13
島根大学地球資源環境学研究報告 19,113~125ページ Geoscience Rept.Shimane Univ.,19,p.113~125(2000) (2000年12月) GeologicalStructuresandTectonics aroundtheKokaReservoir,NorthemMainEth ShuichiroYokota*and SileshiMamoFantaye** Abstract The Koka dam and its reservoir,located in the northem Main Ethiopian Rift,are the mai hydroelectric power in Ethiopia.However,a considerable water leakage from the completion ofthe Koka dam in1960.Topographical and geological conditions around t obtainfundamentalinfomationonpathsofleakage.Thereservoirareaisl Main Ethiopian Rift,and is characterized by small horst and graben stmct皿es with disti areelongatedNNE-SSWintheno質heastemhillsofthereservoir,which is theproba intersect the course of the Awash River flowing out from the reservoir.The northe ignimbrites and various volcanic rocks intercalated with post-Pliocene pumiceou gently,but are partially displaced by faults。 Considering that uplift and tilting offault blocks continued d皿ing the Quatemary thecourseofthedver.Alowelevationzoneelongatedno質heastw肛dfr inferred to be an old river co皿se.Although this zone is partially divided by an uplift northeastward from the reservoir bank.In contrast,the c皿rent river course where the Ko andmaybe anewerone.While thefomleris characterizedby remarkably weathered rapid dissection.Based on these topographical and geological characteristics,the l paleo-chamel might have become a leakage path as water level rose after inundation. Key words:Ethiopia,Koka dam,Leakage path,Reservoir,Rift,Ignimbrite lntroduction The Koka dam and its reservoir,10cated in the northem MainEthiopianRift(MER,Fig.1)are the main facilities for irrigation and hydroelectric power in Ethiopia.The Koka reservoir covers an area of236km2with the capacity of 1,850×106m3.However,a considerable water leakage from the reservoirhas observed since the completion ofthe Koka dam at1960,and this is economically serious problem for the region.Some attempts have been made to estimate the leakage loss rate of reservoir water(Sogreah,1965;Ital Consult,1970;Halcrow,1989).According to these reports, the rate ranges ffom90to435×106m3/year(Mamo,1995; Mamo andYokota,1998). This area is topographically characterized by low rehef hills,whichhavebeenfomedashorstandgrabenstructures in the northem MER.The hills around the reservoir consist ofignimbrites and various volcanic rocks intercalated with post-Pliocene pumiceous and lacustrine deposits. In generally,leakage path is closely related to topographic and geologic conditions including Physical properties of rock masses around the reservoir.However,the leakage paths are still presently unknown because rocks distributed *Depaltment ofGeoscience,Shimane Univ.,Nishikawatsu,Matsue690- 8504,Japan ** dthiopian Institute of Geological Surveys,P.0.Box2302,Addis Ababa, Ethiopia there are varied and geological structures ar One of the authors,Sileshi Mamo has a detemine the leakage paths倉om the v hydrogeology using isotope techniques.Geo around the reservoir are not clear as to the concem.Here,we attempted to compile a g around the reservoir to understand geologic tectonic movements in addition to inte pemeabilityofrockmasses. ToOographic an⊂l geologic characteris theWonjiFaultBelt 1.NorthemMainEthiopianRiftandWo勾 The Kokadamanditsreservoirarelocate Fault Belt(Mohr,1962,1967),which is one p northem MER(Fig.1).The MER is a part of E Rift System,and comprises a series ofrift overadistanceofabout1,000㎞fr Junction at the Red Sea-Gulf of Aden inters Kenya Rift in the south(Fig.1).In the Ethiopi theMER and the Southwestem Ethiopian thetwom勾orhftsectors.TheMERfom sector,and is subdivided into northem,cent segments(Chrowiczαα1.,1994).Younger vo ofthe Pliocene to Pleistocene age predomina In contrast,the SWER foms the southwest links to the north-south trending Kenya Rif 113

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Page 1: GeologicalStructuresandTectonics . aroundtheKokaReservoir ...ir.lib.shimane-u.ac.jp/files/public/0/3265/20170425015515507634/c... · The Gedemsa unit is related to the products

