1g wmgvi cixv-2015kwYt 8g

welq:wevb Mollusca ?.

. .

. : mRbkxj ck1. dvivn Zjv Lvevi LZ cQ` Ki| B`vbxs Zvi cU cvqB e_v nq| Wvvii KvQ Mj Wvvi

Rvbvjb Zvi GwmwWwU nqQ| Wvvi ZvK Lv`vfvm cwieZb Kivi cvkvcvwk GKwU Jla LZ civgk

w`jb|

K. jeY Kx?

L. wg Ad jvBg ejZ Kx eySvq?

M. Wvvi Kx Jla LvIqvi civgk w`jb Ges Kb w`jb|

N. DxcK DwjwLZ GwmwWwU Zwi nIqvi Dcv`vbwU Kvb aibi hM Ges Kb? weklY Ki|1bs cki Di(K)

jeYt viK I GwmWi wewqvqDrcb g~j c`v_B (cvwb Qvov) njv jeY|1bs cki Di(L)

wg Ad jvBgt cvwb I Kvjwmqvg nvBWvvBWi Zwi GKaibi cK wg Ad jvBg ejv nq| GwU cvKvgvKo `gb eeZ nq|1bs cki Di(L)dvivni cU e_vi g~j KviY njv GwmwWwU | Avi GwmwWwUi KviY njv Zjv Lvevi LvIqv| Wvvi dvivnK h Jla LvIqvi civgk w`jb Zv njv GUvwmW| GUvwmW Jla njv g~jZ gvMbwmqvg nvBWvvBW [Mg(OH)2] | KLbI KLbI GUvwmW Avjywgwbqvg nvBWvvBWI [Al (OH)3] _vK| GwmwWwU nj Avgv`i cvKjxZ nvBWvKvwiK GwmW Drcb nq| gvMbwmqvg nvBWvvBW D nvBWvKvwiK GwmWi mv_ wewqv Ki wbic gvMbwmqvg KvivBW I cvwb Drcb Ki|1| wbPi wPwUi AvjvK ckjvi Di `vI:vbii ck:

K) kwYwebvmi RbK K?/ cvwYRMZi mePq eng cei bvg Kx? / Kx?/ wmjvg Kx? / wmjUib Kx? / c Kx?/ BDivKWvUv KvK ej? / (Kvb cei cvYx`i `n bUvKW _vK?/ gvbyli evwbK bvg Kx?/ Kviv KWU bvg cwiwPZ?Abyaveb ii ck:

L)wc` bvgKiY ejZ Kx eyS? / (Zviv gvQK Aixq cwZmg cvYx ejv nq Kb? / BDivKWvUvi ewkjv Kx Kx?/ bcvqx cvYx`i ewkjv jL|/ kwYwebvmi cqvRbxqZv wjL| / fvwUevUv DbZ cvYx Kb?M) wPi A wPwZ cvYxi ewk evLv Ki| A_ev, wP A K Kvb ce vb `Iqv nqQ Zvi KviY evLv Ki|M) wPi B wPwZ cvYxi ewk evLv Ki| A_ev, wP B K Kvb ce vb `Iqv nqQ Zvi KviY evLv Ki|M) wP A I wP B Gi cv_K wjL| A_ev, wPi cvYx `ywUi ewk evLv Ki|N) wP A I B Gi ga KvbwU A_bwZKfve AwaK iZc~Y? Zvgvi gZvgZmn weklY Ki|

vbii cki Di:

