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I N T E R N A T I O N A L

Your Global Source

FILTRATIONNEWS May/June 2013Volume 32 No. 3www.filtnews.comRosedale Products Versatile Basket Filters

IDEA13 - Media Makers Congregate

Using Algae for Filtration Needs

Releasing Additives from Filters

IDEA13 - Media Makers Congregate

Using Algae for Filtration Needs

Releasing Additives from Filters

Rosedale Products Versatile Basket Filters

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For more information visit us atwww.ahlstrom.com

Email: [email protected]

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2 June 2013 www.filtnews.com

Published byINTERNATIONAL

MEDIA GROUP, INC.6000 Fairview Road, Suite 1200

Charlotte, NC 28210 USAPhone: +1-704-552-3708Email: [email protected]

Internet: www.filtnews.com

Carol and Arthur Brown, FoundersKlaas DeWaal, Publisher and CEO

Antoinette DeWaal, Associate Publisherand Vice President

Editorial DepartmentKen Norberg, Editor in Chief, [email protected]

Adrian Wilson, Intl. CorrespondentChen Nan Yang, China CorrespondentEditorial Advisory Board, See page 4

Administration DepartmentBarbara Ragsdale, [email protected]

Circulation DepartmentCherri Jonte, [email protected]

Advertising Sales RepresentativesUSA:

Joan Oakley, [email protected] Klupacs, [email protected]

Europe:Martina Kohler, [email protected]

Frank Stoll, [email protected] Holland, [email protected]

China:Zhang Xiaohua, [email protected]

Publication DataFiltration News (ISSN:1078-4136) is publishedbi-monthly by International Media Group, Inc.Printed in U.S.A., Copyright 2013.This publication has a requested and controlledsubscription circulation - controlled by the staff ofFiltration News; mailed bi-monthly as PeriodicalsPostage Paid (USPS 025-412) in Novi MI andadditional mailing offices.Filtration News is not responsible for statementspublished in this magazine. Advertisers, agenciesand contributing writers assume liability for allcontent of all submitted material printed and

assume responsibility for any claims arisingthere-from made against publisher.

Mailing Address for advertising,news releases and address changes:International Filtration News

International Media Group, Inc.6000 Fairview Road, Suite 1200

Charlotte, NC 28210 USAPhone: +1-704-552-3708Email: [email protected]

Internet: www.filtnews.com

POSTMASTER:Send address changes to:International Filtration NewsInternational Media Group, Inc.

6000 Fairview Road, Suite 1200Charlotte, NC 28210 USA

IN THIS ISSUEMay/June 2013, Vol. 32, No. 3

Cover Story | Rosedale Products, Inc.

Versatile Basket Filters 6

Report | IDEA13

Bright IDEA for Media Makers 10

Natural Filtration | Algae

The Future of Fuel? 18

Filter | Additives

Extending Diesel Engine Oil Changes Using a Controlled Release

Additive System Integrated in the Oil Filter 26

Air | Filtration

The Evolution of Air Filtration Test Methods Employed in

QA/QC Programs 30

Specialized Filtration Required for Preservation Environments 34

Specialty Fibers | Filtration

Conductive and Heat-Resistant Fibers for Performance Markets 38

Solids | Recovery

Tips on Recovering Solids in Liquid Filtration 44

Industry | Events

Record Number of Exhibitor Registrations for FILTECH 2013 46

AFS Returned to Minneapolis in 2013 48

Purolator Advanced Filtration Awarded AFS New Product of the Year 49

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!#"!%$#*"#$#$$"#Cover courtesy ofRosedale Products, Inc.

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Editorial Advisory Board

Editorial Board ChairmanEdward C. Gregor,

Chairman

E.C. Gregor & Assoc. LLCTel: 1 704 442 1940

Fax: 1 704 442 1778

[email protected]

M&A, Filtration Media

Haluk Alper, President

MyCelx Technologies Corp.

Tel: 1 770 534 3118

Fax: 1 770 534 3117

[email protected]

Oil Removal Water and Air

Jim Joseph

Joseph Marketing

Tel/Fax: 1 757 565 1549

[email protected]

Coolant Filtration

Robert W. Mcilvaine

Tel: 1 847 272 0010

Fax: 1 847 272 9673

mcilvaine@

mcilvainecompany.com

www.mcilvainecompany.com

Mkt. Research & Tech. Analysis

Dr. Graham Rideal

Whitehouse Scientific Ltd.

Tel: +44 1244 33 26 26

Fax: +44 1244 33 50 98

rideal@

whitehousescientific.com

Filter and Media Validation

Tony Shucosky

Pall Microelectronics

Tel: 1 410 252 0800

Fax: 1 410 252 6027

[email protected]

Cartridges, Filter Media,

Membranes

Scott P. Yaeger

Filtration and Separation

Technology LLC

Tel/Fax: 1 219 324 3786

Mobile: 1 805 377 5082

[email protected]

Membranes, New Techn.

Mark Vanover

Bayer MaterialScience LLC

Key Account Manager

Tel: 1 314 591 1792

Email:

[email protected]

Polyurethane Systems

Dr. Bob Baumann

Advisory Board

Member Emeritus

Andy Rosol

Global Filtration Products Mgr.

FLSmidth Minerals

[email protected]

Tel: 1 800 826 6461/1 801 526 2005

Precoat/Bodyfeed Filter Aids

Clint Scoble

Filter Media Services, LLC

Office: 1 513 528 0172

Fax: 1 513 624 6993

[email protected]

Fabric Filters , Filter Media,

Baghouse Maintenance

Gregg Poppe

The Dow Chemical Company

Tel: 1 952 897 4317

Fax: 1 942 835 4996

[email protected]

Industrial Water, Power,

and Membrane Technology

Henry Nowicki, Ph.D. MBA

Tel: 1 724 457 6576

Fax: 1 724 457 1214

[email protected]

www.pacslabs.com

Activated Carbons Testing,

R&D, Consulting, Training

Brandon Ost, CEO

Filtration Group

High Purity Prod. Div.

Tel: 1 630 723 2900

[email protected]

Air Filters, Pharmaceutical

and Micro-Electronic

Dr. Ernest Mayer

E. Mayer Filtration

Consulting, LLC

Tel: 1 302 981 8060

Fax: 1 302 368 0021

[email protected]

Wu Chen

The Dow Chemical Company

Tel: 1 979 238 9943

[email protected]

Process Filtration (liquid/gas)

Equipment and Media

Peter R. Johnston, PE

Tel/Fax: 1 919 942 9092

[email protected]

Test procedures

Peter S. Cartwright, PE

Cartwright Consulting Co.

Tel: 1 952 854 4911

Fax: 1 952 854 6964

[email protected]

Membranes, RO,

Ultrafiltration

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Cover Story | Rosedale Products, Inc.

n many applications, stainless steelbaskets are a good alternative to re-place filter bags and other media.

Fruit juice pulp straining, coarse filtra-tion in meat packaging plants, water in-take strainers, and spray nozzleprotection, have all been ideal basketfilter applications. Filter baskets mayseem old fashioned, but there are manydesign innovations to consider. Ulti-

mately, basket selection varies greatly,depending on the application. Considerthe following options:

WIRE MESH BASKETSWire clothed lined baskets are the

tried and true strainer that all of usknow. They use wire cloth as the filtermedium and can be physically from thesize of a coffee cup to the size of a 55-gallon drum.

The wire cloth has a mesh count or

mesh size, which is the number ofwires running horizontally and verti-

cally per square inch. For example, a10-mesh screen means it has 10 wiresper square inch as noted. The resultingopening is the micron rating.

Traditionally, basket strainers haveused square weave wire cloth as the fil-ter media for coarse filtration down to50u or openings of about 0.002 inches,and twilled weaves are for finer mesh

to 5 microns ( 0.0002). As a rule, wiremesh is manually cleanable in weavescoarser than 75u (200 mesh or0.0003) and the finer grades requirechemical or ultrasonic cleaning.

NEW HIGH GRADE SINTERED MESHThese baskets have multiple layers of

stainless steel wire-woven cloth, diffusion

bonded together for increased strength,corrosion resistance, and long life.

One-piece construction for ease inhandling, no need for a perforatedbasket for support, no need for a bagfor filtration, the basket becomes thefilter media.

FEATURES All 316 stainless steel construction 10-150 micron ratings TIG welded construction for long life

WEDGE WIRE STRAINER BASKETSWedge wire (WW) or slotted, is very

durable back washable media. They are

strictly limited to .001 slot or 25 mi-cron as the lowest retention rating.

Versatile Basket FiltersBy Dan Morosky, Rosedale Products, Inc.

I

Rosedale Products line of stainless steel baskets

Wire mesh basket

Five layers of stainless steel wire-

woven cloth

Wedge wire media

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Wedge wire is particularly suited forcritical low maintenance applications.As a result of their construction, theyare used in many instances where man-ual cleaning is necessary but mightdamage other types of media.

SORBENT MEDIA CONTAINMENTA combination carbon adsorptionand downstream filtering unit can beordered. Available in the larger single-basket and all multi-basket vessels, itpositions the carbon-holding basket in-side a larger filter bag-holding basket.A variety of filter bag media is offered.

RS Style ForRecirculating SystemsFlow enters from the

top, into a perforatedcylinder around which ispacked activated carbon.Flow moves radiallythrough the carbon andexits through the sidewall, which is perforatedand lined with 100-meshscreen.

