Fsiqologia Chvens Cxovrebashi

ratomaa fsiqologia unika-

luri

gansazRvrebebi fsiqologiis miznebi

fsiqologia Cvens cxovreba-

Si: ratomaa saWiro fsiqolo-

giis Seswavla

Tanamedrove fsiqologiis

ganviTareba

fsiqologiis istoriuli

safuZvlebi Tanamedrovefsiqologiis mimdinareobebi

ras akeTeben fsiqologebi

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi:

vifiqroT momavalze

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

ZiriTadi cnebebi

fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSifsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSifsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSifsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSifsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi

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2eerTebuli Statebis uzenaesma sasa-

marTlom 1954 wels brauni topekas

ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg saq-

meSi ganaCeni gamoitana, romlis mixedviTac Sav-

kaniani da TeTrkaniani bavSvebis skolebis seg-

regacia ukanonod gamocxadda. uzenaesi sasa-

marTlos gadawyvetilebaze araviTari zemoq-

medeba ar mouxdenia fsiqologebis da sxva

socialuri mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebis Cve-

nebebs, romlebmac sasamarTlos kvlevis Sede-

gebi warudgines. Sedegebi naTlad metyvelebda

imaze, rom segregirebuli swavleba Savkanian

bavSvebze uaryofiTad moqmedebda. mogvyavs er-

T-erTi fsiqologis, kenet klarkis Cveneba, ro-

melmac Savkanian bavSvTa jgufi ikvlia (White-man, 1993, gv. 49-51):

testireba Tqveni moTxovnis mixedviT ga-

suli kviris xuTSabaTs da paraskevs Cava-

tare skot branCis dawyebiT skolaSi, Zi-

riTadad, pirvel klasSi. gamoviyene meTo-

di, romelzec adre gesaubreT _ yavisfe-

ri da TeTri Tojinebi, romlebic kanis

feris garda sxva mxriv absoluturad iden-

turia. moswavleebs furclebi vaCvene, rom-

lebzec es Tojinebi exata...

bavSvebs am Tojinebs vaCvenebdi da Sem-

degi TanmimdevrobiT vusvamdi am kiTxvebs:

maCveneT, romeli Tojina mogwonT yvela-

ze metad? an romliT TamaSi gindaT yve-

laze metad?, maCveneT cudi Tojina...

sul 6-9 wlis 16 bavSvi gamovkiTxe. maT-

gan aTma airCia TeTri Tojina. is yvelaze

metad moewonaT, Tanac maT es Tojina daa-

xasiaTes, rogorc sasiamovno. ar daga-

viwydeT, rom es ori Tojina absolutu-

rad identuria, kanis feris garda. 11-ma

bavSvma miiCnia, rom yavisferi Tojina cu-

dad gamoiyureba. es Sedegebi Tanxvdeba ad-

re miRebul rezultatebs, romelic 300-

ze met bavSvze Catarebulma gamokvlevam

gviCvena. Sedegebi ase avxseniT: Savkaniani

bavSvi ukve 6, 7 an 8 wlis asakSi eqceva

sakuTari jgufis Sesaxeb arsebuli nega-

tiuri stereotipebis tyveobaSi...

iZulebuli var davaskvna, rom klaren-

donis sagrafos es bavSvebi iseve, rogorc

nebismieri sxva adamiani, romelic aSka-

rad daqvemdebarebul statuss atarebs sa-

zogadoebaSi, pirovnuli ganviTarebis pro-

cesSi daziandnen. maTSi naTlad SeimCneva

arastabilurobis niSnebi da, vfiqrob, rom

yvela fsiqologi swored amgvarad axsni-

da miRebul Sedegebs.

xedavT, ratom hqonda am Cvenebas _ fsiqo-

logiuri kvlevis monaTxrobs _ didi gavle-

na uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaze

da imaze, Tu rogor aRiqva mTeli qveynis mo-

saxleobam segregaciis fsiqologiuri Sedege-

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kenet klarkis Cveneba miuTiTebs fsiqolo-

giuri kvlevis potenciur gavlenaze rogorc

calkeuli adamianebis, aseve sazogadoebis cxov-

rebaze. es magaliTi am saxelmZRvanelos Ziri-

Tad miznebze miuTiTebs: wagiyvanoT mogzauro-

baSi, sadac adamianuri gamocdilebis sirTu-

leebs daxvewili kvleviT gamovavlenT, es ki

saSualebas mogvcems ukeT vakontroloT is

Zalebi, romlebic Cvens cxovrebas ayalibebs.

`fsiqologia da cxovreba~ tvinis da fsiqikis

Sinagani sivrcidan adamianis qcevis garegan gan-

zomilebamde migviyvans. SeviswavliT iseT pro-

cesebs, romlebic azris mqone struqturas

mianiWeben Tqvens gamocdilebas; magaliTad, iseT

sakiTxebs, rogoricaa: rogor aRviqvamT samya-

ros, rogor vswavlobT, vurTierTobT sxveb-

3Tan, vazrovnebT, vimaxsovrebT. SevecdebiT ga-

varkvioT adamianis cxovrebis iseTi gamovli-

nebebi, rogoricaa, Tu rogor da ratom naxulo-

ben sizmrebs adamianebi, rogor uyvardebaT er-

TmaneTi, ratom morcxvoben, ratom arian agresi-

ulebi, ratom avaddebian fsiqikurad. da bolos,

vaCvenebT, rogor SeiZleba gamoviyenoT fsiqo-

logiuri codna, raTa gavigoT da zogierT, ma-

galiTad, segregaciis, SemTxvevaSi SevcvaloT

kidec Cvens cxovrebaSi moqmedi kulturuli

Zalebi.

Cven, `fsiqologiis da cxovrebis~ avtorebs,

fsiqologiis kompetenturobis gvjera. pedago-

giuri da samecniero karieris manZilze fsiqo-

logia sul ufro da ufro momxibvleli gaxda

CvenTvis. bolo wlebSi fsiqikuri da qcevis

procesebis warmmarTveli ZiriTadi meqanizme-

bis Sesaxeb informaciis mozRvaveba moxda. Zve-

li Sexedulebebi axali ideebiT icvleba, mag-

ram adamianis bunebis mravali momajadoebeli

mxare jer kidev amoucnobi rCeba. imedi gvaqvs,

rom am mogzaurobis dasasrul Tqvenc saTu-

Tad moepyrobiT fsiqologiuri codnis saku-

Tar marags.

mogzaurobis ZiriTadi mizani wvdomis mec-

nieruli wyurvili iqneba. davsvamT kiTxvebs ada-

mianis qcevis Sesaxeb _ rogor, ratom, ra, ro-

dis da im qcevis mizezebis da Sedegebis Sesa-

xeb, romelsac Tqven sakuTar TavSi, sxva adami-

anebsa da cxovelebSi aRmoaCenT; avxsniT, ra-

tom fiqrobT, grZnobT da iqceviT ase; riTi

gansxvavdebiT sxvebisagan, ra qmnis Tqvens uni-

kalobas da mainc, ratom iqceviT xSirad sxve-

bis msgavsad? Tqvens CamoyalibebaSi memkvidre-

obam iTamaSa roli, Tu piradma gamocdilebam?

rogor Tanacxovrobs am rTul qmnilebaSi _

adamianur cxovelSi _ agresia da altruizmi,

siyvaruli da siZulvili, sigiJe da Semoqmede-

ba? am TavSi ganvixilavT, rogor da ratom gax-

da yvela es kiTxva mniSvnelovani fsiqologi-

is, rogorc disciplinis miznebisaTvis.

ratomaa fsiqologia

unikaluri?

fsiqologiis unikalobisa da erTianobis

dasafaseblad unda gaarkvioT, rogor esmiT

fsiqologebs kvlevis da praqtikis miznebi

da areali. wignis damTavrebis Semdeg Tqven

unda iazrovnoT, rogorc fsiqologma, xolo

am TavSi pirvelad gaecnobiT seriozulad, Tu

ras unda niSnavdes es.

gansazRvrebebi

mravali fsiqologi eZebs pasuxs funda-

mentur kiTxvaze: rogoria adamianis buneba?

am kiTxvas fsiqologia imiT pasuxobs, rom

swavlobs rogorc individSi mimdinare pro-

cesebs, ise fizikur da socialur garemoSi

aRmocenebul Zalebs. am TvalsazrisiT, fsi-

qologias formalurad ganvmartavT, rogorc

individis qcevis da fsiqikuri procesebis mec-

nierul Seswavlas. ganvixiloT am ganmarte-

bis mniSvnelovani nawilebi. mecnieruli, qce-

va, individi da fsiqikuri.

fsiqologiis mecnieruli aspeqti moiTx-

ovs, rom fsiqologiuri daskvnebi mecnieru-

li meTodis principebis mixedviT mopovebul

monacemebs efuZnebodes. mecnieruli meTodi

moicavs problemis analizisa da gadaWrisaT-

vis saWiro Tanmimdevrul nabijebs. es meTodi

daskvnebis gamosatanad obieqturad Segrove-

bul monacemebs iyenebs. mecnieruli meTodis

maxasiaTeblebs ufro dawvrilebiT me-2 TavSi

ganvixilavT, rodesac gavecnobiT, Tu rogor

atareben fsiqologebi kvlevas.

qceva is iaraRia, romlis saSualebiTac or-

ganizmi garemos ergeba. qceva moqmedebaa. fsi-

qologiis sagani, ZiriTadad, adamianis da cxo-

velis dakvirvebadi qcevaa. sicili, tirili,

sirbili, Sexeba qcevis is magaliTebia, rom-

lebsac SeiZleba daakvirde. fsiqologebi ik-

vleven, ras da rogor akeTebs individi moce-

mul garemoSi da ufro farTo socialur da

kulturul konteqstSi.

fsiqologiuri analizis sagani yvelaze

xSirad aris individi _ axalSobili, mozar-

di sportsmeni, kolejis studenti, romelic

studentur saerTo sacxovrebelSi cxovrebas

egueba; Suaxnis mamakaci, romelic karieras

icvlis, an qali, romelmac unda gadalaxos

alchaimeris daavadebiT Sepyrobili meuRlis

TandaTanobiTi ukusvliT gamowveuli stresi.

amave dros, kvlevis sagani SeiZleba iyos Sim-

panze, romelic komunikaciisaTvis saWiro sim-

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4boloebs swavlobs, labirinTSi mosiarule

TeTri virTxa, an safrTxis signalze moreagi-

re zRvis loqora. individi mis bunebriv gare-

moSi, an kvleviT laboratoriaSi, kontorli-

rebad pirobebSi unda SeviswavloT.

mravali mkvlevari fsiqologi aRiarebs, rom

adamianis moqmedebas fsiqikuri procesebis, anu

adamianis fsiqikis muSaobis axsnis gareSe ver

gavigebT. adamianuri aqtivobis didi nawili

Sinagania _ azrovneba, dagegmva, msjeloba, Se-

moqmedeba, ocneba. mravali fsiqologisaTvis

swored fsiqikuri procesebia fsiqologiuri

Ziebis yvelaze saintereso aspeqtebi. male ga-

igebT, rom fsiqologma mkvlevrebma daxvewi-

li teqnikebi gamoigones fsiqikuri movlene-

bis da procesebis Sesaswavlad, raTa es pira-

di gamocdileba sazogado gaxadon.

am sakiTxebis kombinacia fsiqologias uni-

kalur sferod aqcevs. maSin, rodesac fsiqo-

logebi ZiriTadad individebis qcevaze arian

fokusirebuli, sociologebi swavloben ada-

mianTa qcevas jgufebSi an organizaciebSi, xo-

lo anTropologebi yuradRebas amaxvileben

qcevis ufro farTo konteqstze sxvadasxva kul-

turaSi. miuxedavad amisa, fsiqologebi far-

Tod iyeneben sxva mecnierebebis miRwevebs. ro-

gorc erT-erTi socialuri mecniereba, fsiqo-

logia iyenebs ekonomikas, politologias, so-

ciologias da eTnologias. fsiqologebs bev-

ri saerTo interesi aqvT biologebTan, gansa-

kuTrebiT maTTan, vinc tvinis procesebs da

qcevis bioqimiur safuZvlebs swavlobs. fsi-

qologebs ainteresebT, Tu rogor muSaobs ada-

mianis fsiqika, rac axlad warmoSobili kog-

nituri mecnierebebis _ kompiuteruli mecnie-

rebis, xelovnuri inteleqtis da gamoyenebiTi

maTematikis kvlevasa da TeoriasTanaa dakav-

Sirebuli. rogorc janmrTelobis mecniereba

_ medicinasTan, ganaTlebasTan, iurispruden-

ciasTan da ekologiasTan dakavSirebuli fsi-

qologia _ cdilobs gaaumjobesos TiTeuli

individisa da koleqtivis cxovrebis done. fsi-

qologia inarCunebs kavSirebs filosofiasa

da sxva humanitarul mecnierebebTan, xelovne-

basTan, rogorebicaa literatura da drama-

turgia.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove fsiqo-

logiis RirsSesaniSnavi (aRsaniSnavi) siRrme

da farTo Tvalsawieri siamovnebis wyaroa uk-

ve Camoyalibebuli specialistebisaTvis, stu-

dentebisaTvis, vinc pirvelad ecnoba fsiqo-

logias, is erTgvar sirTules warmoadgens.

