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Primary batteries

Main article: Primary cell

Primary batteries can produce current immediately on assembly. Disposable batteries are

intended to be used once and discarded. These are most commonly used in portable devicesthat have low current drain, are only used intermittently, or are used well away from analternative power source, such as in alarm and communication circuits where other electric

power is only intermittently available. Disposable primary cells cannot be reliably

recharged, since the chemical reactions are not easily reversible and active materials may

not return to their original forms. Battery manufacturers recommend against attempting torecharge primary cells.

Common types of disposable batteries include zinc-carbon batteries and alkaline batteries.

Generally, these have higher energy densities than rechargeable batteries,but disposablebatteries do not fare well under high-drain applications with loads under 75 ohms (75 ).

Secondary batteries

Main article: Rechargeable battery

Secondary batteries must be charged before use; they are usually assembled with active

materials in the discharged state. Rechargeable batteries or secondary cells can be

recharged by applying electric current, which reverses the chemical reactions that occurduring its use. Devices to supply the appropriate current are called chargers or rechargers.

The oldest form of rechargeable battery is the lead-acid battery. This battery is notable in

that it contains a liquid in an unsealed container, requiring that the battery be kept uprightand the area be well ventilated to ensure safe dispersal of the hydrogen gas produced bythese batteries during overcharging. The lead-acid battery is also very heavy for the amount

of electrical energy it can supply. Despite this, its low manufacturing cost and its high surge

current levels make its use common where a large capacity (over approximately 10Ah) isrequired or where the weight and ease of handling are not concerns.

A common form of the lead-acid battery is the modern car battery, which can generally

deliver a peak current of 450 amperes. An improved type of liquid electrolyte battery is the

sealed valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) battery, popular in the automotive industry as areplacement for the lead-acid wet cell. The VRLA battery uses an immobilized sulfuric acid

electrolyte, reducing the chance of leakage and extending shelf life. VRLA batteries havethe electrolyte immobilized, usually by one of two means:

Gel batteries (or "gel cell") contain a semi-solid electrolyte to prevent spillage.

Absorbed Glass Mat(AGM) batteries absorb the electrolyte in a special fiberglass

matting.
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Other portable rechargeable batteries include several "dry cell" types, which are sealed

units and are therefore useful in appliances such as mobile phones and laptop computers.Cells of this type (in order of increasing power density and cost) include nickel-cadmium

(NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH) and lithium-ion (Li-ion) cells. By

far, Li-ion has the highest share of the dry cell rechargeable market. Meanwhile, NiMH has

replaced NiCd in most applications due to its higher capacity, but NiCd remains in use inpower tools, two-way radios, and medical equipment. NiZn is a new technology that is not

yet well established commercially.

Recent developments include batteries with embedded functionality such as USBCELL,

with a built-in charger and USB connector within the AA format, enabling the battery to becharged by plugging into a USB port without a charger, and low self-discharge (LSD) mix

chemistries such as Hybrio, ReCyko, and Eneloop, where cells are precharged prior to

shipping.

Battery cell types

There are many general types of electrochemical cells, according to chemical processes

applied and design chosen. The variation includes galvanic cells, electrolytic cells, fuelcells, flow cells and voltaic piles.

Wet cell

A wet cellbattery has a liquid electrolyte. Other names are flooded cell since the liquid

covers all internal parts, orvented cellsince gases produced during operation can escape tothe air. Wet cells were a precursor to dry cells and are commonly used as a learning tool for

electrochemistry. It is often built with common laboratory supplies, like beakers, for

demonstrations of how electrochemical cells work. A particular type of wet cell known as aconcentration cell is important in understanding corrosion. Wet cells may beprimary cells

(non-rechargeable) or secondary cells (rechargeable). Originally all practical primary

batteries such as the Daniell cell were built as open-topped glass jar wet cells. Other

primary wet cells are the Leclanche cell, Grove cell, Bunsen cell, Chromic acid cell, Clarkcell and Weston cell. The Leclanche cell chemistry was adapted to the first dry cells.

Wet cells are still used in automobile batteries and in industry for standby power for

switchgear, telecommunication or large uninterruptible power supplies, but in many places

batteries with gel cells have been used instead. These applications commonly use lead-acidornickel-cadmium cells.

Dry cell

"Dry cell" redirects here. For the heavy metal band, see Dry Cell (band).

A dry cell has the electrolyte immobilized as a paste, with only enough moisture in thepaste to allow current to flow. As opposed to a wet cell, the battery can be operated in any

random position, and will not spill its electrolyte if inverted.
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While a dry cell's electrolyte is not truly completely free of moisture and must contain some

moisture to function, it has the advantage of containing no sloshing liquid that might leak ordrip out when inverted or handled roughly, making it highly suitable for small portable

electric devices. By comparison, the first wet cells were typically fragile glass containers

with lead rods hanging from the open top, and needed careful handling to avoid spillage.

An inverted wet cell would leak, while a dry cell would not. Lead-acid batteries would notachieve the safety and portability of the dry cell until the development of the gel battery.

A common dry cell battery is the zinc-carbon battery, using a cell sometimes called the dry

Leclanch cell, with a nominal voltage of 1.5 volts, the same nominal voltage as the

alkaline battery (since both use the same zinc-manganese dioxide combination).

The makeup of a standard dry cell is a zinc anode (negative pole), usually in the form of a

cylindrical pot, with a carbon cathode (positive pole) in the form of a central rod. The

electrolyte is ammonium chloride in the form of a paste next to the zinc anode. Theremaining space between the electrolyte and carbon cathode is taken up by a second paste

consisting of ammonium chloride and manganese dioxide, the latter acting as a depolariser.In some more modern types of so called 'high power' batteries, the ammonium chloride has

been replaced by zinc chloride.

Molten salt

A molten salt battery is a primary or secondary battery that uses a molten salt as its

electrolyte. Their energy density and power density makes them potentially useful for

electric vehicles, but they must be carefully insulated to retain heat.

Reserve

A reserve battery can be stored for a long period of time and is activated when its internal

parts (usually electrolyte) are assembled. For example, a battery for an electronic fuze

might be activated by the impact of firing a gun, breaking a capsule of electrolyte toactivate the battery and power the fuze's circuits. Reserve batteries are usually designed for

a short service life (seconds or minutes) after long storage (years). A water-activated

battery for oceanographic instruments or military applications becomes activated on

immersion in water.

Battery cell performance

A battery's characteristics may vary over load cycle, charge cycle and over life time due tomany factors including internal chemistry, current drain and temperature.
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