SP Style For Single-Pass

(1-Time) ProcessingFlow enters from the top

through a perforated coverand into the activated carbonbed. Flow moves downthrough the carbon and exitsthrough the bottom plate,which is perforated and linedwith 100-mesh screen.

BAG TO STICK CONVERSIONTurn Bag Housings Into Cartridge

Filters. Basket holds cartridges inside abag housing!

Rosedales bagfilter converter canbe quickly con-

verted to a cartridgefilter. Simply put,there are applica-tions that call for abag filter and othersthat call for a car-tridge filter. Untilnow, it wasnt veryeasy to change be-tween the two.

If it becomes necessary to changefrom bags to cartridges install the

Rosedale ConverterBasket. Remove the original

basket Install the new

converter basket Load the cartridges Unique design

prevents clean sidecontamination byremoving basketfrom housing before

removing cartridgesfrom converter.

Users now have a cartridge filterable to utilize any standard cartridge.Baskets fit standard models 4-12, 8-15,and 8-30 housings. Construction mate-rials are either 304 stainless or 316stainless steel.

BAG TO LARGE DIAMETER CARTRIDGEExisting installations can easily

convert to a single housing by in-stalling the Rosedale adaptor basket.

This is accomplished by replacingthe perforated filter basket with theadaptor. The solid side basket accepts

the new cartridge and directs the flowthrough the unit.

CONE BASKETSCone baskets are valuable when a

large filtering area is needed in asmall space. They are available as abasket within a basket, or a bagwithin a basket.

Cone baskets are widely used for fil-tration of solid particles in pharmaceu-tical, chemical, and food industries.

INNER BASKETSModel 8 and any of the multi-basket

or multi-bag units can be fitted withs m a l l e r ,inner basketstrainers orbag filters,t h r o u g hwhich the in-coming fluidflows first,

giving two-stage clean-ing action.Inner bas-kets andbags are of-fered in the same construction materi-als and ratings as those of the primaryouter elements.

www.filtnews.com June 2013 7

Bag to stick con-

version basket

Inner basket strainers

or filters

Bag to large

For more information contact:Rosedale Products, Inc.

3730 W. Liberty Road

Ann Arbor, MI 48103

Tel: 800-821-5373 / 734-665-8201

Fax: 734-665-2214


Website: www.rosedaleproducts.com

FN

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Report | IDEA13

NDAS 2013 nonwovens show was aplatform for advanced filtration con-cepts across a range of industries.Filter manufacturer Donaldson,

headquartered in Minneapolis, Minn.,has recently published statistics onthe global filtration market which itestimates now has an annual value of$50 billion.

The market for engine protectionwithin this in which Donaldson has

a leading position is certainly con-siderable and worth an annual $8 bil-

lion. But it is eclipsed by that of waterfiltration, which is worth $10 billionin 2013, and likely to become veryconsiderable indeed in the comingyears. There are many nonwovenmedia developments currently under-way in this area.

Ahlstrom, for example has just en-tered into a collaboration agreementwith Dow Water & Process Solutions(DW&PS), a business unit of Dow

Chemical, to use Disruptor nanoalu-mina filtration technology in drinking

water applications.DW&PS will incorporate Disruptor

filter media into a new set of drinkingwater purification products, whichprovide excellent pathogen rejectionwhile operating at high flow and lowpressure.

One of the key goals in our productdevelopment is to create products thatpurify air and liquids in a sustainableway, said Fulvio Capussotti, executive

vice president at Ahlstrom AdvancedFiltration.

Bright IDEA for Media MakersBy Adrian Wilson, International Correspondent

I

Pictured receiving their Innovation Award for NanoWave filter media are Angelika Mayman and Eric Westgate of

Hollingsworth & Vose, from Dave Rousse, INDA President, (left) and Rod Zilenziger of Nonwovens Industry (right).

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Xinxiang Tiancheng Aviation

Purification Equipments Co. Ltd.

Our company specializes in designing & manufacturing and supplying many kinds of filters,

complete filtrating equipments and their elements with different materials according to your

drawings or new & old samples.

Xinxiang Tiancheng Aviation Purification Equipments Co. Ltd.

No. 1, Chuanye Road, Dvelopment Area, Xinxiang City 453003, Henan

P.R. China

Contact Person in China: Mr. Li Minghao

Tel: +86-13673735086 Fax: +86-373-3520026 Website: www.tchkjh.com

Email: [email protected] [email protected]

Contact Person in USA: Mr Liu Shengyuan

Tel: 4015881868 [email protected]

For airplane For special vehicle

For coal machinery

For fluid cleaning systemFor dustcollector

of cementindustry

For ultrafilter

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Ahlstrom Disruptor virtually re-moves all microorganisms that cancause sickness. Its combination of largepore size and very high electrical attrac-tion potential enable the efficient re-moval of virus-sized particles at a highflow rate at very low pressure. It can beutilized in a number of drinking waterapplications, such as under-the-sink

purification, tap water filters and waterpitcher filters. It can also be used in

areas with no electricity, requires no useof chemicals and does not generatewastewater.

Global trends such as populationgrowth and urbanization put pressureon already strained water sources,added Snehal Desai, global business di-rector for DW&PS. We see a real needfor new innovations to expand access

to clean, safe drinking water in an easy,effective and sustainable way. Our col-

laboration with Ahlstrom extends ourproduct offering to people who need ef-fective water treatment but may nothave access to pumps or electricity.

AUTOMOTIVE POTENTIALSeparately, the automotive air filtra-

tion market is worth around a further$3 billion according to Donaldson. At

this years IDEA nonwovens show inMiami in April, Dave Rousse, president

Report | IDEA13

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of INDA the Association of the Non-woven Fabrics industry based in Cary,North Carolina, which organizes theIDEA shows had some interesting ob-servations to make about the growingpotential for engineered fabrics in filtermedia for the automotive field.

In the U.S., double-digit sales during2012 were reported by Chrysler, Gen-

eral Motors and Ford, coupled witheven stronger North American growth

by Toyota and Honda. This follows aresurgence in the USA in 2011, withgrowth of 11.5% achieved in the pro-duction of over 8.6 million vehicles, ac-cording to OICA OrganisationInternationale des Constructeurs dAu-tomobiles the international organiza-tion of motor vehicles. In 2012, theU.S. produced 10.3 million cars and

light vehicles, having previouslyreached a record in 2007 of 15 million

such vehicles produced.The automotive sector is one of the

positive drivers of the North Americaneconomy right now, along with hous-ing, said Rousse. Both sectors wereseverely impacted by the downturn, sotheir year-on-year improvements aresteeper than other sectors of the econ-omy, which are more tepid. We are also

seeing a significant new interest inmanufacturing overall in the U.S. due


Cyphrex (large photo) successfully combines polyester and cellulose microfibers.

The Eastman Cyphrex team in Miami (above, left to right), Eastmans CTO Greg Nelson, Technology

Director Mark Clark and Vice President of Innovation, Marketing and Sales Tim Dell.

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Report | IDEA13

to the dramatic impact of low energycosts. The fracking of North Americanshale to get both oil and natural gas hasbeen a game changer. Energy costs inNorth America now are about half ofEurope, so even with labor costs at par-ity, manufacturing here is going to beon the increase for years. And ourmembers will benefit.

He added that another significant

development was the World HealthOrganization declaring diesel fumescarcinogenic to human health in Junelast year.

This is something all of the regula-tory bodies worldwide will have toreact to, sooner, rather than later, saidMr. Rousse. Its a colossal opportunityfor nonwoven filter media suppliers asfar as we can see, because if high per-formance is mandated, then the highprice for products will be there too.

CAPTIMAX WITH CYPHREXAn interesting new product in this

area is Ahlstroms Captimax media forfuel filters in passenger and commer-cial heavy-duty vehicles and off-roadmachinery.

Also being evaluated for use in otherapplications such as hydraulic and fuelwater separation, Captimax is based onEastmans new Cyphrex polyester andcellulose microfibers.

Eastman Cyphrex microfibers pro-vide the potential for a unique, game-

changing fiber tool kit, said EastmanCyphrex Technology Director MarkClark. They offer tunable propertiesin respect of the size, shape and mate-rial that provide wetlaid nonwovenproducers with competitive advan-tages that arent currently available.They have demonstrated nearly drop-in compatibility with existing wetlaidnonwoven processes and potential ini-

tial uses are in air, water or fuel filtra-tion, specialty papers and batteryseparators.

The first result from Ahlstrom is afilter media that allows manufacturersto obtain optimum micron efficiencyratings and dust holding capacitywithout making compromises.

Captimax provides a balance of ex-cellent small-particle retention and thepotential for longer product life. Themedia also lets fuel filtration system

suppliers maintain existing capacitylevels but reduce the product size. Inaddition, it can allow for increased ef-ficiency with better options to filterfine particles to protect fuel injectorsin vehicles and machines.

Captimax media offers both highefficiency and high capacity, saidGary Blevins, vice president of mar-keting and commercial for AhlstromsTransportation Filtration business.Were giving our customers the abil-

ity to make filters to the specificationsthey need, allowing them to develop

products outside the standard con-straints of the media.