fsiqologiis saganze kidev bevria saTqme-

li, magram, bevri Rirebuli informaciis waRe-

ba SegiZliaT am Sesavali Tavidan. fsiqolo-

giis sferos Seswavlis saukeTeso gzad fsi-

qologTa miznebis garkveva migvaCnia. modiT,

ganvixiloT es miznebi.

fsiqologiis miznebi

im fsiqologebis mizani, romlebic funda-

mentur kvlevas axorcieleben, aris qcevis aR-

wera, axsna, winaswarmetyveleba da gakontro-

leba. gamoyenebiTi fsiqologiis warmomadgen-

lebs kidev erTi, mexuTe mizani aqvT _ adami-

anis cxovrebis gaumjobeseba. es miznebi fsi-

qologiuri saqmianobis safuZvels Seadgens.

ra igulisxmeba TiToeul am mizanSi?

movlenis aRwera

fsiqologiis pirveli amocanaa zusti dak-

virveba qcevaze. Cveulebriv, fsiqologebi ase-

Ti dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebul masalas mo-

nacemebs uwodeben. qceviTi monacemebi aris or-

ganizmis qcevis da im pirobebis aRwera, ro-

melSic es qceva xorcieldeba. monacemebis Seg-

rovebisas mkvlevrebma unda airCion analizis

saTanado done da SeimuSavon qcevis is sazo-

mebi, romlebic misi obeqturad Seswavlis ga-

rantias gvaZleven.

individis qcevis kvlevis mizniT analizis

sxvadasxva donis gamoyeneba SeiZleba _ yve-

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fsiqologia (psychology) _ individebis qcevis da

fsiqikuri procesebis mecnieruli Seswavla.

mecnieruli meTodi (scientific method) _ im proce-

durebis wyeba, romlebic obieqturi informaci-

is Segrovebisa da interpretaciisaTvis gamoi-

yeneba, Tanac imgvarad, rom Secdoma minimumam-

dea dayvanili da ganzogadeba sandoa.

qceva (behavior) _ is moqmedebebi, romlis saSua-

lebiTac organizmi garemos ergeba.

qcevis monacemebi (Behavioral data) _ organizmis

qcevis da im pirobebis aRwera, romlebSic es

qceva mimdinareobs, an icvleba.

5laze farTo, globaluri donidan yvelaze de-

talur, specifikur donemde.

fsiqologiuri aRweris gansxvavebuli do-

neebic sxvadasxva kiTxvas pasuxobs. fsiqolo-

giuri analizis yvelaze farTo doneze mkvlev-

rebi swavloben mTliani pirovnebis qcevas

rTul socialur da kulturul konteqstSi.

am doneze mkvlevrebma SeiZleba Seiswavlon

Zaladobis kros-kulturuli sxvaobebi, crur-

wmenebis mizezebi, fsiqikuri daavadebis Sede-

gebi. Semdeg doneze fsiqologebi qcevis uf-

ro natif erTeulebs swavloben, rogoricaa

SuqniSnis sinaTleze reaqciis siCqare, Tvale-

bis moZraoba kiTxvis dros, bavSvebis mier daS-

vebuli gramatikuli Secdomebi enis Seswav-

lisas. mkvlevrebs qcevis kidev ufro mcire

erTeulebis Seswavla SeuZliaT. isini cdilo-

ben Seiswavlon qcevis biologiuri safuZvle-

bi, anu daadginon tvinis is ubnebi, romlebic

pasuxismgebelni arian sxvadasxva tipis mogo-

nebis Senaxvaze; daswavlis dros warmoSobi-

li bioqimiuri cvlilebebi, smenaze an mxedve-

lobaze pasuxismgebeli sensoruli gzebi. ana-

lizis TiTueuli done gvaZlevs im arsebiT

informacias, romlis saSualebiTac dgeba ada-

mianis bunebis saboloo saerTo portreti, ri-

si miRwevis imedic aqvT fsiqologebs.

rac ar unda farTo an viwro iyos dakvir-

vebis fokusi, fsiqologebi cdiloben, rom

qceva obieqturad aRweron. im faqtebis Seg-

roveba, romlebic realurad arsebobs da ara

iseTebisa, rogorsac mkvlevari moelis, an

surs, rom iyos, upirvelesi mniSvnelobisaa.

vinaidan yovel damkvirvebels dakvirvebis pro-

cesSi sakuTari, subieqturi Tvalsazrisi Se-

aqvs _ esenia mikerZoeba, crurwmena, molo-

dini _ aucilebelia, rom am Tvalsazrisma

ar daamaxinjos monacemebi. rogorc Semdeg

TavSi naxavT, fsiqologma mkvlevrebma mra-

valgvari meqanizmi Seqmnes obieqturobis Se-

sanarCuneblad.

movlenis axsna

maSin, rodesac aRwera TvalsaCino infor-

macias unda eyrdnobodes, axsna aRqmulis

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6miRma unda ixedebodes. qceviT da fsiqikur

procesebSi kanonzomierebebis aRmoCena fsi-

qologiis mravali dargis mTavari mizania.

fsiqologebs surT aRmoaCinon, rogor muSa-

obs qceva. ratom iciniT moulodnel situaci-

ebSi? ra garemoebebi ubiZgebs adamians Caidi-

nos suicidi, an danaSauli?

fsiqologiuri axsna, ZiriTadad, aRiarebs,

rom qcevaTa umetesobaze gavlenas faqtorTa

kombinacia axdens. zogierTi faqtori indivi-

dis SigniT moqmedebs, rogoricaa genetikuri

mocemuloba, motivacia, inteleqtis done, an

TviTSefaseba. qcevebis am Sinagan determinan-

tebs organizmuli cvladebi ewodeba, radgan

isini organizmis Sesaxeb gvawvdis informaci-

as. adamianis SemTxvevaSi am determinantebs dis-

poziciuri cvladebi ewodeba. arsebobs, agreT-

ve, garegani faqtorebi. warmoidgineT, rom bav-

Svi cdilobs asiamovnos maswavlebeli, raTa

prizi moigos, an transportis sacobSi moxved-

rili mZRoli agresiuli da mtruli xdeba. am

qcevebze did gavlenas pirovnebis gareT arse-

buli movlenebi axdens. qcevaze garegan zegav-

lenas garemos anu situaciuri cvladebi ewo-

deba. rodesac fsiqologebs qcevis axsna surT,

isini TiTqmis yovelTvis iTvaliswineben ax-

snis orive tips. warmoidgineT, rom fsiqologs

surs axsnas, ratom iwyebs adamiani sigaretis

mowevas. SesaZlebelia individi gansakuTrebiT

midrekilia riskisaken (dispoziciuri axsna), an

zogierTi individi ganicdis TanatolTa zewo-

las (situaciuri axsna) _ an, rom orive auci-

lebelia (kombinirebuli axsna).

xSirad fsiqologis mizania qcevis farTo

diapazoni safuZvlad mdebare erTi mizeziT ax-

snas. warmoidgineT situacia, romelSic Tqveni

maswavlebeli ambobs, rom kargi niSnis misaRe-

bad aucilebelia gakveTilze diskusiaSi aqti-

uri monawileobis miReba. Tqveni megobari yo-

velTvis kargad swavlobs, magram gakveTilze

ar aqtiurobs, xels ar iwevs da ar gamoTqvams

Tavis azrebs da Sexedulebebs. maswavlebeli

sayvedurobs, rom saTanadod motivirebuli araa

da miiCnevs, rom igi gonieri ar aris. igive

adamiani dadis wveulebaze, magram arasodes

iwvevs vinmes sacekvaod, Riad ar icavs sakuTar

azrs, Tuki vinme sakiTxSi masze nakleb Caxedu-

li ekamaTeba, iSviaTad erTveba saubarSi suf-

rasTan. ra diagnozs dasvamdiT? safuZvlad mde-

bare romeli mizezia am tipis qcevebze pasu-

xismgebeli? mravali sxva morcxvi adamianiviT,

Tqveni megobaric ver axerxebs ise moiqces, ro-

gorc saWiroa (Cheek, 1989, Zimbardo, 1990). aq Seg-viZlia morcxvobis cneba gamoviyenoT da Tqve-

ni megobris qcevaTa mTeli diapazoni amiTi av-

xsnaT.

amgvari mizez-Sedegobrivi axsnebis mosapo-

veblad mkvlevrebi xSirad sxvadasxva tipis mo-

nacemebis Segrovebis SemoqmedebiT process

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organizmuli cvladebi (organizamic variables) _organizmis qcevis Sinagani determinanti.

dispoziciuri cvladebi (dispozitional variables) _

organizmis cvladi, anu qcevis Sinagani de-

terminanti, romelic adamianebSi Cndeba.

garemos cvladebi (environmental variables) gare-

gani zemoqmedeba qcevaze.

situaciuri cvladebi (situational variables) gare-

gani zemoqmedeba qcevaze.

7axorcieleben. daxelovnebuli deteqtivi Ser-

lok holmsi nawyvet-nawyveti monacemebis sa-

fuZvelze akeTebda gamWriax daskvnebs. amis

msgavsad, yovelma mkvlevarma unda gamoiyenos

warmosaxva da SemoqmedebiTad Serwyas is, rac

icis, da is, rac jer ar icis. kargad ganswav-

lul fsiqologs SeuZlia monacemebi adamia-

nis gamocdilebis sakuTari wvdomisa da sxva

mecnierebis mier aRmoCenili faqtebis safuZ-

velze axsnas. fsiqologiuri kvlevis umete-

soba cdilobs gansazRvros, mravali SesaZlo

variantidan romeli xsnis yvelaze zustad mo-

cemul qcevas.

winaswarmetyveleba

fsiqologiaSi winaswarmetyveleba niSnavs,

rom garkveuli qceva an mocemuli kavSiri ra-

Rac albaTobiT gamovlindeba. xSirad qcevis

romelime formis safuZvlad mdebare mizeze-

bis zusti axsna saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevars

zustad iwinaswarmetyvelos momavali qceva. ma-

galiTad, Tu migvaCnia, rom Tqveni megobari

morcxvia, SegviZlia darwmunebiT viwinaswar-

metyveloT, rom is uxerxulad igrZnobs Tavs,

Tu ucnob adamianTan gasaubrebas vTxovT. ro-

desac romelime qcevis an kavSiris asaxsne-

lad sxvadasxva axsna arsebobs, maT imis mi-

xedviT Seafaseben, ramdenad kargad SeuZliaT

zusti da amomwuravi winaswarmetyveleba. Tqven

megobars warmatebiT rom daemyarebina ucnob-

Tan kontaqti, diagnozi unda Segvecvala.

zustad iseve, rogorc dakvirveba, mecnie-

ruli winaswarmetyvelebac obieqturi da naT-

lad Camoyalibebuli unda iyos ise, rom Se-

saZlebeli iyos misi Semowmeba da uaryofa,

Tu faqtebi mas ar adasturebs. mecnieruli

winaswarmetyveleba imis gagebas emyareba, Tu

rogor aris dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan mov-

lenebi da varaudobs, romeli meqanizmebi akav-

Sirebs am movlenebs garkveul winapirobebTan.

mizez-Sedegobrivi winaswarmetyveleba azustebs

im pirobebs, romelSic qceva Seicvleba. maga-

liTad, garkveuli asakis Semdeg bavSvebsa da

maimunebSi ucnobi piris Tandaswreba SfoTvis

niSnebs iwvevs. dakvirvebul qcevaSi gamowveu-

li cvlilebebi ki SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos

situaciis SigniT variaciebze, magaliTad, uc-

nobobis xarisxi. ucnobi imave asakis rom yofi-

liyo, ramdenic bavSvi da maimunia, nakleb SfoT-

vas miviRebdiT? kauzaluri winaswarmetyvele-

bis gaumjobesebis mizniT mkvlevari sistema-

turad cvlis garemo pirobebs da maT bavSvis

reaqciaze gavlenas akvirdeba.

kontroli

mravali fsiqologisaTvis kontroli cen-

traluri, yvelaze mniSvnelovani mizania. kon-

troli niSnavs, rom qceva an moxdeba, an ar

moxdeba _ daviwyoT, SevinarCunoT, SevaCeroT

da zemoqmedeba movaxdinoT mis formaze, Zli-

erebaze an gamovlenis sixSireze. qcevis mi-

zez-Sedegobrivi axsna damajerebelia, Tu is

qcevis gakontrolebis saSualebas qmnis.

qcevis gakontrolebis unari mniSvnelova-

nia, radgan is fsiqologebs saSualebas aZ-

levs adamianebs cxovrebis donis gaumjobese-

baSi daexmaros. am wignSi periodulad Sexvde-

biT fsiqologebis mier gamogonil sxvadasxva

tipis Carevas im mizniT, rom daexmaron adami-

anebs TavianTi cxovrebis problemuri aspeqte-

bis gakontorlebaSi. me-16 Tavi, magaliTad, fsi-r

at

om

aa

fsi

qo

lo

gi

a u

ni

ka

lu

ri

?