島根大学地球資源環境学研究報告 19,113~125ページGeoscience Rept.Shimane Univ.,19,p.113~125(2000)

(2000年12月)

            GeologicalStructuresandTectonics .

aroundtheKokaReservoir,NorthemMainEthiopianRift

ShuichiroYokota*and SileshiMamoFantaye**

                                        Abstract

  The Koka dam and its reservoir,located in the northem Main Ethiopian Rift,are the main facilities for irrigation and

hydroelectric power in Ethiopia.However,a considerable water leakage from the reservoir has observed since the

completion ofthe Koka dam in1960.Topographical and geological conditions around the reservoir have been studied to

obtainfundamentalinfomationonpathsofleakage.ThereservoirareaislocatedintheWonjiFaultBeltoftheno丘hemMain Ethiopian Rift,and is characterized by small horst and graben stmct皿es with distinct fault sca甲lets.The structures

areelongatedNNE-SSWintheno質heastemhillsofthereservoir,which is theprobable leakage zone,andthey obliquely

intersect the course of the Awash River flowing out from the reservoir.The northeastem hills consist of rhyolitic

ignimbrites and various volcanic rocks intercalated with post-Pliocene pumiceous and lacustrine deposits。They dip

gently,but are partially displaced by faults。

  Considering that uplift and tilting offault blocks continued d皿ing the Quatemary,such movements may have shifted

thecourseofthedver.Alowelevationzoneelongatedno質heastw肛dfromapoint35㎞southoftheKokadamwasinferred to be an old river co皿se.Although this zone is partially divided by an uplifted horst mound,it is elongated

northeastward from the reservoir bank.In contrast,the c皿rent river course where the Koka dam was constructed is deep,

andmaybe anewerone.While thefomleris characterizedby remarkably weatheredrockmass,thelatteris fresh due torapid dissection.Based on these topographical and geological characteristics,the low elevation zone corresponding to a

paleo-chamel might have become a leakage path as water level rose after inundation.

Key words:Ethiopia,Koka dam,Leakage path,Reservoir,Rift,Ignimbrite

lntroduction

  The Koka dam and its reservoir,10cated in the northem

MainEthiopianRift(MER,Fig.1)are the main facilities for

irrigation and hydroelectric power in Ethiopia.The Koka

reservoir covers an area of236km2with the capacity of

1,850×106m3.However,a considerable water leakage from

the reservoirhas observed since the completion ofthe Koka

dam at1960,and this is economically serious problem for

the region.Some attempts have been made to estimate the

leakage loss rate of reservoir water(Sogreah,1965;Ital

Consult,1970;Halcrow,1989).According to these reports,

the rate ranges ffom90to435×106m3/year(Mamo,1995;

Mamo andYokota,1998).

  This area is topographically characterized by low rehef

hills,whichhavebeenfomedashorstandgrabenstructures

in the northem MER.The hills around the reservoir

consist ofignimbrites and various volcanic rocks intercalated

with post-Pliocene pumiceous and lacustrine deposits.

In generally,leakage path is closely related to topographic

and geologic conditions including Physical properties of

rock masses around the reservoir.However,the leakage

paths are still presently unknown because rocks distributed

*Depaltment ofGeoscience,Shimane Univ.,Nishikawatsu,Matsue690-

 8504,Japan** dthiopian Institute of Geological Surveys,P.0.Box2302,Addis Ababa,

 Ethiopia

there are varied and geological structures are complicated.

  One of the authors,Sileshi Mamo has attempted to

detemine the leakage paths倉om the viewpoints of

hydrogeology using isotope techniques.Geological conditions

around the reservoir are not clear as to the leakage paths

concem.Here,we attempted to compile a geological map

around the reservoir to understand geological stmctures and

tectonic movements in addition to intelpretations of

pemeabilityofrockmasses.

