R ole of sim ulad on in Satte tunnel Vend lation design

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Bntro d u ctio n

The concept Ofinre safety in rOad tm nels has drasdcally

changed durttg the past Several y

earS tdue to seVere

accidents in E urope. It iS no dOubt that one of the key

factors for sectlring saFett durlng a nre ac

cident is the

ventilation facittd es and its operatiOn Or control. T he

authorS have been carrP ttg out the num erical silnulation of

vendlation for a variety of road tum els fOr h ore than 20

艦L替盤鰐撚 iop eration

t21, f。1lo、ved by th C

L ater w Ork W as d on e For th e em ergen cy Ven tilation

c o n 竹 0 1 fO r a tr an SV e r se V e n tilatio n sySte III fO r m o d e l

tunn elsi4-51. H ere it W as COnirm ed that the im b alance

ven tilation strategy iS effective in cOntrolling th e

longitudinal velocity Of air, W hとre

the suPPly and

ex h au stion n OW tte in ten d On況呼 品ffered .T h e eq u atiO n

Of m otion u sed in these 、vorks turned Out to be doubt鼠ユ1,

and a thorough con Siderttion W as h ade tO establish a new

eXPreSSiOn ofthe equatiOn ofm otion 1

61.T he analysis b ased

On di s n e、v equatiOn w as Carried Out for a silnulation for

thとHigashyam aTunneポ■.The actual test waS Carried out

for tran sien t ven tilation for th e H igasl宜yam a T un n el in

early 2903, and the sim ulation resultS W ere Found to

agree W ith the real Phenom ena Pretty W ell.

o ne Of the authors in sisted that saFety m eaSures had to

be a thoughtful combintton of various n eceSSary iSSueS

needed for an em ergency Caset81.

B ased on the exPerience Of Safety Studies

w ith a series

Of num erical Silnulation s IIlend oned above, the authors

attem pt to reCOnsider and establish saFety judtt ent

criteria frOm the view POint of Securing eVacua■On during

a rOad tu n n el 魚re. E)iscuFsiOn in d■is Pap er iS

liln ited to

the jぃdgm ent Of adequacy in the CaPability oF the

ventilation facility and itS control lOgiC.

w hen ire breaks out in the tunnel it is necessary that

a saFe environm ent iS Secured tthile th e road u sers try to

Tu nne l M a nage m e nt inte rnatio na t3 ■ v O lum 1 7 ・N uttbe r 3 ・2 0 0 4

m ove into a satt 10cation (a crOSS PaSSage or a refuge

shelter) under aPPrOPriate guidance by the oP eratOtt lt

m eans that the ventilatiOn cOntrol has tO be sw itched tO

em ergency m ode as sOOn as the ttre break s out, and is

m aintained fOr s t0 1 o lninutes tO al10、v the tunnel users

to evacuate.In the em ergency m ode,tOP Pl‐iOrity has tO

be to prOvide a safe environm ent fOr evacuation .T he rln Ost

SimP

le a n d imP

O r ta n t P

r O C e s s fo r s t u dyin

g e v a c u a tiO n is a

O n e―dim en siO n al (1_D ) sim u lato r. Vヽ h en th e l_D

sirnu lation gives a n egative resu lt, 2-D or 3-D an alysis is

recom m en d ed b ecau se th e d en sity oF sln Ok e at hu m an

h eigh t m tt b e at an allOw able level.

Vヽ hen a tunn el h as b ran ch es or m ergin gs, th ere are a

large num b er Of un kn Ow n variables oF air velocities an d

P reSSures 、vh ch m ake th e calcu latiOn qu an d ty m u ch

larg er. In Ord er tO avO id this cOm P liCatio n , th e

au thOrs use graph th eOry w here P resSu re term s can b e

eliHlin ated【9〕.W ith this m eth Od an eFn cien t sch em e O f

calcu latiOn is attain cd . !

In th e last P art Of th e P aperちthe au thOrs d escrib e th eir

in ten tion to estabh sh a siln ulation service via th e ln tern et

sO th at everyon e 、、アho is in terested can use it frOm

everyヽヽrhere in thc h rorld .

