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04/11/2014
1
Flute acoustics
Jens Holger Rindel
Multiconsult
2014-10-24
Norwegian Acoustical Society,
Autumn Meeting 2014, Gardermoen
Outline
• Origins of flutes
• Acoustic principles
• Flutes with closed tube
• Vessel (cavity) flutes
• Overtone flutes
• Vertical flutes
• Fipple flutes (recorders)
• Transverse flutes
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The Jiahu gǔdí (贾湖骨笛) is the oldest known musical
instrument from China, dating back to around 6000 BC.
Gudi literally means "bone flute".
Sound generation
Air stream against a sharp edge, Coltman, 1968
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Acoustical principles of flutes
• Cavity flutes
• Closed tube
• Open tube
Open and closed tubesLowest resonances (harmonics)
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Open and closed tubesLowest resonances (harmonics)
Open – relative frequencies:
2 – 4 – 6 – 8 – 10 - 12
Closed – relative frequencies:
1 – 3 – 5 – 7 – 9 - 11
Selje-fløyten(Norwegian willow flute, combining open and closed harmonics)
Chr. Skredsvig 1889
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Tone holes
1: Marno flute (Denmark) for demonstrating principles
1
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Flutes with closed tube
2: Pan flute, 3: Wiking pan flute (York, ca. 1000 AD), 4: Swanee flute
2
3
4
5
Organ pipe, closed type
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Vessel (cavity) flutes
6: Ancient (China), 7: Boatman’s whistle, 8: Nightingale whistle (Turkey)
9: Medieval (Wismar, Germany) 10: Modern clay flute (Austria) 11: Gemshorn (Germany)
6
7
8
9
1011
Overtone flutes
12: Willow flute (Selje fløyte, Norway) 13: Txistu (Basque)
12
13
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Overtone flute
14: Fujara (Slovakia)
14
15
16
17
Vertical flutes
15: Bamboo flute (Africa) 16: Shakuhachi (Japan)
17: Tung Xiao (China)
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18
Fipple flute
18: Folk music instrument (Slovakia) - Front and back
19
Fipple flute
19: Penny whistle (Ireland)
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Recorders (Baroque style)
20: Alto 21: Soprano 22: Sopranino
20
21
22
23
24
Transverse flutes (cylindrical bore)
23: Bamboo flute (Japan) 24; Military Fife (USA)
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Transverse flute
25: Dizi (China) – with resonating membrane of rice paper
26
27
28
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Transverse flutes (wood, conical bore)
26: Baroque traverso 27: six keys flute 28: nine keys flute 29: Boehm ring key flute (1832)
30: Modern piccolo
30
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Modern transverse flutes (silver, cylindrical bore)
31: Normal flute 32: Alto flute (G-flute)
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32