CHINA GROWTHFreudenberg is another key player

in the nonwoven filter media marketand has just announced a new $5.8million production site in Chengdu,Sichuan Province, China, in responseto the growing demand for automotive

filters in that region, with its partnerJapan Vilene.

Together we will deliver state-of-the-art filtration technology to thegrowing automotive industry inChengdu with companies like Volkswa-gen and Geely Volvo, said Dr. JrgSievert, member of the managementboard of Freudenberg Filtration Tech-nologies, which already has plants inChangchun and Suzhou and firststarted production in China in 1998.

Sixty employees will work at thenew site which will produce bothengine air intake filters and micron-Air cabin air filters by the end of2013. By establishing the new pro-duction site in Xindu, Freudenberg isscaling up domestic production ca-pacity substantially.

Major car manufacturers includingFirst Automotive Works Volkswagenand Geely Volvo have sited their man-ufacturing plants in the Chengdu area

and vehicle production in the region isexpected to increase substantially, from

The structure of H&Vs award-winning NanoWave greatly enhances dust-holding capacity.

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TUpdate or list your company in our 2013 Buyers Guide.

Deadline is May 31.


Website: www.filtnews.com/buyersguideFN.html16 June 2013 www.filtnews.com

Report | IDEA131.8 million units in 2011 to 3 millionunits in 2015.

NANOWAVE RECOGNITION

In the field of HVAC a global mar-ket Donaldson estimates is now worthan annual $5 billion Hollingsworth &Vose received INDAs Innovation Awardin the Roll-Goods category for itsNanoWave filter media at IDEA.

NanoWave is an extended surfacearea, multi-layer filtration media forHVAC applications. Using nano andcoarse fiber layers, it is said to deliver2.4 times the surface area of normalflat sheet media. The waved nanofiber

layer allows for maximum mechani-cal efficiency with very low resist-ance, while more than doublingdust-holding capacity compared tostandard synthetic media. Describedas a green product, NanoWave iscomposed of a single polymer andcan be incinerated to regain energy.

NanoWave pocket filters achieve thehighest filtration performance anddeliver superior air quality. Otheruses for NanoWave include residen-

tial filtration, liquid filtration and gasturbine intake air filtration.

We are especially pleased to receivethe IDEA13 Achievement Award becausethe industry selected NanoWave after aperiod of online voting, said MikeClark, H&Vs HESF division president.H&V was founded on a patent and weare honored to be recognized by ourpeers for our most recent innovation.

SAWASCREEN

Another Innovation Award winnerwas Germanys Sandler, for its BioTextile biowipes substrate. Specifi-cally for the filtration market, Sandlerprovides media for classes G3 to E11,with synthetic sawascreen pocket fil-ter media comprising fibers of lessthan 1m to achieve high efficiencies

INDAs outgoing President Rory

Holmes received a Lifetime Achieve-

ment Award from the organization

during the show.

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and high dust holding capacity.The fine fibers create a large filtra-

tion surface, boosting mechanical effi-ciency that does not decrease, evenafter discharge.

The progressively structured filtermedia feature a low average pressure

drop, reducing energy consumptionduring operation of the filtration plant.

For small installation spaces,pleatable Sandler sawascreen pleat fil-ter media feature a uniform, length-wise oriented fiber structure for highmechanical stability and they can beeasily manufactured with all commonpleating processes. The stability ofthe pleats is unaffected by pressure orother mechanical influences, as wellas moisture.

RECORD BREAKERIDEA13 was held April 22-25,

2013, in Miami Beach, Florida, U.S.,featuring 483 exhibiting companiesand drawing close to 7,000 attendeesfrom 72 countries.

IDEA13 was a record-breaking

event and one of the most successfulIDEA shows ever, said DaveRousse. The continued strong par-ticipation of international exhibitorsand attendees is proof of the showsimportance within the internationalnonwovens/engineered fabrics com-

munity.In addition to attendees and ex-

hibitors on the show floor, manymore were doing business at nearbyhotels and at over 50 on-site meetingrooms utilized by the leading compa-nies for their business discussions.The well-attended conference ses-sions focused on regional global mar-kets, trends and forecasts with aninsightful look into the engineeredfabrics markets in North America,

South America, Europe, Asia-Pacific,China and India.

The IDEA Achievement Awardswere presented to the best new prod-ucts during the last three years, inthe following five categories: Equip-ment, Raw Materials, Roll Goods,Short-Life End Product and Long-

Life End Product.

The five winners were:

Machinery/Equipment: ITWDynatec Surge adhesive applicator

Raw Materials: Sandler AG Bio

Textile Bio-wipes Substrate Roll Goods: Hollingsworth & Vose

NanoWave filtration media Converted Product: ITW Dymon

Raptor Safe-T Wipe (substanceactivated fast evaluation technology)

Long-Life Converted Product: HunterDouglas DuoTone Honeycombwindow shade

In addition, the IDEA13 Entrepre-neur Achievement Award was pre-

sented to Suominen Nonwovens andthe Lifetime Achievement Award waspresented to Rory Holmes, past Presi-dent of INDA.

INDA will stage its Filtration Inter-national Conference and Exposition atNavy Pier in Chicago from November12-14, 2013.


FN

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ndustrially cultivated algae may oneday prove the most suitable replace-ment for oil. In the nearer-term, a

natural filtration system developed forthis burgeoning industry could be

equally useful in purifying the waterused in todays growing oil and gas

fracking sectorMuch of the worlds petroleum is ac-

tually made up of algae that have de-composed over hundreds of millions ofyears. But extracting and burning that

oil as fuel today releases carbon dioxideabsorbed long ago into the atmosphere.

This carbon positive effect is a keycontributor to global warming.

By contrast, industrially-cultivatedalgae is capable of absorbing CO2from the atmosphere, or in more con-

centrated form, directly from CO2sources such as power plants, factories

The Future of Fuel?By Adrian Wilson, International Correspondent

I

Algae are a diverse group of organisms considered simple plants since they photosynthesize, and they use carbon dioxide and wate

off oxygen that fish can use to breathe.

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and refineries. This is because the burning of freshly pro-duced algae oil releases only what it absorbed in the firstplace. The result is a balanced carbon neutral impact.

In the right environment, fresh algae cells grow and di-vide exponentially, doubling every few hours, while ab-

sorbing all available nutrients, CO2 and light energy.Instead of waiting hundreds of millions of years for algae

ith sunlight for energy and growth. Like plants, they also give

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to become oil, industrial processes cantransform algae into oil in a matter ofdays, its now believed. And only by in-dustrializing the manufacture of suchnew oil can the current and future de-

mands of global industrialization bemet, according to proponents of theburgeoning algae technology.

Biofuels derived from crops such ascorn, sugarcane, rapeseed and palm,by contrast, require vast amounts ofresources in terms of water and land,and also a great deal of energy fortheir conversion.

NASA OMEGA PROJECTThe closed life support systems used

on the International Space Station thatoptimize the use of resources and min-

imize waste were what first got NASAscientists interested in the potential ofalgae as a fuel.

The resulting Offshore MembraneEnclosures for Growing Algae

(OMEGA) system has subsequentlybeen developed to grow algae, cleanwastewater, capture carbon dioxide andultimately produce biofuel withoutcompeting with agriculture for water,fertilizer or land.

The system consists of large flexiblephoto bioreactor containing fast-grow-ing freshwater algae growing in waste-water and floating on seawater.

The algae draws on energy from thesun, carbon dioxide and nutrients from

the wastewater to produce biomass thatcan be converted into biofuels as well

as other useful products such as fertil-izer and animal food. The algae cleanthe wastewater by removing nutrientsthat otherwise would contribute to ma-rine dead zone formation.

NASAs project goals were to investi-gate the technical feasibility of a uniquefloating algae cultivation system andprepare the way for commercial appli-cations. Research by scientists and en-gineers has demonstrated that OMEGAis an effective way to grow microalgaeand treat wastewater on a small scale.The system is initially being investi-gated as an alternative way to produceaviation fuels, with the implication ofreplacing fossil fuels in the longer term.

NASA first installed a small-scaleOMEGA system at the California Fish

OriginOils Single Step Extraction technology for the algae industry.

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and Game laboratory in Santa Cruz,California, and then scaled up to a 450-gallon system at the Southeast Waste-water Treatment facility in SanFrancisco. Potential commercial appli-cations are now being explored withvarious companies.

Weve addressed some of the moredaunting technological problems forimplementing OMEGA, said projectscientist Jonathan Trent. Now thehope is that other organizations and in-dustries will realize the potential of theOMEGA technology for wastewatertreatment and ultimately to producesustainable biofuels, he said.

CHALLENGESThere are three primary challenges

to cost-effective algae production, ac-cording to technology developer Orig-inOil, based in Los Angeles:

Algae grow suspended in large vol-umes of water and using conventional

methods, a mature culture must beconcentrated before oil can be ex-tracted from each cell. This de-watering

stage is energy-intensive, and typicallyrequires chemical additives and expen-sive capital equipment.

Algae are protected by a tough cellwall, which has to be cracked an en-

ergy-intensive process to extract theoil. The challenge is to maximize oilyield by cracking as many of the algae

cells as possible with the smallestamount of energy.

The production is energy-inten-sive. In order to achieve economic via-bility, it is critical that energy is

The benefits of the Single Step Extraction algae dewatering process.

