1

;+3Lo ;+;b

/fli6«o ;ef

kfFrf}+ clwj]zg

sfo{jfxLsf] ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f

!% kmfu'g @)&^

laxLaf/

-a}7s ;ª\Vof—!(_

/fli6«o ;efsf] cfhsf] a}7s ;DdfggLo cWoIf >L u0f]z k|;fb ltldlN;gfsf]

cWoIftfdf laxLaf/ lbgsf] !M)% ah] k|f/De eof] .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo ;b:ox¿, /fli6«o ;efsf] cfhsf] a}7ssf]

sf/afxL k|f/De x'G5 .

dfggLo ;b:ox¿, z"Go ;dodf af]Ngsf] nflu dfggLo ;b:ox¿sf] gfd k|fKt

ePsf] 5 . d dfggLo ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;do pknAw u/fpF5' . z"Go ;dodf af]Ngsf]

nflu k|To]s dfggLo ;b:ox¿nfO{ !÷! ldg]6sf] ;do lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5' .

dfggLo /fh s'df/ s'Fj/ .

dfggLo >L /fh s'df/ s'Fj/ -g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{, g]skf_M– ;DdfggLo

cWoIfHo", of] ljZjJofkL ¿kdf Pp6f cftª\ssf] ¿kdf km}lnPsf] gf]j]n sf]/f]gf

efO/;sf] k|sf]k blIf0f sf]l/ofdf klg a9]sf] eGg] ;dfrf/ cfO/x]sf] 5 . ToxfF y'k|}

g]kfnLx¿ sfd ug]{ l;nl;nfdf g]kfnLx¿ /x]sf] / pxfFx¿sf] :j:Yodf kg{ ;Sg]

;Defljt vt/fk|lt ;/sf/sf] cln a]n}df ;r]t k'uf];\ eGg] Wofgfsif{0f ug{ rfxG5' .

wGojfb .

2

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo /fdgf/fo0f lj8f/L .

dfggLo >L /fdgf/fo0f lj8f/L -dgf]gLt_M– cWoIf dxf]bo, b]zsf 7"nf7"nf

pBf]ux¿ a]Rg], vfg], To;nfO{ destroy ug]{ cfbt xfd|f] a:of]] . clxn];Dd To:tf]

eof] . To;sf/0fn] x]6f}8f l:yt Pp6f 7"nf] df5f Knfg 5 . df5f kf]v/L 5 . w]/} j6f

df5f kf]v/L ToxfF /fd|f];Fu ;~rfng x'g ;S5 . t/ To;nfO{ ;/sf/n] a]jf:tf u/]sf]

5 . To;nfO{ t'?Gt} a}1flgs 9ª\uaf6, cfw'lgs k|ljlw 9ª\uaf6, To;sf] ;~rfng

u/]/ b]zJofkL ¿kdf df5f kfngsf] ToxfFsf e"/fx¿ pTkfbg u/]/ b]zJofkL ¿kdf

;~rfng ug{sf] lglDt ;/sf/n] sfd t'?Gt ug'{ k¥of] . gq df5f kfngdf klg

cfTdlge{/ gx'g] s'/f b]lvG5 . wGojfb .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo ljGbf b]jL cfn] -/fgf_ .

dfggLo >L ljGbf b]jL cfn] -/fgf_ -g]kfnL sfFu|];_M– ;DdfggLo cWoIf

dxf]bo, jt{dfg ;/sf/sf] gf/f æ;'vL g]kfnL, ;d[4 g]kfnÆ, ;'vL g]kfnL x'gsf] lglDt

;j{;fwf/0f g]kfnLsf] b}lgsL hghLljsfsf] klxnf] zt{ ;a{;'ne pknAw pkef]Uo a:t'

xf] . t/ dxËLsf] rfkn] hgtfsf] b}lgsL lgs} si6s/ aGb} uPsf] 5 . pkef]Uo j:t'

tyf vfBfGg t/sf/Lsf] ahf/ efp cToflws a9]sf] 5 . $* k|ltzteGbf a9L

pkef]Uo a:t'sf] d"No j[l4 ePsf] 5 . nQfsk8f / cGo j:t'sf] d"Nosf] t s'/} gu/f}F .

cToflws d"No j[l4sf sf/0f ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ lbgel/ sfd u/]/ laxfg / a]n'sLsf]

5fs 6fg{ ufx|f] ePsf] 5 . ahf/ cg'ud0f / d"No lgoGq0f ug]{ lgsfo df}g 5 . Ps}

;fdfgsf] d"No k;n}lkR5] km/s x'Fbf ;d]t sxL s'g} Jofkf/LnfO{ sf/afxL ul/Psf]

5}g . g]kfnL hgtfn] OR5fPsf] ;d[l4 oxL xf] ;efWoIf dxf]bo < ;DdfggLo

k|wfgdGqL eGg'x'G5, æljsf;sf] la?jf /f]lkPsf] 5 . s'g} pld|b}, s'g} 6';f cfPsf] 5 .Æ

t/ ;j{;fwf/0f gful/ssf] pd|]sf 6';f a9]/ la?jfsf] :j?k lnP/ kmn nfUg];Dd w}o{

ug]{ ;do 5}g . t;y{ tTsfn ahf/ d"No lgoGq0f u/L ===-;do ;lsPsf] x'Fbf dfOs

sfl6Psf]_ .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo 8f= ljdnf /fO{ -kf}8\ofn_ .

3

dfggLo 8f= ljdnf /fO{ -kf}8\ofn_ -dgf]gLt_M– ;DdfggLo cWoIfHo",

l8;]Da/sf] t];|f] ;ftfdf rLgsf] Pp6f k|fGtaf6 ;'? ePsf] sf]/f]gf efO/; clxn] #$

b]zdf k'lu;s]sf] 5, @&)) dfG5]sf] d[To' eO;s]sf] 5 . ;+qmd0f al9/x]sf] 5 . g]kfn

l5d]sL b]z xfdL Tolt w]/} prepared klg 5}gf}F h:tf] nfU5 . Psbd} hf]lvddf /x]sf]

b]z xf] . Tof] eP/ o;df ;/sf/n] s] prepare ul//x]sf] 5 < ;+qmd0f x'g glbg xfdL

s] ub}{ 5f}F < ;+qmd0f eof] eg] To;kl5 OGe]li6u]zg s;/L x'G5 < cfO;'n];g jf8{x¿

sxfF–sxfF 5 < s;/L Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 < of] af/]df Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg rfxG5' d .

oxfF ;+;bdf cfP/ clnslt k|:t'lt lbP /fd|f] x'GYof] wGojfb .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo z]/ axfb'/ s'Fj/ .

dfggLo >L z]/ axfb'/ s'Fj/ -g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{, g]skf_M– cWoIf dxf]bo,

of] sf]/f]gf efO/;sf sf/0f rLlgof ahf/af6 sRrf kbfy{, cf}ifwLsf] nflu pTkfbgsf]

nflu ef/tdf hfg] ul/bf] /x]5 . clxn] o;} sf/0fn] ef/tLo ahf/df To;sf] sdL

eO/x]sf] 5 / To;af6 kg]{ k|efj g]kfnsf cf}ifwL sDkgLx¿df klg, g]kfnsf cf}ifwL

laqm]tfx¿df klg kg{ ;S5 . o;sf] nflu ;dod} ;r]t u/fpg rfxG5' . wGojfb .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo xl//fd rf}w/L .

dfggLo >L xl//fd rf}w/L -g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{, g]skf_M– ;DdfggLo cWoIf

dxf]bo, ;/sf/n] dfWoflds tx;Dd lgz'Ns 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lgs} nfdf] ;do lalt;Sbf

klg clxn] klg ;/sf/L dfWoflds txsf ljBfnodf b/aGbLlaxLg cj:yfdf 5g\ . tL

l/Qm /x]sf b/aGbLx¿df slxn];Dd k"/f x'G5g\ < d ;DalGwt dGqfnonfO{ ;bg

dfkm{t\ of] hfgsf/L ul/of];\ eGg]df xflb{s cg'/f]w ug{ rfxG5' . wGojfb .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo ;b:ox¿, z"Go ;dodf dfggLo ;b:ox¿n]

af]Ng] qmd oxL ;dfKt x'G5 .

dfggLo ;b:ox¿, dfggLo ;b:ox¿ ljz]if ;dodf af]Ngsf] nflu bnLo

cfwf/df dfggLo ;b:ox¿sf] gfd k|fKt ePsf] 5 . d dfggLo ;b:ox¿nfO{ af]Ng

;do pknAw u/fpF5' .

4

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo lvdnfn e§/fO{ . ;do !% ldg]6 . o;kl5

dfggLo ab|L k|;fb kf08] .

dfggLo >L lvdnfn e§/fO{ -g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{, g]skf_M– ;DdfggLo

cWoIf dxf]bo, uPsf s]xL lbgb]lv s] eO/x]sf] 5 < vf;u/L g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{leq

lsg :jod\ o;sf] Joxf/sf] sf/0fn] /fhgLlts :yfloTjdfly k|Zg hlGdg] cj:yf

pTkGg eO/fv]sf] 5 < s] g]skfsf g]tfx¿n] cfˆgf] cleef/f la;{g' yfNg' ePsf] xf] <

b]z / hgtfsf] :jfy{ / lxtnfO{ ;jf]{k/L g7fg]/ cfˆgf lxt / :jfy{nfO{ ;jf]{k/L 7fGg]

unt ;+:s[lt g]tfx¿sf dg–dl:tisdf pTkGg x'g yfn]sf] xf] < g]tfHo"x¿ o:tf]

gxf];\, hgtfsf] 7'nf] ;fy 5 / e/f];f 5 g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{dfly To;}n] tkfO{+x¿

;dflng';\ / hgtfsf] cledt, cfsfª\Iff / cfˆg} afrfx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ cufl8

a9\g';\ eGg] d]/f cfˆg} g]tfx¿nfO{ cfu|x / cg'/f]w 5 . cWoIf dxf]bo, d}n] oxfF

pNn]v ug{ ;fGble{s 7fGb5' g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/n] Psfw 36gfdf

o:tf] geOlbPsf] eP x'GYof] eGg] s]xL 36gfx¿ /x]sf x'g ;S5g\ . t/ cfd ¿kdf

/fd|f sfdx¿ ;Dkfbg u/]sf] 5 ;/sf/n] a? o;sf] ;xL ;Dk|]if0f hgtfsf] dfem x'g

;ls/fv]sf] 5}g . Totflt/ xfdL ;a}n] Wofg lbpmF . o;n] Joj:yfnfO{ alnof] agfpg]

5 . xfd|f pknlAwx¿nfO{ ;+:yfut u/]/ cufl8 a9\g d2t k'¥ofpg] 5 .

cWoIf dxf]bo, hgtfsf] cleefjssf] ¿kdf ;/sf/ 5 . hgtfsf] k]6 st}

ef]s} /x\of] ls < hgtfsf] lhp st} gfª\u} /x\of] ls < hgtf st} lr;f]n] s7\ofª\lu|P

ls < hgtf st} 3/ laxLg eP ls < st} a[4 af cfdfx¿ c;fxo, ckdflgt eP ls

< st} ue{jtL dlxnf ;'Ts]/L Joyfn] cnkq k/] ls < st} xfd|f 5f]/L r]nLa]6Lx¿

a]rlavgdf k/] ls < o'jfx¿ s"ntdf km;] ls < Jo/f]huf/Lsf] rk]6fdf lg/fzfdf k/]

ls < eg]/ oL ;a} s'/fsf] b]vefn ug]{ ;dfwfgdf nfUg] ;/sf/ cfh b]zdf 5 . ul/a

lgd'vf hgtfsf] c;n cleefjs ag]/ plePsf] 5 ;/sf/ . of] xfdL ;a}sf nflu

uf}/asf] s'/f xf] . cWoIf dxf]bo, /fhgLlts pknlAwx¿sf] ;+:yfut ljsf;df ;/sf/

s]lGb|t 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog, ;+3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjog, zflGtsf] k|Toe"lt / ;d[l4

tkm{sf] ofqfdf b]znfO{ lx8fpg] cleef/f of] ;/sf/sf ;fd' pkl:yt 5 . ;+ljwfgnfO{

cl:jsf/ ub}{ lxF8]sf /fhgLlts bnx¿ / t/fO{ dw]znfO{ 5'§} b]z agfpg] p2]Zo /fv]/

lx8]sf] k[ystfjfbL ;d"xnfO{ ;+ljwfg dftxt lx8fpg] ;/sf/sf] ;kmntfnfO{ lglZrt

¿kdf sd cfSg ldNb}g xf]nf . cWoIf dxf]bo, ;+3Lotf xfd|f] nflu lgtfGt gofF

cEof; lyof] . xfd|f] b]zsf] e"/fhgLlts kl/l:yltdf o;sf] k|of]usf] df}lns dfGotf

;xdlt d} xfdLn] to u/]sf lyof}F . ;xof]u, ;xsfo{ / ;dembf/Lk"0f{ cfk;L

;DaGwaf6 xfd|f] ;+3LotfnfO{ lx8fpg] bfloTj ;/sf/;Fu lyof] . cfjZos sfg"g

lgdf{0f, ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ljQLo Joj:yfkg, sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg / ;'/Iff k|aGw h:tfsf

5

s'/fx¿nfO{ ;do ;Ldfleq ;Dkfbg u/]/ ;/sf/n] ;+3LotfnfO{ hgtfsf] hLjg;Fu

ufF:g] sfd u/]sf] 5 . of] r'gf}ltk"0f{ sfd lyof] . t/ cfh b]z ;+3Lotfdf cEo:t x'g

yfn]sf] 5 . of] ;/sf/sf] ;kmntf xf]Og / < cWoIf dxf]bo, zflGtk"0f{ jftfj/0f,

ljsf; / ;d[l4 ofqfsf] k"j{zt{ xf] . ad, aGb's / cftª\ssf] aLrdf ljsf; lgdf{0f

;Dej x'g ;Sb}g . ;/sf/n] o; aLrdf /fhgLltsf] gfddf w]/} xltof/af6

cftª\sk"0f{ lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg ;d"xx¿nfO{ jftf{sf] dfWodaf6 zflGtk"0f{ /fhgLltsf]

d"n wf/df NofPsf] 5 / jftf{df cfpg gdfGg] ;d"xx¿nfO{ /fHozlQmsf] dfWodaf6

lg:t]h kfg{] sfd u/]sf] 5 . u'08fubL{df ;+nUg u'08fx¿nfO{ sfg"gsf] bfo/fdf

NofPsf] 5 / u'08f/fhaf6 ;dfhnfO{ d'Qm u/]sf] 5 . s] of] ;/sf/sf] cfjZos /

c;n sfdleq kb}{g / <

cWoIf dxf]bo, /fli6«otfsf] /Iff sahsf] ¿kdf ;/sf/ 5 . ;Ldf ;d:of

b]zsf] ;fj{ef}ldstf / ef}uf]lns cv08tf;Fu hf]l8Psf] ljifo xf] . lnlDkofw'/f,

lnk'n]s / sfnfkfgLsf] e"uf]nnfO{ Psnf}6L ¿kdf cfˆgf] /fhgLlts gS;fdf ;d]6]/

ef/tn] gS;f k|sfzg u/]kl5 ;Ldf ;d:of uDeL/ r'gf}lt ag]/ b]zsf ;fd' v8f

eof] . oBkL of] ;d:of olta]n} pTkGg ePsf] ;d:of eg] xf]Og . of] ;g\ !*!^ df

;DkGg ;'uf}nL ;lGwn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;Ldfsf] 6'Ëf] Tolta]nfb]lv clxn];Dd gnufPsf

sf/0f of] ;d:of /xFb} cfPsf] xf] . ;g\ !(^@ b]lv ef/tLo ;]gf sfnfkfgLdf k/]8

v]Nbf ;Qfdf a:g]x¿n] gb]v] h:tf] u/], s;}n] g;'g] h:tf] u/], s;}n] yfxf g} gkfP

h:tf] u/] . d'Vo ¿kdf /fi6«eGbf s';L{ Kof/f] 7fg] . t/ jt{dfg ;/sf/n] tYo, ts{ /

k|df0fx¿ k|:t't u/]/ lnlDkofw'/f;Ddsf] e"efu g]kfnsf] xf] . g]kfnL e"ld sfnfkfgLdf

al;/x]sf] ef/tLo kmf}hn] pQm e"dL 5f]8\g' k5{ eg]/ :ki6 c8fg k|:t't u/]sf] 5 .

ef/t ;/sf/ ;dIf s'6gLlts gf]6 k7fPsf] 5 . s'6gLlts, /fhgLlts kxnsbdL

a9fPsf] 5, /fi6«nfO{ Pstfa4 u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/sf] o; lsl;dsf] kxnsbdL

k|z+;gLo 5 / :t'To 5 .

cWoIf dxf]bo, ;fj{hlgs hUufsf] ;'/Iffdf ;/sf/ 5, ax'rlr{t afn'jf6f/

nlntf lgjf;sf] #^ /f]kgL ;/sf/L hUuf ab\gLot k"0f{ dg;fo / cg]sf} k|k~r /r]/

JolQmsf] gfddf u/fOPsf] ;"rgf kfPkl5 jt{dfg ;/sf/n] cfof]u u7g u/L 5fglag

u¥of] / pQm hUuf ;/sf/sf gfddf lkmtf{ u/fP/} 5f8\of] . o; lznl;nfdf clVtof/

b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] 5fglag u/]sf] 5 / ;fj{hlgs hUufnfO{ lghL agfpg] /

lghL agfpg k|lqmof ldnfpg] bf]ifLx¿nfO{ sf/afxL ug{ cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ u/]sf]

5 . cWoIf dxf]bo, bf]ifL sf] x'g\ < pgLx¿n] s] bf]if u/] eGg] s'/f ;/sf/n] eg]sf]

xf]Og, of] t clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] eg]sf] s'/f xf] . clVtof/ b'?kof]u

cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;/sf/ dftxtsf] cË xf]Og . of] /fHosf] :jtGq / ;+j}wflgs cË

xf] . p;n] u/]sf] sfdnfO{ ;/sf/;Fu hf]8]/ e|d km}nfOPsf] / s'k|rf/ u/]sf] b]Vbf

pb]s nfUb5 / slt;Dd cfu|xL x'g ;s]sf] xf]nf crDd nfUb5 . cWoIf dxf]bo,

hldg lsGg]x¿ s;/L pGd'Qm eP < rf]/n] rf]/]sf] ;fdfg lkmtf{ u/]kl5 pGd'lQm kfpg]

6

eg]/ klg k|Zg p7fpg] ul/Psf] 5 . k|Zg 7Ls} xf], ;fdfg lkmtf{ u/]kl5 rf]/n] pGd'lQm

kfpg ;Sb}g . t/ of] To:t} xf] / < of] t JolQmsf] gfddf /x]sf] / JolQmsf] gfdaf6

lsg–a]r x'Fb} cfPsf] hUuf dfnkf]tdf lgodfg';f/ b:t'/ lt/]/ vl/b u/]sf] s'/f xf] .

hUuf lkmtf{ ug'{ k/]kl5 pm t kLl8t kf] aGg k'Ub5 . ;xh ¿kdf cfˆgf] bfloTj

;Dem]/ cfˆgf] hUuf lkmtf{ u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ ;d]t gsf/fTds 9ª \un] k|rf/ ug'{ k"jf{u|x

afx]s s]xL x'g ;Sb}g . cem} ;/sf/;Fu hf]8]/ ;/sf/n] hf]ufof] eGg ;d]t EofOPsf]

5 . oxfFeGbf xf:of:kb s]xL x'g ;Sb}g . zª\sfsf] e/df e|dsf] dxfhfn xflgPsf] 5 .

tYodf hfpmF, gsf/fTds s'/fsf] la/f]w / cfnf]rgf u/f}F t/ cfu|xL gagf}F . cWoIf

dxf]bo, o;/L g} ;/sf/L ;DklQ kmtf{ Nofpg ;/sf/n] rnfPsf] sf/afxL cGtu{t

ljleGg 7fpFsf hldgx¿ lkmtf{ lng] cleofg g} rn]sf] 5 . alb{ofsf] $^ la3f,

;nf{xLsf] @#$ la3f / l;/fxfsf] @! la3f / dflyNnf] lqz'nL P hnljB't kl/of]hgfsf]

!!) /f]kgL hUuf lkmtf{ u/fO;s]sf] 5 . of] cleofg s} ¿kdf hf/L 5 . tYox¿ o:tf

5g\ . oL hUufx¿ x8lkbf ;/sf/df sf]–sf] lyP < s–s;sf] kfndf oL sfdx¿

ePsf lyP < tYodf hfpmF, of] ;/sf/n] x8k]sf ;/sf/L hUuf lkmtf{ dfq} u/fPsf]

5 . cfˆgf] sfo{sfndf Ps 6'qmf hldg s;}nfO{ x8 \Kg lbPsf] 5}g . ;To / tYo oxL

g} xf] .

cWoIf dxf]bo, e|i6frf/sf lj?4 ;'zf;gsf] cleoGtfsf] ¿kdf ;/sf/ 5 .

e|i6frf/, sldzg, 3'; g]kfnL ;dfhdf /x]sf] gsf/fTds k|j[lQsf] pkh xf] . ljutsf

;/sf/x¿ o; k|j[lQsf lj?4 s8fOsf ;fy pleg ;s]gg\ . h;sf sf/0f of] k|j[lQ

emfª\lub} uof] . of] k|j[lQsf efux¿ h'g;'s} bn jf em08f d'lg cf]t nfu]sf x'g

;S5g\ . d'Vo ;jfn Tof] bn jf ;/sf/n] To:tf] k|j[lQ;Fu s:tf] Jojxf/ cjnDag

ub{5 eGg] xf] . olta]nf cfly{s clgoldttf ug]{x¿, e|i6frf/Lx¿, 3';vf]/x¿,

sld;gvf]/x¿ 8/fpg yfn]sf 5g\ . ljutdf h;n] log} wGbf u/]/ b]znfO{ 8'afPsf]

5 . pm g} 7'nf] dflgg], ;Ddflgt x'g] ;dfhsf] lgolt lyof] . clxn] Tof] k|j[lQdf

kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . 7fpFsf 7fpF pgLx¿ bl08t ePsf 5g\ . kb, k};f, k|lti7f /

;DaGwn] sf]xL ;'/lIft ePsf 5}gg\ . ;/sf/n] Jojxf/af6} of] s'/f :ki6 u/]sf] 5 .