ToOographic an⊂l geologic characteristics around

            theWonjiFaultBelt

1.NorthemMainEthiopianRiftandWo勾iFaultBelt  The Kokadamanditsreservoirarelocated on the Wo可i

Fault Belt(Mohr,1962,1967),which is one portion ofthe

northem MER(Fig.1).The MER is a part of East Afhcan

Rift System,and comprises a series ofrift zones,extending

overadistanceofabout1,000㎞fromtheAf肛ThpleJunction at the Red Sea-Gulf of Aden intersection to the

Kenya Rift in the south(Fig.1).In the Ethiopian Ri負zones,

theMER and the Southwestem Ethiopian Rift(SWER)are

thetwom勾orhftsectors.TheMERfomstheno質heastemsector,and is subdivided into northem,centra1,and southem

segments(Chrowiczαα1.,1994).Younger volcanic rocks

ofthe Pliocene to Pleistocene age predominate in the MER.

In contrast,the SWER foms the southwestem sector and

links to the north-south trending Kenya Rift in south.The

113

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114

       Geological Structures a.nd Tectonics

around the KokaReservoir,Northem Main Ethiopian Rift

~“

「111一」

350E150N

500E

4oo

轡…(’\ヤ\.寓

吻/ノEthi・pia\鱒

!Awashl\…’一一   River,’贈tiGulfofAden

Addis メ し   N Ababa     ノー鹸」レ」ヤ」レ

、メm7ムnMaix手   メ/ Rese四〇1「/Σ!淋一MainEthi・岬i孟

▽て.     ,〆ノ    \.!!’一7/

Kenya) @/S。malia          (

0    300kml          lndian

一 1      0cean

350E

15。N

oo

500EFig.1.lndex map ofthe Kokareservoirlocatedin the northem Main Ethiopian Rift.

SWER is characterized by predominantly older volcanics

rangingfromtheEocenetoMiocene(8.8.,WoldeGabrie1α

α1.,1990;Stewart and Rogers,1996;Kabeto and Sawada,

1997,1999;Boccalettiαα1.,1999;Kabetoαα1.,2000).

  Two stages of rifting:1ate Oligocene to early Miocene,

and late Miocene to early Pliocene were proposed for the

MER and SWER(Davidson,1983;WoldeGabrielαα1.,

1990;Ebingerαα1.,1993).The northem,central and

southem segments of the MER,and their major ri負一

boundingfaultsareorientedtoN45。E,N30。EandN5-101E,respectively(KabetoandSawada,1999).TheNE-SW

gross structuraltrendoftheMERis segmentedby NW-SE

trending mostly dextral transverse faults(6.8.,Mohr,1967;

WoldeGabrie1αα1.,1990;Chrowiczαα1.,1994;Hayward

and Enginger,1996;Kabeto and Sawada,1999).The latest

stage of development ofthe MER in late Miocene to early

Pliocene is also followed by a na皿ow well-developed

Quatemaryfaultingthatismostlyrelatedto theWonjiFault

Belt(Mohr,1962,1967).Therefore,the distribution and

structures of the Quatemary strata are commonly affected

by faulting in this Belt.

  The age and geochemical characteristics ofthe volcanism

changes along and across the MER,and its complicated

history and nature reflects the tectonic evolution of the rift

(6.8.,Hartαα1.,1989;WoldeGabrie1αα1.,1990;Wolde,

1996;Boccalettiαα1.,1999;Kabetoαα1.,2000).Ebinger

andSleep(1998)haveals・c・ncludedthatupli丘ing,magmatism and extension in Ethiopia and east Africa is

attributed to simple plume activities beneath the Ethiopian

Plateau(Afar plume).However,Georgeαα1.(1998)and

Rogersαα1.(2000)suggested that the presence of two

mantle plumes,Afar and East Afヤican.

