nghip ht nhn trong thi gian di, l cha k ti vic snhin liu hn hp MOX (Oxt Uranium-Plutonium) v s pht trin cng ngh l

ntron nhanh (hay cn gi l l ti sinh) s em li c hi s dng nhin liu l

Thorium ln ti hng nghn nm, iu m bo ngun cung cp nhin liu n nh

v chc chn trong tng lai. Cn gi nguyn liu than, du v kh th kh c th d

on mt cch chc chn khi m k hoch pht trin cng nghip in v vn hnh

h thng in cn phi tnh n 30-40 nm trong tng lai. c bit trong iu kin


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14

gi nhin liu ngy cng tng nhanh th in ht nhn li cng tr nn cnh tranh cao

hn v s l s la chn kinh t.

2.4. V chnh tr, x hi

Thi tch cc ca cng chng i vi nng lng ht nhn thc ra tt hn nhiu

so vi nhng g m ta ngi ta gn cho trong cc cuc tranh lun chung. Ngi Thy

S, trong mt cuc trng cu dn v nhng sngkin chng ht nhn nm 2003,

b phiu chn phng n gi cc nh my ht nhn ca mnh. Nhng iu tra khc

cho thy: hai phn ngi M ng h s dng nng lng ht nhn; Ngi Thy in,

ni ting c thc v mi trng th c n 80% mun duy tr hoc m rng in

ht nhn; gn ba phn t dn Nht Bn nhn thc c gi tr nng lng ht nhn.

Ni chung dn chng khng c thng tin ng v nng lng ht nhn. Cc cuc

thm d d lun cho thy nhiu ngi vn tin rng nng lng ht nhn lm trm

trng, hn l lm gim bt, mi nguy him m ln ton cu. Tuy nhin, ting chung

bo ng v thay i kh hu vang ln ngy cng dn dp khin con ngi ngy cng

hiu nng lng ht nhn l mt phng cch an ton v c tnh xy dng cao

khc phc him ha ang ngy mt nghim trng i vi sinh quyn Tri t.

V mt x hi, rng vic xy dng cc nh my in ht nhn tao ra cng n vic

lm lng cao v bn vng, bn cnh ngi dn cn nhn c in gi r t cc

nh my in ht nhn. iu ny gp phn nng cao mc sng ca ngi cc quc

gia trn th gii. Thng 12 nm 2011, Vin Nng lng ht nhn Hoa K cng b

mt phn tch ca Oxford Economics (2011) v vic lm. Oxford Economics tnh

ton rng mt n v nng lng ht nhn vi cng sut 1000 MWe s to ra tngs 4372 vic lm c trc tip v gin tip (h s nhn : 1.79 ). Gi s p dng ch s

ca Oxford Economics cho hot ng ca su n v ht nhn vi tng cng sut

6.000 MW (theo nh k hoch in ht nhnBa Lan) c th to ra 3180 vic lm trc

tip v 23 087 vic lm gin tip trong nn kinh t - tng cng 26 267 vic lm

V mt chnh tr,trc tnh hnh pht trin in ht nhn trn th gii, vic y mnh

xy dng cc nh my in ht nhn cng gp phn nng cao vth ca cc quc gia

trn trng quc t. Bn cnh nhng qun im ng tnh vi vic xy dng nh my


18/26

15

in ht nhn th c mt s kin li phn i iu ny bi h e ngi, s hi v vn

an ton ca cc nh my in ht nhn. Nhng vi cch suy ngh kiu c kh khn,

nguy him th nn chn bc, c cht chc th dng li th s tin b ca loi ngi

kh c th c nh ngy hm nay. Chng ta nn hng li, nh hng cho d lunrng: H tng lm, h thnh cng v ch l "tai nn", l iu khng may,

khng ai mong mun do nhng nguyn nhn ch quan v khch quan gy nn. Chng

ta vn phi thc hin v nhng li ch m khng ai c quyn chi ci ca ngun nng

lng ht nhn v chng ta s trit rt kinh nghim khng phi gnh chu nhng

hu qu tng t nh nhng thm ha xy ra.