;/sf/sf] e|i6frf/k|ltsf] s8f sbd ;j{q k|z+;gLo 5 . cWoIf dxf]bo, k|wfgdGqL

:jod e|i6frf/ lj/f]wL cleofgsf] sdf08/ x'g'x'G5 . g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df klxnf] k6s

k|wfgdGqLsf] cu'jfOdf d e|i6frf/ ulb{gF, d e|i6frf/ x'g lbGgF eGg] o; lsl;dsf]

;ª\sNk cufl8 a9fOPsf] 5 . t/ klg k|wfgdGqLnfO{ abgfd ug]{ sf]lz; eO/fv]sf]

5 . e|i6frf/df, g}lts cfr/0fdf gfd hf]l8g] ljlts} 7'nf cf]xf]bfjfnx¿, kbwf/Lx¿

b'wsf] dfvf] ldNsfOP em} ldNsfOPsf 5g\ . ;DaGwsf] b'/L x]l/Psf] 5}g . cfˆgf] dfG5]

k¥of] eg]/ ;bg / ;8sdf /f]O, s/fO ug]{x¿ g} olta]nf k|wfgdGqLsf] lgot dfly

e|d 5g]{ cjfl~5gLo sf]lz; ul//x] 5g\ . c?nfO{ rf]/ cf}Fnf b]vfpFbf afFsL cf}Fnfn]

cfkm}n] b]vfO/x]sf x'G5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] x]Ssf /fVbf /fd|f] xf]nf .

7

cWoIf dxf]bo, ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] ofqfdf ;/sf/ 5 . vfN8f–v'N8L gePsf]

w'nf] gp8]sf] ;nn au]sf] ;8sdf df:s gnufO{ slxn] lxF8\g kfOPnf < slxn] u'8\g

kfOPnf < eg]/ hgtfn] ;kgf b]v]sf] cj:yf lyof] sf7df8f}+sf] . clxn] hgtfsf] Tof]

;kgf ljkgfdf kl/0ft x'Fb} u/]sf] cj:yf xf] . sf7df8f}+sf w]/}eGbf w]/} ;8sx¿

lrNnf / Jojl:yt x'Fb} uPsf 5g\ . sl/a sf7df8f}+sf ;8sx¿ Jojl:yt x'Fb} uPsf

5g\ . sl/a sf7df8f}+sf ;8sx¿ vfN8f–v'N8L d'Qm ePsf 5g\ . 3'nf] d'Qm xF'b} ePsf]

5 . of] kl/jt{g xf]Og / < t/ s;}–s;}n] of] b]Vg rfxb}gg\ . b]v] klg eGg rfxb}gg\ .

cWoIf dxf]bo, sxL Psfw vfN8f] b]lvof] eg] nf} vfN8f] b]lvof] ;/sf/ c;kmn eof]

eg]/ 7'nf] :j/ dRofpg] / ;dflhs ;~hfn /ª\ufOxfNg] k|j[lQ klg 5 . of] /fhgLlts

k"jf{u|x afx]s s]xL xf]Og . ;Dk"0f{nfO{ c+z b]Vg] / c+znfO{ ;Dk"0f{ eg]/ k|rf/ ug{]

k|j[lQnfO{ /rgfTds lj/f]w eGg ;lsPnf / < of] t ;/sf/ lj/f]wL b[li6bf]if ePg / <

h] xf];\ xfd|f] /fhwfgL ;'Gb/ aGb} 5 . of] g} v';Lsf] s'/f xf] .

cWoIf dxf]bo, cfly{s, ;dflhs ¿kfGt/0fdf s]lGb|t eP/ ;/sf/ cufl8

al9/fv]sf] s'/f o; cjlwsf cfly{s / dfgjLo ljsf;sf ;'rsfª\sx¿n] b]vfO/x]sf

5g\ . of] s'g} dgf]ut s'/f xf]Og . of] j:t'ut s'/f xf] . xfd|f] b]z g]kfn olta]nf pRr

cfly{s a[l4b/ xfl;n ul//x]sf ljZjsf !) k|d'v d'n'sx¿sf] kª\lQmdf ;dfj]z

ePsf] 5 . u0ftGq k|flKt kl5 Ps bzs;Dd cfly{s j[l4b/ $ k|ltzt dfq} lyof] .

clxn] tLg jif{ otf nuftf/ ^=% k|ltzteGbf dflysf] cfly{s j[l4b/ /x]sf] 5 . ljut

# jif{b]lv s'g} klg k|b]zdf cfly{s j[l4b/ ^ k|ltzteGbf sd 5}g . o; cjlwdf ut

jif{sf] cfly{s j[l4 &=! k|ltzt /x\of] / clxn] * k|ltztsf] cfsng ul/Psf] 5 .

lgof{t @^=! k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 eg] cfoft $ k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 . s"n Jofkf/

3f6f ^=! k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0fdf dxTjk"0f{ ;'wf/ cfPsf]

5 . klxn] ef/tl;t ^* k|ltzt / afFsL c? b]z;Fu #@ k|ltzt dfq} x'GYof] eg]

clxn] tL b]zx¿;Fu $) k|ltzteGbf a9L Jofkf/ x'g yfn]sf] 5 . vfBfGg pTkfbgdf

pNn]Vo ¿kdf a[l4 ePsf] 5 . b'wsf] pTkfbg pT;fxhgs 5 . c08f / df5f, df;'df

b]z cfTdlge{/ ag]sf] cj:yf 5 . oL tYox¿ x'g\ .

cWoIf dxf]bo, k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df b]zn] rdTsfl/s k|ult ub}{ 5 . o; b'O{

jif{df #^#^ lsnf] ld6/ ;8s sfnf] kq] x'g', #@% j6f ;8s k"nx¿ aGg'

lgdf{0fflwgnfO{ cfwf/ dfGbf t'Og d'Qm g]kfn x'g'n] b]z tLj| ¿kdf lgdf{0fdf

h'l6/x]sf] 5 eGg] ;ª\s]t ul//x]sf 5g\ . x'nfsL ;8s k"j{ klZrd /fhdfu{sf] ^

n]gdf :t/pGgt, dbg e08f/L /fhdfu{, dWokxf8L k'iknfn nf]sdfu{, sf]zL sl/8f]/,

lsdfyfª\sfb]lv la/f6gu/ /fgL eG;f/;Ddsf] ;8s sfnLu08sL sl/8f]/, sf]/nfb]lv

e}/xjf ;'gf}nL;Ddsf] ;8s, s0ff{nL sl/8f]/, lxN;fb]lv g]kfnu~h;Ddsf] ;8s,

s]?ªb]lv /;'jf :ofa|'a]zL x'Fb} wflbË uN5L;Ddsf] ;8s, sf7df8f}+ lghu9 fast track

nufot b]z}el/ s]Gb|, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿af6 ;8s lgdf{0fsf] cleofg g}

rln/x]sf] 5 .

8

cWoIf dxf]bo, gfu9'Ëf gf}la;] ;'?Ë dfu{sf] lgdf{0fsf] cf/De;Fu g]kfn ;'?Ë

dfu{sf] gofF o'udf k|b]z u/]sf] 5 . yfgsf]6, lrTnfË, v'sf]{6, lrofaf/L / km]bLvf]nf

gofF k'ndf ;'?Ë dfu{sf] cWoog ;'? ePsf] 5 . ?kGb]xLsf] l;4afafdf l8lkcf/sf]

tof/L ;lxt ? !) ca{ ah]6 g} ljlgof]hg eO;s]sf] 5 . cWoIf dxf]bo, s]?ª–

sf7df8f}+–kf]v/f–n'lDagL /]ndfu{ /S;f}n–sf7df8f}}+ k"j{–klZrd ljB'tLo /]ndfu{ g]kfn

/fi6«sf :jKg of]hgf x'g\ . o;} cfly{s jif{leq hogu/b]lv lah'nk'/f;Dd g]kfnsf]

cfˆg} /]n ;~rfng x'g] u/L sfd eO/x]sf] 5 . k"j{–klZrd /]ndfu{sf] l8lkcf/ tof/L

cj:yfdf 5 . o; /]n dfu{sf] sfs8le§f, Og?jf v08sf] o;} cfly{s jif{leq lgdf{0f

sfo{ cufl8 a9fpgsf] lglDt cfjZos ah]6 ;'lgZrt eO;s]sf] 5 . cWoIf dxf]bo,

/fli6«o uf}/asf] cfof]hgfx¿ ;dod} ;Sg] u/L cufl8 al9/x]sf 5g\ . d]nDrL xf];\ jf

dflyNnf] tfdfsf]zLsf] sfd o;} cfly{s jif{leq ;DkGg ug]{ p2]Zon] tLj| ¿kdf sfd

cufl8 al9/fv]sf] 5 . gjnk'/sf] wf}jfbLdf kmnfd pTvgg\ ug{ wf}jfbL kmnfd sDkgL

ln= :yfkgf ePsf] 5 / ToxfF ePsf] kmnfd sl/a #) jif{ k|lt lbg sl/a * ;o 6g

kmnfd pTkfbg x'g] k/LIf0fn] b]vfPsf] 5 . b}n]vdf k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] cGj]if0f z'?

ePsf] 5 . cWoIf dxf]bo, o;} cfly{s jif{df dflyNnf] tfdfsf]zLsf] $%^ d]ufjf6

ljB't ;lxt Ps xhf/ d]ufjf6 ljB't /fli6«o lu|8df hf]l8g] 5 . e}/xjf lgdf{0fwLg

uf}td a'4 ljdfg:yn o;} cfly{s jif{df lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg u/L ;~rfngdf Nofpg]

tof/L eO/x]sf] 5 . kf]v/fdf lgdf{0ffwLg ljdfg :ynsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ klg tLj| ¿kdf

cufl8 a9]sf] 5 . lghu9df lgdf{0f x'g] cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynsf] EIA sf] sfd

;lsPsf] 5 . cWoIf dxf]bo, n'lDagL, hgsk'/, kz'kltgfy nufot wfld{s ko{6sLo

:ynx¿sf] u'?of]hgf adf]lhd lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ tLj|tf lbOPsf] 5 . oL If]qx¿sf] ;du|

ljsf;sf] lglDt cfjZos k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] sfd klg ;Fu;Fu} cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 .

c? dxTjk"0f{ ko{6sLo :ynx¿sf] ljsf;df ;/sf/ lbnf] Hofgn] nflu/x]sf] 5 . s[lif,

lzIff / :jf:Yo If]qsf] sfd klg c;fWo} dxTjsf ;fy ;/sf/n] cufl8 a9fO/x]sf]

5 . z}lIfs lx;fan] ;/sf/L lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿sf] :t/Ls/0f / k|fljlws Joj;flos

lzIffsf] afx'No x'g] u/L lzIffdf ?kfGt/0f Nofpg] u/L ;/sf/ cufl8 a9]sf] 5 .

cWoIf dxf]bo, oL tYox¿ x'g\ . h;n] b]z ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] ofqfdf b'|tt/ ultdf

cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 . lg/fz x'g' kg]{ s'g} sf/0f 5}g, xfdL agfp5f}F, xfd|f] b]z .

;'zf;g ljsf;, hgtfsf] ;d[l4 / ;'v jt{dfg ;/sf/sf] clei6 xf] . g]kfn sDo'lgi6

kf6L{ / ;/sf/ clxn];Ddsf pknlAwx¿nfO{ yk pknlAwdf ljsl;t ub}{ cufl8

a9f];\ cfu|x ub{5' . tYox¿ log} x'g\ . xfdL ;a} ;sf/fTds 9ª\un] ;f]rf}F / of]

Joj:yfnfO{ alnof] agfpFb} / b]znfO{ ;d[4 g]kfn ;'vL g]kfnLsf] cleofgdf n}hfpmF .

wGojfb .

9

lk7f;Lg M dfggLo pkfWoIf zlzsnf bfxfn .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo ab|L k|;fb kf08] . ;do !) ldg]6 . o;kl5

dfggLo ljgf kf]v/]n .

dfggLo >L ab|L k|;fb kf08] -g]kfnL sfFu|];_M– ;DdfggLo cWoIfHo", jf:tjdf

;+;b eg]s} ljr/fx¿sf] cEof; x'g] j}rfl/s ynf] xf] of] . dfggLo lvdnfn e§/fO{n]

lgs} l86]ndf ;/sf/n] u/]sf k|ultx¿ atfO/xFbf xfdL Pp6} ;+;bsf ;b:o klg xf}F /

;lgs6 ldqx¿ klg xf}F xfdL . dnfO{ o:tf] nfUof] ls cy{ dGqLsf] kb ca vfln x'Fb}

5 . pxfF ca ah]6 efif0fsf] k"j{tof/Ldf x'g' x'G5 ls h:tf] nfUof] . To;}n] d

z'esfdgf klg lbG5', awfO{ klg lbg rfxG5' . jf:tjdf of] ynf]df xfdLn] w]/} bfa]bf/L

ug{ yfNof}F eg] of] ynf] ef/fbf/L ;efdf kl/0ft x'G5 . of] ynf]nfO{ ljrf/sf] cEof;df

:yflkt ug'{ k5{ . To;f] eof] eg] ;/sf/nfO{ 7]ufg nufpg ;lsG5 . ;/sf/nfO{

7]ufg nufpg] sfd g s]an k|ltkIfsf] xf], ;QfkIfn] klg ;/sf/nfO{ 7]ufg nufpg'

k5{ . ;/sf/nfO{ 7]ufg nufpFbf ;/sf/n] l7s af6f] lnG5 b]zn] ;fFlRr g} d]/f] ldq

lvdnfn e§/fO{n] rfx]sf] h:tf] ;d[4 / ljsf;sf] af6f] ksl8G5 / xfdL l7s 7fpFdf

k'Ug ;S5f}F eGg] nfU5 dnfO{ . Totfkl§ ;+;bnfO{ k|j[Q ug{ ;Sof}F /fli6«o ;efnfO{

k|j[Q ug{ ;Sof}F eg] o;sf] uf}/j / o;sf] ul/df a9\5 . d ;a}eGbf klxn] of] cfu|x

ug{ rfxG5' b'O{ jif{ xfd|f] nueu ca sfo{sfn ;DkGg x'b}5 . xfdL !( hgf

;b:ox¿sf] b'O{ jif{ . of] b'O{ jif{ el/df d}n] d cfkm" Pp6f k|ltkIfL ;f+;b Tof]

7fpFaf6 pleP/ d}n] k6s–k6s of] ;/sf/n] /fd|f] u/f];\ eGg] d]/f] leq}b]lvsf] rfxfgf

/x\of] . lsgeg] of] ;/sf/n] /fd|f] ubf{ ef]ln xfdL ;/sf/df cfpg]x¿n] yk /fd|f] ug]{

xfdLnfO{ bjfj k5{ . Tof] bjfjsf nflu xfdL l7s af6f]df hfgsf nflu k"j{tof/L u5f}}F

xfdL d s]jn b]zsf] /fhgLltnfO{ ;'wfb}{gf}F . xfdL /fli6«o /fhgLltnfO{ ;'wf{5f}F,

bnx¿nfO{ ;'wf{5f}F, /fhgLlts kfqx¿nfO{, g]t[TjnfO{ ;'wf/5f}F / xfdL l7s 7fpFdf

hfG5f}F eGg] d]/f] lg/Gt/sf] ;bf ;otf lyof], lg/Gt/sf] k|oTg /x\of] oxL efj e"lddf

d}n] k6s–k6s d]/f cfˆgf ljrf/x¿ oxfF /fVg] r]i6f u/] . t/ cfh xfdL xfdLn]

9fF6\g' kb}{g . s'g} tYofª\snfO{ tf]8df]8 ug'{ kb}{g . tYofª\sdf ldYofª\sx¿ ld;fpg'

kb}{g . cfh /fd|f–/fd|f b[i6fGt / rdTsf/ ;lxt ;/sf/ cfcf];\ . xfdLn] ;f]lr/xFbf

ljleGg sf08x¿ of] ;/sf/n] Joxf]{b} uPsf] ljleGg sf08x¿ ;[hgf ub}{ ubf{ b'ef{Uo

xfdLn] b]Vb} / ef]Ub} cfPsf 5f}F . a? s] ePsf] 5 eg] Pp6f sf08 l;lwG5 Tof] sf08

l;lwg EofpbfF gEofpFb} Tof] sf08nfO{ 5f]Kg] u/L 9sg nfUg] u/L 9sg nufpg] u/L

csf]{ sf08 To;sf pkl/df cfpF5 clg Tof] sf08leq} u'dl;G5 . of] sf08} sf08x¿n]

sf08} sf08x¿ / sf08} sf08x¿dfly 5f]lkPsf 9sgn] 5f]lkPsf]n] ubf{ jf:tjdf

leqleq} oL sf08x¿ u'dl;g] s'lxg] / sf08x¿ b'u{lGwt x'g] / 8'Ë8'Ëlt ugfpg]

10

To;sf] k|efj ;/sf/ / /fli6«o /fhgLltdf b]lvg] ljsf;sf] ultdf b]lvg] ;d[l4sf]

ofqfdf b]lvg] Tof] vt/f xfdL Joxf]{b} cfPsf 5f}F .

o;} xKtf klg xfdLn] # j6f sf08 d # j6f sf08sf] rrf{ u5'{ . Pp6f sf08,

;~rf/ dGqLsf] cl8of] &) s/f]8 sld;gsf] df]ndf]nfO{ ub}{ u/]sf] Pp6f sf08 xfdLn]

;'Gof}F ;a}n] ;a}sf] cufl8 hurf/ ePsf] ljifo xf] . To;nfO{ 5f]Kgsf] nflu

k|wfgdGqLsf] /fhifL tl/sfsf] hGdf]T;jsf] sf/0fn] To;nfO{ 5f]Kg] sfd u¥of}F .

k|wfgdGqLsf] /fhifL tl/sfn] hGdf]]T;jsf] sf/0fnfO{ ha k|Zgx¿ p7\g yfn] tkfO{+

/fhf, dfxf/fhf gj ;fdGt xf] ls tkfO{+ ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftflGqs g]kfnsf]

k|wfgdGqL xf] < k|Zgx¿ p7\g yfn] . k|Zgx¿ p7\g yfn]kl5 ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg Pp6f

a]df};dL km]l/ csf]{ d t To;nfO{ klg sf08 eG5' . To;nfO{ rrf{df Nofpg] sf]lzz

eof] . jf:tjdf oL sf08x¿n] oL k|j[ltx¿n] of] sf]lz;n] jf:tjdf ;/sf/ /

;/sf/df a:g] dflg;x¿ ;Qf / zlQmsf] pGdfbdf slt w]/} w]/} zlQm pGdflb x'Fbf

/x]5g\, slt w]/} lgn{Hh x'Fbf /x]5g\ eGg] s'/f oxL xKtfsf oL 36gf qmdx¿n]

b]vfPsf 5g\ . ;a}eGbf klxn] xfdL cl8of] sf08s} rrf{ u/f}F . cl8of] sf08 ;~rf/

dGqLn] a9fpg' ePsf] Tof] ;fj{hlgs eof] ;~rf/ dGqL ;/sf/sf] k|jQmf klg xf] .

d'v kq xf] Ps k|sf/n] ;/sf/sf] d'vkq xf] . ;/sf/sf] d'v xf] d'v g} Tolt j}/L 5

eg] ;/sf/sf] afFsL z/L/ s] xf]nf < ;/sf/sf] x|bo s] xf]nf < ;/sf/sf] efjgf s]

xf]nf < ;/sf/sf] r]i6f / rfxgf s] xf]nf < ;/sf/sf] nIo s] xf]nf < xfdL ;xh}

cg'dfg ug{ ;S5f}F . olt dfq} xf]Og . bf];|f], xfdLn] ;'g]sf] / b]v]sf] ;~rf/ dGqL

;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo"sf] ;'k'q pxfF ;f] ;/xsf] x'g'x'G5 . cfkm" ;/sf/L lgjf;df

;bf{ k|wfgdGqLn] cfˆg} lgjf;sf] /vjf/L ug{ lk|o kfq ;'k'q pxfF ;'k'q a/fa/sf]

JolQmnfO{ cfˆgf] 3/ lhDdf nufpg' ePsf] b'lgofFnfO{ hfgsf/L 5 . Tolt dfq} xf]Og

jf:tjdf pxfFn] Tof] cl8of] sf08 ;fj{hlgs x'g'eGbf klxn] b'O{ lbg klxn] sfe|]

;~rf/ dGqLsf] u[x lhNnfdf uP/ eGg' eof] . sfe|] o:tf] k|ltefzfnL JolQmTj

hGdfpg] 7fpF xf] . jf:tjdf g} g]kfnsf] /fhgLltsf] olb t'nf] hf]Vg] xf] eg] Psfkl§

;~rf/ dGqL uf]s'n afF:sf]6fnfO{ /flvlbg] / csf]{kl§ ;Dk"0f{ /fhgLltsdL{nfO{ /

/fhgLltnfO{ /flvlbg] xf] eg] klg uf]s'n afF:sf]6fsf] t'nf] u?Ëf} x'G5 eg]/ b'O{ lbg

klxn] pxfFn] k|+z;f ug'{ eof], pRr k|z+;f ug'{ eof] . Tof] 36gf 36]sf] cl8of]

;fj{hlgs ePsf] b'O{ lbg kl5 klg pxfFn] arfp ug'{ eof] . ;lrjfnsf] a}7sdf

g]skfsf] ;lrjfnosf] a}7sdf s'/f p7\of], kf6L{n] sf/afxL ug]{ ls gug]{ < kf6L{n]

5fglag ug]{ ls gug]{ < clg pxfFn] Tof] Ph]08fnfO{ ;/f;/ ab/ ul/lbg' eof] / eGg'

eof] ;/sf/n] ug]{ sf/afxL ;/sf/n] unf{ of] Ph]08f kf6L{sf] Ph]08f x'g ;Sb}g .

o;/L pxfn] OGsf/ ug'{eof] . of] ;a} s'/faf6 xfdL s] lgisif{df k'U5f}F eg] Tof] &)

sf08sf] sld;g PSnf] ;~rf/ dGqL uf]s'n afF:sf]6fn] ug'{ ePsf] xf]Og . tYox¿

tYox¿af6 ul/g] ljZn]if0fn] xfdL Pp6f lgisif{df k'Ug' k5{ . s]an &) s/f]8sf] h'g

sld;gsf] df]ndf]nfO{ lyof] ;~rf/ dGqLn] dfq ug'{ ePsf] xf]Og . To;sf k5fl8 pxfF

11

Pp6f b[Zodf b]lvg' eof] d~rdf b]lvg' eof] . dflg;x¿ eG5g g]kYodf k|wfgdGqL

:jod\ / k|wfgdGqL hlts} zlQmzfln JolQmx¿ 5g\ . g]kYodf a;]sf 5g\ eg]/ aflx/

dflg;x¿n] rrf{ ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . s]an of] ;]So'l/6L lk|lG6Ë k|]zdf &) s/f]8sf] dfq}

s'/f xf]Og . ;~rf/ dGqfnon] ;~rf/ dGqfno cGtu{t ;DkGg x'g] c? cfof]hgfx¿

:yfkgfsf] cfof]hgf To;}u/L 4G ;]jf lj:tf/ nufotsf cfof]hgdf c/af}{

e|i6frf/sf] v]n ePsf] 5 . of] v]nsf k5fl8 w]/} 7'nf zlQm 5g\ . :jod\ ;DdfggLo

k|wfgdGqLHo" x'g'x'G5 ls eGg] uDeL/ cfzª\sf 5 . uf]s'n afF:sf]6fnfO{ Pp6f alnsf]

af]sf] agfP/ pxfFnfO{ anL r9fP/ afFsLn] cfkm" kfkaf6 d'Qm x'g] of] s'g} wfld{s

ljZjf;sf] s'/f xf]Og, ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL s'/f xf] . To;/L oxL /f]Sg kfOb}g oxfFaf6

cufl8 a9\g' k5{ xfd|f] cfu|x 5 .

