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Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical Patient References: 克克克克克 15 克Maxwell,M.H. Eta l: Clinical disorders of fluid and electrolyte metabolism 4th ed. New Yo rk, McGraw-Hill,1987. Mengoli,L.R.: Ex cerpts from the history of postoperat ive fluid therapy. Am. J.Surg.121:311, 1971.

Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical Patient

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Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical Patient. References: 克氏外科学(第15版) Maxwell,M.H. Etal: Clinical disorders of fluid and electrolyte metabolism 4th ed. New York, McGraw-Hill,1987. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical Patient

Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical

PatientReferences: 克氏外科学(第 15 版) Maxwell,M.H. Etal: Clinical disorders of fluid and electrolyte metabolism 4th ed. New York, McGraw-Hill,1987.

Mengoli,L.R.: Excerpts from the history of postoperative fluid therapy. Am. J.Surg.121:311,1971.

Page 2: Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical Patient

第一节 概述:Total body water

• 50%-70% of total body weight

• deuteriun oxide or tritiated water: 60% for male adult and 50% for female adult, both normal variation ±15%.(lean body mass and age) 52% and 47% with elder and 75%-80%for newborn infants, at 1 year of age, 65%

Page 3: Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical Patient

题外话

• 我的学、教经历• 我的困惑• 我的体会

Page 4: Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical Patient

70kg Man 3500cc Plasma (5%) 10500cc Interstitial fluid (15%) Total Extracellular volume 20% 28000cc Total intracellular volume 40%

Page 5: Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical Patient

Interstitial fluid: Functioning components (90%)

Nonfunctioning components(10%) connective tissue water and transcellular water, which includes cerebrospinal and joint fluids.

Page 6: Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical Patient

154mEq/L 154mEq/L cations anions

Na+ 142

K+ 4

Ca++ 5

Mg++ 3

CL_ 103

HCO3_ 27SO4-- 3PO4---

OrganicAcids 5

Protein 16

Plasma

Page 7: Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical Patient

153mEq/L 153mEq/L cations anions

Na+ 144

K+ 4

Ca++ 3

Mg++ 2

CL_ 114

HCO3_ 30SO4-- 3PO4---

OrganicAcids 5

Protein 1

Interstitial fluid

Page 8: Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical Patient

200mEq/L 200mEq/L cations anions

K+ 150

Mg++ 40

Na+ 10

SO4-- 150HPO4---

HCO3- 10

Protein 40

Intracellular fluid

Page 9: Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical Patient

Osmotic Pressure

The physiologic and chemical activity of electrolytes depends on the number of particles (present per unit volume (moles or millimoles per liter), the number of electrical charges per unit volume( equivalents or milliequvalents per liter),and the number of osmoles or milliosmoles per liter)

Page 10: Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical Patient

• A Mole =the molecular weight of that substance in grams Eg:a mole of NaCl:58 grams(Na,23; Cl, 35)

• An Equivalent of an ion =its atomic weight expressed in grams divided by the valence.Eg:Ca++ 1 millimole equals 2 milliequivalents

• Osmole refers to the actual number of osmotically active particals present in solution. 1mmol NaCl, 2mOsm;1mmol Na2SO4,3 mOs; 1 mmol glucose,1mOsm.

Page 11: Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical Patient

• In each compartment the total number of osmotically active particles is 290 to 310 mOsm.

• The effective osmotic pressure depends on those substances that fail to pass through the pores of the semipermeable membrane. Such as sodium , glucose.

• The cell membranes are completely permeable to water. Any condition that alters the effective osmotic pressure in either compartment causes redistribution of water between the compartments.

