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RRSS project, chapter 8: Biodiversityintro for fungus
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7/21/2019 Fungus Chapter8
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/fungus-chapter8 1/13
Fungus
A Fungus is an eukaryotic organism
that digests its food externally and absorbsthe nutrient molecules into its cells. Fungiare the primary decomposers of deadorganic matter in most terrestrial (长在陆地上的) ecosystems.
Besides that, fungi are used extensively
by humans: yeasts are responsible forfermentation 发 酵 of beer and bread,and mushroom farming and gathering is alarge industry in many countries.
Fungus cells have cells wall thatcontain chitin, unlie the cell walls of
plants, which contain cellulose. !hese andother di"erences show that the fungi form asingle group of related organisms,named the Eumycets (true fungi), thatshare a common ancestor(a monophyletic单细胞 group).
Fungi may be single#celled ormulticellular. $ulticellular fungi arecomposed of networks of long hollowtubes called hyphae. !he hyphae oftenaggregate in a dense networ nown asmycelium. !he mycelium grows through
the medium on which the fungus feeds.
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Because fungi are embedded in the mediumin which they grow, are often not visible bynaed eye.
%hitin in Fungi
Scientic classication
Kingdom: Fungi
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Domain: Eukaryota
Phylum: Basidiomycota
Species: Amanita Muscaria
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&east
&easts and other unicellular fungi canreproduce by budding, or 'pinching o a new cell. $any multicellular speciesproduce variety of di"erent asexual sporesthat are easily dispersed and resistant toharsh environmental conditions. hen the
conditions are right, these spores willgerminate and coloni*e new habitats.
!he ecological function and biodiversityof yeasts are relatively unnown comparedto those of other microorganisms. Besidesthat, yeasts, have been found living in
betweens people+s toes as part of their sinora. &easts are also present in the gut oraof mammals and some insects and evendeep#see environments host an array of yeasts.
&east source of energy comes from
glucose. -n the presence of oxygen, it
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carries out cellular respiration to brea downglucose, forming carbon dioxide and water.-n the absence of oxygen, glucose in broen
down into carbon dioxide and alcohol. !heprocess in which alcohol is produced fromthe breadown of glucose by yeast is nownas fermentation. %arbon dioxide producedduring this process can be used for maingcae and bread. ine can be prepared from
the fermentation of fruit uice, wheat or ricegrains.
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/enicillium
/enicillium grows mostly on fruits such
as lemons. -ts hyphae consist of
Septa(cross walls sing: septum). -tsconidrophore branches with the tips of
conidium can be spread by wind to suitable
substrate of food. /enicilin is an antibiotic
that can be extracted from the fungus
/enicillium notatum and can be used to
inhibit the growth of bacteria.
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Besides that, penicillium species are
present in the air and dust of indoor
environments, such as homes and public
buildings. !he fungus can be readily
transported from the outdoors, and grow
indoors using building material or
accumulated soil to obtained nutrients for
growth. /enicillum growth can still occur
indoors even if the relative humidity is low,as long as there is su0cient moisture
available an o given surface.
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/enicillium
1cienti2c %lassi2cation
3ingdom : Fungi4ivision : Ascomyeota
%lass : 5urotiomycetes6rder : 5urotiales
Family : !richocomacea 7enue : /enicillium
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$ould
hen food, leather or wood are placed in
dar and moist surroundings, mould will
grow on it. $ould is formed from a networ
of 2laments nown as hyhae. 1ome hyphae
grow upwards and the tips of the hyphae
enlarge to form a spherical structure nown
as the sporangium. 5ach sporangiumconsists of numerous spores. 1ome of the
hyphae penetrate into the substrate to get
nutrients.
8hi*opus (bread mould)
8hi*opus grows on moist bread. hen it
matures, the sporangium becomes blac in
colour and bursts open. hen the spores
are dispersed on the other parts of the moist
bread the new hyphae will grow. !his action
when repeated an cause the whole piece of
bread to be covered with mould. Besides,
spores can also be dispersed by wind.
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/enicillium
%hrysogenum
1cienti2c %lassi2cation
3ingdom : Fungi4ivision : Ascomyeota
%lass : 5urotiomycetes6rder : 5urotiales
Family : !richocomacea 7enue : /enicillium
1pecies : /. chrysogenum
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8hi*opus
1cienti2c %lassi2cation
3ingdom : Fungi
6rder : $ucorales
Family :$ucoraceae
7enus : 8hi*opus
1pecies : 8.stolonifer