bf];|f] d cfu|x ug{ rfxG5' k|wfgdGqLsf] hGdf]pT;jsf] af/]df eJo hGdf]T;j

;df/f]x cfof]hgf eof] . xfdL ;a}n] b]Vof} tYox¿ ;ª\slnt x'b}F 5g\ ptf hGdf]T;j

;df/f]xdf tYox¿n] eG5g\ cGj]ifsx¿ / tYofª\sljb\x¿n] eg]sf 5g\ *@ nfv vr{

ePsf] 5 . hGdf]T;j dgfpgsf] nflu $ j6f x]lnsK6/ p8fOPsf] 5 . s]s af]SgnfO{

Pp6f 5'§} x]lnsK6/ Tof] klg Pp6f ljjflbt olt xf]nl8Ë;\sf] x]lnsK6/af6 s]s

p8fOPsf] 5 / g]kfnsf] gS;fsf] cfs[ltsf] s]sdf rSs' rnfOPsf] 5 . 6'qmf 6'qmf

kf/]/ afF8]/ vfOPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cfs[lt ;lxtsf] Tof] s]snfO{ o;/L of] k|j[lQ

jf:tjdf k"jL{ kxf8sf] Pp6f ljs6 7fpF eP klg r]tgfsf] ;~rf/ ug]{ 7fpF xf] . Tof]

pxfFsf] cf7/fO{df cfheGbf w]/} jif{ klxn] @)!& ;fndf lj=kL= sf]O/fnf k|wfgdGqL

x'g' ePsf] a]nf cfª\lus Sofk; lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] cfª\lus Sofk; :yfkgf

eO;s]sf] 7fpF xf] . ;qmflGt ahf/ r'xfg8fF8f nufotsf 7fpFx¿ k"/f g]kfnnfO{

r]tgfsf] af6f]df cufl8 a9fpg] Tof] 7fpFsf hgtfn], Tof] 7fpFsf bfh'efO

lbbLalxgLx¿n] k|wfgdGqLsf] bf}t/Lx¿n] Tof] b]v]/ s] 7fGg' eof] xf]nf < k|wfgdGqLsf]

of] sfd cu|ufdL 7fGg' eof] xf]nf ls k|ltufdL 7fGg' eof] xf]nf < k|wfgdGqLn] of]

u/]sf] sfd u0ftGq cg's"nsf] xf]nf cyjf /fhtGq cg's"nsf] xf]nf . k|wfgdGqLn]

cf7/fO{df b]vfPsf] sfd . k|wfgdGqL cfˆgf] 3/ k"v]{n} 3/df hGdf]T;j dgfpg uPsf]

Tof] s[t] ;j{xf/f k|ultzLn s]=kL= cf]nLsf] xf]nf ls /fhf dxf/fhf / dxf;fdGtsf]

cjtf/ lnO;Sg' ePsf] ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL s]=kL= cf]nLsf] xf]nf < cfh cf7/fO{sf

hgtfn] k|Zg ul//x]sf 5g\ . of] k|Zgsf] hjfkm lbg] sfd d]/f] xf]Og, of] k|Zgsf]

hjfkm lbg] sfd k|wfgdGqLn] ug'{ k5{ . k|wfgdGqL ;+;baf6 efu]/ xf]Og ;+;bdf

cfP/ of] s'/fsf] hjfkm lbg' k5{ d ljgd|tfsf ;fy cfu|x ug{ rfxG5' . ==== -;do

;lsPsf]n] dfOs sfl6Psf]_

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo lagf kf]v/]n ;do & ldg]6 . o;kl5 /d]z k|;fb

ofbj .

12

dfggLo >L lagf kf]v/]n -g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{, g]skf_M– ;DdfggLo cWoIf

dxf]bo, xfd|f] ;+ljwfgsf] efu # sf] df}lns xssf] v08 cGtu{t wf/f #( n]

afnfaflnssf] xsaf/] :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 . hxfF !) j6f pkwf/f afnaflnsfsf] xssf

lgldQ lnlka4 5g\ h; cGtu{t pkwf/f -@_ n] k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ kl/jf/ tyf

/fHoaf6 lzIff, :jf:Yo, kfngkf]if0f, plrt :ofxf/, v]ns'b, dgf]/~hg tyf ;jf{ËL0f

JolQmTj ljsf;sf] xs x'g]5 eg]/ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . pkwf/f -#_ n] k|To]s

afnaflnsfnfO{ k|f/lDes afnljsf; tyf afn;xeflutfsf] xs x'g]5 eg]/ pNn]v

u/]sf] 5 / pkwf/f & n] s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/, ljBfno jf cGo h'g;'s} :yfg

jf cj:yfdf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] oftgf lbg kfOg] 5}g eg]/

pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . To;} u/L afnaflnsfsf] df}lns xs ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{Gjog

ug{ afnaflnsf ;DaGwL P]g, @)&% klg ag]sf] 5 . P]gsf] wf/f & sf] pkwf/f -!_ df

k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ cfˆgf afa'cfdf kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox¿ / ;+/Ifsaf6 plrt

x]/rfx, ;+/If0f / afnkf]if0f x'g]5 eg]/ n]lvPsf] 5 . o;}u/L P]gsf] wf/f !^ n] ljz]if

;+/If0fsf] cfjZostf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] kfngkf]if0f, ;+/If0f, :jf:Yo / lzIff

nufot cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] Joj:yf ug{ /fHon] pknAw ;|f]t ;fwgsf] cfwf/df

cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg] egL pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . cWoIf dxf]bo, xfd|f] ;+j}wflgs tyf

sfg"gL Joj:yfdf vf;} ;d:of b]lvb}g t/ vf]O{ cem} klg lsg afnaflnsf tyf lzz'

:ofxf/sf] plrt Joj:yf x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g < lzz' :ofxf/sf] cfjZos ;+/rgfx¿

lsg aGg ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ < hGd]sf] ^ dlxgf;Dd cfdfsf] b'w dfq} vfP/ afFRg' kg{]

afnaflnsfdWo] &) k|ltztn] dfq} k"0f{ ¿kdf dfq :tgkfg ug{ kfPsf] xfd|f]

tYofª\sn] atfpF5 . elgG5 xfd|f] b]z g]kfndf aflif{s ^ nfv lzz'x¿ hlGdG5g\

h;dWo] !! xhf/ d[t g} hlGdG5g\ eg] !# xhf/ ! dlxgf gk'Ub} d5{g\ / % aif{ k'Ug

gkfOsg aflif{s @% ;osf] xf/fxf/Ldf afnaflnsfsf] d[To' x'g] ub{5 . o;/L dg{]

afnaflnsfx¿ k|foM ;a} ul/a hgtfsf 5f]/f5f]/L x'G5g\ .

cWoIf dxf]bo, afnaflnsfsf] d[To'b/ 36fpg] nIo klg ;/sf/n] /fv]sf] g}

b]lvG5 hlt afnaflnsfsf] aflif{s d[To' eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 k|fo ;a} ljleGg /f]usf]

;+qmd0fsf] sf/0f dg{] u5{g\ . /f]ux¿ kf]ifs tTjsf] sdLn] nfUb5, aRrfx¿n]

;a}eGbf a9L kf]ifs tTj cfdfsf] b'waf6 kfpF5g\ / cem ^ dlxgf;Dd t lzz'x¿

cfdfsf] b'w dfq} vfP/ afFR5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ lbgsf] !)÷ !@ k6s :tgkfg u/fpg'

kg{] cfjZostf x'G5 t/ ;/sf/n] # dlxgf dfq} ;'Ts]/L labf lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

@ aif{;Dd clgjfo{ :tgkfg u/fpg' kg{] labf # dlxgfsf] x'g] xfd|f] l5d]sL b]z

ef/tdf @^ xKtfsf] tnaL labf lbg] Joj:yf /x]5 . Sofgf8f, 8]gdfs{, hd{gL, gj{]

h:tf d'n'sx¿df t %) xKtfeGbf a9Lsf] labf lbg] Joj:yf klg /x]5 . cem ¿;df

t !^^ xKtf;Ddsf] labf lbFbf] /x]5 cWoIf dxf]bo, To;}n] d cWoIf dxf]bo dfkm{t\ oL

ljifox¿df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] Wofg cfsif{0f u/fpF5' / ;fy} dfu ug{ klg rfxG5' ls

13

;'Ts]/L labf a9fP/ ^ dlxgfeGbf a9L agfOof];\ / !) hgfeGbf a9L dlxnfx¿ hf]

@)÷@@ aif{b]lv $)÷$% aif{sf] pd]/sf x'G5g\ pgLx¿n] sfd ug{] sfof{no, c8\8f

cbfnt, pBf]u ;]gf k|x/Lsf SofDk c:ktfn cflb ;a} If]qdf lzz' :ofxf/ s]Gb|x¿sf]

clgjfo{ Joj:yf u/L cfjZos dfqfdf ;+/If0f, ;+/Ifs, :jf:YosdL{ / cf}ifwL pkrf/

;d]tsf] Joj:yf ul/of];\ . o:tf] Joj:yf gx'Fbf ls t ;'Ts]/L cfdfn] cfˆgf] hflu/

Joj;fo 5f8\g' kg{] of lzz'x¿n] cfˆgf] xsaf6 al~rt x'g'kg{] / x's{g gkfO{ dg'{kg{]

h'g l:ylt xfdL b]lv/x]sf 5f}F To;sf] cGTo xf];\ . ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf / dd{ cg';f/

oyfzL3| afnaflnsfsf] df}lns xssf] plrt sfof{Gjogsf] Joj:yf ul/of];\ . xj;\ t

wGojfb .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo /d]z k|;fb ofbj . ;do % ldg]6 . o;kl5

dfggLo o'6f]n tfdfª .

dfggLo >L /d]z k|;fb ofbj -/fli6«o hgtf kf6L{_M– ;DdfggLo cWoIfHo",

g]kfnsf] t/fO{–dw]zsf] clwsf+z blIf0fL efudf cGg, wfg, ux'F cflb s[lif pTkfbgsf

;fy} t/sf/L v]tL x'G5 . cfn', k|jn ;fu, nf}sf, km;L{, sfpnL, lk8fn', ;v/v08

nufot o; efusf k|d'v gub] afnL x'g\ . df5fsf] pTkfbgdf em08} xfdL

cfTdlge{tflt/ uO/x]sf 5f}F . h;sf] Joj;flos pTkfbg d'VotM t/fO{–dw]zdf g}

x'G5 . t/fO{–dw]zsf ls;fgx¿ tL gub] afnLsf] pTkfbglt/ lbgfg'lbg cfslif{t

eO/x]sf 5g\ . o;f] x'g' eg]sf] s[lif pTkfbgdf j[l4 x'g' xf] / /f]huf/sf] cj;/df j[l4

x'g' xf], /fli6«o cfodf of]ubfg x'g' xf] . ;/sf/sf] sfd s] xf] < pTkfbgdf j[l4 lgldQ

;xof]u / ;'ljwf k|bfg ug'{ e08f/0fsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{, pTkfbgx¿sf] nfut sd ug{

ahf/;Dd ;xh kx'Frg} pknAw u/fpg' ahf/sf] Joj:yfkg ug'{ . dnfO{ nfU5,

o;k|lt ladlt x'g' b'ef{Uok"0f{ x'G5 . t/ ;DdfggLo cWoIfHo", ;/sf/n] o;df lg/Gt/

cj/f]w v8f ul//x]sf] 5 . t/fO{–dw]zsf ls;fgx¿n] o:tf] pTkfbg cem} a9fpg]

sf]lz; ubf{ k|tfl8t ug{] sfd eO/x]sf] 5 . v]taf6 ahf/;Dd cfkm\gf] pTkfbg

nufpFbf af6f]d} ef/tLo ;fdfg eg]/ k|x/Ln] t:s/L ;lxt 9'jfgLsf] ;fwgnfO{ ;d]t

ha/h:tL ;dft]/ eG;f/ k'¥ofpg] u/]sf] 5 . b]zsf] blIf0fL ;LdfIf]qdf x'g] pTkfbg

cfkm\g} b]zsf] ahf/df klg t blIf0faf6 pQ/lt/ g} hfG5 lg . t/ To;/L gNofpFbf

ef/taf6 rf]/L k}7f/L u¥of] eg]/ k|tfl8t ug'{sf] cy{ s] xf] < lsg o:tf] eO/x]sf] 5 <

sldzgsf] lgldQ cfkm\g} b]zsf] pTkfbgaf6 cfk"lt{ gxf];\ eg]/ k}7f/L ug]{,

;fx'x¿af6 kfOg] 3';sf] lgldQ rf/L, k}7f/L 7\ofSs} af]8{/df /f]s k}7f/L g} gePsf]

dfnsf] eG;f/ k"hL{ s;n] NofP/ lbg] < b]zleq hxfF dg nfUof], s;}nfO{ sfFwdf

af]Sg], s;}nfO{ u/L kfpg] clwsf/ vf];]/ lg/k/fw sf/afxL ef]u]/ Nofpg] s'g Gofo

xf] <

14

;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, o:tf] lqmofsnfk cfkm\g} gful/sx¿dfly lje]bk"0f{

k|of]usf] dfgl;stfsf] k|df0f lbG5 . o;n] cfGtl/s cf}klgj]lzs dfg;lstf tl:a/

b]vfpF5 . o;n] /fli6«otfsf] efjgfnfO{ vl08t u5{ . /fHo / hgtfsf] b"/L a9fpF5 .

;DdfggLo cWoIfHo" dfkm{t\ o:tf sfd sf/afxLnfO{ t'?Gt aGb ug{, u/fpg

;/sf/;Fu dfu ub{5' / o;sf] ;fy;fy} ;DdfggLo cWoIfHo" @)&% ;fn r}q !& ut]

xfd|f] af/f lhNnfdf j[xt cfFwL / t'kmfgn] xfd|f] ;os8f}F wghgsf] Iflt eof] . of]

;a{ljlwt} 5 . To;df xfd|f] b]zsf ;+3, ;+:yf / ljb]zsf ;+3, ;+:yfx¿n] 7"n} /fxt /

;xof]u u/] . o;df ToxfFsf eTs]sf 3/x¿sf] k|b]z ;/sf/ / ;+3Lo ;/sf/n]] ;dGjo

u/]/ of] 3/ k'gM lgdf{0f ug{sf] nflu ;]gfsf] lhDdf lbof] . To;df 5fglag u/L

hxfFToxfFsf hgk|ltlglwx¿n] @)) 3/ Iflt ePsf] 5 eg]/ To;df Tof] 1fkg lbbfv]l/

To;df %) j6f, ^) j6f 3/ dfq ToxfF agfOof] / xfd|f] /Iff dGqLHo"n] Tof] 3/

x:tfgfGt/0f ubf{v]l/ ToxfFsf afl;Gbfx¿n], hgtfx¿n] / To;df @ gDa/ k|b]zdf

dfggLo d"Vo dGqLHo"n] klg Tof] x:tfgfGt/0f sfo{qmddf Tof] o;df sxLF g sxLF

sdL ePsf] 5 . c? 3/ agfpg' kb{5 . To;df 5'6]sf] 3/x¿sf] 5fglag ;ldlt u7g

u/]/ xfdLx¿ cufl8 a9\5f}F eg]/ xfd|f] b]zsf pk–k|wfgdGqL, /Iff dGqLHo"n] :jod\

cfkm\gf] d'vaf6 ToxfF 3f]if0ff ug'{eof] . cfh;Dd of] 5fglag ;ldlt u7g ePg . Tof]

3/sf] vf]hlag klg ePg . d of] ;Ddflgt ;bgdf ;DdfggLo cWoIfHo" dfkm{t\

;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg rfxG5' . wGojfb .

k'gM kL7f;LgM ;DdfggLo cWoIf >L u0f]z k|;fb ltldlN;gf .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo o'6f]n tfdfË ;do % ldg]6 . o;kl5 dfggLo

/fdk[t kf;jfg .

dfggLo >L o'6f]n tfdfª\ -g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{, g]skf_M– ;DdfggLo cWoIf

dxf]bo, d vf; cfh af}4 wdf{nDaLx¿sf] dxfg rf8kj{ UofNkf] Nxf];f/sf] kfjg

cj;/df ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL bfh'efO lbbL alxgLx¿nfO{ xflb{s dª\undo z'esfdgf ug{

rfxG5' . xfdL h'g of] af}4 wdf{nDaLx¿sf] dxfg rf8kj{ aif{sf] xfd|f] ! k6s dfq

x'G5 ;f]gfd Nxf];f/ / UofNkf] Nxf];f/ To;df xfd|f] x'g t ;+ljwfgdf wd{ lg/k]If

eO;s]sf] 5 . Tof] eP tfklg lxhf] xfd|f] h'g xfd|f] ?l9afbL lrGtgx¿n], xfd|f] h'g

hghfltx¿sf] dxfg rf8 kj{ xfd|f] v; bfh' efOx¿sf] s's'/ ltxf/, k'hf, ufO{ k'hf

cyjf sfu k'hf Tof] a/fa/sf] n]jndf /fv]sf] 5 . To;df d clnslt v08g rfxG5'

dfG5]sf] wd{ / s's'/sf] wd{ a/fa/ xf]Og, sfusf] wd{ a/fa/ xf]Og, of] clnstf hlt

nf]stGq cfP tfklg h'g wd{ 5 Tof] wd{ lg/k]Ifleq klg xfd|f] lxhf]sf] zf;g ;Qfx¿

xfdLn] cGTo ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . ca d olt eg]/ csf{] ;+ljwfg cg's"n sfof{Gjog

15

aLrdf klg w]/} h:tf xfd|f dfggLo ;b:ox¿sf] klg Wofg cfsif{0f u/fpg rfxG5' .

xfdLx¿ hgtfdf hfG5f}F ef]6 dfUbfv]l/df hghflt pTkLl8t If]q, au{ lnË, blntx¿,

ls;fgx¿sf], dhb'/x¿sf] w]/} s'/fx¿ u5{ xfdLn] pxfFx¿sf] Psbd cfZjf;g lbP/

dfggLodf ef]6 xfn]/ lhtfP/ k7fPsf] klg 5f}F t/ ;+ljwfg n]Vbfv]l/df h'g ls;fg

dhb'/x¿sf] Ph]08fx¿ xfdL 5f]8\b} uO/fv]sf 5f}F ToxfF Ps hgf h'g lg0f{osf] txdf

Ps hgf ls;fg hfFbfv]l/ s] x'G5 < Ps hgf dhb'/ /fv]/ s] x'G5 < Tof] xfd|f] /fVg]

kl/sNkgf 5}g . h:t} xfd|f] g]kfnsf] Jo'/f]qm];Lsf] xft a9L 5 To;df klg .

To;sf/0fn] d}n] dfggLo ;b:ox¿sf] Wofg cfsif{0f ug{ rfx]sf] 5' . csf{] s'/f

;+ljwfg cg';f/ h:t} ;+ljwfgsf] efu % wf/f %^ df 5 zLif{sdf 5 /fHo k'g{;+/rgf

/fHozlQm afF8kmf8x¿ 5 zLif{sdf d To;df bkmf -^_ sf] @,#,$ pkbkmfx¿ 5 d

Totflt/ hfFlbg . pkbkmf -%_ df s'/f ul//x]5' ;+3Lo sfg"g adf]lhd ;dflhs /

;f+:s[lts ;+/If0fsf] s'/fx¿ ul//fv]sf] 5 . h:t} dfgf}F cfly{s ljsf; ug{sf] nflu

;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ljsf; ug{sf] nflu ljZj ;+/Ifsf] s'/fx¿ ul//fv]sf] 5 . h'g

ljz]if ;+/If0fsf] s'/f ul//fVbfv]l/df ljz]if ;+/If0f ca ;/sf/n] s:tf] vfnsf] ;+/If0f

ug{ ;Sg] 5 < cfly{s ljsf; ug{sf] nflu ljz]if ;+/If0f / :jfoQ If]q eg]sf] 5 clg

:jfoQ If]q s:tf] vfnsf] :jfoQ If]q x'g], ljz]if ;+/If0f s'g–s'g e"uf]nnfO{ lbg] h:t}

dfgf}F s0ff{nL k|b]zx¿df ;of}F aif{b]lv xfdL k5fl8 kf/]sf] s0ff{nL k|b]z ef}uf]lns

ljs6tf 5 . t/ To;leq w]/} rLhx¿ vfgtnf; ubf{v]l/df Psbd s0ff{nL k|b]zdf

xfdL ;'Gb/ 5 ToxfF . Psbd vfgL kbfy{ ePsf] 7fpF, Psbd hl8a'6Lsf] e08f/L,

Psbd tfntlnof w]/} k|fs[ltssf] ;'Gb/ s0ff{nL k|b]zdf 5 . To:tf] If]qnfO{ ;+/If0f

If]q lbg] xf] ls xf]Og ;/sf/n] < xfdL dfu ub5f}F ljz]if If]q / ;+/If0f If]qsf] xfdL

dfu u5f}{F xfd|f] s'g hflt, s'g au{, lnË sxfF a;]sf] 5 To;n] :jfoQ If]qsf] s'/f

ul//fv]sf] 5 . To;nfO{ :jfoQ If]q lbg] xf] ls xf]Og < ;+ljwfgdf n]v]/ k'Ug]jfnf

5}g . sfof{Gjogsf] kIfdf hfFbfv]l/df w]/} h;f] ToxfF s'/f ug{]x¿ w]/} h;f] xfdLx¿

cWoog cg';Gwfgx¿ h:tf] dl;gf] 9ª\un] dfggLoHo"x¿n] Psbd ax; ug'{ kg{] oxfF

h?/L b]lvG5 . To;sf/0fn] xfd|f] h'g clxn] ko{6sLo @) nfv oxfF /dfpg] eg]sf]

5 . ko{6ssf] uGtJox¿ w]/} h;f] s0ff{nL k|b]zdf 5 ef}uf]lns ljs6tf eP/ s] ug{]

xfd|f] tfdfvfgL ToxL 5, kmnfdvfgL ToxL 5, hl8a'6L ToxL 5, xfd|f] k]6«f]lnodvfgL

ToxL 5, x/]s x/]s xfd|f] t/fO{ af;Lx¿df ljsl;t b]zx¿df s] ltgnfO{ klg tfn xf]

eg]/ eJo ¿kdf aflif{s pT;j dflg/x]sf] 5 . xfd|f] x]g'{;\ g ;'Gb/ /f/f tfn,

kmf]S;f]08f] tfn h:tf] xfd|f] tfntn}ofx¿ k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tfx¿ 5 . /f/f d'u' lhNnfdf

5fofFgfy 7fs'/ eg]/ oxfF w]/} uGtJox¿sf] s]bf/gfy, ab|Lgfy, 5fofFgfy s]–s] gfy

eg]/ gfd rNb} cfPsf] 5fofFgfy / 7fs'/x¿ 5 . To:tf] uGtJo 7fpFx¿df ;+/If0f ug'{

k5{ ls kb{}g < =====-;do ;lsPsf] x'Fbf dfOs sfl6Psf]_ .