2.5 Hn ch ca vic s dng nhng nng lng ti to khc

Cc ngun nng lng ti to cung cp nng lng vi cng thp hn, khng n

nh v chi ph sn xut in li kh cao. C ththy, mt tri l ngun nng lng

phong ph, xanh, sch, thn thin vi mi trng. Hin nay ngun nng lng ny

ang c p dng nhiu nhng vn chquy m nh, ngoi ra chi ph thc hin

ngun nng lng ny ang c gim nhanh chng. Nhng ngun nng lng mt

tri bgii hn bi sphthuc vo thi tit trong ngy v chhot ng vo ban

ngy.

Ngun nng lng gi vi cc tuabin gi chim t khng gian hn v l mt ngun

ti nguyn to ra nng lng ti cc a im xa nh cc vng min ni, nng thn

v hi o. Tuy nhin, yu tgi khng ng tin cy, lng in sn xut ra rt thp,

turbine gi gy ra nhng ting n i vi c dn sng gn v c th gy nguy him

cho nhng con chim ang bay.

Xy dng cng trnh thuin shn chcc lung di c/ bn di c ca cc loi c,

lm thay i iu kin sinh sn, c nguy c lm kit qungun thc n ca c ti cc

cng trnh ly nc ti nh my thuin. Kt qul ngun thusn bgim, c

bit l cc loi c qu him, trong mt s trng hp cn b tuyt chng.

2.6. Xu hng nng lng ca thgii


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16

Giai on t u th k XXI ti nay,khi an ninh nng lng c ngha quyt nh

v cng ngh in ht nhnngy cng c nng cao th xu hng pht trin in ht

nhn c nhng thay i tch cc.

Tm nhn 2020 ca M v pht trin in ht nhn ngh tng 10.000MW cho 104nh my in ht nhnhin c. Anh quay tr li pht trin in ht nhndo thiu ht

nng lng. Thy in t b k hoch sm dng hot ng cc nh my in ht

nhn trong nc, v hin ang u t mnh m vo vic nng cp v ko di tui th

nh my. Hungary, Slovakia v Ty Ban Nha ang thc hin tt c cc cng vic

hoc c k hoch tng thi gian hot ng ca cc nh my in ht nhn hin c.

c chp thun ko di thi gian hot ng cc nh my in ht nhn trong nc,

ngc li nh ng cacc nh my ny trc , nhng mt ln na o ngc

cc chnh sch sau tai nn Fukushima.Trung Quc hon thnh vic xy dng v

a vo vn hnh 17 l phn ng ht nhn mi trong giai on 2002-2013, v khong

30 l phn ng hin ang c xy dng hoc chun b xy dng vo cui nm 2014.

Vo thng 9/2012 IAEA d kin c 7 nc l nhng nc mi khi ng chng

trnh ht nhn trong tng lai gn. Tuy khng nu tn nhng Lithuania, UAE, Th

Nh K, Belarus, Vit Nam, Ba Lan v Bangladesh l cc ng vin kh nng. Cc

nc rt khi cam kt, hoc phi cn thm thi gian thit lp c s h tng,

hoc khng tim lc ti chnh.trong khi Indonesia lp d n kh thi v d kin

s a t my in ht nhnu tin vo vn hnh nm 2015.


20/26

17

CHNG 3: LIN H- VIT NAM NN XY DNG NH MY IN

HT NHN

3.1. S cn thit ca in ht nhn ti Vit Nam

Trong n: Bo co nghin cu tin khthi vxy dng nh my in ht nhnu tin Vit Nam, nhng tnh ton cho thy tng nhu cu nng lng s cp t

nay n nm 2015, 2020 v 2025 tng ng l 63, 84 v 124 triu tn du quy i

(TOE). Trong khi , tcc con sgn y vquy hoch thai thc nng lng ca

cc ngnh than, du kh v in lc, tng khnng p ng theo cc nm tng ng

trn l 72, 76 v 77 triu TOE. Nh vy, khong sau nm 2015 nc ta sht cn

i vcung cp nng lng s cp. Khong cch thiu ht nhin liu sngy cng

ln vo nhng nm tip sau.