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recovered in every possible way. In ad-dition to oil and biomass, algae producevaluable gases, including hydrogen.

These must be harvested to achieve thebest possible energy balance.

OriginOils suite of patent-pendingtechnologies and process innovationsintends to address these specific obsta-cles. The companys Single Step Extrac-

tion process is chemical-free,low-energy, high-flow and low-cost anddoes more than dewater it can rup-ture tough algae cell walls (via aprocess called lysing) to free up theoils and other valuable cellular compo-nents that downstream processes canseparate out.

The process exploits the high sen-sitivity of algae to electromagneticwaves and generates precisely tunedwave patterns that cause the algae to

come out of solution and to rupture.After pre-conditioning with natu-

ral metabolites, the algae travelthrough long, specially designedtubes as they gradually come out ofsolution and leave a highly concen-trated algae form that can beprocessed. In comparison, the com-pany points out that membrane filtra-tion technology is capital-intensive

The principle of NASAs OMEGA algae cultivation system.

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and maintenance costs can also behigh. Centrifuges are also very expen-sive when used to dewater completely

diluted algae. Chemical treatmentshave to be replenished and effluentwater must be treated before it can bereused, while mechanical systems arealso both energy and cost-intensive.

CLEAN-FRACHaving looked to the future, how-

ever, OriginOil has realized there is amuch more immediate opportunityfor its Single Step Extraction technol-ogy the removal of the carbon con-

taminants in the dirty frac flowbackwater produced by the oil and gas

mining industries.Hydraulic fracturing fracking

involves the high-pressure pumping

of a mixture of water, sand andchemicals into underground gas-bearing beds of shale rock. The ef-fect is to shatter the shale and allowthe gas to escape, and in the U.S. thetechnology has undergone a dra-matic expansion, which has alreadyled to a substantial fall in gas prices.

Under extreme high hydraulicpressure, frac fluids (such as distil-late, diesel fuel, crude oil, dilute hy-drochloric acid, water, or kerosene)

are pumped down through produc-tion tubing or drill pipes and forced

out again.The pressure causes cracks to

open in the formation and the fluid

penetrates the formation through thecracks. Sand grains, aluminum pel-lets, walnut shells, or similar materi-als propping agents are carried insuspension by the fluid into thecracks. When the pressure is releasedat the surface, the frac fluid returnsto the well but leaves behind thesepropping agents to keep the forma-tion cracks open. The fluid used forpenetration of the frac must be cleanand cannot contain sand or other or-

ganics that may be harmful for eitherthe process or the environment. The


Organizations like Greenpeace oppose fracking, believing it diverts from real solutions such as energy efficiency and re-

newables and that the full effects on the environment and health have not been fully investigated or addressed. Many con-

cerns have also been raised about its potential to contaminate water supplies. Illustration courtesy of The Checks and

Balances Project, a U.S. government and industry watchdog group.

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used frac fluids also subsequentlyhave to be cleaned.

WATER CONSUMPTIONWater is by far the largest compo-

nent of fracking fluids. It has been esti-mated that an initial drilling operation

itself may consume from 6,000 to600,00 gallons of fracking fluids, butover its lifetime an average well may re-quire up to an additional five milliongallons of water for full operation.

It has been further estimated thatthe amount of water needed to drill andfracture a horizontal shale gas well gen-erally ranges from between two andfour million gallons, depending on thebasin and formation characteristics.

The extraction of so much water for

fracking has raised concerns about theecological impacts to aquatic resources,as well as the potential dewatering ofdrinking water aquifers. In addition,the transportation of a million gallonsof water, whether fresh or waste water,requires hundreds of truck trips, in-

creasing the greenhouse gas footprintof oil and gas and contributing to airpollution.

CHEMICAL-FREE POTENTIALThis is where OriginOil is sensing

huge potential. Its Clean-Frac system,

adapted from its Single Step Extrac-tion technology for the algae industry,is a chemical free, continuous processthat employs low-energy technologiesto decontaminate produced or fracflowback water. It removes oils, sus-pended solids, insoluble organics andbacteria as the first stage of anymulti-stage water treatment systemdesigned for recycling or purifying todrinking water.

The companys Clean-Frac Model

60K is designed to process producedor frac flowback water at a continu-ous flow rate of one barrel per minuteor 60,000 gallons a day in continuousoperation. It can be designed to bemounted in a container, on a traileror as a fixed configuration.

The U.S. will overtake Saudi Ara-bia to become the worlds biggest oilproducer before 2020, and could beenergy independent by 2030, saysOriginOil President and CEO RiggsEckelberry. And with that, our coun-trys CO2 emissions have fallen dra-

matically, to a 20-year low. All this isbeing driven by the fracking revolu-tion. Were excited by the estimatedindustry numbers that show that treat-ing water for reuse typically costs 21to 26 cents per gallon, while even thecheap option of trucking the wateroffsite costs 11 cents per gallon ormore. By combining our high-speedprocess with other innovations, we be-lieve producers could see the cost oftreatment go down to just seven cents

per gallon. Cheaper than trucking isquite an exciting possibility.

Testing has already proved thatOriginOils system reduces total or-ganics as measured by Chemical Oxy-gen Demand (COD) by over 98% in amatter of minutes, and is ongoing. FN

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n most large heavy-duty long haulfleets, oil analysis has been used formany years to determine the opti-

mum oil change interval and also in-dentify potential engine maintenance or

wear issues. With their steady dutycycle, the factor in long haul trucks thattypically defines the oil change intervalis an increase in the acidity level of theoil, measured by both TAN (Total AcidNumber) and TBN (Total Base Number;this is reserve alkalinity to neutralizeacids) and also increase in oil oxidation.By re-additizing the oil at a very con-trolled release rate, utilizing both over-based detergents and antioxidants, it ispossible to neutralize the acid produc-

tion and reduce oxidation, significantlyextending the oil change interval.

The cause of oil degradation is de-pendent upon a number of factors, in-cluding engine design, lubricant quality,and severity of duty cycle and fuel sulfurlevels. The design of the diesel engine

has undergone significant changes overthe past couple of decades in order tomeet ever-increasing emissions regula-tions. Particularly in 2007, some of thecombustion strategies have used highamounts of EGR to control NOx emis-sions. This had increased soot, oxida-tion, and acid levels in the oil. The CJ-4oil category was tied to these engine de-sign changes in order to help reducesome of the effects. More recently withthe 2010 emissions requirements, SCR

(Selective Catalytic Reduction) exhaustafter-treatment, which utilized an am-

monia based catalyst agent, is beingused to control NOx along with lowerpercentages of EGR.

The EGRs resulting impact on the oilcan have various detrimental effects on

the engine. Specifically, the increased lev-els of soot in the oil will both increase theviscosity of the oil and can cause in-creased engine wear, especially at bound-ary lubrication areas such as the valvetrain. The soot may also agglomerate andcause premature filter plugging. Secondly,higher lubricant sump temperatures canincrease the rate of oxidation, creatingweak acids, carbon deposits and sludgethat can lead to bearing corrosion. Addi-tionally, the acidic blow-by gases increase

the acidity of the oil and can cause corro-sion of engine components such as cylin-

Filter | Additives

Extending Diesel Engine Oil Changes

Using a Controlled Release AdditiveSystem Integrated in the Oil FilterBy Gary Bilski, Chief Engineer, FRAM Filtration, Perrysburg, Ohio

Figure 1 - Additive Filter Design

I

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der liners, bearings, and piston rings.There are several engine dynamometertests that oil formulators use to evaluatethe lubricants for these conditions. TheMack T11, Cummins ISM, and Mack T12are the most common tests used.

While the formulation of the CJ-4

Lubricant has addressed these effects,oil analysis did indicate that some en-gines with higher EGR levels still re-quired reduced oil change intervalsbased on the TAN, TBN, and Oxidationlevels. While simply increasing theoverbased detergent and antioxidantlevel in the blended oil would seem thesimplest solution, constraints exist dueto specified maximum initial ash levelscaused by the overbased detergents. Ad-ditionally, high initial levels of antioxi-

dants may not provide linear benefits.Therefore, a filter was developed thatwould slowly release these two criticaladditives in the oil at a controlled rateto achieve the optimum benefits.

CONTROLLED RELEASE RATE DESIGNThe first mode of attaining effective ad-

ditization was to use a concentrated blendof overbased detergents and antioxidantsin fluid form. A method was then requiredthat would both inject the additives into

the oil stream and precisely control the ex-tremely low additive injection rate. Twobasic fluid dynamic principals were usedto develop this system.

For the power source, BernoullisTheorem was utilized. Stagnation pres-sure created by oil flowing over an opentube creates pressure in the tube. This isthe same principal as seen in a pitot tube;however in a pitot tube the pressure isusually measured to calculate velocity, asapplied to measure speed in aircraft. This

pressure will now be used to producepower and create flow.