8qikuri daavadebebis mkurnalobas exeba. wig-

nSi agreTve aRwerilia, rogor SeuZliaT ada-

mianebs aRmofxvran arajansaRi qcevebi, ro-

goricaa magaliTad, sigaretis moweva; wamo-

iwyon jansaRi qcevebi, rogoricaa regularu-

li varjiSi (Tavi 13). Tqven SeityobT aRzrdis

ra stili exmareba mSoblebs SvilebTan myari

kavSiris SenarCunebaSi (Tavi 11). ris gamo ar

surs ucxo adamians daexmaros sxvas ubeduri

SemTxvevis dros da rogor SeiZleba am xe-

lisSemSleli faqtorebis gadalaxva (Tavi 18).

aq moyvanilia mxolod ramdenime magaliTi im

uricxvi situaciidan, romelSic fsiqologe-

bi TavianT codnas iyeneben, raTa gaaumjobe-

son da gaakontrolon adamianebis cxovreba.

am TvalsazrisiT, fsiqologebi sakmaod op-

timistebi arian. mraval maTgans sjera, rom

praqtikulad nebismieri arasasurveli qceva

SeiZleba Seicvalos saTanado CareviT. `fsi-

qologia da cxovreba~ iziarebs am optimizms.

interess moklebuli ar iqneba aRvniSnoT,

rom gageba da ara kontroli warmoadgens mra-

vali aziuri da afrikuli qveynis fsiqolo-

gebis saboloo mizans (Nobles 1980, Triandis

1990). kritikosebs miaCniaT, rom kontrolze

yuradRebis gamaxvileba dasavlur fsiqolo-

giaSi im kulturuli mikerZoebis amsaxvelia,

romelic industrializaciis, evropelTa ko-

lonializmis da aSS-Si arsebuli dampyrob-

luri mentalitetis Sedegia. dasavluri fsi-

qologiis kontrolze fokusireba, agreTve,

mamakacur midgomad iTvleba. is aseTi domi-

nanturi ar iqneboda, qalebs rom eTamaSaT

wamyvani roli fsiqologiis ganviTarebaSi (Bor-

nstein, Quina, 1989; Riger, 1992).

Sejameba

am Sesaval TavSi warmovadgenT `fsiqolo-

giis da cxovrebis~ zogierT qveTavs, romle-

bic specialurad SevadgineT, raTa ufro efeq-

Ta

vi

1 /

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qo

lo

gi

is m

ec

ni

er

eb

a C

ve

ns c

xo

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eb

aS

i

am Sesavali Tavis kiTxvi-

sas SeiZleba dainteresdeT, ra

saWiroa fsiqologia? Cveni pa-

suxi am kiTxvaze sakmaod pir-

dapiria: gvjera, rom fsiqolo-

giur kvlevas dauyovneblivi da

mniSvnelovani gamoyeneba aqvs

yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. `fsi-

qologiis da cxovrebis~ erT-

erTi umTavresi mizania fsiqo-

logiuri gamocdilebis pirov-

nuli da sazogadoebrivi mniS-

vneloba gaaSuqos.

yovel semestrSi vxvdebiT

studentebs, romlebic fsiqo-

logiis disciplinis Sesaval

kurss eswrebian da garkveuli

kiTxvebi uCndebaT. xandaxan es

kiTxvebi maTi sakuTari gamoc-

dilebiTaa gamowveuli (ro-

ratomaa saWiro fsiqologiis Seswavla

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

gor unda moviqce, Tu vfiq-

rob, rom deda fsiqikurad da-

avadebuli myavs? es sagani

maswavlis, rogor unda mivi-

Ro ukeTesi niSnebi?); xanda-

xan es kiTxvebi presis saSua-

lebiT gavrcelebuli fsiqo-

logiuri informaciiTaa ga-

mowveuli (marTalia, rom rac

ufro didia bavSvi, miT ufro

konservatulia igi? qalebi

yovelTvis ukeTesi mSoblebi

arian, vidre kacebi?). CvenTvis

am kursis swavlebis sirTu-

le swored isaa, rom mecnie-

ruli kvlevis is Sedegebi war-

moavaCinoT, romlebic mniSvne-

lovania studentebisaTvis.

`fsiqologiisa da cxovre-

bis~ TiTqmis yvela Tavi da

qveTavi cdilobs swored am-

gvar kiTxvebs upasuxos. am ga-

mocemaSi specialuri CanarTe-

bi movaTavseT _ fsiqologia

Cvens cxovrebaSi. TiToeuli

aseTi CanarTi pasuxobs kiTx-

vas, romelic araerTxel

gvsmenia studentebisagan.

Cvens mizans warmoadgenda im

sakiTxebis mecnierulad ax-

sna, romlebic yvelaze metad

aRelvebT studentebs. imedi

gvaqvs dagveTanxmebiT, rom

fsiqologiis Seswavla gaam-

didrebs Tqvens cxovrebise-

ul gamocdilebas.

9turad aiTvisoT teqsti. Sejamebis qveTavi Tan

sdevs yoveli Tavis garkveul, msxvil infor-

macias. amgvari Sejameba ganvlili masalis sak-

vanZo sakiTxebis ukeT gagebaSi dagexmarebaT.

yovel Tavs boloSi darTuli aqvs seqcia, ro-

melsac sakvanZo sakiTxebi ewodeba. es qveTavi

teqstis wvdomis Sesamowmeblad unda gamoiye-

noT. Tu aRmoaCenT, rom ar gesmiT Sejameba,

teqsts daubrundiT da Sesabamisi masala Ta-

vidan waikiTxeT, sanam ar darwmundebiT, rom

namdvilad gesmiT teqsti. amgvari qveTavebi tes-

tirebisaTvis mzadebaSi dagexmarebaT.

S e j a m e b a

fsiqologebi mecnierul meTods imisaTvis

iyeneben, rom individebis qcevisa da fsiqiku-

ri procesebis Sesaxeb daskvna gaakeTon. fsi-

qologebs ramdenime mizani aqvT: obieqturad

da saTanado doneze aRweron qceva, axsnan mi-

si aRmZvreli Zalebi, iwinaswarmetyvelon ro-

dis ganxorcieldeba qceva da gaakontrolon

is, raTa cxovrebis done gaaumjobeson.

Tanamedrove fsiqologiis

ganviTareba

XXI saukuneSi CvenTvis SedarebiT advilia

ganvmartoT, ras niSnavs fsiqologia da ra

aris fsiqologiuri kvlevis miznebi. Tumca,

fsiqologiis Seswavlis dawyebisas mniSvnelo-

vania gesmodeT is mravali Zala, romelmac

Tanamedrove fsiqologiis gaCena ganapiroba.

es istoriuli mimoxilva erT martiv princips

emyareba: mniSvneloba aqvs ideebs. fsiqologi-

is mecnierebis ganviTarebis mTel manZilze

gacxarebuli kamaTi mimdinareobda fsiqolo-

giis sagnisa da kvlevis meTodebis Sesaxeb.

Cveni istoriuli mimoxilva analizis or

doneze ganxorcieldeba. pirvel ganyofileba-

Si mimovixilavT istoriis im periods, roca

fsiqologias safuZveli Caeyara, xolo meore

ganyofilebaSi farTod aRvwerT amJamad arse-

bul Svid mimdinareobas. fokusirebis orive

donisaTvis SeecadeT warmoidginoT is inte-

leqtualuri vneba, romliTac Cndeboda es Te-

oriebi.

fsiqologiis istoriulisafuZvlebi

fsiqologias xangrZlivi warsuli, magram

mokle istoria aqvs, werda eqsperimentuli

fsiqologiis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli her-

man ebinhausi (Hermann Ebbinghaus, 1908). mecnie-rebs saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ainteresebdaT

adamianis bunebis mravali saidumlo: rogor

aRiqvams adamiani realobas, rogoria cnobie-

rebis buneba, saidan modis sigiJe, magram am-

gvar kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis SesaZleblo-

ba kvlevis saTanado iaraRis ararsebobis ga-

mo ar gaaCndaT. gavixsenoT Cvens welTaRricx-

vamde IV da V saukuneebSi berZeni filoso-

fosebis: sokrates, platonis da aristote-

les mier dasmuli fundamenturi SekiTxvebi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom fsiqologiis garkveu-

li formebi induri iogas uZveles tradicia-

Sic arsebobda, dasavluri fsiqologiis sa-

fuZvlebi swored did berZen moazrovneTa di-

alogebSi unda veZeboT, sadac midioda msje-

loba imaze, Tu rogor muSaobs goneba, ra

aris Tavisufali neba, ra mimarTebaa calke-

ul moqalaqeebsa da maT saxelmwifos Soris.

XIX saukunis bolosTvis mkvlevrebma sxva mec-

nierebebidan, rogorebicaa fiziologia da fi-

zika, kvlevis laboratoriuli meTodebis fsi-

qologiaSi gadmotana daiwyes, raTa pasuxi

gaecaT filosofosebis mier dasmul am fun-

damentur kiTxvebze.

Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ganviTarebaSi ga-

damwyveti roli vilhelm vundtma (WilhelmWundt) Seasrula, romelmac 1879 wels laip-cigSi eqsperimentuli fsiqologiis pirveli

laboratoria daaarsa. marTalia, vundti ga-

naTlebiT fiziologi iyo, magram samecniero

karieris manZilze misma interesebma sxeulis

Seswvlidan fsiqikis Seswavlaze gadainacvla.

mas surda Seeswavla SegrZnebis da aRqmis

ZiriTadi procesebi da martivi fsiqikuri pro-

cesebis siCqare. im droisaTvis, rodesac vun-

dtma fsiqologiuri laboratoria daaarsa,

mas ukve ganxorcielebuli hqonda kvlevaTa

seria da gamoqveynebuli Tavisi `fiziologi-

ra

to

ma

a f

si

qo

lo

gi

a u

ni

ka

lu

ri

?

10

uri fsiqologiis safuZvlebis~ pirveli ga-

mocema (sul 7 aseTi gamocema iyo) (Kendler,1987). laboratoriis gaxsnis Semdeg vundtma

fsiqologiis studentebis aRzrda daiwyo, mis-

ma mowafeTa didma raodenobam Semdeg TavianT

samSobloSi daaarsa msgavsi laboratoriebi.

raki fsiqologia damoukidebel discipli-

nad Camoyalibda, CrdiloeT amerikis mraval

universitetSi fsiqologiuri laboratoriebi

gaCnda: pirveli maTgani _ jons hopkinsis uni-

versitetSi, 1883 wels. am adreul laborato-

riebs vundtis gavlena etyoboda. magaliTad,

eduard titCeneri (Edward Titchener), vundtis mo-wafe, erT-erTi pirveli fsiqologi iyo aSS-Si,

romelmac 1892 wels kornelis universitetis

laboratoria daaarsa. Tumca, daaxloebiT amave

dros, harvardis universitetis filosofiis

axalgazrda profesorma, romelic medicinas

swavlobda da literatura da religia ainte-

resebda, wminda amerikuli xedva SeimuSava. ui-

liam jemsma (William James), didi romanistis,henri jemsis Zmam, or tomad gamosca fsiqo-

logiis safuZvlebi (1890-1950), romelic, mra-

vali eqspertis azriT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani

fsiqologiuri naSromia. maleve, 1892 wels, h.

stenli holma amerikis fsiqologTa asocia-

cia daaarsa. 1900 wlisTvis CrdiloeT amerika-

Si 40-ze meti fsiqologiuri laboratoria fun-

qcionirebda (Hilgard, 1986).fsiqologiis gaCenisTanave daiwyo debatebi

misi kvlevis sagnisa da meTodebis Sesaxeb. am

debatebSi gamokveTili zogierTi sakiTxi je-

rac ar kargavs mniSvnelobas. ganvixiloT dava

struqturalizmsa da funqcionalizms Soris.

struqturalizmi: fsiqikis Sinaarsi

rodesac fsiqologia laboratoriuli mec-

niereba gaxda da eqsperimentuli kvlevebis Ca-

tareba daiwyo, naTlad gamoCnda misi potenci-

ali _ unikaluri wvlili Seetana codnis SeZe-

naSi. vundtis laboratoriaSi cdis pirebi mar-

tiv reaqciebs (ki-s, an ara-s Tqma, Rilakze

TiTis daWera) iZleodnen sxvadasxva pirobaSi

aRqmul stimulebze. radganac monacemebi sis-

tematuri da obieqturi procedurebis saSua-

lebiT iyo Segrovili, sxvebsac SeeZloT am

eqsperimentebis gameoreba. vundtis fsiqolo-

giuri tradiciis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia aq-

centi mecnierul meTodze, zust gazomvebsa da

monacemTa statistikur analizze.

rodesac titCenerma vundtis fsiqologia aSS-

Si Caitana, igi amtkicebda, rom cnobierebis

sakvlevad swored amgvari mecnieruli meTode-

bi unda gamoeyenebinaT. cnobieri fsiqikuri cxov-

rebis elementebis Seswavlis miseuli meTodi

introspeqcia _ individis mier konkretuli sen-

soruli gancdiT gamowveuli azrebis da grZno-

bebis ganxilva iyo. titCeneri aqcents fsiqikis

Sinaarsis raobaze akeTebda da naklebad ainte-

resebda kiTxvebi ratom da rogor. mis mid-

gomas struqturalizmi, anu swavleba fsiqikis

da qcevis struqturis Sesaxeb ewodeba.

struqturalizmi efuZneba varauds, rom ada-

mianis fsiqikuri gancda SeiZleba gavigoT, ro-

gorc ZiriTadi komponentebis kombinacia. am mid-

gomis mizani iyo fsiqikis struqtura SegrZne-

bis da fsiqikuri cxovrebis sxva gancdebis Se-

madgeneli elementebis analizis gziT ekvlia.

mravali fsiqologi struqturalizms sam fron-

tze daesxa Tavs: (1) is reduqcionistuli iyo,

radganac adamianis gancdis mTeli sirTule

martiv SegrZnebebamde daiyvana; (2) is elemen-

taruli iyo, radgan nawilebs anu elementebs

erT mTelSi aerTebda da uSualod am mTel

qcevas ar swavlobda; (3) is mentalisturi iyo,

radgan adamianis cnobieri gancdis mxolod

verbalur aRweras swavlobda da ar iTvalis-

winebda maT gamocdilebas, visac ar SeeZlo

Tavisi introspeqciis aRwera, maT Soris, cxo-

velebs, bavSvebs da fsiqikurad daavadebul

adamianebs.