2.Topographic features in and around the Koka reservoir

  Fig.2shows the topography around the Koka reservoir

and the Awash River.The Awash River on which the Koka

dam was built is one of the m句or rivers nowing in the

MER.It flows northeastward from the westem margin of

theMER,fo㎜ing steep gorges up to25kmupstream ofthe

Koka reservoir.It meanders east up to the reservoir with

low gradient,and it finally attains to the Lake Abe in the

Afar depression zone.The location of the Koka reservoir in

the midstream of the Awash River is regarded as a local

depression zone elongating in NE-SW trend,and the

reservoir shapes an ellipsoid elongating NE-SW trend in

plan.The zone also might have been formed as a result of

tectonic movements in theWonji Fault Belt.Water level of

thereservoiris aroundEL.1590.7m.Although the bottom

topography ofthe reservoir is not clear,the water depth may

be mostly shallower than10m.

  As shown in Fig.2,the Koka dam is located in the

northeastem side of the reservoir,outlet of the Awash

River.The eastem bank(right bank)of the reservoir is

characterized by low relief hills ranging from1,600to

1,800m,and their hilly slopes directly face to the reservoir.

However,there exist shallow zones where elevation is

below the water level ofthe reservoiL On the contrary,wide

plain spreads over around the westem bank(le負bank),and

scattering distribution of small isolated mounds is seen,

where villages are located.Awash River and its large

tributary,the M句。 Riverjoins each other near the westem

bank of the reservoir.Along the upstream course of the

Awash River in the westem bank,small marsh and ponds

are found separated from the main reservoir.As a result,

while the eastem bankofthe reservoiris nearly straightline,

the westem bank is irregular.These topographical contrasts

may be attributable to faulting and tilting in the area.

  A slightly dissected Gedemsa Caldera is recognized in

southeast ofthe reservoir.Its diameter is8km long,and its

westem slope faces the reservoir directly.A large fluvial

plain,ofwhichelevation is around1,500m,spreads over

the northeastem side of the caldera,and this has been

utilized for a large sugarcane farm,the Wonji Sugar

Plantation.

Page 3: GeologicalStructuresandTectonics . aroundtheKokaReservoir ...ir.lib.shimane-u.ac.jp/files/public/0/3265/20170425015515507634/c... · The Gedemsa unit is related to the products

ShuichiroYokotaandSileshiMamoFantaye 115

・十

     ノ吃  吃ぞ  \箋K・kat・wn

咳叙ノ          \

Awash River      V 悼

一ノ\16。。

Koka resen/oir

 (EL1590.7m》

   ↓

            1  〆  〆                  ,ぜ    ・

      如     6

                  M

  K・kadam評OAw箏hRiver                   囲      ノ

諾錦 Dヂ@ハ            翁…轡・

経筒酵  ・    ~へ

β』

つ  δ  、

      1妨

毒1喰

o

180D

や暦箋

○ 8 撃 ス

1㌔

八姫

5km

Fig.2.Topographic outline around the Kokareservoir.Koka dam is located at northeastem side ofthe reservoir.

3.Geological setup around the Koka reservoir

  Fig.3shows a regional geologic map compiled by the

authors based on previous investigations (Ethiopian

Institute of Geological Surveys,1981;Damteαα1.,1992)

and additional field survey.The volcanic rocks in this area

are mainly of rhyolitic ignimbrite(pyroclastic rocks)and

rhyolitic to basaltic lava flows intercalated with lacustrine

or pumiceous deposits.Recent fluvial and lacustrine

deposits cover these partially.Basaltic rocks are distributed

mainly along the downstream of the Awash River,and in

the Belale Forest,southeastem bank of the reservoir.These

basaltic lava are named as Bofa Basalt(Ethiopian Institute

of Geological Surveys,1981).They are porphyritic with

plagioclase,and are vesicular.This was dated between O.44

and O.61Ma by whole rock K-Ar method(Mortonα

α1.,1979).Basaltic rocks are also appears as numerous

volcanic cones.Damteαα1.(1992)divided basaltic rocks

distributed here into two members;Bofa Basalt and others.

However,it is not easy to discriminate them based on their

characteristics.

  According to Meyerαα1.(1975),the faulting in the

Wonji Fault Belt(WFB)started at the beginning of

Pleistocene(1.6Macα),causingtheunconfomitybetween

theoverlying“Wo可i Series”(Pleistoceneto Holocene)and

underlying “Nazareth Series” whose recent rift floor

products are about1.8Ma(Bigazziαα1.,1993;Boccaletti

8∫α1.,1999).