Through the use of a simplified ver-sion of Bernoullis equation, pressure inthe tube can be calculated knowing thevelocity and density of fluid flowingpast the tube:

Where:SP = Stagnation Pressurer = density of fluid

V = Velocity of Fluid

The second fluid principal is utilizedto control the release rate of additive.The dimensions of a small meteringtube, used to provide the desired flowrate of additive, can be derived usingDarcys formula:

Where:Q = rate of flow (additive release

rate desired)= Pressure differential across the

tube (Stagnation Pressure)

d = internal diameter of themetering tube

= absolute (dynamic) viscosityof the additive

L = Length of metering tube

FILTER DESIGN

Utilizing these basic fluid flowprincipals, a design was created inwhich a basket containing the addi-tive package was integrated into astandard lube filter. As shown in Fig-ure 1, the stagnation tube is located

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Filter | Additives

on the side of the basket pointing up-ward toward the inlet of oil flow. Theclearance between the basket OD andfilter body wall is determined, and byknowing the flow rate of oil throughthe filter, the velocity of the oil overthe stagnation tube can be calcu-lated. This can then be used to calcu-late the pressure created in the basket

using Bernoullis equation.Shown in Figure 1 is a long nar-

row metering tube with one endopen near the bottom of the basketand the other end protrudingthrough the basket wall and shieldedby a small molded cover. The pres-sure created in the basket by the stag-nation tube pushes the additivethrough the metering tube and out ofthe basket, back into the oil flow at

the desired additive flow rate. Thelength and ID of the tube are derived

using Darcys equation as discussedabove.

The engine oil flow rate is con-trolled by the rpm of the engine andthus is not constant. Therefore, thestagnation pressure will likewisechange, affecting the additive flowrate. Depending on the duty cycle ofthe vehicle, this range of engine con-

ditions can be averaged to determinethe necessary release rate over time.

Figure 2 - Oxidation Measurements during Mack T11 test Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7Figure 4 - ASTM D4739 TBN and D664 TAN measurementsduring Mack T-12 test

Figure 3 - Lead wear levels during Mack T-11 test

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LAB TEST VALIDATIONTo prove the effectiveness of the

controlled release of additives, bothlaboratory and field-testing wereconducted.

The laboratory testing involvedstandard engine dynamometer tests,

used to certify that oils meet enginemanufacturers and API requirements.The Mack T11 and T12 tests wereused, and measurements of oxida-tion, soot generation, TAN, TBN,bearing weight loss, and engine wearmetals were recorded. First, baselinetests using standard CJ-4 oil werecarried out. The same tests were thenrun utilizing the re-additization filterwith the identical CJ-4 oil. Figures 2 4 show the comparison between

baseline and re-additization tests foroxidation, lead wear rates, andTBN/TAN levels. In all cases the re-additized filter showed significantlevels of improvement.

FIELD TEST VALIDATIONTo validate the functionality of the

re-additization system during actualvehicle operating conditions, a com-mercial fleet of long haultractor/trailers using 2005 2006

Volvo D-12 engines was used. Ap-proximately half of the fleet usedstandard filters with either CI-4 orCJ-4 oil, while the other half of thefleet used additized filters. The vehi-cles with standard filters ran to an oildrain interval of 40,000 miles, com-pared to the vehicles with the addi-tized filters, which were run to50,000 miles. Figure 5 shows the re-sults of the TBN/TAN measurementsat various mileage intervals during

the runs for the CJ-4 oil. Figure 6and Figure 7 display the iron andlead contents in the oil for CJ-4 oil.

CONCLUSIONThe lab and field-testing demon-

strated that the oil drain intervals incertain duty cycle diesel enginescould be extended, with the use ofthis controlled release rate additivefilter design. In vehicles using the ad-ditized oil filter the TBN/TAB

crossover point (often used as refer-ence point for end of oil useful life)

shifted from 22,000 miles to about34,000 miles. Additionally, the wearlevels of iron and lead were lower invehicles using the additized filter, ascompared to those with the standardfilter, throughout the mileage range.

These filters are commercially

available and sold under the FRAMand Luberfiner Heavy Duty TRTFilter brands. They are currentlybeing successfully used on a largecommercial fleet.

REFERENCE SAE paper 2008-01-2644.


Read International Filtration Newsonline

at www.filtnews.com

FN

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Air | Filtration

he first time ETS was commis-

sioned to conduct a compre-hensive, in depth, Quality

Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC)program on air filtration media andbags was in the 1970s. A very largeelectric utility facility elected to employa reverse air baghouse using wovenfiberglass bags. The test program in-cluded measuring permeability andstrength. Ironically, filtration perform-ance was not included. While there ex-isted ASTM International (formerly

known as the American Society forTesting and Materials) test methods for

permeability and strength, no generally

accepted method had been publishedfor filtration performance testing at thattime and it would be decades beforeone evolved. The utility baghouse wasthe largest baghouse system built up tothat time and therefore there was agreat deal at stake for both the utilityand the baghouse vendor. Given thelarge number of bags involved and theamount of fabric required, the fabricwas produced and coated in separatebatches. The QA/QC program identi-

fied a bad coating batch in the middleof production. This batch was then re-

jected and replaced. The cost of the

QA/QC program was a only a few per-cent of the bag set cost, thus the bag-house vendor and the utility found thisprogram well worth including.

The tightening of the air emissioncodes and the focus on fine particleshave driven the need for inclusion offiltration performance testing as an es-sential part of any fabric filter QA/QCprogram. In the 1990s the USA EPA de-veloped a filtration test method basedon a test method developed in Ger-

many.1

Subsequently, ASTM and theInternational Organization for Stan-


The Evolution of Air Filtration Test

Methods Employed in QA/QC ProgramsBy Christina Clark, Jeff Smith, Terry Williamson and John McKenna, ETS, Inc.

ETS team reviewing bag specifications and QA/QC Plan.

T

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dardization (ISO) also published sim-ilar test methods. The internationalexpansion of fabric and bag suppliershas highlighted the need for testmethods which can determine thechemical content and purity of im-ported and domestic fabrics.

The value of a fabric and bag QA/QCprogram, bag installation oversight,and bag monitoring program increasesas the code requirements become morestringent. The intrinsic value of theQA/QC program is driven by the factthat the failure of even one bag cancause dust contamination of the cleanside of the baghouse. This in turn leadsto widespread premature bag failureand/or pressure drop increases. Recentnew fabric and bag QA/QC programs

have detected membrane failures, outof spec strength and permeability, fab-ric shrinkage concerns, bag puncturesand significant dimensional and con-struction issues.

TEST METHODS AND THEIR EVOLUTIONThe following contains a brief descrip-

tion of test methods currently employed.

Air PermeabilityThe air permeability test is used to

determine the amount of air that can

flow through a given cloth area. Perme-ability is defined in ASTM StandardD737 2 as the rate of air flow passingperpendicularly through a known areaof fabric which is adjusted to obtain aprescribed air pressure differential be-tween the two fabric surfaces.

Mullen BurstThe Mullen burst strength test, de-

scribed in ASTM Standard D37863, isdesigned to show the relative total

strength of fabrics to withstand severepulsing or pressure. Fabric strength isdetermined by measuring the pressurerequired to rupture the specimen frominflation of an expandable diaphragm.

Tensile StrengthThe tensile strength test provides

data on fabric strength and elongation.The ASTM Standard D50354 providesraveled strip (woven fabrics) and cutstrip test procedures (nonwoven andfelted fabrics) for determining the

breaking force and elongation of mosttextile fabrics.

M.I.T. Flex Endurance TestThe M.I.T. flex endurance test pri-

marily measures the relative value offabric to withstand self-abrasion fromflexing by measuring the number offlex cycles necessary to break a fabricsample. The test method is described inASTM Standard D21765, which is thestandard method for testing the folding

endurance of paper. The fabric samplesare tested in both the warp and fill di-rections.

The M.I.T. flex test has traditionallybeen used to help determine the rate ofdeterioration of woven fiberglass bags

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used in coal-fired utility boilers due tothe inherent abrasiveness of glassfibers. ETS has also found the M.I.T.flex test to be very useful in the evalu-ation of many felts and their ability towithstand flexing against a wire cageduring pulse cleaning cycles. For nearlyall filter bag fabric types, this test canbe a leading indicator that the fabric isnearing the end of its useful service life.

Filtration PerformanceThe filtration efficiency media ana-

lyzer (FEMA) test apparatus at ETS, de-veloped in Germany and currentlysupplied by Fil T Eq GmbH, measuresfilter media performance under definedconditions with regard to filtration ve-locity, particle size distribution andcleaning requirements, simulating ac-tual baghouse conditions.

ASTM InternationalIn 2002, ASTM International

adopted the EPAs Environmental Tech-nology Verification (ETV) baghouse fil-tration testing protocol6 as its standard(ASTM D6830-027), promoting stan-dardization and consistency in perform-ance evaluation of these technologies.

ISOIn 2011, the ISO, a worldwide vol-

untary standards organization, adopted

ISO 11057:2011.8

The main purpose ofthe ISO Method is to gain informationabout both the operational perform-ance and the particle emission of clean-able filter media.

Fourier Transform InfraredSpectroscopy (FTIR)

FTIR is a technique that uses in-frared light to observe properties of asolid, liquid, or gas. In infrared spec-troscopy, IR radiation is passed through

a sample. Some of the infrared radiationis absorbed by the sample and some of

it is passed through (transmitted). Theresulting spectrum represents the mo-lecular absorption and transmission,creating a molecular fingerprint of thesample. FTIR analysis results are gen-erally utilized for identification of ma-terials of construction (e.g., fiber type,thread type) of filter bags and /or eval-uation of contaminants.