Ta

vi

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is m

ec

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xo

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11

struqturalizmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

alternativa gelStalt fsiqologia iyo, rom-

lis fuZemdebeli germaneli fsiqologi maqs

verthaimeri (Max Wertheimer) gaxldaT. misi az-riT, mraval movlenas fsiqika aRiqvams, ro-

gorc geStalts _ organizebul mTels da ara

martivi nawilebis erTianobas. rodesac, maga-

liTad, naxats aRviqvamT, is ufro metia, vidre

saRebavis calkeuli monasmebis erToblioba.

rogorc me-5 TavSi vnaxavT, geStalt fsiqolo-

gias kvlavac aqvs gavlena aRqmis Seswavlaze.

struqturalizmis kidev erTi sapirispi-

ro mimdinareobaa funqcionalizmi.

funqcionalizmi:

mizanmimarTuli fsiqika

uiliam jemsi titCeners eTanxmeboda, rom

fsiqologiis Seswavlis sagani cnobiereba un-

da iyos, magram misTvis cnobiereba ar daiyva-

neboda elementebze, Sinaarssa da struqtu-

rebze. cnobiereba aris nakadi, fsiqikis Tvi-

seba, romelic mudmiv urTierTqmedebaSi imyo-

feba garemosTan. adamianis cnobiereba mis ga-

remosTan morgebas aadvilebs, amdenad, mniS-

vnelovania fsiqikuri procesebis moqmedebebi

da funqciebi da ara Sinaarsi.

funqcionalizmisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia

daswavlili Cvevebi, romlebic organizms ga-

remosTan morgebis da efeqturad funqcioni-

rebis saSualebas aZlevs. kvlevam pasuxi un-

da gasces kiTxvas: ra aris nebismieri qcevi-

Ti aqtis funqcia an mizani? funqcionaliz-

mis skolis damaarsebeli iyo amerikeli fi-

losofosi jon diui. mis mier fsiqikuri pro-

cesebis praqtikuli gamoyenebis mcdelobam ga-

naTlebis sferoSi mniSvnelovan warmatebas

miaRwia. misma msjelobam impulsi misca prog-

resul ganaTlebas sakuTar laboratoriul

skolaSi da Semdgom mTel aSS-Si: meqanikuri

daswavla uaryves da praqtikiT swavlaze gada-

vidnen im imediT, rom es inteleqtualur cno-

bismoyvareobas aRZravda da Sedegad masalis uke-

Tesi wvdoma miiReboda (Kendler, 1987, gv. 124).

miuxedavad imisa, jemss dakvirvebis sjero-

da, vundtis mier SemuSavebul daxvewil labo-

ratorul meTodebs is mcire mniSvnelobas ani-

Webda. jemsis fsiqologiaSi arsebobda adgili

emociebis, me-s, nebisyofis, Rirebulebebis, re-

ligiuri da mistikuri gancdebisTvisac ki. mi-

si Tbilsisxliani fsiqologia aRiarebda, rom

TiToeuli individi unikaluria da ver daiyva-

neba formulebze an testis qulebze. jemsis-

Tvis fsiqologiis mizans axsna warmoadgenda

da ara _ eqsperimentuli kontroli (Arkin, 1990).

am mimdinareobebis memkvidreoba

miuxedavad maT Soris gansxvavebisa, struq-

turalizmis da funqcionalizmis praqtikosTa

aRmoCenebma is inteleqtualuri konteqsti Seq-

mnes, romelSic Tanamedrove fsiqologia ganvi-

Tarda. amJamad fsiqologebi swavloben qcevis

rogorc struqturas, ise funqcias, magaliTad,

ganvixiloT metyvelebis procesi. warmoidgineT,

rom megobris kinoSi dapatiJeba gsurT. amisaT-

vis Tqvens mier warmoTqmulma sityvebma sworad

unda Seasrulos Tavisi funqcia. amave dros

winadadebas unda hqondes swori struqtura: swo-

ri ar iqneba Tu ityviT: ginda `varskvlavuri

omebi~ erTad CemTan am saRamos wamosvla? mety-

velebis procesis gagebis mizniT mecnierebi swav-

loben, Tu rogor axerxebs mosaubre erTmaneTs

moargos sityvis mniSvneloba (funqcia) da enis

gramatikuli struqtura (Bock 1990). (enis da mety-

velebis zogierT process me-9 TavSi aRvwerT).

am wignSi aqcents gavakeTebT rogorc struqtu-

raze, ise _ funqciaze, ganvixilavT rogorc kla-

sikur, ise Tanamedrove kvlevebs. fsiqologebi

mraval sxvadasxva meTods iyneben yvela indivi-

disaTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogadi movlenebisa

da TiToeuli individis unikaluri aspeqtebis

Sesaswavlad.

Tanamedrove fsiqologiis mimdi-nareobebiganvixiloT Tanamedrove fsiqologiis Ziri-

Tad mimdinareobebi. TiToeuli maTgani: _ bio-

logiuri, fsiqodinamikuri, bihevioristuli,

Ta

na

me

dr

ov

e f

si

qo

lo

gi

is g

an

vi

Ta

re

ba

struqturalizmi (Srtucturalism) _ swavleba fsi-qikisa da qcevis Sesaxeb, sadac fsiqikuri ga-

mocdileba gaigeba, rogorc martivi elemente-

bis an movlenebis kombinacia.

funqcionalizmi (Functionalism) _ swavleba, ro-

melic fokusirdeba organizmis garemosTan ur-

TierTqmedebis dros fsiqikisa da qcevis fun-

qciebze.

12

humanisturi, kognituri, ganviTarebis da fsi-

qo-kulturuli _ iZleva xedvis kuTxesa da

daSvebebs, romelic gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu

ras Seiswavlian fsiqologebi da rogor: ada-

mianebs Tavisufali neba gaaCniaT, Tu memkvid-

reobiT miRebul (biologiuri determinizmi),

an garemoTi ganpirobebul (garemos determi-

nizmi) scenars asruleben? organizmi aqtiuri

da SemoqmedebiTia, Tu meqanikuri da reaqtiu-

li? SesaZlebelia fsiqologiuri da socialu-

ri fenomenebi fiziologiuri procesebiT aix-

snas? rTuli qceva mravali ufro mcire kompo-

nentis jamia, Tu mas axali da gansxvavebuli

Tvisebebi aqvs? fsiqologiis mimdinareoba gana-

pirobebs, ra eZebos, sad da ra meTodebiT. yove-

li momdevno Tavis wakiTxvisas miadevneT Tva-

li, Tu rogor gansazRvravs qcevis mizezebs da

Sedegebs TiToeuli aseTi mimdinareoba.

marTalia, fsiqologiis centralur sakiTx-

ebs TiToeuli es mimdinareoba gansxvavebulad

udgeba, mravali fsiqologi sesxulobs da er-

TmaneTs uTavsebs sxvadasxva mimarTulebis cne-

bebs. TiToeuli mimdinareoba saSualebas gvaZ-

levs ukeT gavigoT adamianis gamocdileba. ami-

tom, aq TiToeuli mimarTulebis wvlils gan-

vixilavT, xolo mTlianobaSi isini Tanamed-

rove fsiqologias asaxaven.

biologiuri mimdinareoba

biologiuri mimidnareobis warmomadgenlebi

qcevis mizezs genebis, tvinis, nervuli da en-

dokrinuli sistemebis funqcionirebaSi eZe-

ben. organizmis funqcionireba axsnilia mis

safuZvlad mdebare fizikuri struqturebis

da bioqimiuri procesebis terminebiT. gancda

da qceva gaigeba, rogorc nervul ujredebs

Soris da SigniT qimiuri da eleqtruli aqti-

vobis Sedegi.

am mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi Tvlian,

rom fsiqologiuri da socialuri fenomenebi

SeiZleba bioqimiuri procesebis terminebiT

aixsnas. yvelaze rTuli fenomenic ki SeiZle-

ba gagebul iqnes ufro mcire, ufro specifi-

kur erTeulebze dayvaniT. magaliTad, isini

Seecdebian axsnan, rogor kiTxulobT am wina-

dadebis Semadgenel sityvebs tvinis ujredeb-

Si mimdinare zusti fizikuri procesebis aR-

weris gziT. aq qceva misi fizikuri struqtu-

riT da memkvidreobiTi procesebiT ganisazR-

vreba. safuZvlad mdebare biologiuri struq-

turebis da procesebis SecvliT gamocdile-

bam SeiZleba qcevac Secvalos. mkvlevrebma

SeiZleba gkiTxon: ra cvlilebebi xdeba Tqvens

tvinSi, roca kiTxvas swavlobT? fsiqobio-

logiuri mimarTulebis amocana qcevis anali-

zis yvelaze zust doneze gagebaa.

mravali aseTi mkvlevari universitetebsa

da samedicino laboratoriebSi muSaobs, sxvebi

ki _ klinikebSi. pirvelebi swavloben, SeiZ-

leba Tu ara gavaumjobesoT asakovani virTxe-

bis mexsiereba Canasaxovani virTxebis qsovi-

lebis gadanergviT, xolo meoreni _ avtosag-

zao SemTxvevis an daavadebis Sedegad gamow-

veuli mexsierebis dakargvas. am mkvlevrebis

gamaerTianebelia biologiuri Zalebisagan war-

moSobili qcevis aspeqtebis Seswavla.

fsiqodinamikuri mimdinareoba

fsiqodinamikuri mimarTulebis mixedviT qce-

vas marTavs, an mis motivs warmoadgens Zlie-

ri Sinagani Zalebi. adamianis qcevebi Tanda-

yolili instinqtebidan, biologiuri ltol-

vebidan, pirovnul moTxovnilebebsa da sazo-

gadoebis moTxovnebs Soris konfliqtis ga-

daWris mcdelobidan momdinareobs. depriva-

ciis mdgomareoba, fiziologiuri aRgzneba da

konfliqtebi qcevis ganxorcielebis energias

zustad iseve iZleva, rogorc naxSiri _ saw-

vavs orTqlis lokomotivisaTvis. am modelis

mixedviT, organizmi wyvets reagirebas, Tu mi-

si moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia, misi

ltolvebi ki _ Semcirebuli. qcevis mTavari

mizani daZabulobis Semcirebaa.

motivaciis fsiqodinamikuri principebi yve-

laze srulad venelma eqimma zigmund froid-

ma (zigmund Freud) ganaviTara XIX saukunis bo-

Ta

vi

1 /

fsi

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lo

gi

is m

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biologiuri perspeqtiva

aa

fsiqologiuri perspeqtiva

a

13

los da XX saukunis dasawyisSi. froidis ide-

ebi fsiqikurad daavadebul pacientebTan mu-

Saobis Sedegad warmoiSva, magram, misi azriT,

is principebi, romlebic man avadmyofebTan aR-

moaCina, vrceldeba rogorc normalur, jan-

saR, ise _ paTologiur qcevaze. froidis fsi-

qodinamikuri Teoriis mixedviT, pirovnebas aqeT-

iqeT eqaCeba Sinagani da garegani Zalebi. fro-

idis modelSi pirvelad iyo naCvenebi, rom ada-

mianis buneba yovelTvis ar aris racionalu-

ri; rom qcevebi SeiZleba iseTi motivebiT iyos

gamowveuli, romlebic ar aris gacnobierebu-

li. froidis Semdeg es Teoria misma mimdev-

rebma sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT ganaviTares.

froidis mixedviT, pirovnebis Camoyalibebis

periodi adreuli bavSvobaa, neofroidianeleb-

ma gaafarToves misi Teoria da masSi socia-

luri zemoqmedeba da urTierTqmedeba CarTes,

romelic indvidis sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi

iCens Tavs.