16

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo /fdk[t kf;jfg . ;do % ldg]6 . o;kl5

dfggLo d'Qmf s'df/L ofbj .

dfggLo >L /fdk[t kf;jfg -;dfhjfbL kf6L{_M– ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo,

;f+;b x'g'eGbf cufl8 d]/f] Pp6f ;f]r lyof], d}n] ;f]Ry]F, d}n] ljrf/ uy]{F slxn]sfxL d

olb ;f++;b h:tf] ul/dfdo kbdf To:tf] lhDd]jf/L d}n] kfPF eg] b]z agfpF5' / oxfFsf

h'g pTkLl8tx¿ 5g\, h'g cfkm\gf l;dfGts[t ;d'bfox¿ 5g\, rfx] Tof] blnt, dw]zL,

hghflt, cflbjf;L, dlxnf pgLx¿nfO{ d clwsf/ ;DkGg agfP/ 5f8\5', To;sf]

nflu d]/f] 7"n} of]ubfg /xg] 5 eGg] d]/f] ;f]r lyof] . / geGb} ! jif{ cufl8sf] s'/f

xf], d ;nf{xLaf6 a;df r9]/ cfpFb} lyPF, To;df Ps hgf a'h|'s e]l6g' eof] / pxfFn]

klg dnfO{ To:t} vfnsf]] k|Zg ;f]Wg' eof] . pxfFn] s] ;f]Wg' eof] eg] afa' s] ;f+;b

ag]kl5 b]z agfpF5' h:tf] nfU5 < clg d ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, d cg'Ql/t ePF,

d ufx|f]df k/]F, pQ/ s] lbpF eg]/ . lsgeg] d ! jif{;Dd d cfkm}n] k|ToIf cg'ej

ul/;s]sf] lyPF . clxn];Dd of] b'O{ jif{sf] cGt/fndf d}n] t s] cg'ej u/]F eg] oxfF

;f+;b x'g' eg]sf] b]z agfpF5', hgtfsf] lxtdf sfd u5{', oxfFsf] zf]lift, pTkLl8tsf]

lxtdf sfd u5'{, pgLx¿nfO{ clwsf/ ;DkGg agfpF5' eGg] Tof] ;kgf h:tf] x'Fbf]

/x]5 . oxfF t tfnL ahfpg] clwsf/ afx]s c? s]xL 5}g h:tf] dnfO{ dxz'; eof] @

jif{df . ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, To;df klg of] ;/sf/sf] lqmofsnfkn] ubf{v]l/ Tof]

tfnL ahfpg] clwsf/af6 klg al~rt 5' d . ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, To:tf] x'Fbf]

/x]g5 . t/ of] b'O{ jif{df ;do;dodf Tof] ljleGg lsl;dsf k|bz{g, ljleGg

lsl;dsf lnnfx¿ b]Vg] cj;/ kfPF . y'k}| lnnfx¿ b]Vg kfPF, of] b'O{ jif{sf]

cGt/fndf . oxfF uf]s'ndf s[i0fhLnfO{ klg b]Vg kfPF, lji0f' lnnf klg b]Vg kfPF . y'k}|

lnnfx¿ b]Vbfb]Vb} oxfF t k|wfgdGqLsf] klxnf %@ cjtf/x¿sf] af/]df ;'g]sf] lyPF t/

oxfF cfP/ t k|wfgdGqLsf] a|fXdgtf kf] b]v]F t . Tof] klg b]Vg kfPF . ToxL eP/ d

o:sf] nflu d cfkm"nfO{ wGo 7fg' ls cefuL 7fg'F, Tof] klg d cg'Ql/t g} 5' .

;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, d Tof] b]zdf 5' h'g g]kfndf d]/f] hGd ePsf] 5 /

g]kfn eg]sf] Tof] b]z xf] hxfF nf]stGq 5, hxfF ;dfgtf 5 / ljZjn] g} g]kfn Pp6f

nf]stflGqs b]z xf] eg]/ eG5g\ / xfdL rflxF uj{ u5f}{F . t/ s:tf] lsl;dsf] nf]stGq

xf] ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo < crDdsf] nf]stGq, dnfO{ Pp6f 36gf olb 5,

ltxf/sf] ;do lyof], d sf8df8f}+df o;/L 3'Db} Ps hgf ldqsf]df k'u]F . ;+of]u Tof]

lbg, s's'/ ltxf/sf] lbg /x]5 . clg dnfO{ t s] nfu]sf] lyof] eGbfv]l/ x}g of] b]z t

5'jf5'td'Qm /fi6« eO;s]sf] 5 . To;df klg d k9]n]v]sf] dfG5], d ;f+;b ePsf] dfG5]

;fob oxfF h'g 5'jf5'tsf] s'/f 5, Tof] t Pp6f ;fwf/0f g]kfnLsf] nflu klg Tof]

ul/b}g, Tof] x'Fb}x'Fb}g eGg] dnfO{ nfu]sf] lyof] . t/ Tof] lbg, Tof] ldqn] a8f] /fd|f];Fu

ljgd|tfk"j{s Psbd cfb/ / ;Tsf/sf;fy cfu|x ug'{eof] . dfggLoHo", clnslt k/

17

al:bP x'G5 lsgeg] s's'/sf] k"hf x'g uO/x]sf] 5 . oxfF k"hf ;fdfu|L 5 . clg Tof]

lbg d}n] lxgtf af]w u/]F . ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, d lxgtfaf]w s] cy{df u/]F eg]

d cfkm"nfO{ cefuL 7fg]F . s:tf] nf]stflGqs b]zdf d]/f] hGd ePsf] 5 < s:tf]

;dfgtfsf] s'/f oxfF x'Fb}5 < s:tf] nf]stGq cyf{t\ clxn] klg Tof] lje]bsf] cGTo

ePsf] 5}g / hxfF lje]b /xG5, ToxfF nf]stGq x'g} ;Sb}g .

;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, Pp6f crDd s] nfU5 eGbfv]l/ d of] ;/sf/nfO{

>L @ ;/sf/ eG5' . d of] cy{df >L @ ;/sf/sf] ;+1f lbG5', sDo'lgi6 ;/sf/nfO{

/f0ffx¿n] t ;+ljwfg g} dfGb}g lyP / of] ;/sf/n] klg of] ;+ljwfg x'Fbfx'Fb} klg

;+ljwfg dfg]sf] d b]lVbgF . Pp6f crDd s] b]V5' eg] oxfF d]/f] Pp6f k|Zg 5 . dlxnf

cf/If0f, jf:tjdf dlxnfnfO{ clwsf/ ;DkGg agfpgsf] nflu xf] ls zf;sx¿n]

cfkm\gf] ;Qf ;f] hftLo dlxnfx¿sf] xftdf x:tfGt/0f ug{nfO{ xf] < d}n] klg a'‰g

;s]sf] 5}g . To;}n] olb jf:tadf dlxnfnfO{ olb clwsf/ ;DkGg u/fpgsf] nflu xf]

eg] Tof] dlxnf cf/If0fdf ju{ cf/If0fsf] Joj:yfkg u/f}F / blntnfO{ cf/If0f, olb

clwsf/ ;DkGg u/fpg vf]h]sf] xf] eg] Pp6f ;]k|]6 On]S6«f]/]6 lgjf{rg If]qsf]

cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf u/f}F .==== -;do ;lsPsf] x'Fbf dfO{s sfl6Psf]_

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo d'Qmf s'df/L ofbj . ;do % ldg]6 .

dfggLo >L d'Qmf s'df/L ofbj -g]kfnL sfFu|];_M– wGojfb ;DdfggLo ;ef

cWoIf dxf]bo, cfh d of] ;Ddflgt ;bgdf b'O{ tLg j6f s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ d

cfˆgf 5f]6sf/Ldf s'/fx¿ /fVg cg'dlt rfxG5' . xfd|f] ;ldlt lbuf] ljsf; tyf

;'zf;g ;ldltn] ev{/ b'O{ tLg lbg cufl8 xfdL t/fO{ dw]zsf lhNnfx¿df cWoog

/ cg'udg ug{ uPsf 5f}F . ToxfF xfdL wg'iff / ;Kt/L lhNnfnfO{ gd'gfsf] ¿kdf

5gf]6 u/]/ xfdL b'O{ j6f lhNnfdf uP/ ljifout sfof{nox¿nfO{ ;'zf;g / Goflos

;ldlt / csf]{ /fi6«klt t/fO{ dw]z r'/] ;+/If0f sfo{qmdsf] klg xfdL cWoog /

cg'udg u/]/ ev{/ cl:t cfPsf 5f}F . Tof] ljifodf xfdL s'/f /fVg rfxG5f}F .

jf:tjdf ;d|u t/fO{ dw]zsf] s'/f ug'{ kbf{ ToxfFlg/ ;'zf;gsf] ljifodf /

ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljifodf ToxfF ljifout sfof{noaf6 hf] cfPsf s'/fx¿ 5 ToxfFlg/

k|Zg p7\of] ls oxfF ;'zf;g / ef}lts k"jf{wf/df ah]6 vr{ gug'{ / 6fOddf of]hgfsf]

sfof{Gjog dtna g;Sg' eg]sf] Pp6} ToxfF sd{rf/Lsf] cefj 5 . b]z ;+3Lotfdf

uPsf] 5 t/ t/fO{ dw]zdf sd{rf/Lsf] Psbd cefj 5 . ;Ifd sd{rf/L ToxfF lg/

k7fpFb}g oxfF ;+3af6 hf] sd{r/L accountant df rflxF oxfFlg/ lgo'Qm u5{ . sd{rf/Ln]

accountant ePsf] sd{rf/Ln] ToxfF computer sf] 1fg x'b}g . To:tf h:tf xfdL

s'/fx¿ ToxfF yfxf kfPsf 5f}F . of] rflxF x6\g' k5{ ;Ifd sd{rf/L ToxfF k7fpg' k5{

18

of] d ;bg dfkm{t\ d ;DalGwt dGqfnodf dfu ug{ rfxG5' . csf]{ s] klg eGg

rfxG5' eg] Goflos ;ldltsf] xfdL cg'udg u¥of}F . Goflos ;ldltdf wg'iff lhNnfsf]

xfdL l/df]6 Pl/ofdf k'Uof}F . hxfF sdnf gbLsf] 5]pdf hxfF w]/} l/df]6 Pl/ofdf k'Uof}F

hxfF sdnfdfO{ gu/kflnsf ToxfF xfdL uP/ Goflos ;ldltsf] cWoog cg'udg ubf{

ToxfF xfdL s] kfof}F ls Goflos ;ldlt hf] x'g'x'G5 pxfF cfkm}F ;'/lIft x'g' x'Gg . hf]

tLg hgf Goflos ;ldltdf x'g'x'G5 pxfF ;'/lIft x'g' x'Gg . s] Gofo lbG5 c?nfO{

ToxfF ;'/Iff 5}g . k'ln; k|zf;gsf] ToxfF Joj:yf 5}g . k|x/L rf}ls 5}g, d'2fx¿ ToxfF

5nkmn u5{ Gofo u5{ / Pp6f d'2fdf xh'/sf] Gofo u¥of]{ / ;a} s'/fx¿ ;N6fof] s]

eg]sf] 5 ToxfF Goflos ;ldltsf] k"/} lx;fan] ca d'2fx¿ ;lN6;s] kl5 ca Ps csf{

dtna emul8ofx¿nfO{ xft ldnfpg egf}Fg t . xft ldnfpg hfFbf ToxfFlg/ xft

ldnfpg] qmddf s'6fs'6 ePsf] 5 . k'ln; 5}g, Pp6f klg k|zf;g 5}g s;/L ToxfF

Gofo eof] t < To:t} d t/fO{ dw]zsf] of] dfq} sdnf gu/kflnsfsf] of] ;d:of

xf]Og, ;d|u dw]zdf o:t} vfnsf] ;d:ofx¿ maximum 7fpFdf 5 . o;sf] klg

;dfwfg x'g'k5{ eGg] d ;DdfggLo cWoIfHo" dfkm{t\ d ;DalGwt dGqfnosf] d Wofg

cfsif{0f u/fpg rfxG5' / csf]{ hxfF r'/]sf] xfdL cg'udg u¥of}F . /fi6«klt t/fO{ dw]z

r'/] dw]z sfo{qmddf cefj 5 . ToxfF t/fO{ dw]zsf] lhNnfx¿df hDdf #^ j6f

lhNnf ToxfF r'/]sf] p;df 5 . r'/]sf] ;+/If0f ug'{ k5{ . r'/] xfdL x]g{ hfFbf ToxfFsf

gbLx¿ hf] eG5 lg 8f]h/ cftª\s eof] Tof] jf:tjdf xf]Og p s] 5 eg] gbLsf] hf]

jxfj 5 jxfj o;/L o;/Ldfly cfPsf] 5 . aLrdf Psbd} lu§L / afn''jf el/Psf] 5

;fO8af6 gbL lxl8/fv]sf] 5 . lgodfjnLdf lgod s] agfPsf] 5 eg] a]Nrfn] dfq} #

lkm6 vGg] . To:tf] xf]Og of] lgodfjnL change u/]/ a]Nrfn] xf]Og of] 8f]h/ vGg' k5{

aLraf6 gbL aUg' k5{ Tof rflxF Joj:yf ldnfpg' k5{ lgodfjnL change u/]/ eP

klg / t/fO{ dw]z r'/]sf] ;+/If0f ug'{ k5{ . csf]{ s'/f d yk s] eGg rfxG5' eg] clxn]

sf]/fgf efO/; hf] rfOgfaf6 ljleGg b]zdf hf] uPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] tof/L, xfd|f]

;/sf/sf] tof/L s] 5 < of] klg ;bgdf cfP/ hfgsf/L lbg' k5{ ;bgnfO{ / csf]{

dfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo" eGg'x'G5 . e|i6frf/ cfkm" ub}{g / c?nfO{ klg ug{ lbg' =====-

;do ;lsPsf]n] dfOs sfl6Psf]_ .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo sdnf s'df/L cf]nL ;do % ldg]6 . o;kl5

/d]zh+u /fodfemL .

dfggLo >L sdnf s'df/L cf]nL -g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{, g]skf_M– ;DdfggLo

cWoIf dxf]bo, cfh d ;j{k|yd t sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqL dfggLo

lzjdfof t'Djfxfª\km]Ho"nfO{ w]/} w]/} awfO{ tyf ;kmn sfo{sfnsf] z'esfdgf JoQm ug{

rfxG5' . ;a{k|yd d}n] eGg] qmddf rflxF xfd|f] d'Qmf dfggLon] klg w]/} s'/f elg;Sg'

19

ePsf] 5 . xfdL ev{/} lbuf] ljsf; tyf ;'zf;g ;ldltsf dfggLo tf/fb]jL e§sf]

cu'jfO{df @ g+= k|b]zsf] ;Kt/L / wg'iffdf cg'udgsf] sfo{qmddf uPsf lyof}F . ToxfF

rflxF w]/} lsl;dsf xfdLx¿n] ;d:of b]Vof}F . Tof] ;d:of b]lv/xFbfv]l/ h'g ef}lts

k"jf{wf/ lbuf] ljsf; / ;'zf;gsf af/]df Goflos ;ldltsf] sfd 5 Tof] Goflos

;ldltnfO{ hlt sfd lbPsf] 5 hlt lhDdf 5 Tof] rflxF pxfFn] kfPsf] cj:yf xfdLnfO{

nfu]g pxfFn] w]/} u'gf;f] ug'{ ePsf] 5 . pxfFn] sfg"gL ;Nnfxfsf/ klg gkfPsf]

cj:yf xfdLx¿n] b]Vof}F / clxn] dfggLon] eg] cg';f/ h'g ToxfF ;'/IffsdL{sf]

cfjZostf klg 7fGof}F . sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{] qmddf pkk|d'vsf] lhDd]jf/L axg ubf{v]l/

em} emu8f x'g] em} emu8f x'Fbfv]l/ k|zf;gnfO{ klg u'xfg{ kg{] cfjZostf b]VofF} Tof]

t'?Gt ;/sf/n] ug'{ kb{5 .

clxn] xfdLnfO{ a9L cfzf / e/f];f nfu]sf] 5 lsg eg] dlxnfnfO{ Pp6f

pkk|d'v eGg] lhDd]jf/L ;/sf/n] lbof] of] ;+ljwfgsf] cg';f/ Pp6f ljk/Lt lnËnfO{

pkk|d'vsf] lhDd]jf/L lbO /xFbfv]l/ k|d'v of pkk|d'vsf] lhDd]jf/L lbO/xFbfv]l/ w]/}

sltko &%# j6f :yfgLo txdf a9L ;] a9L pkk|d'v dlxnf ePsf] Pp6f cj:yf 5

/ Tof] cj:yf elg/xFbfv]l/ dlxnfnfO{ hlt lhDd]jf/L lbPsf] 5 ToxfF Psbd r'gf}ltk"0f{

lhDd]jf/L axg ug{nfO{ r'gf}lt klg plQs} 5 / xfd|f] h'g lsl;dsf] cg'udgsf] kf6f]

5 xfdLn] ah]6 ljlgof]hg ul//xFbfv]l/ of]hgfx¿ agfpFbfv]l/ dlxnfx¿nfO{ h'g

pkk|d'vnfO{ ;f]lwb}g ToxfF xfdLn] wg'iff / ;Kt/Ldf klg pkk|d'vsf] w]/} u'gf;f]

b]Vof}F . pxfFx¿n] olt u'gf;f] ug'{ eof] olt u'gf;f] ug'{ eof] @% s/f]8;Ddsf] ah]6

xfdLnfO{ g;f]wLsg d]o/x¿n] / k|zf;g clws[tx¿n] lgsf;f ug'{ eof] xfdLnfO{ of]

s'/f yfxf ePg eGg] lsl;dsf] Pp6f Joyf / syf rflxF kf]Vg' ePsf] cj:yf 5 .

To;sf/0fn] ubf{v]l/ sfg"gL ;Nnfxfsf/ x'g Psbd} clt cfjZos 5 / xfdLn] klxn]

ef}lts k"jf{wf/ Psbd} lbuf] ljsf;nfO{ ;d]6\g] u/]/ lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿nfO{ k"/f

ug{] vfn] xfdLn] lbuf] ljsf;sf s'/fx¿ u/]sf 5f}F . t/ of]hgfx¿ agfpFbfv]l/

cg'udgsf] kf6f]df pkk|d'vnfO{ /fv]tfklg ToxfF cg'udg ubf{v]l/ klxnf DPR

ubf{v]l/ / of]hgf agfpbfv]l/ klg pkk|d'vnfO{ /fVg'kg{] Pp6f afWotf x'g' kg{]df d

rflxF pkk|d'vnfO{ g;d]6]sf] / ckdflgt u/]sf] h:tf] xfdLn] ToxfF km]nf kf¥of}F .

To;sf/0fn] ubf{v]l/ ca rflxF pkk|d'vsf] h'g sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{] sIfx¿ xf] Tof] rflxF

g]kfn ;/sf/n] t'?Gt k|To]s &%# j6f :yfgLo txdf pknAw u/fpg' k5{ eGg] dnfO{

nfu]sf] 5 / g]kfn ;/sf/n] xfd|f] kf6L{n] h'g lsl;dsf] o:tf] xNnf km}ln/x]sf] 5

Psbd} b'Mv klg nflu /x]sf] 5 . lsgeg] xfdLn] /ftL, lbpF;f], lbg, 3fd gelgsg

xfdL cfh ;ª\u7g agfpgsf] nflu cxf]/fq vl6Psf xfdL g]kfnL hgtfx¿ /f]O/x]sf]

cj:yf 5 . lsg n8fO nl8/xg' ePsf] 5 lsg n'5fr'l8 ul//xg' ePsf] 5 eGg] cfd

hgtfsf] u'gf;f] 5 . To;sf/0fn] ubf{v]l/ ;'vL g]kfnL ;d[4 g]kfn agfpgsf] nflu

xfdL ;Dk"0f{ hgtfx¿ Ps 7fpFdf cfpg k5{ / k|ltkIf bn klg lxhf] xfdL ;a}

;fydf eP/ of] rflxF u0ftGq g]kfn cfPsf] xf] . To;sf/0fn] ubf{v]l/ k|ltkIfsf]

20

efjgf a'em]/ / ;QfkIfn] klg cufl8 a9\g' k5{ eGg] d cg'/f]w ub{} cfˆgf zAbx¿

oxfF cGt ub{5' . xj;\ t wGojfb . gd:sf/ .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo /d]z h+u /fodfemL . ;do % ldg]6 . o;kl5

dfggLo v]d/fh g]kfnL .

dfggLo >L /d]z h+u /fodfemL -g]kfnL sfFu|];_M– ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo,

>L # dxf/fh s]=kL= zdf{ cf]nLn] cfˆgf] hGdpT;j dgfpgnfO{ cfˆgf] k'/fgf] 3/

cfkm" hGd]sf] ynf] /f]Hg' eP5 / h;/L sf7df8f}+df cfkm" :sl6Ë u/]/ lx8\g' x'GYof]

cfˆgf] ;'/Iffsf] To;/L g} cfsfzdf klg x]lnsK6/ cufl8 k5fl8 nfP/ cfˆgf]

hGdynf] k'Ug' ePsf] 5 . cfˆgf] hGdynf] k'Ubfv]l/ cfˆgf lktfhLnfO{ klg lnP/ hfg'

eof] xf]nf t/ pxfF hGdynf]df k'lu;s]kl5 pxfFn] cfˆgf] dftfhLnfO{ cfdfnfO{ ;lDemg'

eof] ls ePg < ToxfF cfkm" hGd]sf ynf]df cfdfn] e'6]/ lbPsf] Tof] ds} ;Demg' eof]

ls ePg < cfdfn] ;fFw]/ lbPsf] Tof] u'Gb'|s ;lDemg' eof] ls ePg < cfˆg} af/Ldf

afFw]sf] ufO{ / e}F;Lsf] ynf]df afFw]sf] ufO{ / e}F;Lsf] b'w / bxL, l3p ;lDemg' eof] ls

ePg < cfhsf] PSsf;L Toltv]/ pxfF hltv]/ Tof] l3p vfg'x'GYof], hltv]/ ds} e'6]sf]

vfg'x'GYof] Toltv]/ pxfF v8\s k|;fb cf]nL x'g' x'GYof] . clxn] ha sf7df8f}Faf6

x]lnsK6/n] :sl6Ë u/]/ Pp6f s]s af]s]/ uof] . g]kfn b]zsf] s]s l;Ëf] g]kfnsf] s]s

af]s]/ uof] . Tof] s]s rflxF Pp6f lxhf] d}n] ;bgdf p7fP . p7fPsf] lyP olt

xf]lN8Ën] uf]s{0f l/;f]{6 x'Fbfv]l/ ;/sf/n] 7''nf] clgoldttf u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/sf] 7'nf]

;+nUgtf 5 dGqLx¿sf] ;/sf/ k|wfgdGqLsf] ;+nUgtf 5 . o;df 5fglag x'g' k5{

eg]/ d}n] s'/f p7fPsf] lyPF Toltv]/ s'/f p7fPsf] s'/f cfh Tolx olt xf]lN8Ë Tof]

s]s af]s]/ :sl6Ë u/]/ lnP/ uof], ToxfF k'¥ofof] / ToxfF k'u]kl5 Pp6f s]snfO{

g]kfnsf] gS;fnfO{ 6'qmf–6'qmf kfl/of], 6'qmf–6'qmf kf/]/ sfl6of] / ljt/0f ug]{ sfd

ul/of] . of] Pp6f g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ lbg] ;f]ef xf] ls xf]Og < of] k|wfgdGqL

h:tf] ul/dfdo kbdf a;]sf] dflg;n] ug'{ x'GYof] ls x'b}gYof] < o:tf] sfo{x¿ ul/of] .

