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Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy (FOST) – Lumbar part Seonghyung Cho. M.D. Korean Integrative Medicine I nstitute

Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy (FOST) – Lumbar part

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Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy (FOST) – Lumbar part. Seonghyung Cho. M.D. Korean Integrative Medicine Institute. FOST 의 진단과 치료적 접근. Ideal alignment (tensegrity): STATIC. Optimum movement: DYNMIC. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy (FOST) – Lumbar part

Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy(FOST) – Lumbar part

Seonghyung Cho. M.D. Korean Integrative Medicine Institute

Page 2: Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy (FOST) – Lumbar part

Korean Integrative Medicine Institute

Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy

FOST 의 진단과 치료적 접근

Above all, before treat musculoskeletal pains including segmental neuropathy, we must think about the FUNCTION of a body &

BALANCE of muscles

Ideal alignment (tensegrity): STATIC

Optimum movement: DYNMIC

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Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy

Things to Remember

요통의 90% 는 Disc 가 dura 를 압박해서 통증이 생긴다 .나머지 10% 가 척추 후구조물 ( 인대 , 후관절 , 근막 등 ) 이나 비역학적 척추질환 ( 종양 , 감염 , 염증 ) 이나 비 척추성 질환 (내부장기 ) 의한 것이다

요통의 진단과 치료가 실패하는 주 원인은 가장 중요한 병력과 이학적 검사를 소홀히 하고 기계적 검사 ( 영상 진단등 ) 에 의존하기 때문이다

CT: 위양성률 15.5% 위음성률 40% MR: 위양성률 13.2% 위음성률 35.7%

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Korean Integrative Medicine Institute

Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy

Things to Remember

요통의 해부학적 원인적 분류

1) LBP d/t dura 디스크에 의한 요통의 가장 중요한 원인으로 디스크가 dura 를 압박하면

backache 나 lumbago 가 생기고 척추 신경의 dural sleeve 를 압박하면 sciatica 가 생긴다

2) LBP d/t ligament 디스크가 손상되면 척추 후구조물 ( 인대 . 후관절 , 근막 ) 에 부하가

심하게 걸려 strain 이 발생하여 통증이 생긴다 . 여기에는 정상 조직에 장시간의 정적부하가 걸려서 생기는 자세증후군과 strain 이 발생한 비정상 조직에 부하가 걸려 생기는 기능부전 증후군이 속한다

3)LBP d/t stenosis 척추에 퇴행성 변화가 지속되어 척추강이나 lateral recess 의 면적

감소에 의해 발생되는 통증이다

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Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy

L.B.P 의 Anatomy

직립의 문제 : 인간은 네발짐승에서 직립으로 진화 하였으나 해부학적 구조가

미쳐 직립에 적응하지 못해서 디스크의 퇴행과 요통이 쉽게 발생한다

: 네발짐승은 신전부하에 저항하게 anterior annulus 와 ALL 이 훨씬

발달해 있다 - 직립에 의한 굴곡부하에 약하다 : 네발 짐승은 axial 부하에 노출되기 어렵다 - 직립에 의해

지속적인 axial 부하에 노출되어 디스크가 조기 퇴행이 일어난다 그러므로 직립시 요추 전만을 유지하는 것이 디스크가 후방으로

이동하는 것을 방지하고 디스크에 걸리는 axial 부하를 후지지 구조물에 분산하여 요통의 발생을 예방하는데 가장 중요하다 .

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L.B.P 의 Anatomy

디스크의 나이는 수분 함유량과 비례한다 ( 수분감소 - 디스크 퇴행 )

디스크는 스폰지와 같아서 외부부하가 강하면 수분이 줄고 외부 부하가 줄면 수분이 증가한다 .( 영양분과 노폐물의 이동 경로 )

그러므로 디스크를 건강하게 유지하는 비결은 외부부하를 줄이는 자세 ( 전만을 유지하는자세 ) 를 취하고 자주 자세를 바꿔주어 디스크에 수분 및 영양 공급을 원할히 해 주어야 한다