C rR e ria o f ttre s a fe ty日n rc a d tu n n e ,sThe criteria for judging Safety of hum an h、res in a roadtun n ei nre deP en d S On 、、

アheth er all Of th e u sers can

e v a c u ate P r O P e r ly ,

It is th e re fO r e n e c e ssarメ

tO C O n a r m

safety frOlm this vie、,P oint during the P larlning arld

construcd on stages C onsiderad On has tO be m ade fOr

avOiding the occurrence of an accident/are,In the event

OF an incident the m allagem ent is im Portant so that

nOtiFlcatiOn is m ade to the OPerator quicklん and the

users are guided by em ergency brOadcast to ensure a

raPid evacuation ,

T he ventilatOrs have tO be oP erated sO that the

evacuation environm ent is secured using an a,PPrOpriately

PrePared cOntrOl sequence. O ne OF the autliOrs insisted

the necessity of the system ad c connguration Of these

safety m easures揮1.The vendladOn system plays a m づOrrOle ln a safe environm en t 、Arhile th e tunn el u sers seek

refuge. u nd er the assu m P d On that the crO ss P assages Or

the refuge shelters are proP erly situ ated , tlie n ecessarytirllle durad on fOr th e users tO evacu ate t ie tu Fm el iS

con sidered tO be 5 t0 10 1 1in u tes, b ased On the w alld ngSP eed Or the d elay O f evacu ation at th e start Of th e nre .

T h e saFety criterion is th erefOre th at sm O k e

th icker than the p erHlissible level dO es n Ot exist in the

reg lo l of hu m an h eigh t d u rin g _ th e evacu ation

Pe r iO d ・T h S c O n d itiO n h a S t o b e IIla in t a in e d u n d e r a ll

P OSSible situ atio n s,

A k isa to M izu n o , A k iyo sh i lid a a n d A k :h isa K o n n o

R o le c f o n e ,d ttm e n s io n a 3 s i日配ula tO r

Judgm ent of safety by ■―D sirn ulatio n

T he authOrs' PrOPOSal fOr the criteria FOr cOnttrHling

saFety in case OF a tunn el 鼠re is basically carried Out byairaow analysis,follo恥

red by One_diln ensiOnal sim ulatiOn ,

T he airaOw sim ulatOr has tO be caPable Of describing the

w h01e aerOdynalnic PhenOm ena in the tunn el,、、ェhich can

affect the おr velocity at the are site ̀It m eans that the

siln ulator includes ln Odels fbr ventilatOr dynaIYlics an d its

control logic.

A ccording to the authOrs' exp erien ce, th ey

refOm m end an incOm pressible analySiS Of airnOwL E ven a

10 1cn iOng tunn el can b e reasonably dealt w ith as b eingin com Pressible

ti` 2】,Fun daIIlental equations of m otiOn fOr

iongitu din a1 0r tran sverse ventilatiOn system s are

PreSented in the F0110w ing section . T he equation Of

m od on ttr the ObieCt tuFIIleh s sOlved num erically to give

the dm e dependent attr velocitt at the nre locadOn andan)

「Other p lace OF cOn cern t

B ased On the air a O、ァve10 city solVed above, th e l_D

convection difFu sion equation lor sm oke d en sity c,

一

挙+ D

拳

―翌

争ヽ1

2 + 晶 = 仇

is analyzed in the difFeren ce FOrm . 【nとe iS the sm Oke

generatiOn due to nre.

In the l―D convecd on diffusiOn equatiOn , the sm Oke

density is hyP othesized tO be unifOrm in a ttoss―SeCt on of

th e tu n n e l . In r c a lit>

h O ｀`「C V e L S m O k e te n d s t O b e in th e

region c10se tO the ceiling due to the buOyancメ efFect,w hich results in the fact that the l―D analysis tends tO give

m ore severe results, esPecially in the vicinity of ttre.

T he calculated distributiOn oF sm Oke in sPaCe and tiFne

is illustrated in Figure l,T he inclined lh e denOtes the

m ovem ent of the evacuating peoPle.If dtts Line dOes not

touch the dense region in the ngure,it can be judged that

th e users can evacuate saFelye T h e sm Oke d en sity is d ein ed

w ith the variable (ブt, w hiCh is related w ith visibilitya.