froidis ideebs didi gavlena hqonda fsi-

qologiis mraval sferoze. misi wvlilis sxva-

dasxva aspeqts waawydebiT, rodesac gaecno-

biT bavSvis ganviTarebis, sizmris, daviwyebis,

aracnobieri motivaciis, pirovnebis da fsiqo-

analituri Terapiis sakiTxebs. amasTanave, gak-

virvebiT aRmoaCenT, rom misi ideebi arasodes

yofila sistematuri mecnieruli kvlevis Se-

degi. nacvlad amisa, es iyo gamorCeuli Semoq-

medebiTi gonebis nayofi, romelic Sepyrobi-

li iyo adamianis azrebis, grZnobebisa da moq-

medebebis Rrmad dafaruli saidumlos amoc-

nobis surviliT.

bihevioristuli mimdinareoba

am mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi swavlo-

ben, Tu rogor akontrolebs konkretuli ti-

pis qcevas garemos konkretuli stimuli. upir-

veles yovlisa, bihevioristebi aanalizeben ga-

remos winapirobebs, im pirobebs, romlebic win

uswrebs qcevas da organizms imisaTvis amza-

debs, moaxdinos Tu ara reagireba. Semdeg isi-

ni ganixilaven qceviT reaqcias, romelic maTi

kvlevis mTavar obieqts warmoadgens. qceva un-

da gavigoT, viwinaswarmetyveloT da gavakon-

troloT. bolos, ikvleven reaqciis dakvirve-

bad Sedegebs. bihevioristis interesis sagania,

magaliTad, rogor cvlis sagzao jarimebi (Se-

degi) motocikletistis marTvis stils, aiZu-

lebs mas ufro frTxilad iaros, an saerTod

Tavi daanebos tarebas (qceviTi reaqcia).

monacemebs bihevioristebi kontrolirebadi

laboratoriuli eqsperimentebidan iReben. maT

SeiZleba eleqtronuli aparatura da kompiu-

terebi gamoiyenon stimulis warsadgenad da

reaqciis dasafiqsireblad. isini miiCneven, rom

Sesaswavli fenomeni zustad unda iyos ganmar-

tebuli da raodenobrivad gamoxatuli. xSirad

isini cxovelebs swavloben (umetes SemTxveva-T

an

am

ed

ro

ve

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is g

an

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Ta

re

ba

bihevioristuli mimdinareoba (Behaviorists perspec-

tive) _ am mimdinareobas ainteresebs dakvirveba-

di qceva, romelic obieqturad fiqsirdeba da

dakvirvebadi qcevis mimarTeba garemos stimu-

lebTan.

biheviorizmi (Behaviorism) _ mecnieruli midgoma,

romelic fsiqologiis Seswavlas mxolod ga-

zomvadi an dakvirvebadi qceviT farglavs.

humanisturi mimdinareoba (Humanistic perspective) _

fsiqologiuri modeli, romelic aqcents indi-

vidis fenomenur samyaroze, racionaluri arCe-

vanis gakeTebisa da maqsimaluri potencialis

ganviTarebis Tandayolil unarze akeTebs.

14

Si mtredebs da virTxebs), radgan eqsperimen-

tis pirobebs aq ufro srulad gaakontrole-

ben, vidre adamianebis SemTxvevaSi. bihevioris-

tebi Tvlian, rom cxovelebze Seswavlili Zi-

riTadi procesebi igivenairad mimdinareobs sxva

saxeobebSic.

biheviorizmi farTod gamoiyeneba fsiqolo-

giis praqtikaSi. mis mier moTxovnili zusti

eqsperimentireba da cvladebis zedmiwevniTi

dadgena fsiqologiis sferoTa umetesobaSi ga-

iziares. bihevioristebis mier cxovelebze aR-

moCenili kanozomierebebi adamianis proble-

mebzec gamoiyenes. bihevioristulma principeb-

ma ganaTlebisadmi ufro humanur midgomamde

migviyvana (dasjis nacvlad dadebiTi ganmtki-

cebis gamoyeneba), Seiqmna qceviTi darReevebis

axali tipis Terapia da utopiuri sazogadoe-

bis modelis Seqmnis instruqciebi.

humanisturi mimdinareoba

humanisturi fsiqologia 1950-ian wlebSi gaC-

nda, rogorc fsiqodinamikuri da bihevioris-

tuli modelebis alternativa. humanisturi fsi-

qologiis mixedviT, adamianebis qcevas ar ga-

napirobebs arc Sinagani, instinqturi Zalebi,

rogorc amas froidianelebi miiCneven da arc

garegani Zalebi, rogorc bihevioristebs miaC-

ndaT. adamianebi aqtiuri qmnilebebi arian, Si-

naganad kargebi da arCevanis gakeTebis unari

aqvT. humanisturi mimdinareobis mixedviT, ada-

mianis ZiriTadi amocanaa swrafva sakuTari po-

tenciis, SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebisken.

humanisti fsiqologebi swavloben qcevas,

magram ara laboratoriul pirobebSi da ara

mis Semadgenel elementebze an komponentebze

dayvaniT. isini adamianTa cxovrebis ganmavlo-

baSi gamovlenil cxovrebiseuli istoriebis

paternebs akvirdebian. biheviorisitebisgan

mkveTrad gansxvavebiT, humanisturi fsiqolo-

giis warmomadgenlebi individis mier gancdil

subieqtur samyaros swavloben da ara garega-

ni damkvirveblis da mkvlevris TvaliT dana-

xul obieqtur samyaros. amitom, isini fenome-

nologiuri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebadac

iTvlebian, radgan movlenebze calkeuli moq-

medi subieqtis (actor) pirad Sexedulebas swav-

loben. garda amisa, humanisti fsiqologebi cdi-

loben mTliani pirovneba Seiswavlon da ho-

listur midgomas aRiareben. maTi azriT, nam-

dvili wvdoma niSnavs individis fsiqikis, sxe-

ulis da qcevis codnas socialuri da kultu-

ruli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

humanisturi midgoma afarToebs fsiqolo-

giis sferos da masSi literaturis, istoriis,

xelovnebis Seswavlidan miRebul gakveTilebs

rTavs. amgvarad, fsiqologia ufro savse dis-

ciplina xdeba. humanisturi fsiqologiis war-

momadgenlebi amboben, rom maTi midgoma aris

is safuari, romelic exmareba fsiqologias ada-

mianis bunebis cxovelur aspeqtebze da uaryo-

fiT Zalebze zemoT dadges. rogorc me-16 Tav-

Si vnaxavT, humanisturma mimdinareobam didi

gavlena iqonia fsiqoTerapiaSi axali midgome-

bis gaCenaze.

kognituri mimdinareoba

kognituri revolucia fsiqologiaSi gaCnda,

rogorc biheviorizmis SezRudulobis kidev erTi

gamowveva. kognituri mimdinareobis centrSi dgas

adamianis Semecneba da codnis SeZenis yvela

procesi: yuradReba, azrovneba, damaxsovreba da

gageba. kognituri mimarTulebis mixedviT ada-

mianebi moqmedeben, radgan isini azrovneben, xo-

lo azrovneben, radgan adamianebi arian.

kognitur modelSi qceva mxolod nawilob-

rivadaa ganpirobebuli garemos winmswrebi mov-

lenebiT da warsuli qcevebis SedegebiT, ro-

gorc es bihevioristebs miaCniaT. zogierTi yve-

laze mniSvnelovani qceva azrovnebis sruli-

ad axali da ara warsulSi gamoyenebuli gze-

bidan Cndeba. im alternativebis warmodgenis

unari, romlebic sruliad gansxvavdeba imis-

gan, rac aris, an iyo, saSualebas aZlevs adami-

ans momavlisken iswrafos da awmyo situacia

gadalaxos. individi realobaze reagirebs ara

ise, TiTqos is obieqturi samyaro iyos, aramed

ise, rogorc is misi fiqrebis da warmosaxvis

Sinagani samyaros subieqtur realobaSi aisa-

xeba. kognituri fsiqologebisaTvis azrebi qce-

vebis rogorc Sedegi, aseve mizezia. Tu viRa-

cas awyenineT da nanobT, es azria, romelic

qcevis Sedegad gagiCndaT, xolo sinanulis gan-

cdis Semdeg bodiSis moxda azris, rogorc

qcevis mizezis magaliTia.

kognituri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebi

iseT umaRles fsiqikur procesebs swavloben,

Ta

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15

rogoricaa aRqma, mexsiereba, enis gamoyeneba,

problemis gadaWra da gadawyvetilebis miReba

sxvadasxva doneze. maT SeiZleba ikvlion tvin-

Si sisxlis moZraobis sqema sxvadasxva tipis

kognituri amocanis gadawyvetisas, studentis

mogonebebi adreuli bavSvobis SemTxvevaze, an

sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi mexsierebis unaris

cvlilebebi. fsiqikur procesebze fokusirebis

gamo mravali mkvlevrisaTvis kognituri mimdi-

nareoba dRes fsiqologiaSi dominanturia.

evoluciuri mimdinareoba

evoluciuri mimdinareoba cdilobs Tanamed-

rove fsiqologia biologiuri mecnierebebis Zi-

riTad ideebs, Carlz darvinis bunebrivi SerCe-

vis gziT evoluciis Teorias daukavSiros. bu-

nebrivi SerCevis idea sakmaod martivia: gare-

mosTan ukeT Seguebuli organizmebi ukeTes STa-

momavlobas iZlevian (da gadascemen Tavis ge-

nebs), vidre cudad Seguebulebi. mravali Tao-

bis manZilze adaptaciis unari sul ufro da

ufro Zlierdeba da ixveweba. fsiqologiaSi evo-

luciuri mimdinareoba gulisxmobs, rom, ro-

gorc fsiqikuri, ise fizikuri unarebi milio-

nobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda, raTa

konkretul adaptaciur miznebs momsaxureboda.

mkvlevrebi im garemo pirobebs swavloben,

romlebSic adamianis tvini ganviTarda. adami-

anis ganviTarebis istoriis 99% pleistoce-

nis eraSi mcire jgufebad cxovrebas, nadiro-

basa da SemgroveblobaSi mimdinareobda (uxe-

Sad, ormilionwliani periodi, romelic 10 000

wlis win damTavrda). evoluciuri fsiqolo-

gia evoluciuri biologiis mdidar Teoriul

gamocdilebas iyenebs, raTa is centraluri

adaptaciuri problemebi daadginos, romlebic

cocxali arsebebis winaSe dgas: mtaceblebisa

da parazitebis Tavidan acileba, sakvebis Seg-

roveba da gacvla, mewyvilis mopoveba da Se-

narCuneba, janmrTeli bavSvebis gazrda. adap-

taciuri problemebis dadgenis Semdeg evolu-

ciuri fsiqologia daskvnebs akeTebs im fsiqi-

kuri meqanizmebis an fsiqologiuri adaptaci-

is Sesaxeb, romelic SeiZleba am problemebis

gadasWrelad gaCeniliyo.

evoluciuri fsiqologia sxva mimarTule-

bebisagan, upirvels yovlisa, imiT gansxvavde-

ba, rom misi ZiriTadi amxsneli principi evo-

luciis ukiduresad xangrZlivi procesia. am

mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi cdiloben ga-

igon qalisa da mamakacis mier aRebuli gan-

sxvavebuli sqesobrivi rolebi, rogorc evo-

luciis da ara Tanamedrove sazogadoebis gav-

lenis produqti. imis gamo, rom evoluciuri

fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebs ar SeuZliaT

eqsperimentebis Catareba, radgan evoluciis

process ver Secvlian, maT araordinaruli gze-

bis Zieba uwevT, raTa Teoriis damamtkicebeli

sabuTebi moipovon.

Ta

na

me

dr

ov

e f

si

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is g

an

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re

bakognituri mimdinareoba (Cognitive perspective) _ fsi-

qologiis mimdinareoba, romelic aqcents ake-

Tebs adamianis azrovnebis da codnis SeZenis

procesebze, rogoricaa yuradReba, azrovneba, da-

maxsovreba, molodini, problemis gadaWra, fan-

tazia da cnobiereba.

evoluciuri mimdinareoba (Evolutionary perspective)_ fsiqologiis midgoma, romelic xazs usvams

qceviT da adapturobis mniSvnelovnebas im vara-

udis safuZvelze, rom fsiqikuri unarebi mili-

onobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda, raTa

konkretul adaptur miznebs momsaxureboda.

kulturuli mimdinareoba (Cultural perspective) _ aq-

cents qcevis mizezebis da Sedegebis kros-kul-

turul sxvaobaze akeTebs.