  According to the compilation of Damteαα1.(1992)and

Boccalettiαα1.(1999),the Gedemsa area is located in

geologically well studied Nazareth-Dera area,where

severaltectonomagmatic units are identified;Melaksa(<0.2

Ma),Boseti(0.21Ma),Gedemsa(0.21-0.85Ma),Dera-

Sodere(く0.44Ma),Bofa(0.44-0.61Ma),Boku-Tede(0.51

-0.83Ma),Keleta(1.5Ma),Nazareth(1.41-1.71Ma),and

Eastem Margin(1.8Ma)units,respectively.Ignimbrites

and various volcanic rocks ofboth the Nazareth and Wonji

Groups are widely exposed in this area.The former

constitute many flow units interbedded with paleosol layers

and aphyric floodbasalts(8.8.Meyerαα1.,1975;Boccaletti

αα1.,1999).They also sometimes intercalated with ash fa11

1ayers and lacustrine deposits.Some NNE-SSW trending

faults and minortraverse faults cause displacements in these

strata,resulting in horst and graben structures.

  The Gedemsa unit is related to the products of Gedemsa

Caldera collapse(Peccedlloαα1.,1995;Baccolettiα

α1.,1999).The pre-caldera activity gave nse to pantelleritic

rhyolite ignimbrites associated with ash nows,pumice falls,

and surge deposits.Pantelleritic rhyolitic lava domes are

also present in the pre-caldera sequences.The post caldera

products are composed ofresurgent pantelleritic lava domes

and basaltic spatter cones scattered within the Caldera.

Basaltic dikes,though to be ffom these scoria cones are

aligned in the NNE-SSW trend,which is almost similar to

theWonjiFaultBelttrend.

Page 4: GeologicalStructuresandTectonics . aroundtheKokaReservoir ...ir.lib.shimane-u.ac.jp/files/public/0/3265/20170425015515507634/c... · The Gedemsa unit is related to the products

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      Geological Stmct皿es and Tectonics

around the KokaReservoir,Northem MainEthiopian Rift

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Page 5: GeologicalStructuresandTectonics . aroundtheKokaReservoir ...ir.lib.shimane-u.ac.jp/files/public/0/3265/20170425015515507634/c... · The Gedemsa unit is related to the products

Shuichiro Yokota and Sileshi Mamo Fantaye 117

Fig.4.S撮ellite JERS-1image ar〔)und the northeastem bank ofthe Koka reservoir.

  Recent lacustrine and臼uvial deposits cover the rocks in

the area,especially along the main river courses、They are

composed of fine to medium sand,and sometimes with

coarse sand,pumice,silt and tuff.These deposits may be

thinnerthan20m.

  Fig。4shows an image obtained by a satellite JERS-1,and

this shows the topographical contrast well in this area.

Scarplets ofNE-SW trending faults are recognized clearly.

Reddish portions in Fig。4show relatively wet condition

because the image is captures the spectral response to

infrared wavelength For example, reddish portion

appearing in eastem part of the sub dam(earth dam)

Page 6: GeologicalStructuresandTectonics . aroundtheKokaReservoir ...ir.lib.shimane-u.ac.jp/files/public/0/3265/20170425015515507634/c... · The Gedemsa unit is related to the products

118

        Geological Structures and Tectonics

around the Koka Reservoir,Northem Main Ethiopian Rift

(d》

                       Fig.5.Koka reservoir and some exposures&round it.

(a)Northem shoreline ofthe Kok&reservoir viewed from Koka dam site.

(b)Jointed ignimbrite exposed along the shoreline ofthe Koka reservoir.

(c)Highlyweatheredignimbrite(upPer)andpumicefalldep・sits(1・wer)exp・sed&ttherightbank{)ftheK。kad乱m.