Comprehensive Monitoring ProgramsLong-term monitoring programs

compliment QA/QC Programs. All ofthe strength and flow tests should bedone in conjunction with each otherperiodically in order to develop the lossof strength and flow trend lines overtime. The testing program can identifywhen the bags are approaching end oflife and higher risk of failure, but can-not predict the exact timing of the endof life of the bag set. Permeability meas-

urements of used bags can, by varyingthe amount of vacuuming, help to de-

Air | Filtration

ETS engineer utilizing the filtration performance test apparatus.

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termine if the bags are gradually blind-ing (losing permeability). Used bagtest values are compared with originalclean fabric test values to show rate andlevel of deterioration.

CONCLUSION

Today, the primary reasons for con-ducting fabric and bag QA/QC include:

1. Minimize baghouse andproduction downtime by insuringthat the specification is met andrelated bag failure precluded.

2. Protect the user in the event ofwarranty issues by providingbaseline data.

3. Provide an unbiased third partyassessment of fabric and bags.

Current results of QA/QC testinghave shown differences in the qualityof products from various fabric andbag suppliers. Issues have includedfiltration performance, permeabilityand strength. In some cases once ETS

has worked with a given supplier,their product has achieved a consis-tent high quality with few failed re-sults.

Going forward, as the emissioncodes increase and become morestringent, the role of QA/QC testing

will continue to increase in value. Ad-ditional test methods addressingadded speciation and condensationproducts will evolve. New innovationsin multi-component felted media9

may require additional test methoddevelopment as well. The cost of suchprograms will be additive, thus mak-ing the trade-off between reducingcost by reducing the sampling fre-quency vs. increasing the risk of miss-ing faulty product locations more

difficult. The challenge will be to keepthe cost of a QA/QC program under5% of the bag set costs.

REFERENCES

1. Trenholm, A.; Mycock, J.; McKenna, J.; Kosusko, M.

The Evolution of Improved Baghouse Filter Media as Ob-

served in the Environmental Technology Verification Pro-

gram, Paper # 176. Proceedings of the 101st A&WMA

Annual Conference & Exhibition, Portland, OR, June 24-

27, 2008.

2. ASTM Method D737-04 (2012): Standard Test Method

for Air Permeability of Textile Fabrics (originally approved in

1943). Available online at

www.astm.org/Standards/D737.htm.

3. ASTM Method D3786/D3786M-13: Standard Test

Method for Bursting Strength of Textile Fabrics-Di-

aphragm Bursting Strength Tester Method (originally ap-

proved in 1979). Available online at

www.astm.org/Standards/D3786.htm.4. ASTM Method D5035-11: Standard Test Method for

Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip

Method) (originally approved in 1990). Available online at


5. ASTM Method D2176-97a (2007): Standard Test

Method for Folding Endurance of Paper by the M.I.T.

Tester (originally approved in 1963). Available online at


6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental

Technology Verification Program, ETV website:

www.epa.gov./nrmrl/std/etv/vt-apc.html#bfp.

7. ASTM Method D6830-02 (2008): Standard Test

Method for Characterizing the Pressure Drop and Filtra-

tion Performance of Cleanable Filter Media (originally ap-

proved in 2002). Available online at


8. ISO Method 11057:2011: Air quality Test method forfiltration characterization of cleanable filter media. Avail-

able online at

www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_de-

tail.htm?csnumber=50020.

9. Williams, D. (2013, April 04). GE introduces next gener-

ation clean coal technology. Power Engineering Interna-

tional. Retrieved from

http://www.powerengineeringint.com/articles/2013/04/GE

-introduces-next-generation-clean-coal-technology.html.

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Air | Filtration

hen one thinks of indoorair quality (IAQ), thehealth and well-being of

people most often comes to mind.However, IAQ is not only a peopleissue, it is also a materials issue. Just as

people can suffer due to poor air qual-ity in a building, many different typesof materials can suffer as well.

Many industrial environments con-tain corrosive gaseous contaminantsthat can destroy expensive computer-ized process control equipment.These contaminants, if not properlycontrolled, can bring production to astandstill, resulting in downtime cost-ing tens, if not hundreds of thousandsof dollars an hour. However, comput-

ers can be replaced. This cannot besaid for the materials and objectsbeing housed in museums, librariesand archives.

In museums and other preserva-

tion environments there are a numberof factors, which can cause the degra-dation of materials and artifacts.Among these are temperature, humid-ity, particulates, and gaseous contami-nants. Of these, gaseous contaminants

are the most destructive.

GASEOUS CONTAMINANTSWhile automotive and/or industrial

emissions are considered as the largestcontributors of the three main con-taminant gases found throughout theindustrialized world - sulfur dioxide(SO2), ozone (O3), and nitrogen diox-ide (NO2) - there are also many signif-icant sources of internally generatedcontaminants. Materials and activities

associated with restoration and con-servation laboratories, many artifactsand archival materials, and employeesand patrons themselves can contributeto the overall contaminant load in

preservation environments.Although gaseous contaminants

are a major worldwide environmentalconcern, sources of gaseous contami-nants, their introduction and migra-tion through museums, and their

interactions with artifacts are the leaststudied and least understood area ofconcern within preservation environ-ments. General reviews of contami-nant sources and object vulnerabilitiesand information and guidelines forgaseous contaminants were scarceuntil the 1990s.

CONTROL SPECIFICATIONSThe most commonly cited control

levels for gaseous contaminants are

shown in Table 1. Background concen-trations and the peak urban levels forthese contaminants are also listed forcomparison. As can be seen, the rec-ommended levels for several contami-

Specialized Filtration Required

for Preservation EnvironmentsBy Christopher O. Muller, Technical Director, Purafil, Inc.

W

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nants are below the normal background levels and allare below contaminant levels one would expect to en-counter in urban environments.

The biggest problem today is not whether specifiedlevels of air quality can be reached, but whether they canbe accurately measured to assure compliance with anystandards or control criteria. The qualitative identification

and the quantitative determination of gaseous contami-nants and their concentrations often make stringent de-mands on monitoring instrumentation andmethodologies. Because of this, a number of institutionshave turned to environmental classification via reactivity,or corrosion, monitoring.

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORINGReactivity monitoring can characterize the destructive

potential of an environment. The growth of various cor-rosion films on specially prepared copper, silver, and/orgold (-plated) sensors (Figure 1) provides an indication

of the type(s) and level(s) of essentially all corrosivechemical species present in the local environment. Bothpassive and real-time reactivity monitors are currentlyavailable and each can be used to gather important infor-mation on gaseous contaminants and their levels in theenvironment.

Based on joint research performed by Purafil, Inc.2,3,4

the government of the Netherlands5, and the ComitatoTermotechnical Italiano (C.T.I.)6, reactivity monitoring

Figure 1. Environmental reactivity coupons (ERC, left) and envi-

ronmental reactivity monitors (ERM, right). Photo courtesy of

Purafil, Inc.

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has been accepted as the preferred airmonitoring method in preservationenvironments. It has become the stan-dard for air quality monitoring in gov-ernment archives in the Netherlands7

and is being proposed as a Europeanstandard. These control specificationsare shown in Table 2.

Reactivity monitoring makes it pos-sible to easily identify and quantifythose contaminants most dangerous to

preservation environments, however,there has been little research done todetermine what levels actually causedeterioration of historical artifacts andarchival materials. In general, guide-lines call for interior concentrations ofgaseous contaminants to be main-tained as low as attainable bygas-phase air filtration. This can be ac-complished by the processes of physi-cal adsorption and/or chemisorption,through the use of various dry-scrub-

bing air filtration media.8

FILTRATION SYSTEMSThe research referenced above has

not only looked at gaseous contami-nants and their effects and evaluatedenvironmental monitoring methods; ithas also looked at determining the bestcontaminant control strategies.

In terms of gaseous contaminants, ithas been determined that (at least) twodifferent dry-scrubbing media will be re-

quired5

. One should be a sodium per-manganate-impregnated alumina, such

as Purafil SP media for the removal of ni-tric oxide, ozone, sulfur dioxide, hydro-gen sulfide and formaldehyde (amongothers). The other should be a caustic-impregnated activated carbon/activatedalumina such as Puracarb media for theremoval of nitrogen dioxide, organicacids, and nitrogen and sulfur oxides(among others). Both types of mediashould be a requirement and anythingless should not be considered.

It was mentioned above that partic-ulates are one of the main factors,which can cause the degradation ofarchival materials and historical arti-facts. This is particularly true wheretemperature and humidity are notproperly controlled. Therefore, partic-ulate filtration must also be part of anycontaminant control system for preser-vation environments.

The optimum filtration system formuseums will address as many of the

potentially offending materials as pos-sible - gaseous and particulate. The rec-ommended system would consist of (1)a MERV 6-8 ASHRAE-rated prefilter(G4, F5); (2) a bed of Purafil SP media;(3) a bed of Puracarb media; and (4) aMERV 13-15 ASHRAE-rated final filter(F6-F8).

STANDING THE TEST OF TIMEConservationists and preservation-

ists are expected to provide and main-

tain environments sufficiently wellcontrolled as to minimize the decay of

artifacts and materials. Thus the totalenvironment, external and internal,must be considered to accurately assessthe potential for damage from environ-mental factors and adequate controlmeasures must be employed for all.Anything less in a control strategycould result in the damage ordestruction of materials that can neverbe replaced or restored.