16

kulturuli mimdinareoba

am mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi qcevis mi-

zezebisa da Sedegebis kros-kulturul sxvao-

bebs swavloben. kulturuli mimdinareoba mniS-

vnelovani pasuxia im kritikaze, rom fsiqolo-

giuri kvleva xSirad zedmetad emyareba adamia-

nis bunebis gagebis dasavlur koncefcias da

ikvlevs mxolod TeTrkanian, saSualo klasis

amerikelebs (Gergen et al; 1996). kulturuli Zale-bis saTanado gaTvaliswineba erTi da imave eris

SigniT jgufebis Sedarebasac gulisxmobs. ma-

galiTad, mkvlevrebma SeiZleba Seiswavlon kve-

biTi aSlilobebi aSS-is TeTrkanian da Savkani-

an amerikel mozardebSi (ixileT me-12 Tavi). kul-

turuli Zalebi SeiZleba aseve Sefasdes sxva-

dasxva erSi, magaliTad, moraluri msjelobe-

bis Sedareba aSS-sa da indoeTSi (Tavi me-11).

kros-kulturuli fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebs

ainteresebT, yvela adamians exeba arsebuli Te-

oriebi, Tu ufro viwro, specifikur populaci-

ebs.

kros-kulturuli mimdinareoba fsiqologi-

uri kvlevis TiTqmis yvela sferoze vrcelde-

ba: zemoqmedebs Tu ara kultura adamianis mier

samyaros aRqmaze? ganapirobebs Tu ara ena sam-

yaros aRqmas? rogor zemoqmedebs kultura bav-

Svis ganviTarebaze? rogor zemoqmedebs kultu-

ruli ganwyobebi moxucebulobis asakis gamoc-

dilebaze? ganapirobebs kultura sakuTari Ta-

vis aRqmas? zemoqmedebs kultura imaze, Tu ro-

gor gamoxatavs adamiani emociebs? ganapirobebs

Tu ara kultura imas, Tu ra qcevebs ganaxorci-

elebs individi? zemoqmedebs Tu ara kultura

imaze, Tu ra zomiT ganicdian adamianebi fsiqi-

kur aSlilobebs?

amgvari kiTxvebis dasmiT kulturuli mimdi-

nareoba xSirad iseT daskvnebs gvaZlevs, rom-

lebic sxva mimarTulebis mier wamoyenebul Te-

zisebs ewinaaRmdegeba. magaliTad, mkvlevarTa

azriT, froidis Teoriis mravali aspeqti ar

miesadageba venis kulturisagan Sors mdgom sa-

zogadoebebs. amgvari idea jer kidev anTropo-

logma bronislav malinovskim (Bronislav Malinow-

ski) gamoTqva 1927 wels da froidis mamaze cen-

trirebuli Teoria axali gvineis magaliTis sa-

fuZvelze gaakritika, sadac ojaxebi dedazea

centrirebuli. amrigad, kulturuli mimdinare-

oba miiCnevs, rom fsiqodinamikuri mimdinareo-

bis zogierTi debuleba arasworia. kulturis

sxvadasxvaoba da simdidre gaTvaliswinebuli

unda iyos, rodesac adamianis gamocdilebis Se-

saxeb daskvnebis ganzogadebas vaxdenT.

mimdinareobebis Sedareba:

agresiis magaliTi

Svidive mimdinareoba s\xvadasxva daSvebazea

agebuli da gansxvavebulad esmis qceva. cxril-

Si 1.1 Sejamebulia es mimdinareobebi.

magaliTisaTvis mokled ganvixiloT, rogor

axsnida TiToeuli es Teoria agresiis faqts;

imas, Tu ratom iqcevian adamianebi agresiulad.

yvela es midgoma iyo gamoyenebuli agresiisa

da Zaladobis bunebis gagebis mcdelobisas. Ti-

Toeuli mimarTulebisaTvis mogvyavs mkvlevre-

bis mier SesaZlod gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi da

SesaZlod ganxorcielebuli eqsperimentebi.

biologiuri. ikvleven tvinis konkretuli

sistemebis rols agresiaSi. isini sxvadasxva re-

gions astimulireben da Semdeg amiT gamowve-

ul destruqciul moqmedebebs afiqsireben. ag-

reTve, swavloben, raime normidan gadaxra xom

ar aris seriuli mkvlelebis tvinSi, xom ar

aris dakavSirebuli qalis agresia menstrua-

lur ciklTan.

fsiqodinamikuri. aanalizeben agresias, ro-

gorc reaqcias frustraciaze, romelsac sia-

movnebis miRwevis procesSi Seqmnili dabrko-

lebebi iwvevs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, usamar-

Tlo xelmZRvaneli. es mimdinareoba agresias

uyurebs, rogorc bavSvobaSi mSoblebis mimarT

gancdili mtrulobis gadatanas zrdasrul asak-

Si.

bihevioristuli. adgens warsulSi Cadeni-

li agresiuli qcevebis ganmtkicebis faqtebs,

vTqvaT, moswavlem klaselebs, an Tanatolebs

daartya da es zedmeti yuradRebis sagani gax-

da. es midgoma amtkicebs, rom bavSvebi mSoble-

bisagan agresiul mopyrobas swavloben da Sem-

deg Tavis Svilebsac aseve epyrobian.

humanisturi. ikvlevs im pirovnul Rirebu-

lebebs da socialur pirobebs, romlebic xels

uwyobs agresiul da TviTSemzRudav gamocdi-

lebas da ara harmoniul ganviTarebas.

kognituri. swavlobs mtrul azrebs da

fantaziebs, romelsac adamiani Zaladobis aq-

Ta

vi

1 /

fsi

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lo

gi

is m

ec

ni

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a C

ve

ns c

xo

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aS

i

17

tis yurebisas ganicdis. ikvlevs filmebSi ar-

sebuli agresiis, maT Soris pornografiuli

Zaladobis gavlenas iaraRis xmarebisadmi, gau-

patiurebisadmi da omisadmi damokidebulebaze.

evoluciuri. ganixilavs, ra pirobebis ga-

mo gaxda agresia adapturi qceva adreuli ada-

mianebisaTvis. adgens fsiqologiur meqanizmebs,

romlebic pasuxismgebelia agresiuli qcevis se-

leqciur warmoSobaze.

kulturuli. ganixilavs, rogor avlenen

da xsnian agresias sxvadasxva kulturis war-

momadgenlebi. rogor zemoqmedeben kulturu-

li Zalebi agresiuli qcevis sxvadasxva tipis

gamovlenis albaTobaze.

ras akeTeben fsiqologebi

ukve sakmarisi iciT fsiqologiis Sesaxeb,

raTa is kiTxvebi CamoayaliboT, romlebic fsi-

qologiuri kv levis mTel diapazons moicavs.

kiTxvebis amgvari sia rom mogemzadebinaT, sxva-

dasxva dargis fsiqologis saeqsperto sferos

SeexebodiT. 1.2 cxrilSi amgvari kiTxvebis Cve-

neuli versiaa moyvanili Sesabamisi dargis fsi-

qologebis miTiTebiT. Tu dro gaqvT, Tqveni sa-

kuTari kiTxvebis sia CamowereT. gadaxazeT Ti-

Toeuli kiTxva, rogorc ki mis pasuxs amoi-

kiTxavT am wignSi.

Ta

na

me

dr

ov

e f

si

qo

lo

gi

is g

an

vi

Ta

re

ba

mimdinareoba rogor esmis qcevis kvlevis fokusi kvlevis ZiriTadiadamianis buneba determinantebi Temebi

biologiuri pasiuri memkvidreoba, tvini da nervuli qcevis da fsiqikurimeqanisturi bioqimiuri sistemis procesebis

procesebi procesebi bioqimiuri safuZveli

fsiqodinamikuri instinqtiT memkvidreoba, aracnobieri qceva, rogorc marTuli adreuli ltolvebi, aracnobieri

gamocdileba konfliqtebi motivebis garegani gamoxatva

bihevioristuli reagirebs stimulze, garemo, konkretuli qceva da misiSeiZleba misi Secvla stimulis Semcveli garegani reqciebi stimulebi, mizezebi

pirobebi da Sedegebi

humanisturi aqtiuri, potenciurad adamianis cxovrebis paternebiusazRvro sakuTari gamocdileba da faseulobebi, potencialis Tavisadmi potenciali miznebi mqone mimarTuli

kognituri SemoqmedebiTad stimulis fsiqikuri qceviTi aqtiuri, Semcveli procesebi, indikatorebisreagirebs pirobebi, ena saSualebiT stimulze fsiqikuri Seswavlili

procesebi fsiqikuri procesebi

evoluciuri plesitocenis eris adaptacia ganviTarebuli ganviTarebis problemebis gadarCenis fisqologiuri adapturi funqciebis gadaWraze mizniT adaptacia TvalsazrisiT adaptirebuli ganxiluli

fsiqikuri meqanizmebi

kulturuli icvleba kulturis kulturuli damokidebulebebisa adamianis zegavleniT normebi (attitudes) da gamocdilebis

qcevebis kros- universaluri da kulturuli kulturulad sqemebi specifikuri aspeqtebi

Tanamedrove fsiqologiis Svidi mimdinareobis Sedareba

cxrili 1.1

18

albaT ukve mixvdiT, rom msoflioSi Zalian

bevri fsiqologia. gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom

maTi raodenoba 500 000-s aWarbebs, maTgan 62-dan

82 aTasamde fsiqologiuri kvlevis sferoSi moR-

vaweobs (ix. sur. 1.1). miuxedavad imisa, rom fsi-

qologebis raodenoba dasavleTis industriul

qveynebSi metia, mraval sxva qveyanaSic izrdeba

interesi fsiqologiis mimarT. fsiqologiuri mec-

nierebis saerTaSoriso kavSirSi 64 qveynis fsi-

qologia gaerTianebuli (Rozenzweig, 1999). ameri-kis fsiqologTa asociacias (APA) 1998 wlis bo-

los 155 000 wevri hyavda msoflios yvela kuTx-

idan (Fowler, 1999). kidev erTi saerTaSoriso or-ganizacia, amerikis fsiqologTa sazogadoeba

(APS), 16 000-ze met wevrs aerTianebs da fsiqo-

logiis ufro samecniero aspeqtebzea fokusi-

rebuli, vidre klinikur, mkurnalobis mxareze.

ar gagikvirdebaT imis gageba, rom fsiqo-

logiis kvlevac da praqtikac mamakacebis do-

minirebiT mimdinareobda, Tumca mcire raode-

nobiT qalma fsiqologebma arsebiTi wvlili

Seitanes am sferoSi (Russo and Denmark, 1987; Scar-

borough and Furomoto, 1987). 1894 wels margaretuoSbornma (Margaret Washburn) kornelis uni-

versiteti daamTavra da qalebSi pirvelma mi-

iRo doqtoris xarisxi. man dawera cnobili

saxelmZRvanelo cxovelis goneba. 1895 wels

meri kalkinsma (Mary Calkins) warCinebiT daam-

Tavra harvardis universitetis doqtorantu-

ra, magram administracia mas ar aZlevda doq-

Ta

vi

1 /

fsi

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lo

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is m

ec

ni

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a C

ve

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aS

i

fsiqologiuri kvlevis mravalferovneba

kiTxva vin pasuxobs am kiTxvas

rogor unda gadaWran adamianebma ukeT klinikuri fsiqologiis warmomadgeneliTavianTi yoveldRiuri problemebi? fsiqiatri fsiqologi konsultanti

(counceling psychologist) Temis fsiqologi (community psychologist)

rogor inaxeba mogonebebi tvinSi? bio-fsiqologi fsiqofarmakologi

rogor SegviZlia vaswavloT ZaRls eqsperimentuli fsiqologiisbrZanebebis Sesruleba? warmomadgeneli qcevis analitikosi

ratom ver vixseneb yovelTvis informacias, kognituri fsiqologiis warmomadgeneliromelic namdvilad vici? kognituri mecnierebis warmomadgeneli

ratom gansxvavdebian adamianebi pirovnebis fsiqologiis warmomadgenelierTmaneTisagan? qcevis genetikosi

rogor muSaobs `TanatolTa zewola~ socialuri fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli

ra ician Cvilebma samyaros Sesaxeb? ganviTarebis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli

ratom iwvevs CemSi depresias Cemi samuSao? Sromis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneliadamianis faqtoris fsiqologi

rogor unda moepyras maswavlebeli ganaTlebis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli`amrev~moswavles? skolis fsiqologi

ratom vxdebi cudad yoveli gamocdis win? janmrTelobis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli

Seuracxadi iyo braldebuli sasamarTlo fsiqologiis warmomadgenelidanaSaulis Cadenis dros?

ratom miWirs sunTqva kalaTburTis sportis fsiqologiis warmomadgenelimniSvnelovani matCebis dros?

cxrili 1.2

19

toris xarisxs. miuxedavad amisa, kalkinsi

warmatebuli mkvlevari da amerikis fsiqologTa

asociaciis pirveli qali prezidenti gaxda. ana

froidma (Anna Freud) mniSvnelovani wvlili Se-

itana fsiqoanalizis praqtikaSi. wamyvani qali

mkvlevrebis Sromebs saxelmZRvaneloSi araer-

Txel SexvdebiT.

Tanamedrove fsiqologiaSi qalebi da mama-

kacebi erToblivad iziareben Teoriis da praqti-

kis warmatebebs. rogorc 1.2 suraTzea naCvenebi,

doqtoris xarisxis umetesoba amJamad qalebs

aqvT (Pion et al; 1996) da es tendencia XXI saukune-

Si myarad narCundeba (Murray and Williams, 1999).

rac ufro meti wvlili Seaqvs fsiqologias

adamianis Seswavlis saqmeSi, miT meti da meti

adamiani _ qali da kaci, sazogadoebis yvela

segmentis warmomadgeneli misdevs am karieras.

