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Funkcionalna hrana i
zdravlje kožeStribor Marković
Beauty is only skin deep
Slučaj 1 – gama linolenska kiselina
Ulja bogata gama linolenskom
kiselinom
Ulje γ-linolenska α-linolenska linolna stearidonskanoćurak 7,0-14,0% max 0,5% 65,0-85,0% -boražina 17,0-27,0% max 0,5% 30,0-41,0% -crni ribiz 11,0-18,0% 11,0-18,0% 44,0-54,0% 2,0-4,0%trputasta lisičina
7,0-14,0% 30,0-40,0% 10,0-20,0% 10,0-17,0%
konoplja 1,0-5,0% 14,0-28,0% 46,0-65,0% -
Primjena
Suha koža i atopija (smanjenje TEWL)
Neujednačene doze
Od 50mg do višegramskih količina; preporuka 200-300mg GLA dnevno
Provjeriti unos omega-3 kiselina u prehrani (orasi, lan, chia; ulja bogata ALA,
riblji obrok 1-2x tjedno)
Postoji individualna varijacija
Polimorfizmi u FADS klasteru (desaturaze) mogu biti povezani s DGLA/AA
odnosom u organizmu
« one size fits all » ne vrijedi za GLA suplementaciju ali u nedostatku biokemijskih
pretraga sve ostaje na empiriji
Gamma-linolenic acid, Dihommo-gamma linolenic, Eicosanoids and Inflammatory Processes. Sergeant S, Rahbar E, Chilton FH. Eur J Pharmacol. 2016 Aug 15;785:77-86
Individualizacija
Slučaj 2: astaksantin
Karotenoid
Nije prekursor vitamina A
Protektivni pigment nekih školjkaša uključujući i kril, te algi poput
Haematococcus koji je i glavni komercijalni izvor
Astaksantin mehanizam
Utjecaj na imunološki sustav, protekcija krvožilnog sustava i utjecaj na
kolesterol su odlike koje ga razlikuju od beta karotena
U organizmima koji ga stvaraju protektor je od intezivnog svjetla i UV no
mehanizma nije puka apsorpcija određenih valnih duljina
Mehanizam djelovanja je kompleksni, SP-1 i NR-1 transkripcijski faktori su
uključeni i vjerojatno korigiraju posljedice UV zračenja
Slabo pokriveno kliničkim studijama, konsenzus doze od 10-20mg
Astaxanthin, cell membrane nutrient with diverse clinical benefits and anti-aging potential. Kidd P.Altern Med Rev. 2011 Dec;16(4):355-64
Slučaj 3: Polypodium leucotomos
9
Sun protection in a pill: the photoprotective properties of Polypodiumleucotomos extract. El-Haj N, Goldstein N. Int J Dermatol. 2015
Mar;54(3):362-6.
• Phlebodium aureum (L.) J.Sm.
• sadrži derivate kavene i ferulične kiseline
• biljka korištena u tradicionalnoj
terapiji za druge namjene (dišne tegobe, tegobe srca...)
• kompleksni mehanizam
djelovanja
Polypodium leucotomos II
10
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 8469
Table 1. Summary of the photoprotective effects of PL.
Effect Reference
DNA
Prevents formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimmers; [30]
Inhibits basal oxidative damage (marker, 8-hydroxy-2’-
deoxyguanosine);
[30]
Blocks damage to mitochondrial DNA. [31]
Inflammation
Prevents sunburn and erythema; [24,27,29]
Blocks TNFα, iNOS, AP-1, NF-κB; [32]
Inhibits expression of COX-2; [30]
Prevents apoptosis. [32,33]
Immunosuppression
Blocks t-UCA isomerization; [34]
Enhances natural antioxidant systems; [35]
Prevents depletion of Langerhans cells;
Preserves LC function.
[27,29,35]
[36]
Other cellular effects
Blocks lipid peroxidation; [37]
Inhibits cytoskeletal disarray and MMP expression and
activation.
[38,39]
3.2.1. DNA Photoprotection
Administered in oral form, PL inhibits DNA damage and mutagenesis. PL prevented the
UV-induced accumulation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in a mouse model [30] and also in a
small-sample clinical study with healthy human volunteers [29]. This may be due to an improved
function of the DNA repair systems, perhaps due to decreased oxidative damage [40]. It also reduced
basal oxidative damage, as shown by the reduction in the percentage of 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine-
positive cells [30]. These effects likely result in the observed improvement. Finally, another small-sample
clinical study has revealed that PL decreases UVA-dependent mitochondrial DNA damage as
evidenced by decreased “common deletion” (CD) [31], which is a mitochondrial marker of chronic
UVA radiation in fibroblasts and keratinocytes [41].
3.2.2. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
There is also evidence of the anti-inflammatory properties of PL. PL prevented sunburn and
erythema in UV-treated human skin [24,27,29], and also in psoralen-UVA (PUVA)-based
therapy [28], which is often used in the treatment of psoriasis, vitiligo and other inflammatory skin
conditions [42,43]. The molecular basis of its anti-inflammatory properties can be explained in terms
of its ability to suppress the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules and markers, e.g., TNFalpha
and iNOS [32], among others. This is consistent with its ability to block the transcriptional activation
of AP-1 and NF-κB induced by UV radiation [32]. Importantly, PL inhibits UV-induced expression of
COX-2 [30]. This is important as COX-2 induces the synthesis of PGI2, which is a potent inducer of
vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation [44]. Together, these effects account for decreased
leukocyte extravasation and presence of mast cells in the irradiated area [29]. PL also inhibits
apoptosis and cell death of the cells that populate the layers of the skin, e.g., fibroblasts and
keratinocytes [32,33], which would otherwise result in a local inflammatory response.
Fernblock, a nutriceutical with photoprotective properties and potential preventive agent for skin photoaging and photoinduced skin cancers.
Gonzalez S, Gilaberte Y, Philips N, Juarranz A. Int J Mol Sci.
2011;12(12):8466-75
300-900mg
dnevno
ekstrakta