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L.B.P 의 Anatomy

L4-L5 디스크 protrusion 은 L4 root,L5 root 혹은 두개 모두를 압박할 수있다

L5-S1 디스크 protrusion 은 L5 root, S1 root 혹은 두개 모두를 압박할 수있다

즉 L5 root 은 L4 나 L5 디스크에 의해 압박될 수 있다

신경근의 dural sheath 가 압박되면 segmental pain 이 나타나고 nerve fiber 가 압박되면 pins and needles sense(paresthesia)-sensory and motor deficit 이 나타난다

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Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy

Spine 의 degenerative process

- 과도한 부하와 immobilization( 오래 앉아 있는 자세 )

-> 디스크 수분 감소 및 영양결핍-> 디스크의 turgor 감소->annular tear->posterior nuclear displacement->disc bulging-protrusion->disc height 감소->osteophytosis, facet arthrosis, vertebral canal and IVF narrowing

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FOST (Lumbar part)

1)Pain pattern

2)SLR test negative or positive

3)If SLR test (-), SI joint dysfunction or myofascial problem

4)Segmental approach

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1.Pain pattern

1)lumbar pain with/without gluteal pain

-TL junction pr -LS junction pr

2)descending pain to lower limb with/without gluteal pain

-after SLR test, evaluate pr

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Thoracolumbar(T11,12,L1) Problem

1.Acute problem: occur suddenly

2.Iliac crest 의 허리 볼기지역에 pain.- neurotrophic change of cellulalgia

3.Typical facet locking in the lumbar spine 1)Pain patient begins to forward bend and rotate 2)Results in muscle guarding 3)Eventually the muscle guarding resolves via treatment or rest but the hype

rmobilities continues 4)A compensatory hypermobility may develop above producing chronic pain a

nd dysfunction

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Lumbosacral(L5,S1) problem

1.Chronic problem: TL problem 이후에 occur.

2.LS junction 부위에 pain. -compensatory hypermobility. -gluteus m 에 T.P & hypersensitivity of the greater trochanter(sometimes)

3. 가동성 분절의 원인 1)annulus fibrosus 의 superficial fiber 와 post longitudinal lig 2)Facet joint 3)Interspinous lig 4) 의심되는 분절을 직접 움직이는 근육과 디스크 질환의 경막이 압박

4.result of chain reaction

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Result of Chain reaction

Pelvis ant tilting 1)hip joint – flexion 2)coronal plane: lumbar lordosis 3)sagittal plane: tightness of Q.L weakness of G.M & m

L5-S1 pain & sensitivity.Stress increases & back pain occurs.Imbalance posture is occurred from instability of lumbosacral jun

ction.

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Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy

Primary: TL junction

syndrome

Secondary: Pain on LS junction by ligament laxity

Compensatory reaction

Common Back pain:Lumbar pain with/without gluteal pain

1.Acute problem: occur suddemly

2.Iliac crest 의 허리볼기 지 역에 pain: neurotrophic change of cellulalgia

3.Typical facet locking

1.Chronic problem: TL problem이후에 occur

2.LS junction 부위에 pain:

-compensatory movement

-gluteus muscle 에 T.P.

-hypersensitivity of greater trochanter (sometimes)

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Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy

Injection Site: Facet joint & ligament

TL junction problem

transitional zone

LS junction problem:

ligament laxity

Posterior primary ramus 의 medial br

anch

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Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy

2.SLR test negative or positive

:include descending pain to lower limb with/without gluteal pain

SLR test: D/D dural motility & n.root motility

disc protrusion

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Straight Leg Raising(SLR) test

1.unilateral SLR test 1)0~30: movement of the dura – absent 2)30~70: sciatic nerve tension increase

3)70~: not affect sciatic n & may be the joint pain 2.added neck flexion: excluded the SI joint or the hamstring m.3.central disc protrusion -both SLR (+), pain & limit of both mobility (dura) -dura pain: extrasegmental reference never below malleolus4.lateral disc protrusion -unilateral SLR (+), pain & limit (nerve root)5.limit of SLR & neurological sign -severe comp of nerve root sheath & parenchyma