Tqven gzas adgaxarT. imedi gvaqvs, rom `fsi-

qologia da cxovreba~ Rirs mogzaurobad, ro-

melic savsea moulodneli siamovnebebiT da

samaxsovro momentebiT. daviwyoT, an, rogorc

italielebi ityvian: wavediT! (andiamo!)

Sejameba

adre fsiqologebs miaCndaT, rom fsiqolo-

giuri procesebi detreminizmis doqtriniTaa

marTuli _ fsiqikuri da fizikuri movlenebi

ganpirobebulia konkretuli mizezebiT. erT-er-

Ti adreuli midgoma, struqturalizmi, aqcents

fsiqikur Sinaarsebsa da qcevis struqturaze

akeTebda meore midgoma, funqcionalizi ki _

qcevis funqciaze.

Tanamedrove fsiqologia Svid ZiriTad mim-

dinareobas moicavs. biologiuri mimdinareoba

swavlobs mimarTebas qcevasa da tvinis meqa-

Ta

na

me

dr

ov

e f

si

qo

lo

gi

is g

an

vi

Ta

re

ba

suraTi 1.2suraTi 1.3

fsiqologTa samuSao garemo

naCvenebia sxvadasxva adgilas momuSave fsiqologTa

procenti amerikis fsiqologTa asociaciis fsilogiis

doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mqone wevrTa Soris

Catrebuli gamokiTxvis mixedviT

qalebisaTvis miniWebuli fsiqologiis

doqtoris xarisxi

gasuli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi am mxriv qalebi

upiratesobas floben

20

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ni

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ve

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aS

i

nizmebs Soris; fsiqodinamikuri mimarTulebi-

saTvis qceva cnobieri da aracnobieri motiva-

ciebiTaa gamowveuli; bihevioristuli mimarTu-

lebisaTvis qceva garegani stimuluri pirobebi-

Taa ganpirobebuli, humanisturi mimarTulebisaT-

vis aqcenti keTdeba individis piradi zrdis Si-

nagan unarze; kognituri mimarTulebisaTvis mTa-

varia is fsiqikuri procesebi, romlebic qceviT

reaqciebze zemoqmedebs; evoluciuri mimarTu-

vifiqroT momavalze

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

`fsiqologiis da cxovre-

bis~ am gamocemas mokle ese-

ebi davamateT, romlebic fsi-

qologiaSi, rogorc mecnie-

rebaSi, momxdar clilebebs

aRwers XXI saukuneSi gadas-

vlasTan erTad. am TavSi mok-

led aRvwereT, Tu rogor Se-

icvala es disciplina gasu-

li 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi,

gansakuTrebiT, Teoriuli mim-

dinareobebis kuTxiT. ras mog-

vitans Semdegi 100 weli? aS-

karaa, rom fsiqologiis Si-

naarsi da praqtika momaval-

Si Seicvleba.

marTalia, zogierTi sa-

kiTxi, romelsac fsiqologe-

bi swavloben, droze ar aris

damokidebuli, magaliTad,

rogoria enis aTvisebis Zi-

riTadi procesebi, magram ar-

sebobs iseTi sakiTxebic, rom-

lebic konkretul dros mo-

aqvs. magaliTad, me-17 da me-18

TavebSi ganxiluli socialu-

ri fsiqologiis kvlevebis

umetesoba im mecnierebma wa-

moiwyes, vinc cdilobda gae-

go, ra Zalebma ganapiroba me-

ore msoflio omis saSinele-

bani. Cven ver viwinaswarmety-

velebT, romeli sazogadoeb-

rivi moZraoba Seipyrobs

msoflios XXI saukuneSi, mag-

ram danamdvilebiT SegviZlia

vTqvaT, rom fsiqologebi da-

uyovnebliv reagirebas moax-

denen am sakiTxebze da maT

Seswavlas daiwyeben. fsiqo-

logiur kvlevaze, agreTve,

did gavlenas moaxdens is teq-

nologiuri siaxleeebi, rom-

lebic adamianebsa da kultu-

rebs Soris manZils amcirebs.

internetis gamo XXI sauku-

neSi didi mniSvneloba mieni-

Weba sxvadasxva kulturis

msgavsebisa da sxvaobis sa-

kiTxs.

teqnologiuri siaxleni

fsiqologiis kvlevis meTo-

debzec iqoniebs gavlenas,

radgan fsiqikuri procesebis

kvlevisas ukve XX saukunis

bolos farTod gamoiyenebo-

da kompiuterebi da tvinis Se-

saswavli sxva mowyobilobe-

bi, romlebzec vundts da mis

kolegebs warmodgenac ki ar

hqondaT. kidev ufro daxve-

wili teqnologiuri miRweve-

bis Sedegad mkvlevrebs sa-

Sualeba miecemaT zedmiwev-

niT zustad gaarkvion, ra mi-

marTebaa fsiqikur proceseb-

sa da tvinis aqtivobas So-

ris. aseve, genetikuri kvle-

vis teqnologiuri iaraRebis

ganviTarebam SesaZloa swra-

fad Secvalos is gzebi, rom-

lebiTac mkvlevrebi acal-

keveben bunebisa da aRzrdis

zegavlenas TiToeuli indi-

vidis cxovrebaSi.

am tipis sakiTxebs _ ino-

vaciebi fsiqologiis Sina-

arssa da praqtikaSi _ miv-

marTavT swored specialur

qveTavebSi _ fsiqologia

XXI saukuneSi.

veb-gverdebi:

www.apa.org _ amerikis fsi-qologTa asociaciis gver-

di

www.psychologicalscience.org_ amerikis fsiqologTa sa-

zogadoebis gverdi

lebisaTvis qceva gadarCenisaTvis brZolisas

garemosTan Seguebis Sedegia, xolo, kultu-

ruli mimarTulebisaTvis qceva da misi inter-

pretacia kulturis konteqstSi ganixileba.

fsiqologebi kiTxvaTa did diapazons pa-

suxoben. fsiqologis profesia gasuli ram-

denime aTwleulis manZilze Seicvala, misi

Tvalsawieri ufro internacionaluri gaxda

da met qals moiTvlis.

21

Ta

na

me

dr

ov

e f

si

qo

lo

gi

is g

an

vi

Ta

re

ba

ratomaa fsiqologia

unikaluri

fsiqologia aris individe-

bis qcevis da fsiqikuri pro-

cesebis mecnieruli Seswav-

la.

fsiqologiis mizania qcevis

aRwera, axsna, winaswarmety-

veleba da gakontrolebis

xelSewyoba.

Tanamedrove fsiqologi-

is ganviTareba

vundtis da titCeneris Sro-

mebidan ganviTarda struq-

turalizmi, romelic aq-

cents elementaruli Seg-

rZnebebisagan agebuli fsi-

qikisa da qcevis struqtu-

raze akeTebs.

jemsisa da diuis mier ganvi-

Tarebuli funqcionalizmi

aqcents qcevis miRma arse-

bul mizanze akeTebs.

am Teoriebma Seqmnes Tana-

medrove fsiqologiis safuZ-

vlebi.

fsiqologiis Seswavlis Svi-

dive Tanamedrove midgoma

gansxvavebulad xedavs ada-

mianis bunebas, qcevis deter-

minantebs, kvlevis sferosa

da meTodebs.


qcevasa da tvinis meqaniz-

mebs Soris mimarTebas swav-

lobs.

sakvanZo

sakiTxebi

fsiqodinamikuri mimarTule-

bisaTvis qceva instinqturi

ZalebiTa da Sinagani kon-

fliqtebiT, cnobieri da

aracnobieri motivebiTaa gan-

pirobebuli.

biheviorizisaTvis qceva gan-

pirobebulia garegani sti-

mulebiT.

humanisturi mimarTulebisaT-

vis mniSvnelovania raciona-

luri arCevanis gakeTebis

Tandayolili unari individ-

Si.

kognituri mimdinareoba xazs

usvams im fsiqikur proce-

sebs, romlebic qceviT re-

aqciebze

zemoqmedebs.


Tvlis, rom qceva gadarCe-

nis procesSi Seguebis Se-

degad ganviTarda.


qcevas da mis interpretaci-

as kulturul konteqstSi

ganixilavs.

ras akeTeben fsiqo-

logebi

fsiqologebi sxvadasxva sfe-

roSi muSaoben da sxvadas-

xva specialobis gamocdile-

bas eyrdnobian. fsiqologi-

is profesiis warmomadge-

neli pasuxs scems TiTqmis

yvela kiTxvas, romelic re-

alur cxovrebiseul gamoc-

dilebas exeba.

XXI saukunis dasawyisisaT-

vis fsiqologis profesia

moculobiT ufro interna-

cionaluri da praqtikose-

bisa da mkvlevrebis Semad-

genlobiT ufro mravalfe-

rovani gaxda.

ZiriTadi cnebebi

ZiriTadi cnebebi yvela Tav-

Si muqi SriftiTaa gamoyo-

fili, rom advilad SeamCni-

oT, xolo yoveli Tavis bo-

los igive terminebi ganmeo-

rebiTaa mocemuli. garda ami-

sa, yvela ZiriTadi cneba wig-

nis bolos, leqsikonSi mo-

cemuli, anbanis mixedviT da

ganmartebulia.

biheviorizmi

bihevioristuli

mimdinareoba


garemos cvladebi

dispoziciuri cvladebi


kognituri mimdinareoba


mecnieruli meTodi

organizmuli cvladebi

situaciis cvladebi

struqturalizmi

funqcionalizmi

fsiqodinamikuri

mimdinareoba

fsiqologia

qceva

qcevis monacemebi

humanisturi mimdinareoba

22

fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebifsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebifsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebifsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebifsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi

2 aRmoCenis etapi dasabuTebis etapi:

obieqturobis dacvis

saSualebebi

damkvirveblistendenciuroba daoperaciuligansazRvrebebi

eqsperimentulimeTodi:alternatiuli axsnada kontrolissaWiroeba

korelaciis meTodi qvezRurblovanizemoqmedeba

fsiqologiuri gazomva sandooba davalidoba

TviTangariSi qcevis dakvirveba dagazomva

kvlevis eTikurisakiTxebi

informirebuliTanxmoba

riskis/sargeblisSefaseba

ganzrax motyueba kvlevis Semdgomiinterviu

cxovelTa kvleva:mecniereba, eTika,politika

rogor gamoviyenoTsworad mecnieruli kvlevis

Sedegebi

fsiqologia XXIsaukuneSi: fsiqologiuri

kvleva da informaciis

afeTqeba

sakvanZo sakiTxebi ZiriTadi cnebebi

23

SesaZloa, Tqven arasodes gagCeniaT kiTxvebi

WianWvelebis qcevis Sesaxeb, magram sxva tipis

kiTxvebi namdvilad gagiCndebodaT adamianis an

cxovelis qcevasTan dakavSirebiT. am TavSi

visaubrebT imaze, Tu rogor pasuxoben fsiqo-

logebi kiTxvebs, romlebic TqvenTvisac sain-

teresoa. vnaxavT, rogor iynebs fsiqologia mec-

nierul meTodebs kvlevisaTvis. gvinda, rom

gaigoT, rogor gegmaven fsiqologebi TavianT

kvlevas: rogor SeiZleba rTuli da xSirad

ablurduli monacemebidan azrovnebis, grZno-

bebis da qcevebis Sesaxeb myari, seriozuli das-

kvnebis gakeTeba.

am TavSi mowodebuli informaciis daufleba

Zalian sasargeblo iqneba TqvenTvis im

SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu arasodes ganaxorcielebT

mecnierul kvlevas. Cveni mizania dagexmaroT

kritikuli azrovnebis gaumjobesebaSi imiT, rom

gaswavloT, rogor unda dasvaT swori kiTxvebi

da SeafasoT fsiqologiuri movlenebis mize-

zebis, Sedegebis da korelatebis Sesaxeb miRe-

buli pasuxebi. masmediaSi gamudmebiT SexvdebiT

amgvar frazas: kvleva aCvenebs, rom~... Tqveni

inteleqtualuri skepticizmis daxvewis gziT

dagexmarebiT kvlevis Sedegebi ufro brZnulad

moixmaroT. gaCvenebT, rogor gadaWraT kamaTi

faqtebTan da ara polemikasTan~ (Miller, 1992).

aR

mo

Ce

ni

s e

ta

pi

avis avtobiografiaSi (namdvilad xumrobT, mis-

ter feinman) (1985) nobelis premiis laureatma

fizikosma riCard feinmanma (Richard Feynman)

WianWvelebis navigaciis unaris araformaluri

kvlevis programa aRwera (gv. 93-95):

prinstonis universitetis oTaxSi nalis

formis rafiani fanjara mqonda. erT mSvenier

dRes WianWvelebi gamoCndnen. davinteresdi,

rogor moZraoben WianWvelebi; rogor

xvdebian, saiT unda wavidnen? SeuZliaT

erTmaneTs uTxran, sad aris saWmeli, rogorc

amas futkrebi akeTeben? aqvT geometriis raime

SegrZneba?

axalbedasaviT viqceodi, dRes yvelam icis

pasuxi am kiTxvebze, magram maSin ar vicodi...

erT eqsperimentSi fanjris rafaze SuSis

bevri mikroskopuli slaidi davalage, rom-

lebzec WianWvelebi win da ukan dadiodnen

winaswar dayrili Saqris mosapoveblad. Sem-

deg, Zveli slaidi axliT Sevcvale da am-

gvarad SevZeli meCvenebina, rom WianWvelebs

geometriis araviTari SegrZneba ar aqvT _

isini ver xvdebodnen, sad iyo raime moTavs-

ebuli. Tu raRac erTi gziT midiodnen Saqri-

saken, ukanac aucileblad imave gziT brun-

debodnen, sxva, ufro mokle gzas ar irCevdnen.

amave dros, WianWvelebma garkveuli kvali

datoves SuSis slaidebze, rasac eqsperi-

mentebis mTeli seriebi mohyva imis Sesamow-

meblad, Tu ramden xans narCundeba es kvali,

SeiZleba Tu ara misi advilad waSla da a.S.

aRmovaCine, rom kvals mimarTuleba ar gaaCnda.

rom ameyvana WianWvela, Semetrialebina da

missave kvalze damebrunebina, is araswor gzas

daadgeboda, Tanac amas ver xvdeboda, sanam

sxva WianWvelas ar Sexvdeboda.

feinmanis martivi, magram gonivruli eqsperi-

mentebi saSualebas aZlevdnen mas WianWvelebis

qcevis Sesaxeb cnobismoyvareoba daekmayo-

filebina.