(d)Subdam(le負)andal・welevati・nz・neel・ngating・ute㎜ard,whichmaybeequivalentt・an・ldriverc〔)urse(right).

indicatesthatthisareaisrelativelywetduet・alargequantity of water seeping from the sub dam(earth dam).

  Fig5(a)shows topography around the shoreline of the

reservoir,and Figs5(b)and(c)show exposures of

ignimbrite with intercalated pumiceous sediments.Fig.5(d)

shows the topographical features of a low elevation zone

elongated northeastward from the sub dam.

Detail topography around the northeastern bank of

                  thereservoir

  Considering that reservoir water leaks toward the

downstream of the Awash River,northeastem bank of the

reservoir and its surroundings may be the most probable

zone on leakage,and therefore the area needs to be studied

in detaiL Fig.6shows a more detail topographic map of this

Page 7: GeologicalStructuresandTectonics . aroundtheKokaReservoir ...ir.lib.shimane-u.ac.jp/files/public/0/3265/20170425015515507634/c... · The Gedemsa unit is related to the products

Shuichiro Yokotaand Sileshi MamoFantaye 119

N手

Koka resen’oir

(EL1590.7m)

sub dam       ゴ ノ(earth daml,’

       ’ ,

4卿欝δ     h

裟9

Koka dam

麟 〃

、。5,彪

~4ち

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~翻

、625

08h

8~

      1625

照.留

75z5

臥 warm sprhgs zone

も\、,,

   %  W・njiG。rge箆 忽.

0              、

  亀HipP・H・tSpring

        グ

、5π5

1575

2

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鱗汐

観望

    騨

驚ゲ

          7

グ     ロ  ヨ ロ  ド  め 

   集

麟,α51。km

Fig.6.Topography in the northeastern bank area.

area,which includes the main Koka dam and two sub dams.

While one ofsub dams is located atthebank,3.5km south

of the main Koka dam,the other one in the hollow zone

mentioned above.Both are small earth dam of5meters

high,and were constructed just after the completion of the

main dam.

  As already stated,the alignment of the NNE-SSW

trending horst and graben stnlcture are predominant in this

area,and these are attributable to faulting of NNE-SSW

trend.One of the horst blocks face to the reservoir,and the

otheris of5-8km east fromthe reservoirbank.The summit

of such uplifted horsts shows a relatively low relief

  The Awash River flowing out from the Koka dam

intersects these two uplifted horsts in this area,forming

distinct gorges.One is the gorge just downstream of the

Koka dam site,and the other is the Wonji Gorge,

downstream of the Hippo hot spring as shown in Fig.6.

There exist two small shallow grabens between these horst

blocks.One is the zone elongating northeastward from

reservoirbank at2km south ofthe Kokadam,and the other

is the zone elongating NNE-SSW trend around the Hippo

hot spring.Extension of the fomer is,however,not so

evident.

  Gentle slopes that have been formed as composite fan

deposits are recognized in some places.One is the left bank

of the Awash River in the Hippo hot spring area,and the

other is at westem slopes of the Wonji Sugar Plantation

(Fig.6).

Geological conditions in the northeastern bank area of

                the reservoir

  Fig.7shows a detail geologic map of the northeastem

bank area,which the authors compiled based on their

surveyed data and log data of boreholes investigated by Ital

Consult(1970).The hills are mostly composed of rhyolitic

ignimbrite and rhyolitic lava.Intercalations with some

pumiceous sediment were confirmed in log data also.

Distribution ofbasaltic lava(Bofa Basalt)was confimed

downstream of the Koka dam,and small scoria cones of

basalt were also confirmed in the eastem hills near the

Wo可i Sugar Plantation。Although the lower and upper

strata ofthe Bofar Basalt have been defined as the Nazareth

and Wonji Groups,respectively,lithofacies however

resemble each other,and constmction of stratigraphy is

therefore not easy in this area.Then,we describe here only

the  characteristics of individual lithofacies and  their

distribution as follows.

1.Ignimbrites(welded tuff)

  Ignimbrites distributed here are welded tuff fo㎜ed as

pyroclastic now deposits,and characterized by lenticularly

elongated pumices.They are intercalated with some thin ash

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LEGEND

一一T欝Pleistocene

to Pliocene?