Xt nhng li ch, u im ca in ht nhn v chi ph sdng in ht nhn so vi

in truyn thng v in tnng lng ti to khc chng 2, ta c ththy in

ht nhn l la chn tt nhin v ti u nht cho n thi im hin ti, khng ch

ca ring Vit Nam m cn nhiu quc gia trn thgii phc vcho spht trin

kinh ttrongtng lai.

3.2. Thc trng in ht nhn ti Vit Nam v mt s bc chun b cn thit chovic xy dng nh my in ht nhn.

3.2.1. Thc trng

Nghquyt Quc hi cui nm 2009 quyt nh xy dng chui nh my in ht

nhn Ninh Thun I v II ti tnh Ninh Thun, Vit Nam vi tng cng sut trn

4.000 MW. Theo quy hoch pht trin in lc Quc gia, nh my in ht nhn I v

II sc khi cng vo thng 12 nm 2014 v hon thnh vo nm 2022, pht in

vo cui nm 2020.Dn c tin hnh theo kin nghca Thtng Nguyn Tn

Dng da trn c tnh thiu thn in nng n 2020, c Quc hi Vit

Nam thng qua chtrng u t xy dng. Vngun kinh ph,Nga ng cho Vit

Nam vay 10,5 tUSD, Nht cng ng cho vay ngun vn ODA lm in ht nhn.


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18

Nh my in ht nhn Ninh Thun I

Thng 5 nm 2010, Nga c la chn lm i tc cung cp cng nghcho nh my

in ht nhn I, vi cam kt lu di shtrVit Nam trong cng tc qun l v x

l cht thi ht nhn, ng thi xy dng mt chng trnh quc gia v vn

ny.Nga a ra mc gi nh my mc cng sut 2.000 MWh l gn 8 tUSD v

ng cho Vit Nam vay tn dng xut khu trin khai dn.Nh my c d

tnh xy dng vi hsan ton cao trn c scc l phn ng nc nhhin i s

dng cng nghnc p lc (VVER) theo thit kca nh my in thh3 vi mc

an ton hn hn thh2 (nhnh my Fukushima I). Cc chng trnh hthng

nh my in h

t nhn m b

o an ton ch

ng v th

ng. Theo cng nghm

i,

khu vc m bo an ton trong trng hp xy ra scnm cch nh my 800m. i

sc mnh ton quyn Lin bang Nga ti Vit Nam khng nh pha Nga hon ton

chu trch nhim vsan ton ca Nh my in ht nhn Ninh Thun I.

Nh my in ht nhn Ninh Thun II

Chnh ph Vit Nam k cc tho thun hp tc xy dng my in ht nhn Ninh

Thun II viNht Bn. Thng 9 nm 2011, Nht Bn cho tu kho st a cht nVit Nam kho sta cht binphc v d n xy dng nh my II.

Cc chuyn gia Cng ty in nguyn t Nht Bn(JAPC) a ra cng ngh v cc

c tnh an ton ca cc th h l phn ng tin tin ca Nht c kh nng chng

ng t v sng thn cng hng khc phc saus c nh my in Fukushima I.

3.2.2. Mt sbc chun bcn thit

V nhn lc, ng Sueo Machi, Ph Tng Gim c C quan Nng lng Nguyn tQuc t (IAEA), iu phi vinDin n hp tc ht nhn Chu (FNCA), pht

biu rng vai tr ca ngi vn hnh nh my in ht nhn rt quan trng do i

hi s o to chuyn su.

Theo cc chuyn gia, Vit Nam thiu cn b trong lnh vc cng ngh in ht nhn

trm trng.Tuy nhin, B Gio dc v o to k hp ng o to nhn lc vi

Tp on Nh nc v in ht nhn ca Nga. T 2010, Tp on in lc VitNam a khong 40 ngi i o to.B Khoa hc v Cng nghcng angxem


22/26

19

xt vn ny trong thi im Vit Nam cha c ngi lm v cng ngh ht

nhn. Th tng Chnh ph cng nhn mnh v yu cu c quan chuyn ngnh nhanh

chng hon thin cc vn bn php quy, o to ngun nhn lc cho nh my in

nguyn t u tinkhu vcng Nam .