D in確,re nc e in ro le b etw e e n ■‐D

a n d 3 ‐D s irrlu ta tio n

T h e sp eed of techn 010gical inn Ovation in cOm P u ter

P erfOrm an cc is en orllflous. FollOw ing せ近s fact, th ere is

discussiOn like :“T hree_diln en sion al allalysis of h eat an d

sm Oke distribu tiOn in tun n el rlre h as b ecOm e P OSSible,

on e―diln en sion al an alysis d o es n Ot rn ake sense any m ore.

It is ObviOu s th at three_diFn en Sion al resu lts gives m Ore

realistic P h en om en a tO on eぃdiln en sion al ones,"

A lth O u gh m an y p eO P le m ay thin k sO , it is n o t

n ecessaョ「主1〕r COrrect,T h e cru cialin form atio■rcgardin g th e

P OSSibttlity of evacuation is th e 10n gitu dinal air ve10 city in

th e vicin ity of nre, In ord er to analyze th e air n owvЪ it is

輌unne l M a nage m e nt inte m atio na l 3 2 V o !u m e 7 ・N u m be r 3 ・2 0 0 4

R o le of sirn u latio n in safe tu n ne i ve ntilatio n d e sig n

離

玉 曳L 差1

f iP ″ F fユSa m Pた ,腕 ∫けrat,θコ丁 7 aCC―r,m c ttriaと:θn ザ sm θttθ ttn siタ

necessary to take all cOm PonentS into account,including

ventilator perform ance,as h‐ell as OPeratiOn and control

T he behaviOr of sm oke is an alvzedOf the ventilators, フ

according to the result Of the airaO、v analysis

A s has already been stated , 1-E)an alysis generally gives

a m ore severe result regarding sm Oke density than the

D result shoM/s thatreal PhenOm ena,T herefOre,w hen a l一

a safe evacu ationit is satt it can be judged that

environm ent is secured .If the l―E》analysis does nOt give

a POSitiVe result that the users can evacuate saSelv tlrlder

the sm Oke densitv less than O ,4 ,it is recom m ended th at a

three―diln en siOn al an alysis be cOnducted w ith the

boundary condition of the 10ngitudinal air velocity

Obtain ed thrOugh the On e―dirn ension al an alysis. T he

region Of 3-D analysis for this PurP OSe is lirnited to w ithin

scveral hundred m eters including the are site,

It iS Probable that the 3-D analysis t

rill indicate that the

sm Oke den sity is in the perm issible level fbr evacuation at

the height ofhum arl being,and the ttcility is all right.Ifit

is n ot the case, th e faciliけ is COnsidered nOt suttciently

sign is necessary in the ventilationsafe, and a re_de

fad lities and /or its cOnr 01 logiC,

A da「ヒR b n ta w,朗" usve ntit t system s

A e tt d y n a rrlic rrlo d e r fO r :。,どitu d in a l

v e n ti4=郭Ho n syste m

For the analysis ofthe ttr n()、パF in a longitudinttly vendltted

tunnel,N e、ton tt secOnd la、v Of m OtiOn is aPPlied.

コunnel M anagem ent inteFnat“汗髭オ

″挙=F, c)w h ere m is th e m ass of air in the tu nn el, ,

〆is th e air

ve10 city.F is th e su m m ation of all fOrces,、vh ich are traFn c

fOrce, friction lb rce, m eteOrological fOrce, ven tilation

fOrce, etc . E xP lan atiOn in d etai1 0f th ese FOrces is

d escrib ed in O th er w Ork stl~21,

A e ro d y n a nlic m o d e t fo r tra n sv e rs e

v e n ti:a tio n sy ste m

ln the transversely vend lated ttvisiOn , the equad On of

m odon ofthe longitudinal airttOw iS described asi

孝= ―ρ

tt ti 務

/1/1+ 2/ 挙十ξう?む~ξよ多/

}十孝1告;

