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Geographical Information Geographical Information SystemSystem
Lecture 1 Introduction of GIS
ZhangWei
Friday, April 21, 2023Friday, April 21, 202322
Contents GIS DefinitionGIS Definition
GIS : A brief history GIS : A brief history
Content of GIS CourseContent of GIS Course Components of a GISComponents of a GIS Functions of a GISFunctions of a GIS GIS and Related SubjectsGIS and Related Subjects
GIS ApplicationGIS Application
GIS DevelopmentGIS Development
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Definition of GIS
Geographic Information System (GIS)Geographic Information System (GIS) is is defined as an information system that is defined as an information system that is used to used to input, store, retrieve, manipulate, input, store, retrieve, manipulate, analyze and outputanalyze and output geographically geographically referenced data or geospatial data, in referenced data or geospatial data, in order to support order to support decision makingdecision making for for planning and management of land use, planning and management of land use, natural resources, environment, natural resources, environment, transportation, urban facilities, and other transportation, urban facilities, and other administrative records.administrative records.
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GIS definition (cont.)
GIS is a computer-based GIS is a computer-based information system.information system.
GIS manages and analyses GIS manages and analyses spatial data.spatial data.
Spatial analysis is GIS Spatial analysis is GIS advantage to other information advantage to other information system.system.
The base of GIS is Geography, The base of GIS is Geography, Surveying and Mapping.Surveying and Mapping.
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GIS definition (Cont.)
Geographical Information S
System
Science
Service
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The role and types of GIS in information system
Information system
Information system
Non-spatial information system
Non-spatial information system
Thematic GISThematic GIS
GISGIS
Non-GISNon-GIS
MISMIS
Synthetical GISSynthetical GIS
CAD/CAMCAD/CAM Spatial information system
Spatial information system
Land GIS Transportation GIS Land GIS Transportation GIS
Resource and Environmental GIS Resource and Environmental GIS
Data modelData model
Vector GISVector GIS Raster GISRaster GIS Vector-raster GISVector-raster GIS
Research area
Research area
Global GISGlobal GIS
Regional GISRegional GIS
Research contentsResearch contents
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Analysis
Real World Urban DEM
GeoDataBaseResult
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What distinguishes GIS from other information What distinguishes GIS from other information systems?systems?
GIS handles SPATIAL information. GIS integrates GIS handles SPATIAL information. GIS integrates spatial and other kinds of information within one spatial and other kinds of information within one system: it offers a consistent framework for system: it offers a consistent framework for analysing spaceanalysing space
GIS makes connections between activities based GIS makes connections between activities based on spatial proximityon spatial proximity
GIS provides the mechanisms for undertaking GIS provides the mechanisms for undertaking the manipulation and display of geographic the manipulation and display of geographic knowledgeknowledge
99
The benefits of GIS include: Better information managementBetter information management
Higher quality analysisHigher quality analysis
Ability to carry out Ability to carry out ““what if?what if?”” scenariosscenarios
Improve project efficiencyImprove project efficiency
• Text language
““ ……又东五百里,曰发爽之山,无草木,多水,多白猿。汎水出焉,而南流注又东五百里,曰发爽之山,无草木,多水,多白猿。汎水出焉,而南流注于渤海。 又东四百里,至于旄山之尾。其南有谷,曰育遗,多怪鸟,凯风自于渤海。 又东四百里,至于旄山之尾。其南有谷,曰育遗,多怪鸟,凯风自是出。 又东四百里,至于非出山之首,其上多金玉,无水,其下多蝮虫。 是出。 又东四百里,至于非出山之首,其上多金玉,无水,其下多蝮虫。 又东五百里,曰阳夹之山,无草木,多水。又东五百里,曰灌湘之山,上多又东五百里,曰阳夹之山,无草木,多水。又东五百里,曰灌湘之山,上多木,无草;多怪鸟,无兽。木,无草;多怪鸟,无兽。…”…” 《 《山海经山海经》》
• Map, Graph, Image Language:
GIS : A brief history
Map— GIS in the early
Computer cartography — GIS in the preparation phase
草图
数字化 Graphic
Data Processing Output Automaticly
With the develop of computer, computer cartography has developed.
Paper Map
Geographical Information System
In 1963, R.F.Tomlinson proposed GIS firstly in Canada.
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In 1963, the Canada Geographic Information
System (CGIS) was initiated to serve the
needs of the Canada Land Inventory to map
current land uses and the capability of these
areas for agriculture, forestry, wildlife and
recreation.