Nga bt u o to nhm sinh vin Vit Nam u tin ti trng o to

thucRosatom vi d nh tng dn s lng trong tng lai. Ba trung tm o to

cho sinh vin ang c xy dng, d kin hon thnh v hot ng trc khi vn

hnh in ht nhn 2 nm.

Bn cnh , trong nm 2010, Nht Bn o to cho Vit Nam 50 - 60 lt cn b

trong lnh vc in ht nhn v s tip tc gip o to nhn lc bo m an tonvn hnh in ht nhn.

i din ban qun l d n cho bit theo k hoch n nm 2020 s c khong 200

k s c o to, hun luyn v in ht nhn cho hai nh my.

V khung php l,vn ban hnh khung php l cho an ton ht nhn cng l mt

im cn phi ch v c nhng thay i ci cch nht nh v trong tng lai vi

nm k t 2011, Vit Nam cn hng trm vn bn v lnh vc ny. Tuy nhin, Lut

nng lng nguyn t Vit Nam khi ban hnh phi l thuc qu nhiu vo cc quy

nh php lut trc . V theo quy nh hin ti, cc cng on ph duyt, cp php

phn chia ra nhiu c quan ch qun. iu ny i ngc vi hng dn xy dng

Lut caC quan Nng lng nguyn t quc tl ch nn mt c quan duy nht

qun l. iu ny c xem l im yu nht ca Lut nng lng nguyn t ang

xy dng.

V kho st a cht,thng 8 nm 2011, ti Hi ngh khoa hc v cng ngh ht nhn

ton quc ln th 9, cc chuyn gia kho st cho bit c mt s t gyang hot

ng b b st trong cc nghin cu, kho st trc y. Cc t gy ny c cho

l c vai tr quan trng i vi s n nh cng trnh trong khu vc. Cc chuyn gia

kin ngh kho st b sung.Ngy 3 thng 2 nm 2012, cng tc kho st a cht

bt u tin hnh. V cng tc ny phi c chnh xc m bo s an ton ht nhn.

V nhngphng din khc, thng 6 nm 2010, Th tng Chnh ph ban hnhquyt nh ph duyt nh hng quy hoch pht trin in ht nhn Vic Nam giai


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20

on n nm 2030. Trong , iu 1 mc 6 v cc gii php thc hin c nu cc

bc chun b v t chc thc hin (xy dng v nng cao nng lc k thut bo m

an ton nh my in ht nhn: xy dng c quan h tr k thut c lp v an ton

ht nhn vi y cc trang thit b th nghim hin i,i ng cn b chuyn mntrnh cao v ngun ti chnh cn thit; c cu t chc iu hnh thc hin chng

trnh pht trin in ht nhn: thnh lp Ban Ch o Nh nc gip Th tng

Chnh ph ch o qu trnh thc hin cc d n in ht nhn v pht trin c s h

tng ca ngnh cng nghip in ht nhn Vit Nam); v u t pht trin in ht

nhn (ban hnh cc c ch, chnh sch v cc bin php h tr v u t v ti chnh,

ph hp vi cc quy nh hin hnh v cc cam kt quc t ca VitNam); v thng

tin tuyn truyn (xy dng chng trnh thng tin i chng v in ht nhnng

b vi chng trnh pht trinin ht nhn;phi hp thng xuyn v cht ch gia

cc c quan nh nc v t chc lin quan nhm to nn s hiu bit cn thit ca

cng chng i vi pht trin in ht nhn; m bothng tin kp thi v minh bch

vin ht nhn; duy tr s ng h ca cng chng i vi tt c cc khu ca d n

in ht nhn,t giai on chun bu t,trin khaiv a vo vn hnh cc d

nin ht nhn).