. ・)

frOm cOnsideration of m om entum conservation in an

inanitesiIIlal contr61 vOlum e16】,wvhere incom pressibility is

SuPPOSed . T he unifOrHlity of the fresh air suPPlyand exhau st along the ventilation division is also

hyPothesized .T his equation is valid fOr any com binad On

Of 7b and ?e Values,including seHli―transverse ventilatiOn

systerll,、vhere one Ofthe■l vanishes,

SuPPOSing that the lnoving ttresh ぶr does nOt bring I ヅlongitudinal m Om entum , 島

= 0 . A nd if the velocitydistribution is uniFOrm enough and ξe= l Can beSuP P OSed ,th en E q .(3) can b e rew ritten as:

号を=一ρl挙ヤ券/1/1キ2/挙十著/}十身号岳| ←)T his equation is integrated along x and the pressure

differen ce at both PortalS iS related to acceleration ,1マhiCh

is th e equation Of m OtiOn for the transverse ventilatiOrl

syStem . A m ore concrete sam P le of uSage oF this

equation is exem P lified in the aPP liCation to the

H igash iyam aTunn eF■,

S tru d u re o f th e ■・D s m m u tta tO r

T he On e_dim en sion al siIIxulatOr d escrib ed ab oヤc is u sed

for conarm ing the safety in a are em ergency for the case

Of a rOad tunn el,It is a set of lnathem ad cal lnodels 、■th

each function ,as shOw IIin Figure 2 .

・スcrθゥnattiC〃。溌Fr u nder a set of given cO!didonS f°r

vendlatOr OPer従Ⅲn and trattc data,the longitudinal

attr n ow ve10d ty is calculated as a fun(耳tion of time by

sOlving the もquatiOn Of m Od on .T he iuser has to be

CaPable Of solving the equatiOns fOr various ventilad on

system s; lon gitldinal, tran sverse and their

cOm bin ation . Itt the transverse sySteln , sllPP ly and

exhaust airaow can be conけolled ind cP endentl) SO

that 10n gitudinal attrao、v can be rnaniPulated .

・Cθayccと主θ, D !芝/bざす。' ガイθどがf lntensity of Swnoke

萌stafr e fro rn fr e

Vo lum e 7 ・N u ttbe r 3 ・2 0 0 4

A k is a to M izu n o , A k lyO s h i tid a a n d A kih isa K o n n o

tunn el, th e ventilation cOntrol is turned over intO

em ergency m ode, w h ch is quite d fferent frOm the

ordinarv One.IIx the nrst s t。10 ■linutes,th e cOntrOl

logic has tO be aim ed at saFety for evacuation as toP

PriOrity, T hen the PurPOSe Of ventilad on cOntrol is

shifted ,sO that rescd ng and are_nghd ng aca vity can be

sm oothly carried Out,

FOr the Lntttudinaltt ventihted tum d with jet ttns,th e O N _O F F O p erad o n O f JF s to b rin g th e ttr velo cityto the target yalue is started ,as is the case described in

the PaPer rOr the K an―ctsu T― el〔21.For the transverse

v e n d lad O n , O n th e c O n tr ar卜

it iS C O n sid e re d tO b e

difncult to cOntrol the 10ngitudinal air aOw i o ne ofthe

authOrs has prOPOSed a strategy nam ed `im balance

control'14-5】,in vヽhich the tttr aO、ァcan be l■aniPulated

by POSing the iIIlbalance OF suPPly air and exhaust

OP P

O S it e ly

b e ture e n u

ps t r e a IIl a Fld d O W n str e a m o f th e

divisiOn O f i re. A s this sOm ed m es d oes n O t 、vOrk as

e ffe c d v e a s J F s d O ,北 is sttO ng ヶ

re C O m m e n d e d th a t O n e

conirコn the enもctiveness in advance.恥 e fun dam ental

equation is slightly m Odin ed[61 frOm th e fOrm er

w orkt4-S,so that the cOnvecd ve terH l of lnOm entum is

described m Ore exactlン・ 「をntゴFaサ。r M O&よf ln reality, the m easured data Of air

ve10city is given to the cOntroller m Odel,In sim ulatiOn

th e a e r O dyn a FrliC Fn O d e l

giv e s it t o th e c o n 廿 0 11e tt F r O m

the given data, the cOn troller executes certain

calculation s, an d OlltPuts th e requirem ent Ofventilation . T he ventilator m Odel receives it, and

a(ljuStS it,so that the ventilators behave as being real,The functiOn includes deltt OF start_uP Of ttns,lim itation in num ber ofJFs,w h ch can be started dueto ru sh cu rren ti