Page 12: Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical Patient

.壹 体液平衡和渗透压的调节—— 神经 - 内分泌系统

渗透压:下丘脑 - 垂体后叶 - 抗利尿激素系统(敏感而弱)

血容量:肾素 - 醛固酮系统(强)

共同作用于肾

Page 13: Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical Patient

二 . 酸碱平衡的维持

血液缓冲 HCO3-/H2CO3

肺: CO2

肾 : 排出固定酸、保留碱性物质

Page 14: Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical Patient

Case:

男, 42 岁。柴油烧伤 60% , 2-3 度

休克期平稳,伤后第 3 天行气管切开,四肢削痂生物敷料覆盖、并行悬浮床治疗

术后 4 天:有一过性烦躁,嗜睡

术后 5 天:昏迷, Na 158 , Cl 119 血糖: 704mg% BUN82, Cr3.36

Page 15: Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical Patient

进量 出量

术后第 1 天 5250 4370

术后第 2 天 5250 4670

术后第 3 天 6560 3950

术后第 4 天 5270 4800

Page 16: Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical Patient

结果:

抢救 3天,死亡!!

Page 17: Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical Patient

每天生理需要量

5%氯化钠溶液 500ml

5-10%葡萄糖溶液 1500-2000ml

10%氯化钾溶液 30ml

Page 18: Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical Patient

第二节 体液代谢的失调

容量:等渗性体液的减少或增多

浓度:水分增加或减少,渗透压改变

成分:钠以外的其他离子改变

先细胞外液,再细胞内液

Page 19: Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical Patient

.壹 水和钠的代谢紊乱

(一) Isotonic dehydration

( 二 ) hypotonic dehydration

( 三 ) hypertonic dehydration

Page 20: Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical Patient

Isotonic dehydration

病因:消化液急性丧失、体液丧失在软组织或感染区

临床表现:一般症状;血容量不足症状(口渴不显)

诊断:病史,临床表现 Hb 尿比重 血气分析

治疗:病因治疗

补含钠的等渗液

见尿补钾( 40ml/h )

Page 21: Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical Patient

Hypotonic dehydration 继发性或慢性

Na + 〈 135mmol/L

病因: 1. 2. 3. 4.

临床表现:一般症状;血容量不足症状;神经症状

诊断:病史,临床表现 尿比重 (1.010) Hb 血气分 析 Na + 〈 135mmol/L

治疗:病因治疗

补含钠的高渗液、纠酸

见尿补钾( 40ml/h )

Page 22: Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical Patient

Hypertonic dehydration 原发性

Na + 〉 150mmol/L

病因: 1. 2.

临床表现:口渴;一般症状;血容量不足症状、精神症状

诊断:病史,临床表现 Hb 尿比重 血气分析

Na + 〉 150mmol/L

治疗:病因治疗

补含钠的低渗液或补水

见尿补钾( 40ml/h )

Page 23: Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical Patient

所有治疗切记:•公式作参考•补丧失量的一半观察,复查实验室检查最重要•补生理需要量,•注意治疗过程中的继续丧失•见尿补钾•血容量不足时可先补胶体•纠正酸中毒

Page 24: Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical Patient

水中毒:自学

Page 25: Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical Patient

二 . 体内钾的异常

2% 细胞外液 重要! 3.5-5.5mmol/L

Hypokalemia

Hyperkalemia

3K

2Na ,1H

Page 26: Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical Patient

Hypokalemia

• 原因 : 进少出多 , 移入胞内• 临床表现 : 肌肉兴奋性 , 伴随缺水缺钠

时的症状被掩盖 , 碱中度的症状• 治疗 : 逐步补充 !

Page 27: Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical Patient

Hyperkalemia

• 原因 : 进多出少 , 移出胞内• 临床表现 : 肌肉兴奋性 ,

• 治疗 :1. 停用 2. 移入细胞 3. 对抗心率失常

Page 28: Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical Patient

体内钙镁磷的异常

• 自学为主• 要考试

Page 29: Fluid and Electrolyte Management of the Surgical Patient

第三节 酸碱平衡的失调

• 代谢性酸中毒• 代谢性碱中毒• 呼吸性酸中毒• 呼吸性碱中毒