(kwYwebvmi RbK Kvivjvm wjwbqvm| ( cvwYRMZi mePq eng cei bvg Av_vcvWv| ( cwidiv cei cvYx`i ej| ( eKvlx cvYxi cwK bvwj Ges `n cvPxii gaeZx duvKv vbK wmjvg ej| ( `ncvPxi w`q Niv `n MneiK wmjUib ej| ( wZKi cvKv`i c ej| ( hme cvYxi jR bUvKW _vK Zv`i BDivKWvUv ej| ( KWvUv (Chordata) cei cvYx`i `n bUvKW _vK| ( gvbyli evwbK bvg Homo sapiens ( KWvUv cei cvwYiv KWU bvg cwiwPZ|Abyaveb ii cki Di:(( wc` bvgKiY: GKwU cvYxi evwbK bvg `yB Ask ev c` wewk nq|GB bvgKiYK wc` bvgKiY ej| hgb: gvbyli evwbK bvg Homo sapiens (( Zviv gvQ Aixq cwZmg cvYx: h mg cvYxK G`i `ni K`xq A eivei GKvwaKevi mgvb `yAsk fvM Kiv hvq ZvK Aixq cwZmg cvYx ejv nq| hnZz Zviv gvQi `n cvuPwU mgvb ev AvQ, ZvB GK GKvwaKevi mgvbfve fvM Kiv hve| ZvB Zviv gvQK Aixq cwZmg cvYx ejv nq|(( BDivKWvUvi ewkjv njv: i. cv_wgK Aevq dyjKv i, cxq dvucv giiy _vK| ii. G`i jR bUvKW _vK|(( bcvqx cvYx`i ewkjv njv: i. G`i `n jvg AveZ _vK| ii. ewZwg bcvqx cvYx Qvov Giv mevB mvb cme Ki| iii. wkiv gvZ `y cvb Ki eo nq| iv. rwc Pvi cKvwewk| ((kwYwebvmi cqvRbxqZv: kwYwebvmi mvnvh cw_exi mKj Dw` I cvYx m^ wevbmZ Dcvq mnR, A cwikg I A mgq Rvbv hvq| bZyb cRvwZ kbv KiZ kwYwebvm Acwinvh| Rxei ga wgj-Awgji wfwZ ciii ga m^ wbYq Kiv hvq| Rxe mK mvgwMK I cwiKwZ vb wbYq Kiv hvq| (( fvwUevUv DbZ cvYx KviY, G`i bUKW k KkiKvhy gi` cwiewZZ nq|1bs cki Di(M)A wPwZ cvYxi ewk: A wPwZ cvYxwU njv nvBWv-GwU wbWvwiqv cei cvYx| wbg Gi ewk evLv Kiv njv: i. G`i `n `ywU Yxq Kvli viv MwVZ| `ni evBii iwU GvWvg Ges wfZii iwU njv GvWvg| ii. G`i `n MneiK wmjUib ej| iii. GvWvg wbWvev bvg GK ewkc~Y Kvl _vK| D`vniY : nvBWv, Iewjqv|

(A_ev)

1bs cki Di(M)

B wPwZ cvYxi ewk: B wPwZ cvYxwU njv kvgyK-GwU gjvv cei cvYx| wbg Gi ewk evLv Kiv njv:

i. G`i `n big| big `nwU mvaviYZ k Lvjm viv AveZ _vK|

ii. cwkej cv w`q Giv PjvPj Ki| iii. dymdym ev dyjKvi mvnvh kmbKvh Pvjvq| D`vniY : kvgyK I wSbyK|

((( wP A I wP B Gi cv_Kjv wbi~c:wP AwP B

i) A wPwZ cvYxwU njv nvBWvii) GwU wbWvwiqv cei cvYx|iii) G`i `n `ywU Yxq Kvli viv MwVZ|iv) G`i mywbw` Kvb Pjb A bB |v) Giv Ab cvYxK Lv`ic MnY Ki|vi) Giv mgM `nZj w`q Mvmxq c`v_i Av`vb-c`vb NUvq |i) B wPwZ cvYxwU njv kvgyKii) GwU gjvv cei cvYx|iii) G`i `n big wK k Lvjm viv AveZ _vK|iv) cwkej cv w`q Giv PjvPj Ki|v) Giv ZYjZv, cvsKUb, AvjwR BZvw`mn wewfb Reey Lvq|vi) Giv dymdym ev dyjKvi mvnvh kmbKvh Pvjvq|

1bs cki Di(N)

wP A I B Gi ga B-cvYxwU A_bwZKfve AwaK iZc~Y | B-cvYxwU kvgyK| GwU gjvv cei cvYx| kvgyK wewfbfve gvbyli DcKvi Ki| hgb- i) cw_exi e `k kvgyKi gvsm Avwgl RvZxq Lv` wnme eeZ nq| ii) cvwbZ fvmgvb Re c`v_ Lq cvwbK cwivi ivLZ mvnvh Ki| iii) evZvg I Abvb kwLb `e ZwiZ kvgyK eeZ nq|

iv) kvgyK cywoq Pyb Zwi Kiv nq| v) kvgyKi `ni Kvgj Ask nvum-gyiwMi Lv` wnme eeZ nq|

vi) kvgyK f ~wgq wbeviK wnme KvR Ki|

myZivs DcwiD AvjvPbv nZ cZxqgvb nq, kvgyK A_bwZK I cwiekMZfve LyeB iZc~Y|2| wbPi wPwUi AvjvK ckjvi Di `vI:( K) eskMwZ Kx?Di: gvZv-wcZvi ewk h cwqvq mvb-mwZZ mvwiZ nq, ZvK eskMwZ ej|

K) eskMwZi RbK K?