;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, clxn] b]zdf w]/} 7'nf] rnv]n ;'? ePsf] 5 .

rnv]n o;/L ;'? ePsf] 5, cfh &) s/f]8sf] s'/f p7]sf] 5 s]xL ;do cufl8

k|wfgdGqLn] sfe|]df uP/ sfe|] lhNnf eg]sf] Pp6f k|ltef hGdfpg] lhNnf xf] eg]/

eGg' eof] . k|ltef hGdfP/ # lbg k5fl8 pxfFsf] k|ltefsf] out eof], flash eof] s:tf]

k|ltef /x]5 sfe|] lhNnfn] hGdfPsf] . o;n] ul//x]sf] Pp6f sDo'lgi6sf] g]tf eg]/

eGg' eof] . Pslt/ uf]s'n afF:sf]6f /fVg] / Pslt/ ;f/f sDo'lgi6 /fVbf klg uf]s'n

afF:sf]6f ef/L x'G5 eg]/ eGg' eof] . cfh dnfO{ b'Mvsf ;fy eGg' k/]sf] 5 . of]

21

u0ftGq NofpgnfO{ s]=kL= zdf{ cf]nLsf] / uf]s'n afF:sf]6fsf] dfq} sDo'lgi6 kf6L{df

b]g lyof] ls c? klg sDo'lgi6 kf6L{x¿sf] g]tfsf] b]g lyof] . k'iksdn bfxfn k|r08,

dfwj s'df/ g]kfn, emngfy vgfn, afdb]j uf}td nufotsf To; kf6L{sf cGo g]tf

gf/fo0fsfhL If]i7sf] of] u0ftGqdf s'g} of]ubfg 5}g < uf]s'n afF:sf]6f;Fu t'ngf

ulb{g' eof] pxfFx¿n] pxfFx¿ cfh s;/L hLljt eP/ lxl8/fVg' ePsf] 5 < s;/L

;f]lr/fVg' ePsf] 5 cfh, sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] Pp6f lgjf{rg If]q /x]sf] Pp6faf6 lht]/

cfPsf] ev{/ ev{/} ;~rf/ dGqfnosf] /fHodGqL x'Fb} dGqLsf] lhDd]jf/L ;dfn]sf]

JolQmnfO{ pRr cxf]bfdf /fv]/ c? g]tfsf] ckdfg ug]{ sfd xfd|f k|wfgdGqLn] ug'{

eof] . of] /fhgLlts s'g df]8df hfg nfu]sf] 5 < s'g cj:yfdf hfg nfu]sf] 5 <

g]kfnsf] /fhgLltnfO{ c? dflg;n] x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f s] x'g ;Sb5 < To;}n] ;DdfggLo

cWoIf dxf]bo, cfh Tof] kf6L{sf g]tfx¿n] s;/L ef]ln o;nfO{ km]; ug'{ x'G5 s;/L

cufl8 a9'g' x'G5 < Tof] ef]lnsf] /fhgLltdf b]lvPnf . / o;/L ? &) s/f]8

e|i6frf/sf] s'/f] cfof] of] k|wfgdGqLsf] ;+nUgtf lagf ;Dej 5}g . of] Soflag]6nfO{

nu]/ Soflag]6n] lg0f{o ug'{ k5{ . ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, Soflag]6 hfg] s'/f] Pp6f

dGqLsf] s'g} lxDdt cfpFb}g . k|wfgdGqLn] go ahead tF cufl8 a9\ eg]/ ha;Dd

O;f/f lbg' x'Gg of] x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf xf]Og . To;sf/0f of] k|wfgdGqLn] cfh h'g

rLh ug'{ eof] h'g cfh of] p;sf] ;~rf/ dGqLsf] &) s/f]8sf] s'/f h'g p7\of] o;df

k|wfgdGqLsf] ;+nUgtf 5 . To;sf/0f xfdLn] lxhf] nlntf lgjf;df s'/f p7fPsf

lyof] . nlntf lgjf;df sf/afxL ubf{v]l/ cfˆgf / csf]{ 5'6fOof] . clVtof/ ;/sf/sf]

dltof/ x'g k'Uof] . clVtof/ ;/sf/sf] k|];/df k'Uof] . Tof] clVtof/ ;/sf/sf] bafjdf

clVtof/n] d'2f btf{ u/fof] eg]/ eg]sf lyof] . cfh of] s]z klg ToxL cj:yfdf k'U5

ls eGg] xfdLnfO{ zª\sf 5 . k|wfgdGqLn] cfˆgf] kbaf6 /fhLgfdf lbg'k5{ . clg

o;sf] 5fglag xf];\ eg]/ eGg' k5{ . Tof] kf6L{df w]/} ;Ifd g]tfx¿ x'g' x'G5 .

To;sf/0f k|wfgdGqLn] /fhLgfdf u/]/ clVtof/nfO{ of] sf/afxLsf] cufl8 a9fpg' k5{

gq eg] km]l/ klg lxhf] nlntf lgjf;sf] h;/L k|efj kfl/of] nlntf lgjf;sf] d'2fnfO{

To;/L g} of] d'2fnfO{ klg k|efj kfl/G5 / uf]s'n afF:sf]6fnfO{ ;kmfO{ lbg] sfd x'G5 .

To;sf/0f ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo dfkm{t\ k|wfgdGqLsf] /flhgfdf dfUg rfxG5' / of]

;bgnfO{ lgsf; lbgnfO{ klg cfu|x ug{ rfxG5' . wGojfb . ho g]kfn .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo v]d/fh g]kfnL . ;do & ldg]6 .

dfggLo >L v]d/fh g]kfnL -g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{, g]skf_M– ;DdfggLo

cWoIfHo", dnfO{ s] nflu/fv]sf] 5 eg] sltko dfggLo ;b:oHo"x¿n] cfˆgf

larf/x¿ cleJoQm ubf{v]l/ k|of]u ePsf zAbx¿ Tof] /fli6«o ;efsf] ul/dfsf] h'g

prfO xf], Tof] prfOnfO{ ;'xfpg] vfnsf] b]lvg . sd;]sd of] ul/dfnfO{ xfdLn] a'em\g

22

k5{ eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 . /fd|f] sfdnfO{ /fd|f] eGg} k5{ . /fd|f] sfdnfO{ /fd|f] eGg' rflxF

tfa]bf/L xf]Og . a? tfa]bf/L a'em\g rflxF cToGt} k"jf{u|xL / bl/b| dfgl;stfsf] Pp6f

pkh xf] . ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo"sf] hGd lbj; Tof] Pp6f ljlw ;+:sf/leq kg]{ s'/f

xf] . ljlw ;+:sf/dfly k|Zg p7fpg' slt hfoh xf] < Tof] klg hGd lbj; hgtfn]

cfof]hgf u/]sf] hGd lbj; xf] . Tof] hGd lbj;df k|wfgdGqLnfO{ cfdGq0f ul/Psf]

xf] . hgtfn] k|wfgdGqLsf] hGd lbj; dgfpg] ;Gbe{df pxfFnfO{ cfdGq0f ul/Psf] xf] .

pxfFnfO{ cfdGq0f ug'{ k|wfgdGqL ToxfF pkl:yt x'g' ck/fw xf] < a? hgtfsf] ;Ddfg

ug'{, hgtfsf] dfof ug'{ xf], hgtfk|ltsf] pT/bfloTj jxg ug'{ xf], /fhf cyjf dxf/fhf

b]Vg rflxF 7'nf] k"jf{u|xLkg xf] eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 . sltko s'/fx¿ Joj~hgfdf a'em\g'

k5{ . s]ssf] ;Gbe{ p7]sf] 5 . b]zsf] gS;f agfOPsf] 5 elgPsf] 5 . b]zsf] gS;f

sfl6Psf] 5 elgPsf] 5 . of] t cGt/f{li6«o k|rngdf /x]5 lg t Û xfdLn] vf]Hof}F lg t

Û ;Ddflgt clt ;Ddflgt JolQmnfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s hGd lbj; dgfpbfv]l/ Tof] s]ssf]

cfsf/ rflxF cfˆg} b]zsf] cfsf/df sfl6bf] /x]5 . of] g]kfndf dfq} xf]Og . xfdL

clnslt a'emf}F, ljb]zsf s'/fx¿ a'emf}F . c? 7'nf–7'nf b]zsf s'/fx¿ a'emf}F . ToxfF klg

ToxL k|rng /x]5 . ToxfFsf hgtfn] ToxL u/] . k|wfgdGqLn] uP/ sf6\g' eof] .

k|wfgdGqLn] o:tf]–o:tf] vfnsf] cfsf/ agfpg';\ t eg]sf] xf]Og . Tof] klg hgtf;Fu

hf]l8Psf] Pp6f k|]d efj xf] eGg] dnfO{ nfUb5 . d oxfFx¿ ;a}nfO{ s] cg'/f]w u5'{

eg] ;fRr} dgb]lv cfˆgf] 5fltleq Clif dg af]s]sf] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ cgu{n k|rf/

gu/f}F . cgu{n cf/f]k gnufcf}F eGg] cfu|x xf] .

;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, clxn] xfdL nfdf] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ng, !) jif]{

;zq o'4 / k6s–k6s ePsf hgcfGbf]ngsf] k|ltkmn :j?k k|fKt u0ftGqsf] Gofgf]

3fd tfKg kfpg] kl/j]zdf cfOk'u]sf 5f}F . ¿k kIfaf6 x]bf{ xfdLn] kl/jt{gdf lgs}

7'nf] km6\sf] df/]sf 5f}F t/ ;f/df eg] xfd|f lqmofsnfkx¿ Tolt 7'nf] kl/jt{g ePsf]

b]lvb}g . d g]kfnsf] Pp6f ;f+;b dfq geP/ ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv ;fdflhs hfu/0f

/ k|ultzLn, ;f+:s[lts ?kfGt/0fsf] cleofgdf lxl8/x]sf] Pp6f ;f+:s[ltsdL{ klg x'F .

To; gftfn] d}n] a]nf–a]nfdf, k6s–k6s ljs[ltn] ;+:s[ltsf] ¿k lng yfn]sf] b]v]kl5

va/bf/L klg ug]{ u/]sf] 5' . d}n] p7fpg nfu]sf] ljifo cln km/s t/ uDeL/

k|s[ltsf] 5 . cfh xfdL nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] dfWodaf6 ;d[4 g]kfn, ;'vL

g]kfnLsf] dxfcleofgnfO{ ;kmn kfg{ nflu/x]sf 5f}F . t/ clxn] klg Psflt/ xfd|f

s]xL hgk|ltlglwx¿ lksf{dfly pleP/ /f0ffsfnLg z}nLnfO{ ;nfdL lbO/x]sf 5g\ eg]

csf{lt/ ;]gf / k|x/Lx¿n] ltg} k~rfotsfnLg w'g ahfO/x]sf 5g\ . oL s'/fx¿ b]Vbf

dnfO{ u0ftGqn] /f0ffzf;g / k~rfotsf] :t'lt ufg u/] h:tf] kf] nfUb}5 . Ps ldg]6

;do dnfO{ ylklbg' x'g d ljgd| cg'/f]w ub{5' ;DdfggLo cWoIfHo" . d]/f] k|Zg olt

xf] ls xfdL ;fRr} kl/jt{g slxn] x'g] xf] < xfdLn] eGg] u/]sf] gofF o'u slxn] /f]Kg] /

slxn] km'nfpg] xf] < g]kfnL hgtfn] ;}4flGts / Jojxfl/s b'a} ¿kdf b]z kl/jt{g

ePsf] slxn] b]Vg kfpg] < lxhf] Tolt nfdf] ;+3if{ u/]/ cfPsf hgk|ltlglwx¿n] Pp6f

23

r'gfa lhTgf;fy >L % / >L # ePsf] cg'e"lt ul/xfNg' kg]{ . hgk|ltlglwx¿n] cfˆgf]

w/ftn lal;{xfNg' kg]{ . of] s:tf] ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[ltsf] :yfkgf x'g yfn]sf] 5 <

af:tjdf dnfO{ oxLg]/ lrGtf nfu]sf] xf] < csf]{ s'/f] ljleGg /fli6«o lbjzx¿df

g]kfnL ;]gf / g]kfn k|x/Lsf Aof08x¿n] ahfpg] w'gx¿ klg ltg} k/Dk/fut

k~rfotLsfnLg w'gx¿ g} 5g\ . x6\g] xf]Og, 8l6 n8\g], ToxfF /fhf– /fgL x'G5, x] la/

lx8 cl3 ;/L o:tf . To;}n] s] cfh kl/jlt{t o'udf g]kfnL ;]gf / k|x/Ln] cfpm

ldnfpm xfd|f xftx¿, /Qm qmflGtsf] Hjfnfd'vLdf cfh p7]sf] of] alnbfg, Ps h'udf

Ps lbg, ufpFufpFaf6 p7, ;+3if{ xf] hLjg, l;dnL 5fofFdf a;L, cfdf lbbL alxgL xf],

kfgL rNb}g /] t/ /ut rNb5, slxn];Dd o:tf] 9f]ª\uL hut rNb5, kfph' nfpg]

xfd|f v'6\6f, k/]8 v]Ng ;Sb5g\, ef8f dfem\g] xftn] b]zsf] gS;f sf]g{ ;Sb5g\ eGg]

h:tf o'u kl/jt{g ug]{ o'uLg / hLjGt lutx¿sf] w'g ahfpg' x'Fb}g < u0ftGq===== -

;do ;lsPsf] x'Fbf dfOs sfl6Psf]_ .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo ;b:ox¿, laz]if ;dodf dfggLo ;b:ox¿n]

af]Ng] qmd oxL ;dfKt x'G5 .

dfggLo ;b:ox¿, /fi6«kltsf] sfof{noaf6 ljw]os k|df0fLs/0f ;DaGwL kq

k|fKt x'g cfPsf] 5 . d ;f]sf] Joxf]/f k9]/ ;'gfpF5' .

;+3Lo ;+;bsf] b'a} ;bgsf] a}7saf6 kfl/t eO{ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!#

sf] pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k|df0fLs/0fsf] nflu k]z x'g cfPsf b]xfo adf]lhdsf

ljw]osx¿ ;DdfggLo /fi6«klt >LdtL ljBfb]jL e08f/LHo"af6 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg wf/f

!!# sf] pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd k|df0fLs/0f ePsf]n] ;f]sf] k|df0fLs[t k|ltx¿ yfg ^

o;};fy ;+nUg u/L k7fOPsf] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w 5 .

;lrj

xl/ k|;fb kf}8]n

qmd

;ª\Vof

ljw]os gDa/ ljw]ossf] gfd k|df0fLs/0f ldlt

!= !% e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! nfO{

;+zf]wg ug{ ag]sf] ljw]os .

@)&^÷!)÷@*

@= !^ k|x/L sd{rf/LnfO{ g]kfn

k|x/L tyf k|b]z k|x/Ldf

;dfof]hg ug]{ ;DaGwdf

Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] ljw]os .

@)&^÷!)÷@*

#= !& g]kfn k|x/L / k|b]z k|x/Ln] @)&^÷!)÷@*

24

;Dkfbg ug]{ sfo{sf]

;~rfng, ;'kl/j]If]{0f /

;dGjo Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf]

ljw]os .

$= !* /fli6«o kl/ro kq tyf

kl~hs/0fsf] ;DaGwdf

Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] ljw]os .

@)&^÷!)÷@*

%= !( cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo ;DaGwL

k|rlnt sfg"gnfO{ ;+zf]wg /

PsLs/0f ug{ ag]sf] ljw]os

.

@)&^÷!)÷@*

^= @) /fhZj r'xfj6 cg';gwfg

tyf lgoGq0f P]g, @)%@ nfO{

;+zf]wg ug{ ag]sf] ljw]os .

@)&^÷!)÷@*

dfggLo ;b:ox¿, /fi6«kltsf] sfof{noaf6 dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfo{ef/ tf]lsPsf]

;DaGwL kq k|fKt x'g cfPsf] 5 . d ;f]sf] Jojxf]/f k9]/ ;'gfpF5' .

;DdfggLo /fi6«klt >LdtL ljBfb]jL e08f/LHo"n] df}h'bf dlGqkl/ifb\sf

dfggLo ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf, k|ljlw / zx/L ljsf; dGqL uf]s'n k|;fb afF:sf]6fn]

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f && sf] pkwf/f -@_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd cfˆgf] kbaf6

/fhLgfdf lbg'ePsf]n] ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo"sf] l;kmfl/;df lghn] ;DxfNb} cfpg'

ePsf] ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf, k|ljlw dGqfnosf] sfo{ef/ dfggLo cy{ dGqL 8f= o'j/fh

vltj8fn] / zx/L ljsf; dGqfnosf] sfo{ef/ dfggLo ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft

dGqL a;Gt s'df/ g]DjfËn] ;DxfNg] u/L tf]Sg' ePsf] Joxf]/f ;fb/ cg'/f]w ub{5' .

8f= xl/ kf}8]n

;lrj

ldltM @)&^ r}q * ut]

dfggLo ;b:ox¿, ca d /fli6«o ;/f]sf/ tyf ;dGjo ;ldltsf dfggLo

;efklt lbn s'df/L /fjn yfkf -kfj{tL_ nfO{ lk5l8Psf] If]q, ;d'bfo, ;+:s[lt /

/fli6«o ;Dkbfsf] cj:yfsf] ;DaGwdf s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] :ynut cWoog, e|d0f tyf

cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdx¿sf] k|ltj]bg, @)&^ ;ef ;dIf k]z ug{ cg'dlt lbG5' .

/fli6«o ;/f]sf/ tyf ;dGjo ;ldltsf dfggLo ;efklt >L lbn s'df/L /fjn

yfkf -kfj{tL_M– ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, /fli6«o ;ef lgodfjnLsf] lgod !$& sf]

25

pklgod -!_ df /fli6«o ;/f]sf/ tyf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] sfo{If]q cGtu{t ;dGofoLs

ljsf;sf] cj:yf, lk5l8Psf] If]q, ;d'bfo, ;+:s[lt, /fli6«o ;Dkbf nufotsf dxTjk"0f{

ljifox¿ /x]sf 5g\ . /fli6«o ;efnfO{ lgjf{rg ug]{ k|b]z tyf :yfgLotx;Fu ;dGjo

ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L ;d]t lgodfjnLn] o;} ;ldltnfO{ lbPsf] 5 . d'n's ;+3Lo

nf]stflGqs u0ftGqdf k|j]z u/];Fu} /fhgLlts l:y/tf sfod eO{ d'n's ljsf; /

;d[l4sf] af6f]df cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 . ljutdf ljsf;nfO{ ;dGoflos agfpg /

ljsf;;Fu} xfd|f df}lnstfx¿, ;+:s[lt / ;Eotfx¿sf] ;+/If0f / k|a4{gdf ;d]t Wofg

k'¥ofpg' kg]{ x'G5 . o;} ;Gbe{df jif}{b]lv lk5l8Psf] If]qsf] klxrfg af]s]sf] s0ff{nL

k|b]zdf ljsf;sf ljz]if sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog u/L ;f] k|b]znfO{ /fli6«o ljsf;sf]

d"n wf/df Nofpg Jojxfl/s Pjd\ oyfy{k/s ;'emfa / lgb]{zg lbg] p2]Zon] ;ldltn]

@)&^ c;f]h % ut]b]lv !) ut];Dd lk5l8Psf] If]q, ;d'bfo, ;+:s[lt / /fli6«o

;Dkbfsf] cj:yfaf/] s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] :ynut cWoog tyf cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdx¿

u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] qmddf k|fKt hfgsf/L tyf ;"rgfx¿sf] cfwf/df ;ldltn] lgDg

lgb]{zgx¿ lbPsf] 5 . jiff}{b]lv lk5l8Psf] If]qsf] klxrfg af]s]sf] s0ff{nL k|b]zsf]

ljsf; u/L /fli6«o ljsf;sf] d"n wf/df Nofpg ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLoaLrdf ;dGjo

u/L b]xfosf ljifox¿ ;d]l6Psf] lk5l8Psf] If]q ljsf; u'?of]hgf tof/ u/L

sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' kg]{ .

;8s k"jf{wf/, ljB'tLs/0f, hl8a'6L, vlgh tyf s[lifhGo pTkfbgsf]

Joj;foLs/0f, k|zf]wg tyf ahf/Ls/0f .

lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf vfg]kfgL, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts tyf kof{ko{6gsf

nflu ko{6sLo :ynx¿sf] klxrfg / k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; .

dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf Ho]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{ laz]if Joj:yf .

cf}Bf]lus ljsf; dfkm{t /f]huf/L ;[hgf u/L ul/aL lgjf/0f .

s0ff{nL If]qsf] klxrfg u/L ljleGg k|sf/sf nf]sefsf, nf]s;+:s[lt,

df}lns kf]zfs, ;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt, /Llt–l/jfh cflbsf] ;+/If0f, ;Djw{g

tyf cfjZos /x]sf] . ;fy} l;+hf nufot o; If]qsf] ;du| efiff, snf

;+:s[lt, /Llt–l/jfhsf] cWoog, ;+/If0f / ljsf;sf] nflu Ps clwsf/

;DkGg k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgf ug'{ kg]{ .

s0ff{nL If]qdf /x]sf tfn, s'08, u'kmf, lxdfn, pkTosf cflbsf] ;+/If0f

Pjd\ k|rf/–k|;f/ u/L kof{Kt dfqfdf ko{6sLo If]qsf] ljsf; ug{;s]

s0ff{nL If]qsf] cfly{s k|ultdf oxfFsf] ;Dkbfx¿ g} kof{Kt ;|f]t ;fljt

x'g ;Sg] ePsf]n] tLg} txsf ;/sfx¿ o;tkm{ ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg'

kg]{ .