Nh vy, inhtnhn angcnghin cup dngnhngcng nghngy

cng an ton hn,hiuqukinh thn.Vingunnhn lcvkthuthtnhn cn

mng, tim lccng nghipnhb, tin tic tmy inhtnhn u tin,

chng ta cn rtnhiuvicphilm. Cnchunbnhngkhu vkhung php l,

otolclngkthut,lachncng ngh,aim,xl chtthi,btr ti

chnh... Quan trngl ngay tby ginhgi cxu thttyu,khngnhc

vai tr cainhtnhn trong ccungunnnglngVitNam tnglai. Trong

pht trinnnglngbnvng,VitNam scnphilm inhtnhn. Khngbt

tay vo chunbsm,ta c thlchiv cng lc l imtvinhngthch thc

do thiuincho pht trinkinh t- x hitrong tnglai.


24/26

21

KT LUN

Vicxy dngcc nh my htnhn vncn l vngy tranh ci trn thgii

hinnay.Nhiunginghvictora nnglnginhtnhn trong khi mts

khc liphniv miedatimncan ivimi trngv isngconngi.Tuy nhin, trcnhu cucucsngngy cng cao, snng ln caton cu

v spht trinkhng ngng cakhoa hccng nghth vicxy dngcc nh my

inhtnhn l rtcnthitivicc qucgia. L mtncc nhiulithvti

nguyn thin nhin, skthacc khoa hc,cng nghhiniv csut

ngunvnlntcc qucgia khc, vicxy dngnh my inhtnhn l mtd

n mang tnh chinlccaVitNam. Tuy nhin, thnh cng ln,chng taphi

quan tm hnnavvnlachncng nghph hp,otongunnhn lc

gii,c trnh tipthu cao, tnh an ton, an ninh chtch,cng vil thigian

v ltrnh xy dngph hpnht,iuquan trngl ngay tby gi,chng ta

phinhgi cxu thttyu,khngnhcvai tr cainhtnhn trong

ccungunnnglngVitNam, ngthira nhngkhoach cthpht

trinnnglnginhtnhn cancta trong tnglai.


25/26

22

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Vin nng lng v cc c quan hu quan, 2002,Bo co nghin cu tin khthi

vxy dng nh my in ht nhn u tin Vit Nam

2. Quyt nh ca thtng chnh ph, 2010,Ph duyt nh hng quy hoch phttrin in ht nhn Vit Nam giai on n nm 2030

3.www.varans.vn,Nng lng ht nhn sl la chn chnh trong tng lai,

http://www.varans.vn/ShowItems.asp?actType=23&ItemID=1515&TypeGrp=1&m

enuid=107120&menulink=100000&menuup=107000

4.www.varans.vn,Dn nh my in ht nhn Vit Nam,

http://www.varans.vn/ShowItems.asp?actType=23&ItemID=1937&TypeGrp=1&m

enuid=103110&menulink=100000&menuup=103000

3.www.dienhatnhan.com.vn,Ti sao thgii chng ta cn ht nhn,

http://dienhatnhan.com.vn/index.aspx?u=con&t=0&cid=407&p=647

4.www.myatom.ru,Nh my nhit in v nh my in ht nhn khc nhau im

g?