騒理B犠臨,匪垂ヨBa潔臨、

囲Rhyditicr・cks

匪調Pumice・usdep・sits

N

圃1gnimbrite(weldedtu行)

 /  Faults/ ●     Bore holesB・1

 ・ 、、、し

  イを・

<・、」

へ4

虜じ“k

  色・ill’ !、、7  、 !   、 ’             1『’ 1, ”          一’ ノ          ロ ド          ヤ ノ ラ

、2P}mlcequsて一×ノ

磯辮§itl影S誉、 /、禦娩篠

 /Kokadam!

孝繊}警簑 り             .」」 一L J」

    一己_  ユー 一L. ソ  し              

v   ムbasaltic Iava J.

    =一L・ _L_ 一_」一 _』ぐ               ノしむ        ム  ム  ユ ノ   ソ

v肖  一L一L→1/》ソv》 v 》」 一」↓‘ )   v

〉 V  ) 、!t、    ) V い V  V   》 V  v ’こ、       .,、

         /       Ignimbrite

影の“f1ヤ/(糊t砦1<一’わd轍諺 籔感傷,.     ・、ll~へ㌔一’2・》)  τつ5751、ム

  シ鷲’鳩・ヤ 〆プイ⊃,一臨,・今・、㌧・ム・無偏塞㌧.》v鷲鶴舞.1今・㎞藤・1    熱讃麓薩§繭ぴド、.

  懸で,、≧斜 》 1   /で』・、沖ノ,  。

   ロ ヤノ諺)vどミ㌧しし1》

 》鰯ノノ’1 ノノ)

ゾ         ノレ

饗即・駿舶5・1

雛⊥,一

、た婆“レ ソ

ノ門    4∠煩∠  ム』曳一』一

vB1蝉丁嘆

1575,ム

’A

 .一△ ’

’6’

  ム

輪潅;1蒋燦

鮒艇遡灘

V)

2

γ

ぜ裂騨

      バぐ Rhy・    L・

班  髪  /1署郷

      ろ.’ .』z懲       ..ノ   擦   ’h     {’

        v

     レ  ソ  ソ  マ    ソ

脅)vvvゾv▽謁62もQし

雛辣礁、㌔v

              ヤ            ・ 蕊加齢

      へゆ%    ゐ 4’雛噸       ~6◎◎

ψら’

鎌㍗α51.Okm

Fig.7.Geological map ofthe northeastem bank area.

筒O

      OOO一〇〇Q一〇包GつqgO一仁賊Oの”昌O↓090三〇〇〇

弩。=昌O旨O】〈O国”刃OのO目<O一おZO昌『Oコ」≦巴コ団浮一〇℃置目刀一陣

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Shuichiro Yokota and Sileshi Mamo Fantaye 121

1ayers with pumiceous and lacustrine deposits.Based on

mapped data,at least4to5now units are distinguished in

this area,and they may belong to the Nazareth or Wonji

Groups.While they are relatively hard in fresh exposures

(Fig.5(b)),soft in weathered portions(upper portion of

Fig.5(c)).Especially,ignimbrites exposed around the sub

dam are highly weathered.The ultimate product of their

weathering comprise of soft and loose sand with brownish

color.

  Systematic joints are developed in exposures of

ignimbrite.Joint planes are generally tightly closed,but

some of them are open.Based on the distribution of

ignimbrites exposed just to the downstream of the main

Koka dam,its foundation too may be composed of these

ignimbrites.Therefore,rock mass condition on permeable

properties is considered to be relatively good.

2.Rhyolitic to dacitic lava(trachyte)and lava dome

  The lavas distributed here are mainly rhyolite to trachyte.