Key developments:
• Optical scanning of maps
• Raster to vector conversion
• A spatial database management
system
The Father of GIS
Roger Tomlinson’s tlicense platethe Father of GIS
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In 1981, ESRI (http://www.esri.com/)launched the first commercial GISArcInfo in the world, starting astage of strong competition amongdifferent vendors (Intergraph,ERDAS).
Jack Dangermondpresident and founder, ESRI
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Contents of GIS course
Course plan of NCGIA GISCourse plan of NCGIA GIS
一、一、 IntroductionIntroduction introduction, hardware/software, the raster GISintroduction, hardware/software, the raster GIS
data capturedata capture
characters of spatial data characters of spatial data
spatial phenomena and relationshipspatial phenomena and relationship
GIS functionsGIS functions
raster and vector modelraster and vector model
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Contents of GIS course (cont.)
二、二、 Technological problem in GISTechnological problem in GIS coordinate system and geo-codecoordinate system and geo-code vector structure and algorithmvector structure and algorithm raster structure and storageraster structure and storage data structure and algorithmdata structure and algorithm spatial databasespatial database object and timeobject and time error model and uncertaintyerror model and uncertainty
三、三、 GIS applicationGIS application areas of GISareas of GIS decision supportdecision support GIS planning and realize GIS planning and realize GIS trendGIS trend
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Contents of GIS course (cont.)
GIS teaching plan of Unwin UniversityGIS teaching plan of Unwin University
一、一、 IntroductionIntroduction what is a GIS, GIS brief history, data and what is a GIS, GIS brief history, data and information, GIS applicationinformation, GIS application
二、二、Map and spatial analysisMap and spatial analysis types of spatial datatypes of spatial data
geography referencegeography reference
map projections map projections
coordinate translationcoordinate translation
spatial conceptspatial concept
basic operation of point, line and polygonbasic operation of point, line and polygon
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Contents of GIS course (Cont.)
三、三、 GIS RealizationGIS Realization digital expression of information digital expression of information data modeldata model error and uncertaintyerror and uncertainty vector and raster data modelvector and raster data model computer developmentcomputer development 四、四、 GIS operationsGIS operations hardware, storage, CPU, displayhardware, storage, CPU, display 五、五、 GIS applicationGIS application areas of GISareas of GIS global scale applicationglobal scale application GIS decision GIS decision project managementproject management
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Contents of GIS course (cont.)
六、六、 Organization problemsOrganization problems data usedata use
quality guarantee and standardquality guarantee and standard
law meaninglaw meaning
GIS managementGIS management
GIS teachingGIS teaching
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课程名称: 专业英语 共计 48 学时教 学 内 容 授课时间
第一讲 Introduction of GIS 8 周,星期一, 3-4 节第二讲 Principles of GIS(1) 8 周,星期四, 1-2 节第三讲 Principles of GIS (2) 9 周,星期一, 3-4 节第四讲 Spatial Analysis of GIS(1) 9 周,星期四, 1-2 节第五讲 Spatial Analysis of GIS (2) 10 周,星期一, 3-4 节第六讲 The Application of GIS 10 周,星期四, 1-2 节第七讲 The Future of GIS 11 周,星期一, 3-4 节第八讲 Introduction of RS 11 周,星期四, 1-2 节第九讲 Digital Image Processing of RS 12 周,星期一, 3-4 节第十讲 The Application of RS 12 周,星期四, 1-2 节第十一讲 The Future of RS 13 周,星期一, 3-4 节第十二讲 Introduction of GPS 13 周,星期四, 1-2 节第十三讲 GPS Positioning Modes 14 周,星期一, 3-4 节第十四讲 The Application of GPS 14 周,星期四, 1-2 节第十五讲 The Future of GPS 15 周,星期一, 3-4 节第十六讲 3S Integration 15 周,星期四, 1-2 节
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Components of a GIS
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Components of a GIS: Hardware
InputInput
Special equipment
Special equipment
General equipment
General equipment
GPSGPS
DPSDPS
Photo-grammetry
Photo-grammetry
RSRS
total stationtotal station
ScannerScanner
DigiterDigiter
Keyboard and mouse
Keyboard and mouse
CPUCPU
WorkstationWorkstationserverserver
Array-disketteArray-diskette
StorageStorage
Hard-discHard-discDiscDiscType Type
Output
Plotter
terminal
Printer
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Components of a GIS: Hardware (cont.)