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Disc Protrusion1.Posterocentral type 1)backache: small protrusion 2)acute lumbago: large protrusion

2.Posterolateral type 1)primary posterolateral protrusion -pinching the nerve root instead of the dura 2)secondary posterolateral protrusion -root compression after dural compression 3) antalgic attitude: convex toward pain(L5) concave toward pain(S1)

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Backache

Small posterior shift of disc material 이 경막을 지속적 혹은 간헐적으로 압박할 때 발생

요통은 일측성 , 양측성 , 중심 혹은 여기 저기에 옮겨 다니며 나타날 수 있다 (가끔은 엉덩이나 허벅지에도 나타난다 )

요통이 갑자기 발생하면 annular type 이고 서서히 심해지면 nuclear type 이다

통증이 어떤 특정한 자세나 동작시 심해진다 ( 앉아 있을 때 , 앉자 있다가 일어날 때 , 누워있다가 일어날 때 )

Dural Sx 은 있을 수도 있고 없을 수도 있다

Dural sign 은 보통 나타나지 않는다

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Backache Articular sign-partial articular pattern 을 보인다 굴곡시 가장 아프고 제한이 심하며 painful arc 가 나타날 수도 있다 비대칭성 측굴의 제한이 있다

Treatment Manipulation: annular type, painful arc 가 있거나 통증있는 반대편으로 측굴 하는

것이 더 힘들 때 , 노인일때 도수치료가 효과적이다 Traction: nuclear type 일때나 도수치료가 효과 없을때 사용 Epidural injection: 통증이 너무 심하거나 , 야간요통이 있을때 , Bruised dura 일때 Prolotherapy: 계속 재발시 , self-reducing nuclear protrusion, 야간이나 아침

요통

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Lumbago Annular Type - 비교적 큰 디스크 material 이 후방변위 되어 갑자기 극심한 요통이

발생하는 것 - 모든 움직임이 제한되고 환자는 굴곡자세을 취하고 엉덩이가 옆으로 빠진 자세를 취한다

-dural sign and symptom 이 나타남 ( 통증이 발까지 나타나지는 않는다 ) -gross partial articular pattern 을 보인다 ( 굴곡이 가장 심하고 비대칭적

측굴 제한을 보임 ) -root sign 은 나타나지 않는다 (S4 root compression 과 감별 ) - 가장 특징적 증상은 허리를 신전 하려하면 아주 날카로운 통증이

나타나는 것이다 .

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Lumbago

Nuclear Type - 가벼운 요통이 있고 난 뒤 몇시간 / 수일뒤에 ( 주로 자고 일어난

다음날 아침 ) 점점 통증이 극심해 지는 것

Mixed Type -갑자기 요통이 발생하여 점차 심해지는 경우

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Lumbago

치료를 하던 안하던 대부분 2-6 주 내에 저절로 회복된다 .그러나 자주 재발한다

가끔은 요통이 없어지며 sciatica 로 발전되기도 한다

Treatment -hyperacute 일때는 epidural injection 후 bed rest 2-3 일 후 조기 ambulat

ion 시킨다

-annular type: manipulation

-Nuclear type: manual stretching or Mckenzie mobilization(No traction!!!)

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Sciatica

Dural sleeve compression 시 -symptom: segmental pain -sign: paiful limitation of SLR

Nerve root fiber compression 시 -symptom: paresthesia(P&N) -sign: sensory/motor/reflex change

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Sciatica

Secondary PLP -backpain->unilateral leg pain->paresthesia ->sensory and motor deficit -20-50 세

Primary PLP -젊은층 (18-35 세 ) -처음부터 요통 없이 leg pain 이 시작됨 -nuclear protrusion 으로 주로 L5-S1 에 발생

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Sciatica

Antalgic posture -lateral type: antalgic away painful side -axillary type: antalgic toward painful side

Spontaneous recovery is the rule(6-12months) due to disc shrinkage and root atrophy