R equ tted v a tilati

f rJ u控 ユ C θげ J ど題とめ ザ あ2 S加 班Faどθ二

generatiOn is与POthesized as a Function of dm e,andth e c O n v e c tiO n d ifFu siO n e q u a tio n ( 1 ) iS SO IV e d

num erically.A lthough diffusiOn can affect the resuits,it

is usually neglected . It ln ay be m eaningful to use any丘nite diffusiOn cOefFicien t D based on certain

品eOretica1 0r exPerim entぷ backgrOllnd o W tt these

consideratiOn s,the fundam ental behaviOr Ofsm Oke can

be understOod thrOugh the analysis by m eans of a l_D

convection equation . H o、ァever9 this m odel deals w ith

uniIOrm sm Oke density in any cross sectiOn ,an d carm ot

describe the stratined n。、v due to buOyancy caused byheat.T h s fact m eans that the result frOIIx a l―D aFlalysis

gives m Ore severe results in com PariSOn to actual

PhenOm ena,in w hich dense sm Oke stays at the ceilingand the rettOn at hum an heightis ratter ttec Ofsm Oke.W hen the longitudinal airaOw is very siOwtt sm Oketraveis hrlth a sPeed iarger that the crOss sectionalm ean , and it is nOt guararlteed that the l_D result

al、庫ays gives a saFer result.

取炉C M Ott f T rattc m Od el is n ecessary bo th FOr On e_

w ay an d tw o―w ay ttattc, T h e Ph en Om en a has tO b e

d escribed w h ere the accld ent h in d ers the traFn c n Ow

and the vehicies aPPrOaChing frOIII behind areaccum ulattd , w hile the vellicles leave the incidentw ithOut being disturbed , E ith er a m acrO m ode1 0r am icro m odel is used .T he m acrO m Odel deals w ith them ovem ent of veh cles as distributed in each cell w ith adifference fOrrrl, 、vhile in the ttlicrO m Od el them ovem en t Of each vehicle is described . In theem ergency case, the algebraic II10del iS alsO reliable

盤岩謂繁盤嵐岳鮮話ど群そ農予け範dドP∝dお

CθnじrθFFcr M OどcFr W h en a n re is recogn ized in th e

rarlc ttce′軸m為ねn

A ir veloci守

Tu n ne l M a nage m e nt inte rnatio na t 3 4 V O lu m e 7 ・N um be r 3 ・2 0 0 4

R o le of sirm u latio n in safe tu n ne i ve ntilatio n de sig n

T he sim ulatOr cOnsists of these m odels com bin ed

organicall) and the calculatiOn is advaFXCed On a tiln e steP ,

w hich gives the air nOw velocity and sm Okc densitt in

tirn e an d sP aCe.T h e distributiOn OF sm Oke is used for the

judtt ent Of sattty in evacuation.

A p p ttBca b 81R y tc co m p lex tu n ne isT he ventil倒直On systeH ls for road ttlnnels vary frOm a

Sirn Ple single shaft to a com P lex One w lth branches and

m ergings. For a longitudinal tunnel w ith a single shaft,

the transient air flowr carl be analyzed by SOIVing equatiOn

(2) as a Function of tim es O n the other hand , the

longitudinal attr nOw for th e transverse ventilそltion can be

SiFnulated by solving the equation Of m otion based 9n

equation (3).