The specialized air quality needs of-

museums and other preservation envi-ronments are being acknowledged andacted upon at sites all around theworld. This includes both the air moni-toring and contaminant mitigation as-pects. Continuous monitoring of gaseouscontaminants has become a requirementin order to provide accurate environmen-tal assessments.9 The installation of a fil-tration system for the removal of bothgaseous and particulate contaminants isprobably even more important. Some suc-

cessful examples of this are listed below.

The filtration system describedabove as well as reactivitymonitoring is required in allgovernment archive buildings in theNetherlands, including the GeneralGovernment Archives at The Hague.

The Italian government required theinstallation gas-phase air filtrationand reactivity monitors as part of the

restoration and renovation of theLeonardo da Vincis Last Supper.

Air | Filtration

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Reactivity monitors are also installedin the Sistine Chapel.

The use of specialized gas-phase airfiltration and reactivity monitoringare requirements for the Jewel Houseand Crown room in the Tower of

London.

The Shrine of the Book at the IsraelMuseum in Jerusalem is usingreactivity monitoring to help protectthe Dead Sea Scrolls.

National archive facilities inAustralia, New Zealand, andSingapore have all made gas-phaseair filtration and reactivity

monitoring part of theirenvironmental control strategies.

Gas-phase air filtration is currentlyin use in the U.S. National Archives,Archives II, and the state archives ofArizona, California, Georgia,

Minnesota, Missouri, andWashington. The National Archives,Archives II, and the Georgia andMinnesota State Archives are usingreactivity monitoring as well.

REFERENCES

1.Muller, C.O. 1996. Airborne Contaminant Guidelines for

Preservation Environments, Proceedings of the 24th An-

nual Meeting, American Institute for Conservation of His-

toric and Artistic Works, Washington, D.C.

2. Muller, C. 1997. Reactivity Monitoring: A New Tool in

Preservation Environments, INvironment Professional.

3. Muller, C. and Sacchi, E. 2005. Air Quality Monitoring

at Historic Sites, ASHRAE Journal, 47(8): 40-46.

4. Muller, C. 2011. Air-Quality Standards for Preservation

Environments: Considerations for Monitoring and Classifi-

cation of Gaseous Pollutants, Papyrus, 11(3): 45-50.

5. Vosteen, R. and Bakker, R.W. 1992. Delta Plan for Cul-

tural Preservation - Air Purification Pilot Project: Research

Methods for Air Purification in the General Government

Archives (ARA). Government Building Service, Planning &

Techniques Board, Department of Climate Techniques,

The Hague, the Netherlands.

6. Microclima, Qualit Dell=Aria E Impianti Negli Ambi-enti Museali, Giornata Seminariale, Associazione Italiana

Condizionamento dell=Aria Rescaldamento, Refriger-

azione, Firenze, Italy, pp 39-66, February 1997.

7. Vosteen, R. 1994. Advisory Guide-Line Air Quality

Archives, Delta Plan for Culture Preservation, Ministry of

Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment, Govern-

ment Buildings Agency, The Hague, The Netherlands.

8. Muller, C.O. and England, W.G. 1995. Achieving Your

Indoor Air Quality Goals - Which Filtration System Works

Best? ASHRAE Journal, 37:2, pp. 24-31.

9. Colman, G., Fish, P., Muller, C., and Thickett, D. 2012.

Is it Time for a Reactivity Monitoring Standard for Muse-

ums? Proceedings of IAQ 2012 the 10th International

Conference on Indoor Air Quality in Heritage and Historic

Environments, June 17-20, 2012, London, England.

FN

Visit us onlinewhere you can download a copy of the latest issues,

read industry news, and find suppliers in our buyers guidewww.filtnews.com

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R.STAT stainless steel fiber range

Conductive and Heat-Resistant

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.STAT, a specialty high-tem-perature resistant and con-ductive fibers manufacturing

company, has its roots based on theoriginal developments by RhonePoulenc in the 1970s. For the last 40years Rhone Poulenc, located in

France, and known as R.STAT since1997, is an independent company andindustry leader that has created andperfected two state-of-the-art conduc-tive textile grade fibers and yarnsfrom both stainless steel and silvercoated nylon.

Both fiber types are widely used in ahost of specialty technical textile, ap-parel, home and office furnishing mar-kets plus a variety of specialty textileconstructions for industrial markets.

Weavers, knitters, braiders, wetlaid andnonwoven fabric companies incorpo-rate stainless steel and silver coatednylon fibers in numerous end markets,often unrecognized by the ultimate tex-tile user, yet critical to the end-use ap-plication. For example, the positiveeffect of these conductive fibers pres-ence silently guard office employees,guests of hotels, passengers on com-mercial aircraft, wood or paper pulp in-dustry workmen, firemen and soldiers

against electrical and/or triboelectricgenerated spark and electrical shocksituations capable of causing a fire orexplosion resulting from electrical dis-charge. Other applications include agrowing dependence for protectionagainst electromagnetic sources to ap-plications in a host of industrial appli-cations involving heating elements andapplications where high-temperaturetolerance is required, such as in heatsinks, burners, sophisticated baghouse

filtration and use in harsh and corro-sion resistance environments.

BROAD MARKET AND APPLICATION USESThe positive contribution of both

metal and silver coated nylon fibersoffer broader opportunities that mostexperienced professionals, even in thebroad textile industry, do not readilyrecognize or have personal experience

in. Examples of applications includeuses where anti-static properties are im-portant, such as in the contract fabricindustry, including upholstery textilesin offices, hotels, casinos, cruise shipsand hospitals, as well as broadloom car-pet and carpet tile. In these applica-

tions, R.STAT/S (metal fibers) and Sil-verSTAT (silver coated nylon) antistaticproperties silently stand guard in elim-inating electrostatic discharge (such asseizing a knob, moving with castorchair) to prevent disruption of comput-ers or electronic devices.

Clean room fabrics, protective ap-parel and work-wear clothing, as wellas security shoes use conductive fibersto avoid the dangerous accumulation ofelectrical charges. In a microelectronicsclean room, even the smallest of dis-charges can have a negative and even


R

Fibers for Performance MarketsBy Philippe Sannejan, R.STAT

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catastrophic effect on wafer and chipyield as well as the reduction of poten-tial danger of fire in a space containinghazardous processing chemicals. Elec-trical linemen, natural gas, petroleumand mine workers are other specificfields of use where the danger of explo-sion is always present. Acknowledging

safety, insurance companies now offerlower rates to employers who provide

engineered protective workmen cloth-ing to employees.

Filtration media containing a low-percentage blend of metal or silvercoated nylon fiber in combinationwith synthetic fibers provide staticprotection in baghouse filters safe-guarding against the risk of explosion

where fine powders are present. Con-ductive fibers are also used as a woven

conductive scrim within the structureof a needlefelt baghouse nonwovenfabric, providing greater fabric stabil-ity as well as mechanism to dischargestatic build-up. Examples of such usesinclude baghouses found in foundries,granaries, abrasive production facto-ries, in addition to flour and sugar pro-

cessing facilities.

Chart of R.STATs applications Silverstat continous filaments

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SILVER COATED NYLON FIBER AND YARNR.STAT has designed performance solutions for many

common and advanced applications for its SilverSTAT -pure silver coated polyamide fibers and filaments. Silvermetal is historically known for its numerous benefits;namely conductive (silver being the most conductive nat-ural element on earth), as well as for its highly anti-bacte-

rial, anti-fungi and anti-odor properties in addition to itsthermo-reflecting properties. Thermo reflecting propertieshelp reduce heat penetration from an outside source or aidin containing the loss of heat from an emitting source.

The industrial manufacturing process of SilverSTATis a unique enabling technology allowing for a perma-nent bond of the companys 99.9 % metallic thin silverlayer onto polyamide (nylon) fibers. SilverSTAT is avail-able as cut flexible staple fiber from 1.5 - 30 denier, con-sisting of flexible pure silver sheath and is oftenpre-blended with other fibers, such as polyester, nylonor aramid fibers. Continuous filaments range from 20 to

220 denier in size with various dpf.

STAINLESS STEEL FIBER AND YARNOther end-uses and customers require thermo-resis-

tant conductive fibers and R.STAT developed a range ofR.STAT/S consisting of fine diameter, highly flexiblestainless steel (alloy 316L), with other alloys availableupon request. Like the silver coated nylon describedabove, stainless steel fiber and filament are available asstaple fiber, filament yarn and tow.

Stainless steel fibers are used in a wide range of appli-cations, including:

High electrical conductivity in electromagnetic

shielding applications known as EMI shielding havingthe ability to provide Faraday cage

Silverstat 30 denier staple fiber

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insulation common in mobiletelephones.

Thermo-resistant properties (600C - 1100 F) inindustrial oven insulation and asheat sink blankets used in

automotive glass forming andspecialty glassware businesses.

Dust and baghouses routinelyutilize the combination ofconductive and thermo resistantproperties of stainless steel fibers inhot gas/air filtration.

Composite applications make use of

fine metal fibers referred to as fibermetal felt, in combination with wire

Specialty Fibers | FiltrationFiltrationMergers, Acquisitions

and Divestures

GL Capital, LLC

We understand the nuances ofthe domestic and internationalfiltration industry and bringover 70 years of combined

business, technical and finan-cial expertise. The current eco-nomic climate is an ideal timefor sellers to locate buyersseeking to diversify and for

buyers to identify growth op-portunities through acquisition.