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Sciatica

Treatment -Repositioning by manipulation & traction

-Desensitization by epidural injection/nerve root

block -Awaiting spontaneous recovery -Surgery

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Sciatica

Repositioning(30% 에서 효과 있다 ) -manipulation 은 6개월이하의 신경근통증 , protrusion 이 크지 않을때 (n

eurologic deficit 이 없을때 ), 60 세 이상의 노인환자의 sciatica, 재발성 sciatica 에 적용

-nuclear protrusion 일 때는 traction

Desensitization -neurological deficit 이 있거나 요통없이 root pain 만 있는 경우 , 6개월

이상된 sciatica, bruised root(root pain without physical sign) 일때 epidural injection

-epidural injection 에 반응없고 , 노인환자의 sciatica, L2,L3 root pain 일 때는 nerve root infiltration

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Disc problem 에 있어 Prolotherapy

Lumbar vertebrae 의 coupling movement (rotation & sidebending) 에 의해서 periosteum 과 surrounding ligam

ent structures 에 laxity 발생

Disrupted tensegrity & Hypersensitivity mechanorecepto

rs

Disc problem& neuropathy

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3.if SLR test (-),SI joint dysfunction or m pr

:include descending pain to lower limb with/without gluteal pain, SLR test (-)

SI joint dysfunction

myofascia problems

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L.B.P d/t ligament

척추의 후 지지구조물 ( 후관절 , 각종 후방인대 ) 에 기인한 통증

Postural syndrome 과 dysfunctional syndrome 으로 나눈다

정상 조직에 장기간 과도한 부하 (bent finger 혹은 장시간 구부정하게 앉아 있을때 ) 가 걸려서 생기는 것이 자세성 통증

비정상적인 조직 (늘어난 인대나 염증생긴 관절낭 ) 에 정상적인 부하가 걸릴때 생기는 것이 기능부전성 통증이다

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Dysfunctional Syndrom(facet syndrome)

일측성 국소 요통이 주로 과신전 후에 발생 (no shifting pain)

Full ROM 과 convergent pain

No dural/ root sign

Diagnosis & Treatment: -steroid infiltration

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Dysfunctional Syndrome(iliolumbar Ligament)

일측성 통증이 iliac crest 와 서혜부에 존재

흔히 과굴곡 /회전 손상 후 발생 하거나 disc protrusion 이 회복된 뒤에 통증이 남아있는 경우

Full ROM ,no dural sign

반대측 측굴시 통증

Treatment: -prolotherapy

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Postural Syndrome 주로 젊은 여성

불분명한 요통이 한 자세를 하고 어느정도 있으면 발생

오래 자세를 유지 할 수록 통증이 심함

자세를 바꾸면 통증이 사라짐

통증은 허리와 윗엉덩이 아래로 내려오지 않는다

Dural sign 이나 Sx 은 없다

검사상 Full ROM ,no pain

Treatment: - 스스로 예방하는 것 ( 요추 전만 유지 , 한 자세를 오랫동안 유지하지 않는 것 ), prolotherapy

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Sacroiliac joint(SI) dysfunction

1.movement of the SI joint 1)nutation: sacrotuberous lig stress(mostly, increased lordosis) 2)counternutation: dorsal sacroiliac lig stress(mostly, kyphosis)

2.SI joint pain -never above the iliac crest, never below the malleolus

3.Physical examination of the SI joint 1)Torsion stress test 2)Prone gapping test 3)Approximation test 4)Sacroiliac rocking(knee to shoulder) test 5)Bilateral SLR test

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Pelvic stabilization: locking mechanism

Iliolumbar ligament

Sacrotuberous ligament

Nutation Counter-nutation

* More stable than counte-rnutation*Sacratuberous ligament and interosseous ligament tighten*Increasement of ligamentous tension: force closure and compression

Efficient load transfer: through pelvic girdle to

lower extremity

*Long dorsal sacroiliac ligament tightens*SI joint is less compressed and more motor control is required for load transference.