Single model
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Components of a GIS: Hardware (cont.)
Intranet
InputInput Group 1Group 1
InputInput
…………
GIS data baseGIS data base
IntranetIntranet
Group nGroup n
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Components of a GIS: Hardware (cont.)
Web
InputInput serverserver
Image processsystem
Image processsystem
Intranet group
Intranet group
OutputOutputMultimediasystem
Multimediasystem
UserUser UserUser
Main web
Internet
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Components of a GIS: Software
Operation system
System base
Standard software
GIS basic software
GIS application software
User interface
GIS software
Platform software
System software
GIS
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Components of a GIS: Software (cont.)
Input and verification
Storage and
data base management
Transformation and manipulation
Output and presentation
Query
GIS
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Components of a GIS: Data
raster
vector
• GIS operation objects: spatial data
• Spatial data characters: position, attribute and temporal
• Spatial data model: vector and raster
• Spatial data management
• Position: file
• Attribute: relation database
3030
What makes data spatial?
PlacenamePlacenameGrid co-ordinateGrid co-ordinate
PostcodePostcode
Distance & bearingDistance & bearingDescriptionDescription
Latitude / LongitudeLatitude / Longitude
Spatial data has particular characteristics. These can be described in terms of: shape, place and relationship to other spatial data (or geometry, location, and topology)
3131
Characteristics of spatial data
LocationLocation
Description:Description: Kingston University,PenrhynRoad Kingston University,PenrhynRoad CentreCentre
Post Code:Post Code: KT1 2EEKT1 2EE Grid Reference:Grid Reference: 518106.72 168530.37518106.72 168530.37 Latitude/Longitude:Latitude/Longitude: 0° 210° 21’’ 55.38 55.38””W, 49° 36W, 49° 36’’
17.6217.62””NN
3232
Characteristics of spatial data
GeometryGeometry The shape of a The shape of a
building or countybuilding or county The course of a The course of a
river, the route of river, the route of a roada road
The shape of the The shape of the landscape, relieflandscape, relief
3333
Characteristics of spatial data
TopologyTopology Connected toConnected to WithinWithin Adjacent toAdjacent to North of . . .North of . . .
Within the Royal Borough of Kingston-upon-ThamesWithin the Royal Borough of Kingston-upon-Thames Opposite the Surrey County Council buildingOpposite the Surrey County Council building North of Surbiton stationNorth of Surbiton station Adjacent to Penrhyn RoadAdjacent to Penrhyn Road
3434
Spatial Data: examples
Socio-economic dataSocio-economic dataRegional health dataRegional health dataConsumer / lifestyle profilesConsumer / lifestyle profiles
Environmental dataEnvironmental dataTopographic dataTopographic dataThematic data, soils, geologyThematic data, soils, geology
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DLG
DRG
DOM
DEM
Components of a GIS: Data(cont.)
4D Products
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Components of a GIS: People
Data gathering
Information management
Management
Consultation
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Functions of a GIS: Basic
Locations: where is it…?Locations: where is it…? Attributions: what is it…?Attributions: what is it…? Trends:what has changed ...?Trends:what has changed ...? Routeing:which is the best way ...?Routeing:which is the best way ...? Patterns:what is the pattern ...?Patterns:what is the pattern ...? Models: what if ...?Models: what if ...?
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How to realize functions of a GIS
Table map file
Table map file
Data Data collectingcollecting
Data Data collectingcollecting Raw data Raw data
RetrievalRetrieval
Spatial query and analysis
Spatial query and analysis
PreprocessingPreprocessing
OutputOutput
Mapping and tables
Mapping and tables
Interface Interface
Structured data
Structured data
GeoDatabaseGeoDatabase
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Data flow For GIS
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Data Sources for GIS Digitized and Digitized and
Scanned MapsScanned Maps – – purchased, donated, purchased, donated,
free (Internet)free (Internet) – – created by usercreated by user
DataBases DataBases –Tables of –Tables of datadata
GPS GPS – Global – Global Positioning SystemPositioning System – – accurate locationsaccurate locations
Remote Sensing &Remote Sensing & Aerial Aerial
PhotographyPhotography
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Data capture
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Data StoreVector Formats –Vector Formats –uses a set of coordinate and uses a set of coordinate and
relationship to represent real world objectsrelationship to represent real world objects 。。–– give specific spatial locations exactlygive specific spatial locations exactly–– geographic space is continuousgeographic space is continuous–– attributes are stored separately from locationsattributes are stored separately from locations
Raster Formats –Raster Formats – use square cells to use square cells to model realitymodel reality
–– Matches hardware nicely
–– Reduced spatial precision
–– Large storage requirements
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Data process
Data acquisition
Data acquisition
Data base
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Data query Identifying specific featuresIdentifying specific features
Identifying features based on conditions
Position queryAttribute queryTopology query
Position queryAttribute queryTopology query
Florida counties with a
population greater than
300,000
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Data Analysis
Terrain analysisNetwork analysisBuffer analysisGeometry analysisMap analysisOverlay analysisStatistic analysisDecision analysis
Terrain analysisNetwork analysisBuffer analysisGeometry analysisMap analysisOverlay analysisStatistic analysisDecision analysis
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Data Display
•Statistic table• Map such as thematic, image, etc.
