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Fundamentals of Programming

(FOP)

Instructor: Adeela Waqaradeela@mcs.edu.pk, adeela.abbas@gmail.com

Military College of Signals, Rawalpindi

Lecture 1A

Basics of C++ Programming

13 September 2013

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What is a Computer?

A computer is an electronic device that can followinstructionsto

Accept input (data)

Process that input

Produce output (information)

Data is raw, unorganized factsthat need to be processed. Datacan be something simple andseemingly random and useless

until it is organized

When data is processed,organized, structured orpresented in a given context soas to make it useful, it is called

Information

Each student's test score The class' average score or the

school's average score

For Example For Example

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What is a Computer?

A computer is an electronic device, operatingunder the control of instructions (software) stored

in its own memory unit, that can accept data

(input), manipulate data (process), and produce

information (output) from the processing Generally, the term is used to describe a collection

of devices that function together as a system

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What does a Computer do?

Computers perform four general operations, which

make up the information processing cycle

Input Process

Output

Storage

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/information-processing-cycle.html

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Devices that Comprise a Computer

System

Printer(output)

Monitor(output)

Speaker(output)

Scanner(input)

Mouse(input)

Keyboard(input)

System Unit

(processor, memory)

Storage Devices

(CD-RW, Floppy,Hard disk etc)

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Computer Programs

The ProgrammerThe Computer

Programmer writes aset of instructions

for Computer

This set is called aComputer Program

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Programming Languages

Programmers write these instructions in different

programming languages.

Programming Languages

Requiring intermediate translationsteps

Directly understandable byComputer

Machine Languages Assembly Languages High Level Languages

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Programming Languages

Machine Languages Strings of 0s and 1s

Directly understandable by computer

Defined by hardware of the machine

Hard for human beings to learn, error prone

Slow programming

Assembly Languages

English like abbreviations

Not directly understandable by computer, hence required translator

programs called Assemblers

Relatively easier for human beings to learn

Slightly faster programming

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Programming Languages

High Level Languages Developed for fast and speedy programming

Not directly understandable by computer, hence required translator

programs called Compilers

Not dependant on hardware of the machine (mostly) Easy to learn, less chances of error

Fast programming

Interpreters are another important category of translator programs

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Why C++

C is a language designed by and for programmers

C++ is an expanded and enhanced version of C

Programming Language

It is the language of choice for professional programmersworldwide

Once mastered, C++ will give you complete control over

the computer C++ is, above all, the most powerful programming

language ever invented!!!

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Compiler

C++ Program

int main() {

int i=1;

. . .

Machine

Language

Program

01001001

10010100

C++ Compiler

(e.g. g++)

Created with text editor or

development environment

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The C++ Standard Library

C++ programs consist of pieces/modules called classes andfunctions

A programmer can create his own functions

Advantage: the programmer knows exactly how it works

Disadvantage: time consuming

Programmers will often use the C++ library functions

Use these as building blocks

Avoid re-inventing the wheel

If a pre-made function exists, generally best to use it rather than writeyour own

Library functions carefully written, efficient, and portable

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Study Material

Text Book : Chapter 1