26

s0ff{nL If]qdf /x]sf ljleGg wfld{s :yn, dlGb/x¿, b]jn, wfd, u'Daf,

u'kmf cflbsf] k|rf/–k|;f/ Pjd\ kbdfu{ lgdf{0f u/L wfld{s tyf

;f+:s[lts ko{6gsf] nflu ljz]if sfo{qmdx¿ agfpg' kg]{ .

o; If]qdf /}yfg] afnL tyf :yfgLo afnL, laplahg, kmnkm"n,

hl8a'6L, vlgh cflbsf] ;+/If0f, k|zf]wg, Joj;foLs/0f / ahf/Ls/0f

ug'{ kg]{ ;fy} cuf{lgs k|b]zsf] ¿kdf s0ff{nL k|b]znfO{ :yflkt ug]{tkm{

;DalGwt ;a}n] ;xof]u ug'{ kg]{ .

s0ff{nL ;jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fgsf] u'?of]hgf cWoog u/L :jLs[t ug'{

kg]{ ;fy} ;/sf/n] ;'ud :yfgdf /x]sf] k|lti7fgx¿eGbf gLltut ¿kdf

ljz]if ;x'lnot tyf cfly{s ;xof]u k|bfg ug'{kg]{ .

5fpk8L nufot s'/Lltx¿sf] cGTo ug{ ;/sf/n] ;~rfng u/]sf]

cleofgdf yk sfo{qmdx¿ ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf

;~rfng ug'{ kg]{ .

;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, /fli6«o ;/f]sf/ tyf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] ldlt

@)&^÷!!÷!$ ut] sf] a}7saf6 s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] :ynut cWoog tyf cGt/lqmof

sfo{qmdsf] k|ltj]bg, @)&^ ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bosf] cg'dltn] /fli6«o ;ef

lgodfjnL @)&% sf] lgod !%( -!_ adf]lhd o; ;ef ;dIf k]z ub{5' . wGojfb .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo ;b:ox¿, æcWofudg ljw]os, @)&^Æ dfly

/fli6«o ;ef lgodfjnL -klxnf] ;+zf]wg_, @)&% sf] lgod (( adf]lhd s'g} klg

dfggLo ;b:ox¿af6 lj/f]wsf] ;"rgf k|fKt gePsf]n] ca d dfggLo u[x dGqL

/fdaxfb'/ yfkfsf] tkm{af6 dfggLo lzIff lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqL lul//fhdl0f

kf]v/]nnfO{ cWofudg ljw]os, @)&^ ;ef ;dIf k]z cg'dlt lbG5' .

dfggLo lzIff lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqL lul//fhdl0f kf]v/]nM– ;DdfggLo

cWoIf dxf]bo, cWoIf dxf]bosf] cg'dltn] æcWofudg ljw]os, @)&^Æ nfO{ ;ef

;dIf k]z ub{5' . wGojfb .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo ;b:ox¿, ca d dfggLo lzIff lj1fg tyf

k|ljlw dGqL lul//fhdl0f kf]v|]nnfO{ k|ltlglw ;efaf6 ;Gb]z ;lxt k|fKt ækf/df0fljs

ljw]os, @)&% dfly ljrf/ ul/of];\Æ eGg] k|:tfj k|:t't ug{ cg'dlt lbG5' .

27

dfggLo lzIff lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqL lul//fhdl0f kf]v/]nM– ;DdfggLo

cWoIf dxf]bo, cWoIf dxf]bosf] cg'dltn] k|ltlglw ;efaf6 ;Gb]z ;lxt k|fKt

ækf/df0fljs ljw]os, @)&% dfly ljrf/ ul/of];\Æ eGg] k|:tfj ;ef ;dIf k]z ub{5'

wGojfb .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo ;b:ox¿, dfggLo d dfggLo lzIff lj1fg tyf

k|ljlw dGqL lul//fhdl0f kf]v|]nn] k]z ug{' ePsf] ækf/df0fljs ljw]os, @)&% dfly

ljrf/ ul/of];\Æ eGg] k|:tfjdflysf] 5nkmn k|f/De x'G5 . o; qmddf ljw]ossf]

;}4flGts kIfdf dfq 5nkmn x'g] Joxf]/f hfgsf/L u/fpF5' . 5nkmndf efu lng

rfxg' x'g] dfggLo ;b:ox¿n] cf–cfˆgf] gfd cWoIfsf] 8fo;\;Fu} a;]sf ;lrjfnosf

sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ pknAw u/fOlbg' x'g cg'/f]w ub{5' .

dfggLo /fdgf/fo0f lj8f/L ;do % ldg]6 .

dfggLo >L /fdgf/fo0f lj8f/L -dgf]gLt_M– ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, of]

ljw]os lgtfGt gofF kl/j]zdf g]kfnsf] nflu gofF ljw]os xf] . zAb klg k|i6 eGg

g;Sg] kf/df0fljs /]l8of]wdL{ ca xfdLn] s;/L a'em\g] < hgtfn] s;/L a'em\g] < ca

o;sf] c¿ zAb n]Vg klg ufx|f] 5, Technical word xf] of] . g]kfnn] ;[hgf u/]sf] s'/f

xf]Og . To;}n] o;sf] cWoog ug{sf] lglDt cWoog ;'/lIft tl/sfn] ug{' kg{] o;sf]

lgodg klg a9f] xf]l;of/Lk"j{s ug{' kg{] o;sf] k|of]un] tx;gx; x'g ;S5 . g]kfn k"/}

l;ª\u} b]z rflxF cfqmfGt aGg ;S5 7"nf] ljklQ cfpg ;S5 o:tf] k|sf/sf rLhnfO{

zflGtk"0f{ sfo{df s;/L k|of]u ug{] < o;af/]df a9f] uDeL/tfk"j{s o;nfO{ 5nkmn ug'{

kg{] b]lvG5 . t'?Gt nfu" ug{] of] P]g eg]/ n]v]sf] /x]5 . d}n] o:tf] eg] ;+;f/df g}

o:tf] k|sf/sf] k/df0fljs /]l8of]wdL{ kbfy{x¿sf] k|of]un] ubf{ ;+;f/ clxn] qf;lb 5 .

To;sf/0f of] P]g t'?Gt nfu" ug{] eg]/ o;sf] ;f/f rLh tof/ gul/sg, o;sf lgod

s;/L agfpg] o;sf] tf]lsPsf] eg]/ n]v]sf] 5 . dfkb08 kl5 agfp5' eg]sf] 5 .

lgb]{lzsfn] rnfp5' eg]sf] 5 . of] k|sf/sf s'/f cˆ7 \of/f] 5, To;sf/0fn] d dfggLo

dGqLHo"sf] Wofg cfsif{0f u/fpFg rfxG5' cWoIf dxf]bo . ;+;f/nfO{ km]l/ of] geO{ gx'g]

rLh, pkrf/ ug{, gofF k2ltsf] pkrf/ ug{ of] geO{ gx'g] rLh, lj1fg / k|ljlwdf of]

geO{ gx'g] rLh o;sf] vf]h / cg';Gwfg ug{nfO{ klg Jofks ¿kdf xf]l;of/L ug'{ kg{]

rLh a9f] dxTjk"0f{ s'/f, gofF k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, a}1flgsx¿n] to ug'{ kg{] s'/fx¿,

dfgj lxtsf lglDt k|of]u ug{' kg{] o:tf] k|sf/sf] of] ljw]os To;sf/0fn] o;nfO{

a9LeGbf a9L 5nkmn ug'{ k¥of] . o;nfO{ a9LeGbf a9L tof/L x'g' k¥of], gq g]kfnn]

7"nf] hf]lvd Joxf]g{ ;Sg] k|jn ;+efjgf x'G5 . xfd|f] h:tf] cljsl;t b]z, xfd|f] h:tf]

k|fljlws 1fg lkml6Ss} gePsf] b]z, Pp6f l;of];Dd gagfpg] b]z Pp6f l;of] n'uf

28

l;pg] l;of] klg agfpb}g To:tf] b]z . bIf hgzlQmsf] 7\ofSs} cefj ePsf] b]z

ljZj dfgj hfltnfO{ g} txzgxz ug{] vfnsf], hgtfnfO{ lxt ug{] jf o;nfO{ k|of]u

ug{] ghfg] a9f] clxt x'g], sfof{Gjog ug{ a9f] hf]lvd ePsf], o:tf] ljw]os cWoIf

dxf]bo . ;+:yfnfO{ Ohfht lbg], JolQmnfO{ Ohfht lbg] To;/L Ohfht lbFbf ;t{x¿

kl5 tf]Sg] s]–s] dg nfUof] ToxL–ToxL zt{ tf]Sg], s] n] tf]Sg] < dfkb08 agfP/

tf]Sg] . To:tf] k|sf/sf] xr'jfsf] tfndf ul/g' x'Fb}g . To;sf/0fn] o;nfO{ P]gdf g} tL

;t{ tf]Sg' k¥of] Ohfhtkq lng] JolQm jf ;+:yfn] xf]l;of/Lk"j{s lgodg ug'{ k¥of] .

lgodg s;n] ug{] < oxfF t dGqL ePkl5 ;a}lt/ hfGg] x'G5 .

oxfF t Tof] lgodg ug{] ;+:yf s'g xf] < Tof] s:tf] x'G5 < dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf

lgodg ug{], To;n] lgb{]zg lbg] jf ToxfF k|zf;lgs ;lrjx¿ /fVg] of] k|sf/sf sfo{

ubf{ ljklQ kf] cfOnfU5 ls cWoIf dxf]bo . To;}n] ;+;f/df 7"nf–7"nf b'3{6gf ePsf]

5 o;af6, ;+;f/df ljls/0f km}lnPsf] 5 o;af6 . o;nfO{ s;/L e08f/0f ug{] <

o;sf] e08f/0f ug{] ljlw s:tf] xf] < To;nfO{ s;/L clen]v ug{] < of] clen]vdf

s;/L xf]l;of/Lk"j{s ug{] < o;sf] jfO{ k|f]8S6 o;sf] kmf]x/ lgSn]kl5 sxfF kmfNg] <

kmfNg] 7fpF sxfF xf] < s;/L kmfNg] < s;/L /fVg] < s;/L tx nufpg] < s;/L

Joj:yfkg ug{] < o;sf] hl/afgf vf]O t < lgb{]lzsf pNnª\3g u/]df sf] lgu/fgL ug{]

/] < s] pNnª\3g u/]df dfkb08df pNnª3g u/]df . dfkb08 cfkm" u/fpg], clg

pNnª\3g u/] s}b ug{] of] ;+;f/sf] Jurisprudence ;Fu gldNg] s'/f xf] . To;sf/0fn]

of] s'/f P]gdf n]Vg' k¥of] d]/f] o;sf] lhi6 s'/f s] xf] eg] ljb]zdf ePsf] km};nfz'4

oxfF sfof{Gjog x'g] cGt/f{li6«o cEof;sf] s'/f ;d]t OG6/g]zgn nsf] Jurisprudence

;d]t o;df 5 . o;nfO{ xf]l;of/Lk"j{s ug'{ k¥of] cln Wofg lbP/ ug'{ k¥of] cln

ljrf/ u/]/ ug'{ k¥of] P]gnfO{ Jofks agfpg' k¥of] eGg] d]/f] ;'emfj 5 . wGojfb .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo k|sfz kGy . ;do % ldg]6 .

dfggLo >L k|sfz kGy -g]kfnL sfFu|];_M– ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, of]

kf/df0fljs tyf /]l8of]wdL{ kbfy{sf] pTklQ tyf zflGt k"0f{ k|of]u ;DaGwdf Joj:yf

ug{ ag]sf] ljw]os /fli6«o ;efdf cfPsf] 5 . k|ltlglw ;efdf 5nkmn eP/ g} cfPsf]

xf] report ;lxt . ca of] vt/f k"0f{ 5 eg]/ yk elg/xg g} kb}{g . ca o;sf]

;'/lIft k|of]u / zflGt k"0f{ k|of]u ug]{ eGg] s'/f o;sf] p2]Zo dfq} x]¥of}F eg] klg of]

slt vt/f 5 eGg] s'/f] Tof] p2]Zon] cfkm}F ;a} b]vfpF5 . ca o;df ePsf ;a}

k|fjwfgx¿ x]g]{ xf] eg] o;sf] hf]lvd o;n] dfgjLo If]qdf kfg]{ ;ª\s6sf s'/fx¿

oxfF y'k|} s'/fx¿ 5g\ . xfdL sxfF s] 5 eg] Pp6f Pl;8sf] ;d]t k|of]u ug{ g;Sg]

xfdL . Pl;8 t Pp6fn] xfGof] eg] h;nfO{ k¥of] p;nfO{ To;nfO{ of] Iflt ug]{ xf] .

29

of] t oxfF xfn]sf] 7fpFdf clnslt lns dfq eof] eg] xfdL ;a} ;lsg] vfnsf] rflxF

o:t} vt/f k"0f{ rLh xf] . of] kf/df0fljs ljifo of] /]l8of]wdL{ eGg] s'/fx¿ . x'g t

o;sf] k|of]u ca d]l8sndf hospital x¿df /]l8of]wdL{x¿sf] s'/fx¿sf] cfjZos 5

ca cf}ifwL pkrf/b]lv lnP/ c? y'k|} pkrf/sf] nflu of] cfjZos 5 . t/ xfdL sxfF

cfjZostf eP/ klg To;sf] pTvgg\ ug]{ s'/f, cg'udg ug]{ s'/f, To;nfO{ agfpg]

s'/f, e08f/0f ug]{ s'/f To;sf] k|of]u ug]{ s'/fdf xfdL Pl;8 klg xfdLn] To;sf] ;xL

k|of]u ug{ ;s]sf 5}gf}F} . eg] To;sf] b'?kof]unfO{ /f]Sg ;s]sf 5}gf}F eg] o;nfO{ s;/L

/f]Sg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f Psbd r'gf}lt 5 . of] Psbd hf]lvdsf] ljifo xf] of] . o;nfO{

vfln xfdLn] /x/ u/]/ xfdL klg ca lj1fgsf] If]qdf cufl8 a9\g] eg]/ /x/ u/]/

ef]ln xfdL /s]6 g} p9fp5f}F eg]/ ef]ln kf/df0fljs ad agfp5f}F eg]/ y'k|} s'/fsf]

/x/ u/]/ ePg lg t . xfd|f] l:ylt s] 5 xfd|f] cj:yf s] 5 To;sf] ;b'kof]u a9L x'G5

ls To;sf] b'?kof]u a9L x'G5 . To;sf] b'?kof]unfO{ s;/L /f]Sg] eGg] s'/fdf

tkfO{+x¿n] x]g'{ eof] eg] y'k|} k|fjwfg 5g\ . 7'n7'nf b08 ;hfo klg 5 . of] ;a}n] of]

vt/f 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ ;fljt u/]s} 5 . ToxL eP/ ca o;nfO{ o;sf] k|efjsfl/tf

o;sf cfjZostf xfdL sxfF clxn] s;/L eO/fv]sf] 5 d]l8sndf c? afnLgfnLb]lv

lnP/ s[lifdf s;/L k|of]u ePsf] 5 . xfdLn] c? d'n'ssf] ;fem]bf/L ;xof]udf o;nfO{

s;/L lnO/fv]sf 5f}F Tof] s'/fnfO{ x]/]/ xfdLn] cfkm}n] ubf{v]l/ of] ;:tf] k5{, aflx/af6

NofpFbf c? d'n'sl;t ;xsfo{ ubf{ ;:tf] k5{ . g]kfndf g} o;nfO{ xfdLn] Pp6f

cf0fljs el§ g} vf]n]/ o;/L hfg] s'/f s:tf] x'G5 eGg] s'/f rflxF Psbd ;Dj]bgzLn

ljifo 5 . cf0fljs el§x¿ clxn];Dd ;+;f/el/ o;nfO{ cGTo ug]{ / o;nfO{ aGb ug]{

eGg] s'/f pl7/x]sf] a]nf xfdL km]l/ To:tf s'/f kl/sNkgf ubf{v]l/ of] ;fRr} g} Pp6f

hf]lvdsf ljifo xf] . eGg] of] xfdLnfO{ dfq geP/ c? l5d]sL d'n's ;a} ;+;f/el/

o;sf] vt/f k"0f{ k|of]u eO/fv]sf] 5 . To;}n] o;nfO{ s;/L sdeGbf sd o;sf]

k|of]unfO{ o;sf] rflxF pTvgg\ ug]{ s'/fnfO{ o;sf] rflxF e08f/0f ug]{ s'/fnfO{ oL ;a}

s'/fnfO{ s;/L ;'/lIft agfpg] eGg] s'/f klxnf] s'/f t of] g]kfndf clxn] cfjZostf

xf] ls xf]Og < xfdL To;sf] nflu ;Ifd 5f}F ls 5}gf}F < eGg] s'/f . la:tf/} cfjZost

xf]nf ;a} k"jf{wf/ ag]/ ;a} ;'/Iff ljlwx¿ ;a} s'/f ;DkGg ul/;s] k5fl8 of]

cfjZos x'g ;S5 . t/ clxn] g} o;nfO{ /x/ ug]{ ls gug]{ clxn] g} o;sf]

cfjZstf xf] ls xf]Og clxn] g} t'?Gt} g]kfnleq of] s'/f ug{ cf0fljs el§ vf]Ng] s'/f

lsg cfjZos k¥of] eGg] s'/fx¿nfO{ xfdLn] uDeL/ ¿kdf o;sf] ljz]if1x¿ ;lxt

a;]/ ca of] /;fofg zf:qb]lv lnP/ ef}lts zf:q jfbLx¿;Fu o;sf] va/ x'g

cfjZos k5{ xf]nf oL ;a}l;t a;]/ o;nfO{ Psbd /fd|/L 5nkmn u/]/ dfq of]

ljw]osx¿nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] of] ;d[4 agfpg]tkm{ xfdL hfg cfjZos 5 vfln /x/

dfq} gu/f}F o;sf ;Defjgf c? y'k|} rflxF risk x¿ 5g\ o;sf kmfObf yf]/} 5 .

kmfObfsf] o;nfO{ ;b'kof]u ug]{ ;Defjgf o;sf] sd 5 To;nfO{ b'?kof]u x'g]

;Defjgf a9L 5 of] tkm{ Wofg u/f}F k|ltlglw ;efn] klg clnslt d]xgt u/]/ k7fPsf]

5 To;nfO{ klg x]/f}F . k|b]z ;efn] t of] kf/df0fljs eGg] zAb g} x6fP/ k7fPsf] 5

30

vfln /]l8of]wdL{sf] s'/fx¿ SofG;/ nufot c? y'k|} pkrf/ ljlwdf rflxF /]l8of]wdL{

c? s'/fx¿nfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ of] kf/df0fljs eGg] rLh g} p;n] x6fP/

k7fPsf] 5 of] ljw]ossf] gfd g} km]/]/ k7fPsf] 5 . oL ;a} s'/fx¿df Psbd uDeL/

xtf/ gu/Lsg Psbd ax; ;lxt 5nkmn u/f}F eGb} d]/f] egfO cGTo ub{5' .

wGojfb . ho g]kfn .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo j[if]z rGb| nfn . ;do % ldg]6 .

dfggLo >L j[if]z rGb| nfn -/fli6«o hgtf kf6L{_M– ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo,

g]kfn zflGtsf] b]z, c;+nUg b]z . s'g} klg ;}Go ;ª\u7gdf gnfUg] . t/ g]kfn rflxF

clxn] ;/sf/n] h'g ljw]os k|:t't u/]sf] 5, To;af6 s] b]lvG5 eg] g]kfn cf0fljs

o'udf k|j]z ug{ yfNof] . ca v'zL x'g] xf] ls xf]Og eGg] t cfkm\gf] 7fpFdf 5 . t/

dnfO{ nfU5, o;sf] pknlAw c? s]xL xf]Og Pp6f km]xl/it tof/ ul/G5, g]kfn

;/sf/n] olt sfd u¥of] clg To;df cem} Pp6f a'Fbf s] ylkG5 eg] g]kfn ca

cf0fljs o'udf k|j]z ul/;Sof] . of] ;/sf/n] g]kfnnfO{ cf0fljs o'udf k|j]z

u/fO;Sof] eGg] s'/f a'lemG5 / To;}sf/0fn] of] ljw]os cfof] xf]nf h:tf] rflxF dnfO{

nfU5 .

csf]{ s'/f s] xf] eg] dnfO{ t 8/ nfU5, x]g'{;\ k/df0f'sf] gfd ;'Gg] lalQs}, Tof]

zAb ;'Gg] lalQs} 8/ nfU5 . lsg nfU5 eg] bf];|f] ljZjo'4 tfsf lx/f]l;df /

gfuf;fsLdf ad k|xf/ eof] . To;sf] hi6 ;Demgfn] klg xfdLnfO{ k"/f cfª\ l;l/Ë

kf/]/ o:tf] 8/fpF5 ls of] cf0fljs zAbn] . !(*^ df ?; h:tf] zlQmzfnL b]zdf,

o'qm]gdf lro/ gf]ljn b'3{6gf eof] . &) xhf/ dflg; k|efljt eP . @)!! df

hfkfgdf e'sDk cfof] clg ;'gfdLsf] sf/0fn] ubf{v]l/ km's'l;dfdf rflxF Tof] b'3{6gf

eof] . Tof] ;a} sf/0fn] ubf{v]l/ clxn] w]/} b]zx¿ hfkfg klg kl5 xl6/x]sf] 5, hd{gL

klg ca ;f/f cf0fljs el§x¿ aGb ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . Sofg8fn] t ca k/df0f'

phf{ h'g 5 lg To;nfO{ g} pkof]u gug]{ eGg] gLlt agfP/ cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 .

cli6«of h:tf] d'n'sdf cf0fljs el§ g} 5}g . To;sf/0f g]kfn ca of] ljw]ossf] bkmf

@& df cf0fljs el§ vf]Ng] Joj:yf ul//x]sf] 5 . Tof] klg s;}n] vf]Ng rfx]df

b'lgofFdf d}n] ;'g]sf] cg';f/ cf0fljs el§x¿ /fHoåf/f ;~rflnt x'G5g\, cToGt}

uf]kgLo x'G5 . t/ o;df rflxF s] eg]sf] 5 eg] s;}n] klg vf]Ng rfx]df Ohfht lng'

kg]{, lgodgsf/L lgsfo;Fu Ohfht lng' kg]{ . a8f zÍfsf] b[li6n] xfdLn] o;nfO{ x]g'{

kb{5, ;f]Rg' kb{5 . o:tf] lsg < s'g} ;GsLsf] xftdf Tof] Ohfht lbg] cj:yf k¥of]

eg] Tof] g]t[Tjdf xft eg] of] b]zdf cf0fljs el§ vf]Ng] 5 xfd|f ] x}l;ot < xfd|f]