For the com plex ventilatiOn system , w heire branches

aFld /Or m ergings (飽r trattc/vend lad On) are included ,

a set OF differential equ ation s has tO b e solved

silnultaneou sly,In this PrOCess air ve10cities arid PresSures

are unkn o、vn variables, 、vhich m akes the situation

COm Plex .T he sim ulators developed by the authors for

com p lex ventilatiOn system 、Tith iOngitudinaltl°〕or

transverse ones are capable of eff■cient calculation by

elirllinating the pressure terlnst9】.

S im u latic n se FVBCe th rc uどhthe ttnte rne tln the Preceding sections the authOrs ha■

/e discussed the

capability of the l_E) ventilation siFn ulatOr lor providing

the criteria of ttre saFety w ith regard tO ventilation

facilities and its cOntrol schem e. C onsideral)le effort is

required to cOnstruct a siIIlulator,and addid onal w ork is

needed in cOnarHling the Validity of the cOde.

In Ord er tO solve d is problem , the authors are

con sidering the establishm en t of a lnt(ぅrnet―based

venture―business w l五ch enables the silnulatiOn of the

behaviOr OF airf10Mr and sm oke (see Figure 3). It can be

FfJ ure ヨfS,m どゴαrfOn scry:c" ねrθ町ああc rttαn" .

Tu n n e l M a tta g e m e nt inte rn a tio n a t

used both designing ne、v tunnels and fOr the saFetyconarm ation of the tu nn els 、汀hich are already in service.

C c n c Bu s Rc n

VariOus facihties are installed fbr rOad tunnel sattet〕んsuCh

as a notin cation systeHl, refuge guidance, 丘re

exd nguishers, ctc,A m ong those, th e ventilatiOn system

has a crucial rol,・ u nder such recognition , th e ttuthOrs

PrOPOSed a criteria FOr cOnirm ing tte safety by m eans of

One_dim en sional siFnulatiOn .T he authOrs hOpe that this

discussion is extended w Orldw ide, alld a new global

standard fOr bunnel丘re safety is estabhshed .

R e fe re n c e sti1 0 hash ,H .,M izu no ,A ,,N akahori,I.,and u e遮,M ,̀

“A n ew

vendltton m ethod for the Kan‐etsu road amnd r Proc“放rlJSザ̀お?イあratα,aと:θ,aF S/ 1BP。車せ閉θコスα?J/ nan ftt αβど/grlt,rarfon 2″をあ'Cre Fuangrs

(York,u K ,M arch 1982),B H R A Fluid Engineering C entre,C rannd d ,

u K , 1982,PP.3 1-47.

[21 M izunO,A ,,O hashi,H 、,N akahori,I.,and O kubO ,N ,,“Em ergency

O PeratiOn OfVendL tiOn FOr the K an―Etsu R oad Tunnd ,"Prcccttw s丁

lhc 5ιh rnをernationaFシmPosium on メαθり使αttiCs anど脇 と,アatr。コタ をh Crc

run,泳 (Lille)France,M げ 20-22, 1985),BH R A Fluid Engh eeringC entrc,C ranneld ,u K , 1985,PP.77

-9 1,

13〕 M izunO ,A ,̀Sasarnoto )■,and A o臨,Iし,“T he em ergency contr01 of

vend L tiOn for the Trans―Tokyo tty T― el,"PrOc2泌可ざ7とお

FnECrコαど,θnaF予配Pθttun on ■αoサnam io anど,2n,どFaをfθn 慰ふfJ C rtrnaeFs,

Brighton ,u K ,N 鋭 199 1,

〔4〕 M izunO,A .arld lchikaw a)A .,“Possibility of con廿olling iOngitudh al

air att velocity in em ergency for a t ansversely vcndlated tunnelrPr確泌fttsザとあ27,あrnternatrθnαゴシ″Posfu河。コДcroヶna航苺anど拷n t,アα,:θn ザ 降お'cた ru n n 泳 , (B ri