Di: eskMwZi RbK MMi Rvnvb gj|

K) nvcqW Kx?

Di: wgqvwmm Kvl wefvRb RbbKvl vgvRvg msLv gvZKvli vgvRvg msLvi AaK nq hvq| vgvRvg msLvi G AevK nvcqW (n) ej|

K) wWcqW Kx?

Di: hLb `ywU nvcqW Kvli wgjb NU ZLb m AevK wWcqW (2n) ej |

L) RvBMvU Kx?

Di: `ywU nvcqW Kvli wgjbi dj h Kvl mw nq ZvK RvBMvU ej|K) KvwiIKvBbwmm Kx?

Di: gvBUvwmm Kvl wefvRb wbDwKqvmi wefvRbK KvwiIKvBbwmm ej|K) cvwYKvl Kvb cwZZ mvBUvKvBbwmm NU?

Di: cvwYKvl KxfR ev dvivwqs cwZZ mvBUvKvBbwmm NU|

K) Kvb cwqvq RbbKvl Drcb nq?

Di: wgqvwmm Kvl wefvRb cwqvq RbbKvl Drcb nq|K) KvwiIKvBbwmmi mePq `xNvqx avc KvbwU?Di: KvwiIKvBbwmmi mePq `xNvqx avc njv cvdR|

K) wRb Kx?

Di: wRb njv eskMwZi aviK hvi ivmvqwbK ic njv wW.Gb.G.

(( L) vgvRvgK eskMwZi fZwfw ejv nq Kb?

Di: vgvRvg eskMwZi aviv Ayb ivLvi Rb Kvl wefvRbi mgq wRbK mivmwi gvZv-wcZv _K enb Ki cieZx eskai wbq hvq| G KviY vgvRvgK eskMwZi fZwfw ejv nq|

L) wgqvwmm Kv_vq NU?

Di: wgqvwmm Kvl wefvRb cavbZ Rxei Rbb Kvl ev MvgU mwi mgq Rbb gvZKvl NU| mcyK Dw`i civMavbx I wW^Ki ga Ges DbZ cvwY`n vkq I wW^vkq Gi ga wgqvwmm NU|L) KvwiIKvBbwmm I mvBUvKvBbwmm Gi `ywU cv_K jL|

Di: KvwiIKvBbwmm I mvBUvKvBbwmm Gi `ywU cv_K wbP `Iqv njv:

KvwiIKvBbwmmmvBUvKvBbwmm

i) Kvli wbDwKqvmi wefvRbK KvwiIKvBbwmm ej|i) Kvli mvBUvcvRgi wefvRbK mvBUvKvBbwmm ej|

ii) GB wefvRb mywbw`|ii) GB wefvRb mivmwi NU|

L) AvgvBUvwmm wbDwKqvmi wefvRb Kxfve NU?

Di: AvgvBUvwmm Kvl wefvRb wbDwKqvmwU Wv^ji AvKvi aviY Ki Ges cvq gvS eivei msKywPZ nq cii _K wewQb nq `ywU AcZ wbDwKqvm cwiYZ nq|L) wgqvwmm wefvRbK nvmg~jKwefvRb ejv nq Kb?

Di: wgqvwmm Kvl wefvRb gvZKvli wbDwKqvmwU cici `yevi wefvwRZ njI vgvRvgi wefvRb NU gv GKevi| dj AcZ Kvl vgvRvgi msLv nvm cq AaK nq hvq| ZvB G aibi wefvRbK nvmg~jK wefvRb ejv nq|L) gvBUvwmmK BKyqkbvj ev mgxKiwYK wefvRb ejv nq Kb?Di: gvBUvwmm wefvRb cwZwU vgvRvg j^vjw^fve `yfvM wef nq| dj m bZyb Kvl `ywUZ vgvRvg msLv gvZKvli vgvRvg msLvi mgvb _vK| ZvB gvBUvwmmK BKyqkbvj ev mgxKiwYK wefvRb ejv nq|L) gvBUvwmm Kv_vq nq?