http://www.myatom.ru/vn/press-center/news/2014/16-01-2

5.www.cet.com.vn,in ht nhn Vit Nam,

http://cet.com.vn/vi/chi-tiet-tin-c76a5/dien-hat-nhan-o-viet-nam.html

6.www.3ce.vn,02/06/2014, u im v nhc im ca nng lng ht nhn,

http://www.3ce.vn/vi/ho-tro/dien-dien-tu/3541-uu-diem-va-nhuoc-diem-cua-nang-

luong-hat-nhan.html

7.www.hanotec.com.vn,in ht nhn- ngun nng lng sch,

http://www.hanotec.com.vn/view_news.aspx?nid=91

8.www.baomoi.com ,Bn thhl phn ng ht nhn,

http://www.baomoi.com/Bon-the-he-lo-phan-ung-hat-nhan/53/3526194.epi

9.www.xaluan.com,8 gii php xl cht thi ht nhn,

http://www.xaluan.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=197094

BNG BIU

1. Bng 2.1: Nhin liu cn thit cho mt nh my in c cng sut 1000 MW vnhnh trong 1 nm 11
http://www.varans.vn/http://www.varans.vn/ShowItems.asp?actType=23&ItemID=1515&TypeGrp=1&menuid=107120&menulink=100000&menuup=107000http://www.varans.vn/ShowItems.asp?actType=23&ItemID=1515&TypeGrp=1&menuid=107120&menulink=100000&menuup=107000http://www.varans.vn/ShowItems.asp?actType=23&ItemID=1515&TypeGrp=1&menuid=107120&menulink=100000&menuup=107000http://www.varans.vn/http://www.varans.vn/ShowItems.asp?actType=23&ItemID=1937&TypeGrp=1&menuid=103110&menulink=100000&menuup=103000http://www.varans.vn/ShowItems.asp?actType=23&ItemID=1937&TypeGrp=1&menuid=103110&menulink=100000&menuup=103000http://www.dienhatnhan.com.vn/http://dienhatnhan.com.vn/index.aspx?u=con&t=0&cid=407&p=647http://www.myatom.ru/http://www.myatom.ru/vn/press-center/news/2014/16-01-2http://www.cet.com.vn/http://www.cet.com.vn/http://cet.com.vn/vi/chi-tiet-tin-c76a5/dien-hat-nhan-o-viet-nam.htmlhttp://www.3ce.vn/http://www.3ce.vn/vi/ho-tro/dien-dien-tu/3541-uu-diem-va-nhuoc-diem-cua-nang-luong-hat-nhan.htmlhttp://www.3ce.vn/vi/ho-tro/dien-dien-tu/3541-uu-diem-va-nhuoc-diem-cua-nang-luong-hat-nhan.htmlhttp://www.hanotec.com.vn/http://www.hanotec.com.vn/view_news.aspx?nid=91http://www.baomoi.com/http://www.baomoi.com/Bon-the-he-lo-phan-ung-hat-nhan/53/3526194.epihttp://www.xaluan.com/http://www.xaluan.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=197094http://www.xaluan.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=197094http://www.xaluan.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=197094http://www.xaluan.com/http://www.baomoi.com/Bon-the-he-lo-phan-ung-hat-nhan/53/3526194.epihttp://www.baomoi.com/http://www.hanotec.com.vn/view_news.aspx?nid=91http://www.hanotec.com.vn/http://www.3ce.vn/vi/ho-tro/dien-dien-tu/3541-uu-diem-va-nhuoc-diem-cua-nang-luong-hat-nhan.htmlhttp://www.3ce.vn/vi/ho-tro/dien-dien-tu/3541-uu-diem-va-nhuoc-diem-cua-nang-luong-hat-nhan.htmlhttp://www.3ce.vn/http://cet.com.vn/vi/chi-tiet-tin-c76a5/dien-hat-nhan-o-viet-nam.htmlhttp://www.cet.com.vn/http://www.myatom.ru/vn/press-center/news/2014/16-01-2http://www.myatom.ru/http://dienhatnhan.com.vn/index.aspx?u=con&t=0&cid=407&p=647http://www.dienhatnhan.com.vn/http://www.varans.vn/ShowItems.asp?actType=23&ItemID=1937&TypeGrp=1&menuid=103110&menulink=100000&menuup=103000http://www.varans.vn/ShowItems.asp?actType=23&ItemID=1937&TypeGrp=1&menuid=103110&menulink=100000&menuup=103000http://www.varans.vn/http://www.varans.vn/ShowItems.asp?actType=23&ItemID=1515&TypeGrp=1&menuid=107120&menulink=100000&menuup=107000http://www.varans.vn/ShowItems.asp?actType=23&ItemID=1515&TypeGrp=1&menuid=107120&menulink=100000&menuup=107000http://www.varans.vn/


26/26

DANH SCH NHM V BNG PHN CNG CNG VIC

STT HV TN MSSV CNG VIC

1 V Vn Cng 1201016069 Chng 1 + Tng hp

2 Nguyn Th Phng Dung 1201016094 Chng 3

3 V Diu Hu 1201016182 Chng 2

4 Nguyn Th Hng 1201016190 Chng 2 + Mu + Kt lun

5 Dng Ngc M Huyn 1201016200 Chng 2

6 Nguyn Th Thanh Huyn 1201016205 Chng 3

Documents

Final_KTMT5b.pdf