gh tO n 〕u K , N O v e m b e r 2 7 -2 9 ) 19 9 1) ,

BH R A ,PP,349-364 ,

151 M izunO A .and lchikaw a A .,“C ontrollabiltty of 10ngitudinal air aow in

transversely vendlated tunnels w ith lnultiPle ventilatiOn divisionsギ

み。ccattnJs ザ'あC rSr rarcrコαがonaF 働弓危renc夕on Sり物 れ R oaどαコどRβガ

TLrココ¢な(BaSel,sw itzerlan d ,N ovem ber 23-25 , 199 2),IT C ,PP ,4 2 5‐

4 37 ,

[6〕 M izunO,A .and K anoh,■,“O n the one―din ensional equadOn of

m otion fo「the num erical sim uladon of trallsversely vendlated road

m n elsギProc“山DJs げをね。Jr」】S〃E 13SМE )がnt FF口IJs EDJ:死Crr町

CCもい褒“ (San Frand sco , u 凱 ,ju ly 18-23 , 1999),on C D ―R O M P

17〕 D ob ash ,■,Im 査,■すYanagi,H ,an d M izuno ,A .,“N um erical

sin d ation Of em ergencyキndiadon for a m r■nel with iongitudh al andi廿ansverse ventiladon systetts com bined,

"PrOcc辺妨が丁と施メθあ

rnttra。,ルnar S/mPttum 。'メCrθヶno配なanど姥,"アaをfθn騨ふf」C run,な,BOston ,u SA ,2000 ,PP・58 1

‐59S.

181 M izunO ,A .,“W hat is needed for savh g hulnan lives aFld PreVeni ng

nre sPreab tt in a rOad tunnei nreT P班解放町s ttthC 41おrattrnaこ:。,ar

a 事務ntt S宅角/ :n aafゴαnどRoaどFunncrf,A Pri1 2‐4 ,200 1)M adrid ,

SPain,PP・647-656.

191 M akinO ,M .,Sangu ,M .,Ito,■,Yachi,St,and M izuno,A .,“恥 e

vendiaticrl system and em ergency sim ulれon orthe shittuku Tunnew

打征ccなnJ s ザ th e F rrh rD ttrn cを'θn aF S/ m P t t um θn れ rθl舛 αm な αDど

/cDを'ねを:on P をあfCre ttancな,jd y ?003,h zem e,S17ittedand.

[101 N ishium a,N .,G oto,■,Fukushilna,H .,and M izuno,A .,“A n

aerOdynarrIIc m Odel of com PleX tunllels for vcnd iation system design ,

"

rrani " s〃E,V01,68,N o.675 ,N 飢 200 2,PP,2990-2996 (in

JaPanese).ω欝鑑 艦 輪!0 .4 slnoke is thick and 、valking is (五Stuibed .

|ゆtlP38m erdi

iキ;Roqud 守‐ |t in晦

|‐11 豊望寧' |

' ・力・T・

!抑 tHal弾 !・・1｀iltttg四呂:!:!1:EI!と

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十1

帥 尋島・̀ ―ヽ 1白ま= ‐:

3 5 V o lu m e 7 ・N u m be r 3 ・2 0 0 4

N O r lenctature

ス : C r(ドs soctiて)n各!恐rcA O f tile tu lillel im21

ご i Coricentration Of silloke ti/rril' ! D i偽 車萌 i co Q ttd 制止 い■

2/引

ど :IIydrttdr dhnにと.r Ofthc mm nd crtts韻;tおn 卜叫F i敬)ttt St)x■i11lp錦磁i tt)t.linnclととir tN lFt i Tr独撤C Fortt tN l

か 加 :M 蕊 ば拭rh m u胡体d竹 i Flow ratc of体岱h air per linit!iclngtll til1

3/母nll

晩! :F10w rとfe oF oxlとょ1lsr allS per llllit lcngth tll13/s m i

と t tiinc i封y : L()18gittittillal air now velocity llllかl■ i Distall〔te n,。11l th●elltt・alict r)Ortal tHェ!人 i cceFrlcicili of pipe 島̀iく,tioll k、s t_1毎 i CoeFnctcllt of lllo:llentllin ti・a.1噂偽rlッ体岱h air supply t‐1Cr iC∝品ch it Of m om entillll tratl対偽r thr研唱h t規醐ドt,ねli小|Ω〔 I Sinckc geileratioll rttt懲11/s irilβ :Aiょ(1(,1lsity tkg/H1

31