Di: gvBUvwmm wefvRb cKZ wbDwKqvmhy Rxe`ni `nKvl NU, Dw`i eabkxj Aski fvRK wUmy hgb- Kv, g~ji AMfvM, ~YgyKyj I ~Yg~j,eabkxj cvZv, gyKyj BZvw`Z G iKg wefvRb `Lv hvq| cvwY`ni `nKvl, ~Yi cwieabi mgq, wbgkwYi cvYxi I Dw`i Ahb Rbbi mgq G aibi wefvRb nq|L) Kvb Kvb Kvl gvBUvwmm wefvRb NU bv?

Di: cvYx`i mvqywUmyi mvqyKvl, bcvqx cvYx`i cwiYZ jvwnZ i KwYKv I AbyPwKv Ges Dw`i vqx wUmyi Kvl G aibi wefvRb NU bv|3| wbPi wPwUi AvjvK ckjvi Di `vI:

K) Kvlim Kx?L) evcb I Awfmebi ga `yBwU cv_K wjL|M) g~j nZ A wKfve cvZvq cuQvq, evLv Ki|

N) cvZv nZ B- Gi wbMgb cwqvwUi iZ g~jvqb Ki|

4| kviwgb Ag kwYi Qvx| wevb Kvk wkK miRMZ, wgwIq, Mvjvw BZvw` wbq AvjvPbv Kib| gnvweki wekvjZv kviwgbK fvweq Zvj| evmvq wMq `v`yi KvQ Zv cKvk Kij `v`y gnvwek mwi weMevO Zmn gnvwek mK evLv Kib|

K) Avgiv h MvjvwZ evm Kwi Zvi bvg Kx?L) eenvi Abymvi Kwg DcMni 4wU bvg jL|

M) gnvk~Yi i I wewZ evLv Ki|

N) gnvweki Drcw Kxfve njv Zv weklY Ki|5| wbPi wPwUi AvjvK ckjvi Di `vI:

K) RxeRMZi mKj kwi g~j Drm Kx?L) Lv`K ejZ Kx evSvq?

M) DxcKi cwqvwUZ Kxfve kwi cevn NU? evLv Ki|

N) DxcKi c_g ii Lv`Ki wejyw mevP ii Lv`Ki Rb gwK^ic g~jvqb Ki|6| wbPi wPwUi AvjvK ckjvi Di `vI:

K) gvbe`ni Kvb AwU wPMvnx Kvgivi gZv?

L) AcwUKvj dvBevi ejZ Kx eyS?

M) wP msKU KvY KvbwU hywmn evLv Ki|

N) DxcKi RO- iwkwU O-c_ cwZdwjZ nIqvi KviY weklY Ki|7|c`v_AYyZ we`gvb H-cigvYyi msLvfRv wjUgvmi eY

A2wUbxj > jvj

B3wUjvj > bxj

K) Pv - G Kvb GwmW _vK?

L) Mg(OH)2 -viagx Kb?

M) A - Gi mv_ CaCO3 Gi wewqvq Kx Drcb nq mgxKiYmn wjL|

N) cvKjxi GwmwWwU `~ixKiY B hMi f~wgKv iqQ hyw `vI|8| myRb Zvi evmvq `ywU evj I GKwU dvbK GKwU eZbxZ hy Ki wKQzw`b eenvi Kivi ci GKw`b myBP Pvjy Kivi ci `LZ cj dvbwU NyiQ wK GKwU evjI RjQ bv| cheY Ki m `LZ cj GKwU evj wdDR nq MQ|K)wefe cv_Ki GKK Kx?

L) chve I Achve cevn ejZ Kx eyS?

M) DxcKi eZbxwU GuK Gi ewk evLv Ki|N) DxcKi evj I dvb eZbxZ Kxfve mshvwRZ nj fvjv evjwUK Rvjvbv hZ wPmn weklY Ki|

9| wbPi wPwUi AvjvK ckjvi Di `vI:

K) Lvevi mvWvi msKZ Kx?

L) ckgb wewqv ejZ Kx eyS?

M) A I B -Gi bvg DjLmn DcwiD KvlwUi wPmn eYbv `vI| N) Zworcevni dj D Kvl msMwVZ ivmvqwbK wewqvmg~n mgxKiYmn weklY Ki|

K

2n

2n

Rbb gvZKvl

wW^vYyy (n) (n) vYy

RvBMvU

(2n)