For a confidential conversation contact:

Edward C. Gregor

[email protected]

P. John Lovell

[email protected]

Silverstat product range

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cloth for use in polymer filtration inthe production of fine syntheticstaple and filament yarns as well asthe manufacture of thin plastic films.

Metals fibers and yarns are found inautomotive heated seating as well asflexible braided electrical cable

wrap as electromagnetic EMIshielding in military andcommercial aircraft.

Metal, as well as silver coated nylonfibers and yarns, provide easilydetectable protection againstcounterfeiting when embedded inhigh-end consumer brandedmerchandise.

To meet the requirements of specialtyperformance applications R.STAT is able

to provide its stainless steel fiber in a widerange of stretch-broken staple fibers (puresteel or blends with synthetic fibers),stretch-broken slivers (for spinning mills)and/or pure steel spun yarns. Fibers diam-eters range from 6 to 22 microns (equiv-alent 1.5 to 27 denier). Also, available, as

a standard available item, are flexiblewires, similar to monofilament syntheticyarn, in diameters of 35 and 50 microns.

R.STATs philosophy and historicalperspective is to work in close partner-ship with its customers to supporttheir designs and tailor-made solu-

tions, enabling customers to differen-tiate their products from competition.R.STAT further seeks to offer solutionsand benefits beyond a standard fiber.The company is open to modifying itsexisting materials based on customerneeds, including joint developmentsfor advanced constructions availablenowhere else in the market. R.STAT ispragmatic and will not hesitate to pro-vide advice to use another technologyif there is a better solution for a spe-

cific application.Equipped with sophisticated R&D

and testing laboratories, R.STAT pro-vides its worldwide customer base ex-tensive support, including checking andverification of electrostatic or otherproperties of textiles designed with

R.STAT fibers in its own laboratory inorder optimize products with customersbefore final certification by an inde-pendent laboratory.

Above all, lot-to-lot product repeata-bility and quality of R.STAT fibers leadthe parade and remains unmatched in

the industry. The company takes consid-erable pride in the reliability of its prod-ucts knowing the critical nature andresponsibility that its fibers play in en-gineered applications as well as cus-tomers highest expectations of adependable world-class supplier.

R.STAT will exhibit at Techtextil inFrankfurt am Main, Germany, June 1113, 2013, Hall 4.1 Stand G 14.

For more information contact:

Pascal Peninon (France)Tel: +33 477 013 744


Ed Gregor (North America)

Tel: 1-704-442-1940


Website: www.r-stat.fr

FN

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Solids | Recovery

ith slurry to be filteredcomes the followingquestions: What filter

medium might do the job to recover thesolids? Is the filter cake permeable, oris it a compact mass?

Logical plots of batch-filtration re-sults vs. time reveal the quality of thecollected solids. Following those guidesenables us to decide if slurry must bespecially treated before designing thecommercial-size filtration step, or a dif-ferent filter medium must be employed.

A. FLUID-FLOW RATEA general rule of thumb for fluid-ap-

proach velocity is one gal/min/sq ft.The important measurement is resi-

dence time. Filter media are not sieves.Small particles are captured by beingdrawn to the surfaces of the pores or bysimple random encounters with thesurfaces, to stick, sometimes only withthe glue of van der Waals forces.

However, in the present case, parti-cles in the feed stream are the items tobe recovered, not the fluid.

In these cases, slurry-approach ve-locities may be higher, but stay in theviscous-flow range. That is, in a log/log

plot of velocity (vertical scale) vs. fluiddriving pressure (horizontal scale), staywithin the range where the slope is 1.0.If the slope is lower (will not be lowerthan 0.5), inertia flow has diluted vis-cous flow and the fluid-driving costsare higher because of the greater driv-ing pressure to obtain higher flow rates.

B. THE CHOICE OF A FILTER MEDIUMThis is usually a cloth, woven or

nonwoven, composed of a certain ma-

terial, or materials, with a specific, lam-inar-flow-averaged pore diameter.

That diameter is measured fromthe permeability, B, m2, and the poros-ity,ratio of void volume to bulk vol-

ume.Deduce the laminar-flow-averaged

pore diameter, dav, via, from perme-

abiliry, B, and, porosity, .Some sellers of filter media assign

pore-size ratings on the basis of a stan-dard filtration test. Ignore that rating andask for the results of Equations 1 and 2.

C. LIFE/CAPACITY OF A FILTER MEDIUMThis measure is the time for the

medium to loose permeability, havingcaptured particles from the feed stream.

Obviously, that capacity is a functionof both the liquid and the particles in theliquid, as well as the nature of the filtermedium. Make these measurements via

one of three different kinds of operations.

1. In constant-flow filtration, using apositive-dis-placement pump, make aplot, on log/log paper, of increasing driv-ing pressure vs. time. Such a plot de-

scribes a curve that can usually besuperimposed over one of the curves inFigure 1.

Stop filtration when the drivingpressure reaches, say, ten times the

starting value. The ideal curve is, obvi-ously, Curve A. The only decrease inpermeability owes to the increasingthickness of a porous bed of particles.

In some type-A curves the filter cakeunder increasing pressure, will compressand Curve A will bend up, instead ofcontinuing as a straight line of slope 1.0.

Sometimes a type-D curve can bemade like one of the others by using amedium with smaller pores.

Perhaps a change in the pH may

Tips on Recovering Solids

in Liquid FiltrationBy Peter R. Johnston, Consultant

Figure 1. Math-model plots of curves in

constant-flow filtration. P = fluid-dri-ving-pressure units, t = time units

Figure 2. Math-model plots in constant

pressure filtration. V = volume filtered,t = time units

W

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make the separation easier.Perhaps, the solids in the slurry

might be made less compactable bymodifying the process that producedthe solids.

2. In constant-pressure filtration,

employing a constant head of liquid,make a plot, on log/log paper, of cumu-lative volume filtered vs. time and seethat the curve can be superimposedover one of the math curves of Figure 2.

The desired Cake filtration curve isalso seen as a straight line in alinear/linear plot of t/V vs. V.

3. In employing a centrifugal pumpto do the job, make a plot, on log/logpaper, of the ratio: V/P, volume fil-tered/pump pressure vs. time as illus-trated in Figure 3.

D. BACKWASHING FILTER MEDIAAfter a medium loses permeability,

such as the above curves B, C, and D

and the large particles are scraped off,many times a backwash restores mostof the original permeability. Sometimesthe backwash is a portion of the filtrate.Sometimes the backwash is not a por-tion of the filtrate, but is a cleaning so-lution, which then must be washed out.

Performing one of the above batchoperations provides the information todesign a continuous operation, such asa moving-belt filter medium.

For more information contact:

Peter R. Johnston, Consultant

302 Morningside Dr.

Carrboro, North Carolina 27510 USA


REFERENCE

Johnston, Peter R., 1998, Fundamentals ofFluid Filtration, a Technical Primer, 2d Edition,

Tall Oaks Publishing.

Figure 3. Curves seen when a centrifu-

gal pump drives the feed stream. Combi-

nations of the curves of Figures 1 and 2. FN

t

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Industry | Events

FN

ith FILTECH 2013 taking place October 22-24this year in Germany, the city of Wiesbadenwill turn into the worlds top meeting-place

for all those involved with Filtration & Separation and adja-

cent sectors.Some 300 companies from 27 countries will present

their cutting-edge products and innovations to an internationalaudience of buyers, sellers, users, designers, R&D experts, andthe academic world. The coming FILTECH is also distin-guished by an increase in the number of exhibitors from out-side Germany, e.g. India, China and the USA. TheINTERNATIONAL CONGRESS is the globally acknowledgedplatform for the scientific exchange of the latest research resultsand the knowledge transfer between theory and practice, andwill feature 200 technical papers from 37 countries.

All relevant subject areas and techniques for the separation

of particles from liquids and gases are covered. An exciting pro-gram with over 200 lectures from 37 countries gives a represen-tative cross-section of the different procedures and appliancesof separation technology as well as across the industry aboutthe applications, from the preparation of mineral raw materials,the chemistry, environmental technology and water purificationdown to the pharmacy and biotechnology.

The latest results from basic research, innovative equipment-based solutions and procedures will also be presented. In addi-tion to separation appliances and machines, this also includesfilter-testing equipment, measuring devices for particle, liquidand boundary surface properties and for porometry.

For more information visit: www.filtech.de

Record Number of ExhibitorRegistrations for FILTECH 2013

W

More than 300 companies from close to 30 nations will

be exhibting at FILTECH 2013

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Industry | Events


AFS Returned to Minneapolis in 2013

he American Filtration & Sep-arations Society returned toMinneapolis after a four-year

absence for its annual spring confer-ence May 6-9. The conference co-chairswere Saru Dewar of Cummins Filtra-

tion and Martin J. Lehmann from Mann+ Hummel. The focus of the conferencewas on the topics of filtration and sep-arations in global markets, includingrecent technology advancements, withspecific emphasis on engine and waterfiltration.

Held at the Minneapolis/St. PaulHilton Hotel, the conference beganMonday with both 4- and 8-hour shortcourses on the topics of Basics inSolid/Liquid and Basics in Solid/Air, Fil-

tration Media

Documents

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