T

24

aRmoCenis etapi

fsiqologiuri kvlevis procesi SeiZleba or

Semadgenel nawilad davyoT, Tanac am Tanmimdev-

robiT: ideis Camoyalibeba (aRmoCena) da misi

Semowmeba (dasabuTeba). aRmoCenis etapi kvlevis

sawyisi fazaa, romlis ganmavlobaSic dakvirve-

bas, Sexedulebas, informacias da zogad codnas

movlenis axleburi xedvisken mivyavarT. saidan

uCndeba kiTxvebi mkvlevars? zogierTi maTgani

movlenaTa, adamianTa da cxovelTa uSualo

dakvirvebidan modis, zogierTi ukve tradiciad

qceul sakiTxebs swavlobs, romlebic fsiqo-

logiaSi did, gadauWrel problemebad iTvleba.

xSirad mkvlevrebi Zvel ideebs da maT kombi-

naciebs axleburad warmoadgenen. WeSmaritad

Semoqmedi moazrovnis sinji axali WeSmaritebis

aRmoCenaa, romelic mecnierebas da sazogadoebas

ukeTesi mimarTulebiT amoZravebs.

fsiqologiuri Teoriebi cdiloben gaarkvion,

rogor funqcionirebs tvini, fsiqika, qceva da

garemo da ra kavSiria maT Soris. Teoria aris

cnebebis organizebuli wyeba, romelic movlenas

an movlenaTa erTobliobas xsnis. fsiqologiuri

TeoriebisTvis saerTo isaa, rom isini determi-

nizmis poziciaze dganan. determinizmi gulis-

xmobs, rom yvela movlena _ fizikuri, fsiqikuri

da qceviTi _ ganpirobebulia konkretuli

mizeziT, anu mis Sedegs warmoadgens. es mizezebi

SeiZleba Tavad adamianSi, an garemoSi iyos. amave

dros, mkvlevrebi uSveben, rom qcevac da

fsiqikuri procesebic mimarTebaTa kanonzo-

mierebebs avlens da maTi aRmoCena kvlevis

saSualebiTaa SesaZlebeli. amitom fsiqolo-

giuri Teoria, Cveulebriv, amgvar kanonzomiere-

baTa mizezebs eZebs.

Teoriam ukve cnobili faqtebi unda axsnas

da, amave dros, axali ideebi da hipoTezebi

wamoayenos. hipoTeza aris mizezebsa da Sedegebs

Soris mimarTebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Semowmebadi

debuleba. hipoTezebs xSirad Tu-maSin~ winas-

warmetyvelebis formiT ayalibeben, konkretuli

pirobebidan gansazRvruli Sedegebis miRebis

mizniT. SegviZlia, magaliTad, viwinaswarmetyve-

loT, rom, Tu bavSvebi bevr Zaladobas uyureben

televiziiT, maSin isini ufro agresiulad moiq-

cevian TavianT TanatolebTan. kvlevam Tu-maSin~

mimarTeba unda Seamowmos. Teoriebi ukiduresad

mniSvnelovania axali hipoTezebis Camoyali-

bebisaTvis. rodesac mecnieruli monacemebi ar

adasturebs hipoTezas, mkvlevarma unda gada-

sinjos Tavisi Teoria. amrigad, Teoriasa da

kvlevas Soris mudmivi urTierTqmedebaa.

aRmoCenis etapis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani

nawilia kvlevisaTvis saWiro saTanado Rirebu-

lebebi da damokidebuleba. mecniereba moiTxovs

Ria _ kritikul da skeptikur _ damokidebulebas

nebismieri daskvnisadmi manam, sanam is ar aris

miRebuli damoukidebeli mkvlevrebis mier.

Riaoba or mizans emsaxureba. pirveli: WeSmari-

teba absoluturi ar aris, is damokidebulia

garkveul pirobebze da axali monacemebis gaCenis

SemTxvevaSi misi gadasinjva SesaZlebeli unda

iyos. meore: Ria orientaciis gamo mkvlevrebi

imisaTvis, rom Teoria damtkicebulad CaiTvalos,man unda gaiaros mkacri Semowmeba, romlis Sedegiunda daemTxves damoukidebel eqspertTa Sedegebs.

aRmoCenis etapi (context of discovery) _ kvlevissawyisi fazaa, romlis ganmavlobaSic dakvir-vebas, Sexedulebas, informacias da zogad cod-nas movlenis axleburi xedvisaken mivyavarT.

Teoria (Theory) _ cnebaTa organizebuli wyeba,romelic movlenas an movlenaTa erTobliobasxsnis.

determinizmi (Determinism) _ es doqtrina gu-lisxmobs, rom yvela movlena _ fizikuri,fsiqikuri da qceviTi _ ganpirobebulia konkre-tuli mizezebiT, romelTa dadgena SesaZlebelia.

hipoTeza (Hypothesis) _ Semowmebadi debulebamizezebsa da Sedegebs Soris mimarTebis Taobaze,xSirad is gamoxatulia winaswarmetyvelebisformiT, konkretul pirobas gansazRvruli Se-degi mohyveba.

Ta

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seriozulad udgebian iseT fenomenebsac ki,

romlebisac Tavad ar sjeraT, rogoricaa,

magaliTad, eqstrasensoruli aRqma (Bem, Honorton,

1994).mecnieruli praqtika im monacemebs emyareba,

romlebic gakontrolebuli dakvirvebiTa da

frTxili gazomviTaa miRebuli. mecnierebis

samyaroSi, roca kargi monacemebi eqspertebis

azrs upirispirdeba, sakiTxi monacemebis sasar-

geblod wydeba. saidumloeba gaZevebulia kvle-

vis proceduridan, is Riaa SemowmebisaTvis, anu

sxva mkvlevrebs unda hqondeT SesaZlebloba

Seamowmon, gaakritikon, gaimeoron, an uaryon

monacemebi da meTodebi. monacemebis, Sedegebisa

da monacemebis Segrovebis meTodis aRwera maTgan

gakeTebuli daksvnebisagan calke dgas. samecni-

ero publikaciebSi kvlevis TiToeuli nawili

calke qveTavSia moyvanili da amiT mkiTxvels

saSualebas aZlevs erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavos

obieqturi monacemebi da maTi subieqturi

interpretacia. dabolos, kvleva unda gamo-

qveyndes, radgan kvlevis Sedegebi da monacemebi

ar unda daikargos, Tanac sxva mecnierebs unda

mieceT saSualeba, rom gaimeoron is.

Sejameba

aRmoCenis etapi kvlevis is fazaa, romelSic

mkvlevrebi dakvirvebas, informacias da codnas

iyeneben, raTa axali ideebi da Teoriebi Camoa-

yalibon. fsiqologiuri Teoriebi cdiloben

gaarkvion tvins, fsiqikas, qcevasa da garemos

Soris arsebuli deterministuli mimarTeba.

dasabuTebis etapi:obieqturobis dacvissaSualebebi

umetes SemTxvevaSi mkvlevrebi aRmoCenidan

Teoriebis Semowmebaze gadadian. dasabuTebis

etapi kvlevis is fazaa, romelSic hipoTezis

Sesamowmeblad faqtebis mopovebaa saWiro. es

ki sakmaod rTulia. fsiqologebma iseTi mona-

cemebi unda Seagrovon, romlebic validuri

daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas miscemT. amisaT-

vis fsiqologebi iyeneben mokavSires: mecnierul

meTods. mecnieruli meTodi aris monacemTa Seg-

rovebisa da interpretaciis procedurebis er-

Toblioba, romlis saSualebiTac minimumamdea

dayvanili Secdomis wyaro da sando daskvnebia

miRebuli. fsiqologia mecnierebad imdenad

iTvleba, ramdenadac is mecnieruli meTodis

mier damkvidrebul wesebs misdevs.

radganac mecnieruli kvlevis monacmebis

Segrovebisa da maTi analizis fazebze subieq-

turoba minimumamde unda iqnes dayvanili, amitom

obieqturobis gasazrdelad gamoiyeneba specia-

luri damcavi saSualebebi. erT-erT maTgans

axsnac ki ar sWirdeba: mkvlevrebma srulad

unda daafiqsiron monacemTa Segrovebisa da

analizis stadiebi iseTi formiT, rom sxva

mkvlevars maTi gageba da Sefaseba SeeZlos.

amitom jer aRvwerT, ra safrTxe aqvs obieq-

turobas da Semdeg ganvixilavT masTan brZolis

gzebs.

damkvirveblis tendenciuroba daoperaciuli gansazRvrebebi

erTi da igive movlenebze dakvirvebisas

adamianebi yovelTvis erTsa da imaves ar xe-

daven~. am qveTavSi damkvirveblis tendeciuro-

bis problemas da misi gadaWris gzebs ganvixi-

lavT.

obieqturobis sirTule

damkvirveblis tendenciuroba pirovnuli

motivebisa da molodinebisagan gamomdinare

Secdomaa. xSirad adamianebs is esmiT da imas

xedaven, rasac moelian da ara imas, rac sinam-

dvileSi xdeba (ix. sur. 2.1). ganvixiloT damkvir-

veblis tendenciurobis saintereso magaliTi:

XX saukunis dasawyisSi erT-erTma wamyvanma

fsiqologma, hiugo miunsterbergma (Hugo Munster-

berg) mSvidobis Temaze warmoTqva sityva didiauditoriis winaSe, romelSic Jurnalistebic

Sediodnen. man Semdegnairad aRwera Tavisi si-

tyvis gaSuqeba mediaSi:

reportiorebi dauyovnebliv moTavsdnen

platformis garSemo. erT-erTma Jurnalistma

dawera, rom auditoria imdenad iyo gaoce-

buli misi sityviT, rom srul siCumeSi

moismina is. meorem aRniSna, rom Cems gamos-

da

sa

bu

Te

bi

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vlas gamudmebiT wyvetda mquxare aplodis-

mentebi, xolo sityvis dasrulebisas taSi

wuTebis ganmavlobaSi ar wydebodao; kidev

erTma dawera, rom Cemi oponentis gamosvlisas

gamudmebiT viRimebodio; sxvam ki aRniSna, rom

saxe sruliad uZravi (utyvi) mqonda da er-

Tic ki ar gamiRimiao; erTma miuTiTa, rom

aRelvebisagan Zlierad gavwiTldi, xolo

meorem, rom qaRaldiviT gavTeTrdio (1908, gv.

35-36).

saintereso iqneboda marTlac gvenaxa imdro-

indeli gazeTebi da Segvemowmebina, ra kavSirSi

iyo reportaJebi avtorebis politikur Sexedu-

lebebTan. SesaZloa, maSin mivmxvdariyaviT, ratom

dainaxes~ Jurnalistebma ase da ara sxvagvarad.

fsiqologiur eqsperimentSi damkvirveblebs

Soris sxvaoba iseTi radikaluri ar unda iyos,

rogorc minusterbergis SemTxvevaSi iyo, magram

es magaliTi gvaCvenebs, rom sxvadasxva damkvirve-

belma SesaZloa gansxvavebuli daskvnebi gamoi-

tanos erTi da igive monacemebis safuZvelze.

damkvirveblis tendenciuroba filtria, romel-

Sic informaciis nawili mniSvnelovnad iTvle-

ba, xolo danarCenis ugulvebelyofa xdeba,

radgan irelevanturad da uazrodaa miCneuli.

mkvlevrebi xSirad akvirdebian movlenebs.

yovel damkvirvebels Tavisi gamocdileba

Semoaqvs dakvirvebaSi, iseve rogorc simpatiebi

romelime Teoriisadmi. axla xedavT, ratom aCens

problemas damkvirveblis tendenciuroba. ra

SeuZliaT gaakeTon mkvlevrebma am tendenciu-

robis minimumamde dasayvanad?

Documents

Fsiqologia Chvens Cxovrebashi