MDRI-CESD
(MDRI-CESD) (The Asia Foundation) (MDRI-CESD)
(MDRI-CESD)
(The Asia Foundation)
No. 27, Pyay Road,
6(1/2) mile, Hlaing Township,
Yangon, Myanmar
No. 21, Bo Yar Zar Street,
Ward 14, Kyauk Kone, Yankin Township,
Yangon, Myanmar
Subnational Governance in Myanmar Discussion Paper Series
MDRI-CESD
Hamish Nixon Cindy Joelene
DFID MDRI-CESD
MDRI-CESD The Asia Foundation
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(Deconcentralisation) (Devolution)
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Framework for Social and Economic Reform 5 - 6 / - - / .% .% 7
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1 Hamish Nixon et al., ( - ) 2 ( - 3 '' '' 4 (- -) 5 '' '' (- -) - 6 ( ) 7 - ( / ) 8 (DANIDA - ) - () ( )
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9 10 Balzs gert and Hansjrg Blchliger, Decentralisation and Economic Growth - Part 2: The Impact on Economic Activity, Productivity and Investment, OECD Working Papers on Fiscal Federalism, (June 3, 2013): http://www.oecdilibrary. org/taxation/decentralisation-and-economic-
growth-part-2-theimpact-on-economic-activity-productivity-and-investment_ 5k4559gp7pzw-en [accessed 26 May, 2014] 11 Kent Eaton, Kai Kaiser, and Paul J. Smoke, The Political Economy of Decentralization Reforms (Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2011), 7 12 Local Development International, The Role of Decentralisation/Devolution in Improving Development Outcomes at the Local Level: Review of the Literature and Selected Cases (DFID/Local Development International, November 2013) 13 Roy W.Bahl and Jorge Martinez-Vazquez, Sequencing Fiscal Decentralization (World Bank Publications, 2006),7.
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(Subsidiarity) (Economies of scale) (Externalities) (Equity)
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14 Abdu Muwonge and Robert D. Ebel, Intergovernmental Finances in a Decentralized World, in Municipal Finances: A Handbook for Local Governments, ed. Catherine Farvacque-Vitkovic and Mihaly Kopanyi (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2014), 2 15 Eaton, Kaiser, and Smoke, The Political Economy of Decentralization Reforms,7 16 Bahl and Martinez-Vazquez, Sequencing Fiscal Decentralization, 14; Steffensen, Fiscal Decentralization and Sector Funding Principles and Practices, 5
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17 Adapted from Bahl and Martinez-Vazquez, Sequencing Fiscal Decentralization, 25 18 Ibid., 2 19 On Cambodias painstaking decentralization process see Pak Kimchoeun, Fiscal Decentralization in Cambodia: A Review of Progress and Challenges, CDRI Working Paper Series 50 (Phnom Penh: CDRI, 2011); Tariq H. Niazi, Deconcentration and Decentralization Reforms in Cambodia (Philippines:
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20 Bahl and Martinez-Vazquez, Sequencing Fiscal Decentralization, 1 21 Ibid.,5 22 See Leni Wild and Marta Foresti, Working with the Politics, 2013, http://www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odiassets/publicationsopinionfiles/8587.pdf; Matthew Andrews, The Limits of Institutional Reform in Development Changing Rules for Realistic Solutions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013). This approach has been given the somewhat inaccessible label: Problem-Driven Iterative Adaptation, and echoes earlier work on incremental policy change: Charles E. Lindblom, The Science
of muddling through, Public Administration Review 19, no. 2 (Spring 1959): 7988 23 Paul Smoke, Strategic Fiscal Decentralization in Developing Countries: Learning from Recent Innovations, in Local Dynamics in an Era of Globalization, ed. Shahid Yusuf, Weiping Wu, and Simon Evenett (World Bank, 2000), 107
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24 Eaton, Kaiser, and Smoke, The Political Economy of Decentralization Reforms, 8 25 There is evidence that development partner practices pose particular risks to decentralization in more aid dependent countries: Local Development International, The Role of Decentralisation/Devolution in Improving Development Outcomes at the Local Level: Review of the
Literature and Selected Cases, 4044 26 () as in the national parliament, 25 percent of state and region representatives are directly appointed by the Commander-in-Chief of the armed services 27 Bahl and Martinez-Vazquez, Sequencing Fiscal Decentralization, 16. On comparison between Cambodia and Myanmar, see Lee Jones, The Political Economy of Myanmars Transition, Journal of Contemporary Asia 44, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 2024 28 ()
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29 Alex M. Mutebi, Myanmars Civil Bureaucracy and the Need for Reform, in Myanmar: Beyond Politics to Societal Imperatives (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2005) 30 Tariq H. Niazi, Deconcentration and Decentralization Reforms in Cambodia (Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2011), ix 31 Nixon et.al., 32 Jones, "The Political Economy of Myanmar's Transition," 12 33 Nixon et al., - 34 See for example, Nyein Nyein, USDP Leader Urges Committee to Review Key Constitutional Reforms, The Irrawaddy (18 February 2014)
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