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Data Output
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GIS and Related subjectsGeography
Remote sensing
Cartography
Computer science
Photogrammetry,Surveying and
mapping
• GIS is a multi-disciplinary technology• Each related field provides some of the techniques which make up GIS• As the integrating field, GIS often claims to be the science of spatial information
4949
GIS Applications
Facilities managementFacilities managementUtilities such as electricity, gas, water and Utilities such as electricity, gas, water and
cable communication companies all use GIS cable communication companies all use GIS systems to store, retrieve and analyse their systems to store, retrieve and analyse their plant and materials. Areas such as customer plant and materials. Areas such as customer responses, demand forecasting, fault responses, demand forecasting, fault analysis, network assessment analysis, site analysis, network assessment analysis, site planning, strategic planning and market planning, strategic planning and market analysis can be generated by the GIS.analysis can be generated by the GIS.
电力
全选⑴综合管线分类管理
给水
污水
雨水
燃气
路灯
电信
Pipeline Management Information System
5151
GIS Applications
Marketing and retailingMarketing and retailingthese applications tend towards targeting these applications tend towards targeting
customers and identifying potential markets customers and identifying potential markets for customers. The extensive datasets for customers. The extensive datasets generated from the use of loyalty cards can generated from the use of loyalty cards can also be used in conjunction with GIS. Other also be used in conjunction with GIS. Other applications may include: media planning, applications may include: media planning, territory allocation and prospect analysis.territory allocation and prospect analysis.
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超市选址
5353
GIS Applications
EnvironmentalEnvironmentalForestry management, impact analysis, Forestry management, impact analysis,
resource management, coastal zone resource management, coastal zone mapping, geophysical & geotechnical mapping, geophysical & geotechnical surveys.surveys.
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5555
GIS Applications
Transport/vehicle routingTransport/vehicle routing this is an example of ‘real-time’ GIS and is this is an example of ‘real-time’ GIS and is
used particularly by vehicle routing used particularly by vehicle routing companies and the emergency services who companies and the emergency services who need to know where there vehicles are need to know where there vehicles are located at any given time. Vehicle routing located at any given time. Vehicle routing can also be assessed in terms of least cost or can also be assessed in terms of least cost or efficiency. In addition GIS may also be used efficiency. In addition GIS may also be used for; dispatch, scheduling, franchise planning for; dispatch, scheduling, franchise planning as well as route planning.as well as route planning.
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GIS Applications
HealthHealthDisease mapping as well as epidemiology, facility Disease mapping as well as epidemiology, facility
planning, planning, provider & purchaser planning, provider & purchaser planning, expenditure monitoring and patient analysis expenditure monitoring and patient analysis can all be carried out using GIS.can all be carried out using GIS.
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GIS Applications
InsuranceInsurance risk distribution analysis, catastrophe risk distribution analysis, catastrophe
planning, customer service analysis, hazard planning, customer service analysis, hazard & prediction analysis and underwriting & prediction analysis and underwriting
and many more . . . and many more . . .
单机
局域网
广域网
Single GIS
Intranet GIS
WebGISInternet GIS
Grid ComputingGrid Computing
GIS development-Network
个人计算机膝上型计算机
PDA
小型计算机图形工作站
WorkStation
UNIX
PCWindows
嵌入式计算机Windows CEPalm OS…
GIS development-Miniaturization
GIS development-virtual GIS
Image courtesy of Microsoft Virtual Earth
Homework
The similarities and differences between GIS and Auto CAD?
Talk about GIS in my future daily life.
( LBS , Location Based Services )