Ifdtf 5 < Tof] rnfpg] Ifdtf xfdL;Fu 5 < eGbfv]l/ Tof] xfdLn] c?nfO{ lbG5f}F /

31

Tof] /fli6«o :jflwgtfsf] s'/f h'g clxn] s'/f eO/x]sf] 5, To;df /fli6«o :jflwgtf

Tof] cf0fljs el§df sxfF uP/ lanfpF5, sxfF ;dfKt x'G5 eGg] s'/f xfdL sNkgf;Dd

ug{ ;Sb}gf}F, o:tf] dnfO{ nfU5 .

csf]{ s'/f of] cf0fljs cjlzi6x¿, To;nfO{ klg xfdL Joj:yfkg ug{ xfdL

;S5f}F < hd{gLdf o;sf] nflu k|lt jif{ $ ljlnog o'/f] vr{ x'G5 . xfd|f] Ifdtf 5,

Tolt < ;DdfgLo cWoIfHo", d clnslt ;do dfu]F . g]kfnn] clxn] cfpg] eljiodf,

w]/} 6f9fsf] ;Ddsf] eljiodf klg k/df0fljs If]qdf s]xL ug{ ;Sg] l:ylt 5 < ha

To:tf] s'/f 5}g eg] xfdLn] of] sbd lsg rfln/x]sf 5f}F eGg] s'/f a8f] ljrf/gLo

s'/f xf] . o;n] rflxF w]/} 7"nf] ;ª\s6 dfggLo lj8f/LHo"n] clxn] h'g s'/f /fVg' eof],

To;sf] d ;dy{g u5{' . w]/} 7"nf] ;ª\s6 lgDTofpg] sfd x'G5 . To;sf/0fn] olt

rnv]n afXo zlQmx¿sf] g]kfnleq x'g yfN5 ls To;n] ubf{v]l/ g]kfndf 7"nf] ;ª\s6

cfpg] l:ylt x'G5 . xfdLn] clxn] O/fgsf] cj:yf x]l//x]sf 5f}F . w]/} 7fpFsf cj:yfx¿

xfdLn] x]l//x]sf 5f}F . ToxfF b'lgofFn] k|ltjGw nufpg] cj:yf 5 . To;sf/0f g]kfn

o;df k|j]z ug]{ jf cf0fljs h'g phf{ xf], cf0fljs k|of]u xf], To; k|of]usf] lj?4df

v8f x'g] eGg] s'/fdf rflxF xfdLn] ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf 5 . cf0fljs ;fwgx¿sf]

k|of]u zflGtk"0f{ sfo{x¿sf] nflu g} x'G5 eGg] s'/f rflxF 5}g . Tof] x'Fb} x'Fb}g . h'g

b]z;Fu cf0fljs tfut 5, cf0fljs phf{ 5, To;n] zflGtk"0f{ sfdsf] nflu dfq} Tof]

k|of]u ul//x]sf] 5}g . To;n] Pp6f gofF ;Gt'ng, To;n] gofF xf]8afhL, To;n] ubf{v]l/

gofF b[li6x¿ / zlQm /fi6«x¿sf] s]Gb| aGg hfG5 . To;sf/0fn] g]kfn ;/sf/n] o:tf]

ljw]osnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg'eGbf klxn] ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kb{5 h:tf] dnfO{ nfU5 . c;f/

% ut] k|ltlglw ;efdf dfggLo lzIff dGqLHo"n] s] eGg'eof] eg] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf]

nflu of] rflxF rflxG5 /] . ca xfd|f] /fli6«o ;'/Iff Tof] cj:yfdf k'lu;Sof] < xfdL;Fu

ld;fOnx¿ eO;Sof] < xfd|f] cf0fljs xltof/ pkof]u ug]{ l:yltdf k'lu;Sof}F < Tof]

s'/f rflxF ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . wGojfb .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo ljdnf /fO{ -kf}8\ofn_ .

dfggLo >L ljdnf /fO{ -kf}8\ofn_ -dgf]gLt_M– ;DdfggLo cWoIfHo", of]

/]l8of]wdL{ kbfy{x¿sf] k|of]u xfdLn] k|fo h;f] lrlsT;f lj1fgdf u5f}{, cg';Gwfgdf

u5f}{ lah'nL pTkfbg ug{ 7'nf 7'nf kfj/ xfp;df agfpg u5f}{ . t/ of] ;fy;fy}

xfdLn] ljZjdf b]v]sf 5f}F la:kmf]6s kbfy{ agfP/ b]z g} Wj:t kfg{ ;x/ g} Wj:t kfg{

klg /]l8of]wdL{ / kf/df0fljs rLhx¿sf] k|of]u eO/fv]sf] 5 . Tof] xfdLn] b]lvg}

/fv]sf 5f}F . g]kfndf s]xL o'/]lgod 5 d':tfªlt/ eGg] vfnsf] s'/f cfPsf] xf] . ;fob

ca Tof] o'/]lgod ljqmL ug{ ;lsof] eg] To;nfO{ pTbvgg\ ug{ ;lsof] eg] ljqmL ug{

32

;lsof] eg] cln rfF8f] wgL eOG5 ls eGg] vfnsf] klg xf] ls h:tf] nfU5 dnfO{ oxfF

Ohfht kq lbg] s'/fx¿ ljw]osdf x]bf{v]l/ . x'g t xfdLn] ca cfkm";Fu ePsf] vlgh

kbfy{ cfkm";Fu ePsf /]l8of]wdL{ kbfy{x¿ pTvgg\ u5f}{F, cg';Gwfg u5fF}{ / To;nfO{

rflxF To;sf] nflu cfjZos lgdf{0f ˆofS6«Lx¿ xfdL agfp5f}F / xfd|f] b]znfO{

cfjZos d}n] lj1af6 ;'g]sf] xfdLnfO{ !) u|fd hlt o'/]lgod k|ltjif{ rflxG5 /]

lrlsT;f lj1fgsf] nflu . ljz]ifu/L SofG;/ kLl8tx¿nfO{ pkrf/ ug{sf] nflu . ca

o:tf]sf] nflu cfjZos 5 Tof] u5f}{ eGg' cfkm}Fdf g/fd|f] s'/f xf]Og . Tof] /fd|f] s'/f

xf] . lsgeg] lj1fgsf] If]qdf xfdL hlt w]/} k|ljlwsf] If]qdf cufl8 a9\5f}F Tof] /fd|f] xf]

t/ xfd|f] xfnt clxn] sxfF 5 xfdL slt ug{ ;S5f}F slt ug{ ;S5f}F, slt ug]{ / slt

rflxF kl5 ug]{ / kl5 ug{sf] nflu clxn] s] s] tof/L ug]{ eGg] ljifodf rflxF a9L

hf]8 lbg h?/L 5 . ca d}n] ;/;lt{ of] ljw]os klg k9] To;kl5 rflxF k|ltlglw

;efaf6 ;ldltn] k7fPsf] ljw]os k9\bfv]l/ &% k|ltzt s'/f t re-right eP/ cfPsf]

5 . of] ljw]osnfO{ &% k|ltzt hlt k"/} re-right ul/Psf] kmd{df cfPsf] eP/ / w]/}

cK7\of/f nfUg] s'/fx¿ h'g hlt cufl8 dfggLo ;b:oHo"n] p7fO;Sg' ePsf] 5 Tof]

s'/fx¿ w]/} xb\;Dd k|ltlglw ;efsf] ;ldltn] ;Daf]wg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To; lx;fadf

d ;ldltnfO{ Psbd} w]/} wGojfb klg lbg rfxG5' . xfd|f] sfdnfO{ w]/} ;lhnf] klg

agfOlbPsf] 5 k|ltlglw ;efsf] ;ldltn] .

cWoIfHo" dnfO{ s] nfU5 eg]b]lv xfdLn] lj1;Fu s'/f ubf{v]l/ xfdLn] cl3 g}

/fdgf/fo0f lj8f/LHo"n] elg;Sg' ePsf] 5 . of] a'em\g} cK7\of/f] vfnsf] ljw]os 5 .

lj1;Fu s'/f ubf{v]l/ rflxF of] b'O{ j6f tl/sfn] agfpg ldNbf] /x]5 . Pp6f rflxF

nuclear plant g} /fv]/ h'g rflxF oxfF el§ eg]/ kf/df0fljs el§ agfpg] eg]/

cg';Gwfg el§ eg]/ cfPsf] 5 . csf]{ rflxF ;fOsf]6f]g eGg] Pp6f k|ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6

h'g electro magnatic d]l;gaf6 agfpg] s'/f 5 . cg';Gwfg ug{sf] nflu k|ljlw

ljsf; ug{sf] nflu / s]xL !) u|fd h'g xfdLnfO{ rflxG5 Toltsf] nflu of] ;fOsf]6f]g

k|ljlw kof{Kt 5 h:tf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] nflu 5'§} el§ g} vf]Ng' kg]{ / Tof] el§sf] ;'/Iff

x'g' kg]{ . el§af6 pTvgg\ ug'{ kg]{ clg o'/]lgod lgsfn]/ To;nfO{ conversion ug'{

kg]{ pTvgg\ u/]/ of] ;a} kl/dfh{g u/]/ ug'{ kg]{ h?/L rflxF clxn] xsdf b]lvb}g .

Tof] lx;fadf ;ldltn] of] ;fOsf]6f]gaf6 k|ljlwaf6 ug]{ eGg] h'g lsl;dsf] k|:tfj 5

Tof] k|:tfj cfPsf] rflxF d ;dy{g u5'{ clxn]nfO{ lsgeg] slt klg xfdL cg';Gwfg g}

gug]{ xfdL k|ljlwsf] ljsf; g} gug]{ xfdLnfO{ cfjZos s'/fx¿ lgsfNb} glgsfNg] eGg]

eGbfv]l/ klg Tof] electro magnatic k4ltaf6 x'g ;S5 . xfdL vr{ ug{ ;S5f}F .

eg]b]lv Tof] cln less vt/f x'bf]F /x]5, t/ vt/f d}n] b]lv/fv]sf] 5}g . d rflxF

:jL6\h/Nof08sf] Pp6f ;g eG5 european center from nuclear energy sf] ToxfF uP/

x]bf{v]l/ klg pgLx¿n] ;fOsf]6gaf6 a9\g] /x]5 k|z:t ¿kdf . pgLx¿n] of]

cg';Gwfg ul//fv]sf 5g\ . ToxfFaf6 xfdLn] y'k|} k|ljlwx¿ l;Sg ;Sg] cj:yf d}n]

b]v]sf] 5' . ca Tof] lx;fadf ca ;/;lt{ d}n] rflxF of] s] x'Fbf] /x]5 t of] nuclear

33

reactor sf] lx;fan] ubf{ rflxF s] x'G5 eg]/ x]bf{v]l/ o;df y'k|} security sf] concern

x¿ /x]5 . ljz]ifu/Lsg ;'/Iffsf] b[li6sf]0fn] . xfd|f] b]z hxfF rflxF #) lsnf] ;'g

x/fPsf] t kQf nfUb}g eg]b]lv !) u|fd dfq} o'/]lgod x/fof] eg] / c? s'g} b]zsf]

xftdf k¥of] cyjf Tof] middle man larf}lnofaf6 sxL k'Uof] eg] To;n] csf]{ b]z,

csf]{ zx/, xfd|} b]z, xfd|} l5d]sL Wj:t kfg]{ x}l;ot /fV5 . Tof] vt/f xfdLn] clxn]

df]Ng ;Sg] cj:yfdf xfdL 5f}F ls 5}gf}F < eg]/ of] k|Zg ug'{ kg]{ h?/L d}n] b]V5'

;'/Iffsf] lx;fadf . To;kl5 o;af6 cfPsf] waste product, o;n] kfgLdf kfg]{ c;/,

c08/ u|fp08 kfgLdf o;n] olt w]/} c;/ kfbf]{ /x]5 . o;df ;of}F research x¿ ePsf]

5 . To;n] ubf{ of] o;af6 x'g waste management xfdLn] s;/L u5f}F{ < Tof] klg

xfdL tof/L cj:yfdf xfdL 5}gf}F . kfgLsf] xfxfsf/ ePsf] xfd|f] b]zdf kfgL ;a} vtd

ug]{ nuclear energy NofP/ . Tof] klg ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf xfd|f] 5}g / x'b}g / csf]{

eg]sf] vr{ . vr{sf] lx;fan] of] nuclear reactor /fVgsf] nflu Ps ljlnog 8n/eGbf

sddf x'b}F x'b}g /] hals To;sf] ;fgf] c+zdfq vr{ u¥of] eg]b]lv ;fOsf]6«f]g

k|ljlwaf6 lgdf{0f x'G5 . eg]kl5 ;fOsf]6f]g k|ljlwaf6 dfq} clxn] for the time s]xL

;dosf] nflu cg';Gwfg u/f}F / To;kl5 o;nfO{ klg xfdL pBf]udf g} n}hfg ;S5f}F

eg] pBf]u dGqfnon] csf]{ ljw]os NofP/ 5nkmn u/f];\ eg]/ d k|:tfj ug{ rfxG5' .

wGojfb .

;DdfgLo cWoIfM– dfggLo sf]dn jnL . ;do % ldg]6 .

dfggLo >L sf]dn jnL -g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{, g]skf_M– ;DdfggLo cWoIf

dxf]bo, kf/df0fljs ljw]os, @)&% cyf{t\ /]l8of]wdL{ kbfy{sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ag]sf]

ljw]osdflysf] ;}4flGts 5nkmndf cfˆgf larf/x¿ k|:t't ug{ o; ;Ddflgt ;bgsf]

/f]i6«ddf pkl:yt ePsL 5'F . ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, ;j{k|yd xfd|f] ;bgdf d o;

ljw]ossf] :jfut / ;dy{g u5'{ . lsgeg] o;sf] :jfut / ;dy{g u5'{ eg] xfd|f]

b]zdf /]l8of]wdL{ kbfy{ / /]l8of]wdL{ lqmofsnfkx¿ @) cf}F ztfAbLsf] t];|f] bzsb]lv

g} z'? ePsf] b]lvG5 . eg]kl5 !(#) b]lv g} o;sf] lqmofsnfkx¿ z'? eO;s]sf]

lyof] . t/ To:tf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ lgodg ug'{ kg]{ . To:tf sfg"gx¿ xfdL sxfF

ag]gg\, ag]sf 5}gg\ . ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, of] ljls/0f lqmofsnfksf] Go"gLs/0f

ug{ h:t} ca PS;/] eof], l;l6 eof], To;kl5 c? Go"lSno/ d]l8l;gsf c?

PS;k]S6x¿ ;a}nfO{ ue{g ug]{ lx;fan] xfdLnfO{ Pp6f sfg"g Psdb} ckl/xfo{

b]lvG5 . To;kl5 cem} o;sf gofF– gofF research x¿df klg /]l8of]:6\o'jx¿ klg

o'h eO/fv]sf] 5 . xl:k6nx¿df o;sf] lbgfg' lbg o'hx¿ a9\b} uO/fv]sf] 5 . xfd|f

k|of]ux¿ lbgfg' lbg al9/fv]sf] 5 xl:k6nx¿df . ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, clxn]

l;d]06 ˆofS6«Ldf klg callibreation ug{nfO{ /]l8of]wdL{ k|of]u ul/G5 eGg] klg

34

cfPsf] 5 . of] /]l8of]wdL{ b]lvg] klg xf]Og, o;sf] uGw klg cfpb}g . hxfF source

5, ToxfF sfd ug]{ dflg;x¿nfO{ k|ToIf / ck|ToIf ¿kdf k|efjkf/L g} /fv]sf] x'G5 .

jftfj/0fdf klg o;n] k|efj kfl//fv]sf] x'G5 . ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, o;df s]xL

international guidelines x¿ 5g\ . Tof] guidelines cg';f/ o;nfO{ lgodg ug'{

kg]{ x'G5 . Tof] lgodg ug{nfO{ xfd|f] cfˆg} local rules x¿ develop ug'{ k¥of] . Tof]

local rules x¿ develop ug{sf] nflu cyjf egf}F agfpgsf] nflu xfdLnfO{ sfg"g

geOsg s;/L ug{ ;S5f}F / < To;}n] of] ljw]os cfjZos lyof] . clxn] ;/sf/n]

Nofof] . of] safety culture sf] ljifo klg xf] ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo . ljifo rflxF

a9f] sensitive xf] . xf], of] v/fa klg 5, vt/f klg 5 t/ cfjZos klg Tolts} 5 .

o;sf] x/]s kIf x]g'{ k5{ . k"j{jQmf dfggLoHo"x¿n] o;df cfˆgf larf/x¿ /flv;Sg'

eof] . d Tof] kIflt/ hfg rfxGg . t/ cufl8 a9\g' k5{ g} . ;w} g} ljleGg s'/fx¿

cfof] of] cflQP/ of] s] xf] < ca s]–s] x'G5 < oxfF xfdL ljls/0fn] ubf{ xfdL vtd

x'G5f}F ls eGg] s'/fx¿ ;f]r/, r'k nfu]/ a:g] xf] eg] t xfd|f ;Defjgf 9f]sfx¿ ;a}

aGb x'G5g\ lg Û xfdL To;tkm{ slxn] Wofg lbg] < ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, klxnf]

8«fˆ6 h'g @)&% k'; * ut] k|ltlglw ;efdf k]z ePsf] lyof] / Tof] nfdf] ;do;Dd

larf/fwLg lyof] . To;df rflxF s]xL cldNbf–gldNbf s'/fx¿ rflxF lyP . h:t}

neuclear research react center vf]Ng] s'/f lyof] . To;f] center private jf s'g}

JolQmn] ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] < k|fjwfgx¿ To;df /flvPsf] lyof] . To;sf] la/f]w eof],

To;nfO{ kl/dfh{g u/]/ of] ljw]os cfof] . ;du|df eGbfv]l/ clxn] eO/fv]sf]

practice x¿df ljls/0fhGo cyf{t /]l8of]wdL{hGo cEof;x¿ To;nfO{ lgodg ug'{

kg]{ Pp6f klxnf] dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] .

;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo, csf]{ rflxF o;df experties x¿ a9fpg' kg]{ /

To;sf] nflu cg';Gwfg s]Gb| neuclear research center vf]Ng' kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .

Tof] s]Gb|+ vf]n]kl5 xfd|f] experties x¿ klg a9\b} hfG5g\ . To;}n] o:tf

cEof;x¿nfO{ lgodg ug]{ sfg"g cfof] eg] /fd|f] x'G5 eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 . To;}n]

;a}n] cfTd;ft u/]/ of] /]l8of]wdL{ kbfy{sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ag]sf] ljw]os kf; ug'{

k5{ eGb} cfˆgf] egfO cGTo ug]{ cg'dlt rfxG5' ;DdfggLo cWoIf dxf]bo . wGojfb .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo ;b:ox¿, ca d dfggLo lzIff lj1fg tyf

k|ljlw dGqL lul//fhdl0f kf]v/]nnfO{ 5nkmndf p7]sf k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm lbg ;do

pknAw u/fpF5' .

35

dfggLo lzIff lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqL lul//fhdl0f kf]v/]nM– ;DdfggLo

cWoIf dxf]bo, ;a}eGbf klxn] t of] kf/df0fljs /]l8of]wdL{ kbfy{sf] ;'/lIft tyf

zflGtk"0f{ k|of]u ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] ljw]os, @)&% dfly efu lng]

dfggLoHo"x¿n] ljleGg sf]0faf6 hf] ljifox¿ /fVg' ePsf] 5 d wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .

d}n] 5nkmn ;'?sf] a]nfsf ljifo klg p7]sf 5g\ aLrdf p7]sf ljifox¿ klg 5g\ /

kl5Nnf] a]nfdf k|ltlglw ;efdf 5nkmn eP/ ;xdlt eP/ cPsf ljifox¿ klg 5g\ .

To;}n] klxnf] s'/f t d}n] o;sf] gfd g} abn]/ cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] gfd /]l8of]wdL{

kbfy{sf] lgodg ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] ljw]os . To;n] )&% cfpFbfv]l/

kf/df0fljs tyf /]l8of]wdL{ kbfy{sf] eg]/ cfPsf] lyof] . clxn] xfdLn] o;sf] d'ne"t

gfd abn]/ cfPsf 5f}F . of] 7fpFdf Nofpgsf] nflu e"ldsf ljleGg If]qaf6 ePsf] 5,

aflx/kl§ klg /fd|f] ax; ePsf] 5 . ;bg aflx/kl§ klg, cvjf/x¿df xfd|f b}lgs

klqsfdf klg ePsf] 5 / o;sf] hfgsf/L /fVg] 1ftfx¿n] klg ug'{ ePsf] 5 eg]

:jefljs 9ª\un] xfd|f] k|ltlglw ;efdf kof{Kt ¿kdf 5nkmn eof] / d}n] tkfO{Fx¿nfO{

hfgsf/L u/fpg' k5{ . of] clxn] hf] oxfF cfOk'Ubf cfPsf] of] 8«fˆ6 of] rflxF t];|f]

8«fˆ6 xf] . klxn] of] 8«fˆ6 cfof] of] xfdLn] k]z u¥of}F xfd|f] k|s[ofut 9ª \un] oxfF

cfpbf klg of] km:6 8«fˆ6 ;lxt g} cfPsf] 5 . To;kl5 clg ;+zf]wgx¿ cfP

;+zf]wgx¿ cfO;s]kl5 xfdLn] ;ldltn] Pp6f o:tf] /fd|f] jftfj/0f agfof] ls

jf:tjdf xfd|f] P]g lgdf{0fsf] Pp6f gofF k|s[of klg ljsf; ePsf] b]Vb5' d . ls xfdL

;f+;bx¿n], ljwfosx¿n], lg0f{o ug'{ cufl8kl§ ;/f]sf/ /fVg] / o;sf] cem} ;/f]sf/

/fVg]eGbf klg 1ftfx¿ hf] 5g\ pxfFx¿;Fu klg a;L ;s]kl5 s]xL ljifox¿ /fVg'

eof] . /flv;s]kl5 clg t];|f] k6s xfdLn] tL ;a} 5nkmnsf] cfwf/df clxn] hlt

;xdlt x'G5 Tolt lnP/ hfpm clxn] . kIf / k|ltkIfsf] sf]0faf6 d}n] eGbf klg ToxL

s'/f eg]sf] lyP . of] hlt ;xdlt x'G5 clxn] Tolt lnP/ hfpm, dnfO{ Psbd xtf/

ug'{ kg{] s'/f klg s]xL 5}g o;leq kl§ t/ of] b]zsf] nflu cfjZos xf] of] . cl3

dfggLoHo"x¿n] of] af/]df /fvL klg ;Sg' ePsf] 5 .