Many low back injuries occur in this position

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Myofascia (Muscle imbalance) problem

Muscle react to protect body from harm by facilitation(tightness) or inhibition(weakness) in a predictable pattern

postural & phasic m

consequences of muscle imbalance

postural result of lumbar

major fascial slings

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Postural results of the lumbar1.increased lumbar lordosis(short erector)

2.ant pelvic tilt(weak G.max)

3.protruding abdomen(weak abdominal)

4.foot turn out(short piriformis)

5.hypertrophy of TL junction(hypermobile LS junction:weak multifidus)

6.groove in iliotibial band(short TFL)

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Left postural rotation

1.limitation of right rotation -> left side

bending 에 제한 (coupling movement)

2.Left DES 의 hypertrophy -> abnormal posterior shearing force

& compression

Right rotation 의 제한될 때 DES elongation 이 restrict

3.Left side bending 의 limitation ->Quadratus lumbarum elongatio

n

TL junction 의 stress 증가 ->segmental hyperactivity

External & contrallateral Internal

oblique m 이 작용 ->rotation

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Korean Integrative Medicine Institute

Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy

Lumbo-pelvic-hip muscle imbalance

Page 42: Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy (FOST) – Lumbar part

Korean Integrative Medicine Institute

Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy

Major fascial slings

1.oblique dorsal M-F-T sling

2.longitudinal M-F-T sling

3.oblique ventral M-F-T sling

Page 43: Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy (FOST) – Lumbar part

Korean Integrative Medicine Institute

Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy

Page 44: Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy (FOST) – Lumbar part

Korean Integrative Medicine Institute

Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy

L.B.P d/t stenosis

Developmental or acquired

Neurogenic claudication 유발 - 모호한 이상감각과 leg pain 이 걷거나 서 있거나 신전시에 발생

Treatment: -안정 , sciatic nerve block, 약물 (Calcitonin) 효과 없으면 수술

Page 45: Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy (FOST) – Lumbar part

Korean Integrative Medicine Institute

Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy

L.B.P d/t stenosis

Lateral recess stenosis - 후천적 협착증으로 추간공이 좁아져서 신경근이 눌리는 증상 - 원인은 심한 디스크 퇴행과 후관절의 hypertrophic change 에 의함 - 주로 50 대 이상에서 발생 - 일측성 sciatica 가 걷거나 서있을때 발생 허리를 굽히거나 앉으면 사라짐 - 시간이 가도 통증의 변화가 없고 이학적 소견은 거의 정상 ( 가끔 신전 제한이 보인 )

-Treatment 요추 전만을 줄이고 nerve root infiltration with steroid 로 영구 회복 가능 반응 없으면 수술

Page 46: Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy (FOST) – Lumbar part

Korean Integrative Medicine Institute

Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy

4.Segmental approach

1.segmental palpation

2.palpation of hypersensitive tenoperiosteal area& cellulalgic area

3.consider spinal transitional zone

Page 47: Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy (FOST) – Lumbar part

Korean Integrative Medicine Institute

Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy

T12,L1

L5

L5

T12,L1

T11

L5S1

Tenoperiostealhypersensitivity

cellulalgia

Page 48: Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy (FOST) – Lumbar part

Korean Integrative Medicine Institute

Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy

Segmental palpation

1.pressure on the spinous process

2.transverse pressure against the spinous process

3.longitudinal friction on the facets joints

4.pressure on the spinous ligament

Page 49: Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy (FOST) – Lumbar part

Korean Integrative Medicine Institute

Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy

Page 50: Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy (FOST) – Lumbar part

Korean Integrative Medicine Institute

Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy

Spinal Transitional zone

1.cervico-occipital(CO)

2.cervico-thoracic(CT)

3.thoraco-lumbar(TL)

4.lumbo-sacral(LS)

5.facet joint tenderness &cellulotenoperiosteomyalgia - always same side

Page 51: Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy (FOST) – Lumbar part

Korean Integrative Medicine Institute

Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy

Spinal transitional zone

LS junction

TL junction

CT junction

CO junction

Junction 에 variation 이 존재

Page 52: Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy (FOST) – Lumbar part

Korean Integrative Medicine Institute

Functional Orthopedic Stimulation Therapy

감사합니다 .

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