To;}n] ca Oltxf; s:tf] 5 eg] !@% aif{ cufl8 of] k|ljlwsf] ljsf; eof]

ljZj:t/df x]bf{v]l/ . clg g]kfnsf] sf]0faf6 x]g{{] xf] eg] g]kfndf rflxF ;g\ !(@# df

klxnf] rf]l6 PS;/] d]l;g cfof] . cl3 oL tYox¿dfly klg rrf{ ePsf] 5 / ;g\

!(&^ df k|;'lt u[xdf xfd|f] /]l8of] y]/fkL ;]jf k|f/De eof] . !(*& df jL/

c:ktfndf PS;/] cfof] /]l8of]wdL{ ljls/0fx¿ c¿–c¿ cfP of] 9ª\un] cfPsf] 5 .

To;sf/0fn] d}n] dfgLoHo"x¿nfO{ eGg] ljifo s'/f s] xf] eg] eGbfv]l/ of] clxn] /x/

u/]/ NofPsf] k6Ss} xf]Og . of] cfO;s]sf] 5 d]/f] 7fpFdf tkfO{Fx¿ sf]xL dGqL ePsf]

eP klg b]z / hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL ePsf] sf]0faf6 o;nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ hfgsf/L

5 . To;sf/0f of] cfjZos eP/ lnP/ cfPsf] xf] d Dofg]hd]G6sf] student x'F o;sf]

student klg lyOgF Ps k|sf/n] eGg' x'G5 eg] . of] ljifonfO{ a'‰gnfO{ w]/} ldx]gt

ul/of] / ljleGg sf]0faf6 x]g{] sf]l;; klg eof] . of] gNofOlbpFmg t clxn] s] x'G5 t

36

eGg] eof] . clg d :jf:Yo dGqL klg klxn] ePsf] sf]0faf6 sltko ;"rgf kfpg]

eof] . o:tf pks/0f g]kfndf cfPsf lyP . Pp6f xl:k6nsf] Pp6f pks/0f cfpFbf

af6f]df] x/fP5 . /fd|f] rLh b]v]kl5 s;}n] n'sfOlbof] . ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf u/]/ of] o:tf]

hf]lvdk"0f{ xf] eg]kl5 lkmtf{ cfof] Sof x} . tkfO{F xfdL t lbgxF' h;f] xfd|f] jl/kl/sf]

hLjgsf] aLrdf of] ef]lu/fv]sf 5f}F k|efljt eO/fv]sf 5f}F . xfd|f dfG5]x¿ rflxF

SofG;/sf] pkrf/ ug{ lsg aDaO hfGy] hfG5g\ < lsg lbNnL hfG5g\ < lsg c? 7fpF

hfG5g\ < ToxL s'/f xfdLn] g]kfndf ug{] ls gug{] < dnfO{ b]z ePkl5 b]zn] ;a}

If]qdf cfkm"nfO{ tof/ ug'{ kb5{ . klxn] u/]gg\ To;sf/0fn] ca km]l/ gu/f}F eg]/ s;/L

;f]Rg ;lsPnf t < xfdL klg t Pp6f o'u kl/j{tgsf] gofF df]8df 5f}F / eljionfO{

l7s 9ª\un] Jojl:yt ug{ h?/L 5 . To;}n] of] h?/L 5 eg]/ xfdLn] lnP/ cfPsf

xf}F . ca hltv]/ of] ;'?df lzIffdf lj1fg k|ljlw dGqfno klg Pp6} eof] / To;kl5

dnfO{ l/kf{]6 klg eof] l/kf{]6 eO;s]kl5 IAEA sf] d]Dj/ ag]sf 5f}F klxn] g} xfdLn]

ck|;f/ ;DaGwL klxn] g} x:tfIf/ u/]sf 5f}F . xfdLn] oxL ;+3Lo ;+;baf6 RCA klg

cg'df]bg klg ul/;s]sf 5f}F xfdLx¿ of] klxn] klg of] ;bgdf klg s]xL ljifodf

xfdLn] RCA kfl/t ubf{v]l/ klg 5nkmn u/]sf lyof}F . clg To;f] ubf{ klxn]b]lv

rln/x]sf] k|s[of IAEA sf] d]Dj/ eO;s]kl5 yf]/} s]xL If]qdf xfdLn] ;xof]u klg

k|fKt ul//fv]sf] xf] . clg h?/L s] xf] eGbfv]l/ xfd|f] cfˆg} hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{

cfjZostf d}n] b]Vg] ;jf{lws h?/L s'/f ca xfd|f] rrf{df xfdL;Fu 5 o'/]lgodx¿

eGg] cflb OToflb eGg] ;a} 5 t/ Tof] s;n] cWoog ul/lbg] < s;sf] cfvfaf6

To;nfO{ x ]g{] < clg s] nfUof] eg]b]lv klxnf] h?/L s'/f rflxF cfˆgf] hgzlQm pTkfbg

ug'{ k¥of] . To;}n] d}n] Pp6f ldl6ªdf efu lng klg kfP d}n] IAEA sf] / pxfFx¿;Fu

d}n] 5nkmn ubf{ klg s] eg]sf] lyP eg] xfd|f] ?lr rflxF xfd|f] cfˆgf] hgzlQm tof/

ug{nfO{ 5 . / xfdLn] cfˆgf] vfnsf] l/;r{ ;]G6/ xfdLn] vf]Ng' k5{ . tkfO{Fx¿n] o;df

;xof]u ug'{ k5{ eGg] 9ª\un] k|f/lDes b]lv ToxL s'/fsfgL eg]sf] x'F . kms{]/

cfO;s]kl5 of] P]g 8«fˆ6 ug{' cufl8kl§ xfdLn] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ljw]os tof/Lsf]

ldl6ª u¥of}F . ;+of]u Tof] ldl6ª ubf{v]l/ rflxF clxn] ;+3Lo ;+;bdf ePsf ;a} bnsf]

xfdLn] cfdlGqt u/]sf lyof}F . ;a} g]skf, g]kfnL sfFu|];, /fhkf, kmf]/d, ;a}sf]

k|ltlglwTj lyof] / d}n] s] a'‰5' eg] deGbf w]/} a'‰g] JolQmx¿ klg x''g' x'GYof] ToxfFg]/

/ Ps k|sf/n] of] 5nkmn eO;s]kl5 clg 8«fˆ6df uof}F xfdLx¿ ca 8«fˆ6 u/]/

cfpbfv]l/sf s]xL cl3 oxfF rrf{ eP d Totflt/ kmls{g rfxGg .

clxn] h] h'g 9ª\un] cfPsf] 5 clxn] xfdLn] :jf:Yo xfdL ;a} of] k|of]u

ePsf] s'/fdf xfdL hfgsf/} 5f} xfdL s[lifdf klg 5 of] . To;kl5 pBf]udf klg 5,

k'/ftflTjs j:t'x¿df klg 5 of] / c? sltko b]zx¿n] vfg]kfgLdf klg o;nfO{ gofF

9ª\un] ljsf; klg u/]sf 5g\ . To;}n] d hlthlt 5nkmn ub{}ub}{ uP Tolt–Tolt of]

cfjZos 5 Tof] cfjZos 5 eGbfeGb} klg o;sf hf] eojx kIfx¿ 5g\ lg t cl3

rrf{ klg eO;s]sf] 5 . ljZjo'4sf] s'/f eof], o'qm]gsf] s'/f eof], hfkfgsf] s'/fx¿

37

eof] x}g . tL ;a} kIfnfO{ x]/]/ clxn] xfd|f] nflu rflxF s'g tl/sfaf6 hfFbfv]l/

pko'Qm x'G5 elg;s]kl5 xfdLn] of] /]l8of]wdL{ kbfy{sf] of] lgodg ;DaGwL P]g eg]/

o;nfO{ xfdLn] of] 9ª\un] lnP/ cfof}F lnP/ cfpbfv]l/ dnfO{ Pstfln dfggLoHo"x¿n]

of] 5nkmn cfjZos 5 eGg' ePsf] 5 Tof] d]/f] ;xdlt g} 5 t/ ToxL s'/fdf kof{Kt

¿kdf klxn] g} w]/} phf{ vr{ ePsf] 5 ;do nufOPsf] 5 eg] km]l/ xfdL ax;

k|f/lDes 7fpFdf hfg'eGbf clxn] kl5Nnf] a]nf ljsl;t eP/ cfPsf] b:tfj]hnfO{ Ps

k6s x]l/lbg';\ d}n] oxfFx¿nfO{ ;a}nfO{ lsgeg] Pp6f k|s[ofaf6 hfg} k5{ ;+zf]wg

klg cjZos 5g\ eg]b]lv Tof] klg u/fF} t/ of] rflxF k|ltlglw ;efdf lj1fg k|ljlw

dGqL ePsf k|ltkIf bnsf ;fyLx¿ ;lxt g} / clg ;QfkIfsf] sf]0faf6 klg clxn]

g]kfnsf] nflu rflxF clxn] cf0fljs el§x¿ lgdf{0f ug{] l/;r{ ;]G6/sf] nflu Tof] af6f]

xf]Og x} eg]/ Pp6f 7"n} 5nkmn eO;s]kl5 xfdL of] af6f] af6 cfPsf 5f}F .

;QfkIfsf] sf]0faf6 klg xfdLn] g]kfnsf] nflu clxn] cf0fljs el§x¿ lgdf{0f ug]{

l/;r{ ;]G6/sf] nflu klg Tof] af6f] xf]Og x} eg]/ Pp6f 7"n} 5nkmn eO;s]kl5 xfdL

of] af6f]af6 cfPsf 5f}F . klxn] Joj:yf gePsfx¿ o;df 5g\ . of] ;'/Iff

;+j]bgzLntfsf] ljifo ePsf] x'gfn] clxn] kl5Nnf] a]nfdf xfdLn] ;'/Iff lgsfosf ;a}

k|ltlglwx¿ /x]sf] Pp6f xfdLn] lgb]{zs ;ldlt Joj:yf u¥of}F . klxn]eGbf leGg s'/f .

bf];|f] s'/f rflxF lgodgsf/L lgsfosf] Joj:yf klg u¥of}F xfdLx¿n] . bf];|f], of]

klxn] lyPg . of] 5nkmnkl5 g} cfPsf d]sflghdx¿ eP . t];|f] s'/f rflxF Pp6f

l/;r{ ;]G6/ xfdL ;~rfng u/f}F . clxn]sf] gLlt sfo{qmddf klg 5, ah]6df klg 5,

Tof] s'/fx¿ . of] # j6f gofF Joj:yfx¿ ul/Psf] 5 . ca d rflxF s;/L klg eGg

rfxG5' eg] 7Ls 5, xfdL Psl5g o;af6 kmSof}{F, o;nfO{ 5f]l8b]pF . xfd|f] ;d:of xn

x'G5 t < xfdL cf0fljs /fi6«x¿af6 3]l/Psf 5f}F xfdL . r]g{lansf] h:tf] cyjf

hfkfgsf] h:tf] b'3{6gf eof] xfd|f] l5d]sx¿df To;kl5 xfdLnfO{ c;/ k¥of] eg]b]lv

rflxF xfdLn] bfaL ug]{ ls gug]{ < Ifltk"lt{sf] dfu ug]{ ls gug]{ < ;'/Iffsf] dfu ug]{

ls gug]{ < xfdL s;/L ;'/lIft x'G5f}F < cl3 oxfF sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] af/]df 5nkmn

rNof] / clxn] xfd|f] tof/L s:tf] 5 eg]/ dfggLoHo"x¿n] oxfF /fVg' eof] lg t .

Pp6f ;fgf] s'/f cfpFbfv]l/ klg cfkm";Fu gufl;Psf] ljifosf] klg tof/L ug'{ kg]{

eof] . Tof] sf]0faf6 t d}n] emg s] cfjZos b]v]F eg] olb xfdL;Fu Pp6f k|efjzfnL

sfg"g ePg, xfdL;Fu ;+:yf ePg eg] xfdLn] sxfF uP/ bfaL ug]{ < I.A.E.A. sf]

;b:osf] gftfn] xfdLn] klxn] g} u/]sf ;xdltsf cfwf/df xfdL;Fu To:tf s'g}

ljls/0fo'Qm kbfy{x¿ 5g\, ljls/0fx¿ 5g\ . /]l8of]wdL{ kbfy{x¿ 5g\ eg] To;sf]

l/kf]6{ t /]u'n/ ul//fVg} k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . eg]kl5 cfkm\gf] tof/L Jojl:yt 9ª\un]

ug]{ h?/L 5 . d'Vo s'/f Tof] xf] . dfggLoHo"x¿ o;sf] ;+j]bgzLntfsf] af/]df /fVg'

ePsf] ljifodf d]/f] ;tk|ltzt ;xdlt 5 . o;df xfdLn] clxn] xfdLn] u/]sf] klxn]s}

;xdltsf] cfwf/df xfd|f] rflxF ad agfpg] nufotsf] af6f] xfd|f] x'Fb} xf]Og . xfdL

Totf hfg} ;Sb}gf}F . kbfjnL cfPsf] sf/0fn] ;]s]08 jN8{ jf/sf] 36gf ePsf] sf/0fn]

38

/ c? sltko b]zx¿ Tof] k|lqmofdf uPsf] sf/0fn] of] sf]0faf6 x]g'{ hfoh xf] t/

xfd|f] af6f] Tof] xf]Og . To;sf/0f xfdL Totf hfg} kfpFb}gf}F . ;}4flGts ¿kdf Psbd}

k|i6 x'g' k¥of] .

bf];|f] ljifo, clxn] h'g 9ª\un] oxfF NofOPsf] 5, g]kfndf rflxF xfdLn]

Go'lSno/ OghL{ lgdf{0f ug]{ sf]0faf6 klg of] NofPsf 5}gf}F . xfdLn] phf{sf] lasNksf]

¿kdf csf]{ af6f] hfg' k5{ ls eGg] of] l5/fOPsf] 5}g . d}n] k]ml/ oxfFx¿ ;a}nfO{ eGg

rfxG5' . oxfF kf/df0fljs l/;r{ ;]G6/ rflxG5 eGg] s'/f rflxF xfdLn] /fVof}F . Tof]

/fVbf klg o;df x]l/lbg' eof] klg cg';Gwfg s]Gb|n] s] u5{ <

klxnf] s'/f, /]l8of]wdL{ tyf kf/df0fljs kbfy{ / k|ljlw ;DaGwL 1fg

clej[l4sf] nflu cfjZos bIf hgzlQm ljsf; u5{ . klxnf] .

bf];|f], ljleGg k|sf/sf ljls/0faf6 x'g ;Sg] ;DefJo gs/fTds k|efjsf]

lgoGq0f ;DaGwdf cWoog cg';Gwfg u/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ o;n] ;'emfj lbG5 .

t];|f], g]kfndf k|fs[lts ¿kdf pknAw x'g ;Sg] /]l8of] wld{ Pjd\ kf/df0fljs

kbfy{sf] ;DaGwdf lj:t[t cWoog cg';Gwfg u5{ . of]] xfdLn] ug'{ k¥of] o;sf] nflu

klg tof/L ug'{ k¥of] .

rf}yf], :jf:Yo, s[lif, kz', pBf]u, k'/ftflTjs j:t'sf] ;+/If0f, e"ldut hn;|f]t

Pj+ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; / vfB kbfy{sf] ;'/lIft e08f/0fsf] nflu kf/df0fljs

k|ljlwsf] ;DaGwdf cWoog cg';Gwfg ub{5, o;n] .

csf]{, ;fOqmf]6f]g k|ljlwsf] ljsf; u/L :jb]zdf g} /]l8of] cfO;f]6K;sf]

pTkfbg ug]{ . of] klg jf:tjdf xfdLn] klxn] 8«fˆ6df lnP/ cfPsf] cf0fljs el§sf]

af6f] xfdL uPgf}F . xfdL ;fOqmf]6f]g k|ljlwsf] cfwf/df of] af6f]df xfdL uof}F xfdL .

oltn] xfd|f] ;d:ofnfO{ xn ug{ ;Sb5 eGg] 7fpFdf xfdL k'Uof}F . To;}n] of] /fVof}F .

cGTodf cfGtl/s, afXo sf/0faf6, b'a} sf/0faf6 g]kfn /fHoleq ljls/0fsf

k|efj d"Nofª\sg u/L ;f]sf] sf/0f tyf lgoGq0f Pjd\ Ifltk"lt{ ;DaGwdf cWoog u/L

lgb]{z ;ldltdf k]z ug]{ eg]/ of] kIfnfO{ klg xfdLn] Wofg lbof}F . To;}n] # j6f kIf

eP . Pp6f /]l8of]wdL{ kbfy{sf] ljls/0fx¿sf] k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 . To;nfO{ Jojl:yt

ug'{ k¥of], Pp6f . bf];|f] s'/f, xfd|f 5g\ eg] xfdLn] cfkm}n] cWoog ug'{ k¥of], cWoog

ug{ clxn] rflxF hgzlQm tof/ ug'{k¥of] . t];|f] s'/f, clxn] xfdLn] afXo 9ª\un] s'g}

36gfx¿ 36] eg] ltgLx¿sf] nflu xfdLn] cfkm\gf] b]znfO{ ;'/lIft ug{ cfkm\gf]

jftfj/0f ;'/lIft ug{, cfkm\gf] gful/sx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft ug{sf] nflu xfdLn] cGt/f{li6«o

If]q;Fu klg o;sf] nflu n8\g' kb{5 . cfkm\gf] s'/f eGg' kb{5 . To;sf] nflu cfkm\gf]

sfg"g rflxG5 . olt x'Fbfv]l/ rflxF Tof] cfwf/ eG5 xf]nf eGg] 5 . oxfF hLjgsf

ljleGg If]qsf JolQmTjx¿ /fli6«o ;efdf x'g'x'G5, sfg"gsf 1ftfx¿ klg x'g'x'G5 .

39

c? sf]0faf6 klg x'g'x'G5 . To;sf/0fn] dnfO{ nfU5, xfdLn] d]xgt u/]/ nfdf] leq,

aflx/sf 5nkmnkl5 of] 7fpFdf lnP/ cfPsf 5f}F, Tof] klg ;xdltdf lnP/ cfPsf

5f}F . Ps k6s o;nfO{ rflxF clxn] k|ltlglw ;efaf6 cfPsf] b:tfj]hnfO{ x]/]/ clg

kl5Nnf] ljsf; ePsf] kIfnfO{ cfwfl/t u/]/ x]l/ lbg'xf];\ . o;nfO{ w]/} nfdf] gu/f}F .

xfdL k|ltlglw ;efaf6 ;xdltaf6 cfPsf 5f}F . /fli6«o ;efdf klg ;xdltaf6}

6'ª\luof];\ . d]/f] olt g} cg'/f]w . d}n] PsPs j6f k|Zgx¿sf] PsPs j6f pQ/tkm{ d

nfu]g . d"ne"t ¿kdf of] clxn] lsg cfjZos 5 eGg] s'/f xf] . d}n] of] cfjZos 5

eGg] s'/f lbglbg}sf] hLjgsf] sf]0faf6 b]lv/x]sf] 5' / of] s:tf] xf] eg] Psbd xfdL t

lj1fg, k|ljlwsf] sf]0faf6 gofF Odlh{Ë k|ljlwx¿df klg xfdLn] xft xfNg} kg]{ 5 . d

t P=cfO{= ;Dd]ngsf] tof/Ldf 5', clxn] . kl5Nnf] ljsf; ePsf] sf]0faf6 x]bf{v]l/ t/

of] s'/f h'g 9ª\un] ljsl;t eP/ ljleGg If]qdf h'g k2ltnfO{ ljsf; u5{, To;nfO{

klg xfdLn] k|lqmg sf]lz; ug'{ kb{5 . To;}n] of] sf]0faf6 NofOPsf] lgj]bg ub}{ o;df

efu lng] dfggLoHo"x¿nfO{ d wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . o;n] jf:tjdf, oxfFx¿n] /fVg'

ePsf] s'/fn] klg xfdLn] tn 5nkmn u/]/ ;xdlt u/]/ lnP/ cfPsf] s'/fnfO{ g} k'li6

ub{5 . g]kfn kIf /fi6« ePsf] Treaty on non- clarification of nuclear weapons

/ ;f] ;Fu ;DalGwt comphrehensive save guards agreement df x:tfIf/

u/]sf]n] kf/df0fljs kbfy{sf] lgodg ug'{ g]kfnsf] bfloTj ePsf] 5 . To;}n] klg of]

h?/L 5 eGg] s'/f /fVb} labf dfU5' . wGojfb .

;DdfggLo cWoIfM– dfggLo ;b:ox¿, ækf/df0fljs ljw]os, @)&% dfly

ljrf/ ul/of];\Æ eGg] k|:tfjdflysf] 5nkmn oxLF ;dfKt x'G5 .

dfggLo ;b:ox¿, ca d ækf/df0fljs ljw]os, @)&% dfly ljrf/ ul/of];\Æ

eGg] k|:tfjnfO{ lg0ff{ofy{ k|:t't ub{5' .

of] k|:tfjsf] kIfdf x'g] dfggLo ;b:ox¿n] æx'G5Æ eGg' xf]nf / o;sf]

ljkIfdf x'g] dfggLo ;b:ox¿n] æx'GgÆ eGg' xf]nf .

of] k|:tfjsf] kIfdf x'g] dfggLo ;b:ox¿n] æx'G5Æ eGg'xf];\ .

–æx'G5Æ

of] k|:tfjsf] ljkIfdf x'g] dfggLo ;b:ox¿n] æx'GgÆ eGg'xf];\ .

æx'GgÆ eGg] cfjfh ;'lgPg . t;y{ ækf/df0fljs ljw]os, @)&% dfly ljrf/

ul/of];\Æ eGg eGg] k|:tfj ;j{;Ddltn] :jLs[t ePsf] 3f]if0ff ub{5' .

dfggLo ;b:ox¿, ækf/df0fljs ljw]os, @)&% dfly ;+zf]wg k|:tfj /fVg

rfxg' x'g] dfggLo ;b:ox¿n] /fli6«o ;ef lgodfjnL -klxnf] ;+zf]wg_, @)&% sf]

40

lgod !)^ adf]lhd /fli6«o ;ef cGtu{tsf] ljw]os zfvf l;+xb/af/df ;+zf]wg

k|:tfj btf{ ug{ ;Sg] Joxf]/f hfgsf/L u/fpF5' .

dfggLo ;b:ox¿, ca csf]{ a}7s @)&^ ;fn kmfu'g @) ut] dª\unaf/

lbgsf] @M)) ah] a:g] u/L of] a}7s :ylut x'G5 .

-tbgGt/ csf]{ a}7s @)&^ ;fn kmfu'g @) ut] dª\unaf/ lbgsf] @M))

ah];Ddsf] nflu :ylut eof] ._

cGTo M #M!% ah] .