They form small lava domes,and they show a monadnocks

topography.These rocks are highly vesicular,and rich in

Plagioclase and quartz phenocrysts. Various kind of

VOICaniC rOCkS are alSO eXpOSed a.10ng the Caldera Wa110f

the Gedemsa Caldera.They are mostly rhyolitic to dacitic

lava,and some portions are surge deposits.The greenish

welded tuff associated with Gedemsa Caldera was dated on

whole rock K-Ar method gave about O.85Ma(Mortonα

α1.,1979).However,a fission track age on glass of a pre-

caldera unit gave a more reasonable age of O.21Ma for the

Gedemsa unit(Bigazziαα1.,1993).

3.Basaltic rocks

  Basaltic rocks are mainly exposed as lava(Bofa Basalt)

along the Awash River,especially downstream of the Koka

dam and around the Hippo hot spring.It was dated to O.44-

0.61Ma(Mortonαα1.,1979).They include plagioclase

phenocryst,and show dark gray and dark greenish gray.

They may overly the ignimbrites mentioned above.Basaltic

lava is vesicular,and slightly to moderately jointed.Top of

the lava is highly weathered in there.

  Basaltic scoria cones are recognized at eastem hills.On

thewall ofanew well attheWo可i SugarPlantation,it was

reddish scoria layer below the unconsolidated lacustrine

deposits(alluvial deposits).Basaltic dikes are also observed

along the area of shoreline.They intrude ignimbrite,and

elongate in N40。to50。E with3meters width at l km south

ofthe main Koka dam.Several dykes with O.5m width and

N20。一30。E are also observed near the sub dam.Chilled

margin were recognized in these exposures.There may be

recent dikes from basaltic且ows of Melkasa unit(Damteα

α1.,1992),whose age is younger than O2Ma(Mortonα

α1.,1979).

4.Pumiceous deposits and lacustrine deposits of tuffaceous

  sandstones and mudstones

  Pumiceous and tuffaceous deposits are widely distributed

here.Some of them are ash fall layers with pumices,but

others are tuffaceous sandstones or mudstones formed as

lacustrine deposits,and are relatively consolidated.The

latter are exposed around the Hippo Hot Springs and others.

They appear to be stratigraphically below the ignimbrite in

some exposures.Probably,they may be same age as the

pyroclastic and volcanic rocks mentioned above.

5.Surficial sediments

  Surficial deposits distributed along rivers and low land.

They are divided into alluvial deposits and fan deposits.

Especially,fan deposits may develop around the northem

side of the Hippo Hot Spring and westem slope of the

Wonji SugarPlantation.Theyaremainlycomposedofloose

sand,silt,and gravels.Around the shallow valley,gravelly

deposits are observed in well walls.Some breccias covering

gentle slopes are recognized around the sub dam.

Geological structure in the northeastern bank area of

                 the reservoir

L Horst and graben structures and faults

  As shown in Figs.6and7,this northeastem bank area is

characterized by alignment of NNE-SSW trending faults.

At least,three m勾or faults are topographically recognized

here,and they form horst and graben structures.However,

we could not confinm their fault planes in exposures.Based

on topography,m勾or faults show sense of easterly uplift.

They are numbered F-1,F-2and F-3from west to east.

One of them(F-1),having an easterly sense of uplift

elongates in NNE-SSW trend intersectingjust upstream of

the Koka dam.The other two faults,F-2and F-3extend

1.5to2km east and4km east ofthe shoreline,respectively

(Fig.7).Each blocks bounded by faults slightly tilts

eastward.Most of strata also dip eastward almost

concordant with the topography.These faults and blocks

elongate inNNE-SSWtrends intersecting thecourseofthe

Awash River.

  Fig.8shows geologic sections in A-A’and B-B’1ines as

shown in Fig.7.Rocks in this area are mainly composed of

ignimbrite,and small rhyolitic lava caps the fo㎜er

partially.Probably,they dip eastward at low angles.Based

On tOpOgraphy and diStribUtiOn Of lithOfa.CieS ShOWn in

Fig.8,vertical displacements are estimated to be50-60m in

F-1andF-2,and70to100minF-3,respectively.Insome

places,we confirmed that strata dip steeply along these

faults.In addition to these major faults,NW-SE trending

transverse faults are also estimated in individual blocks.

2.Tectonic movements and river course changes

  Considering that the shorehne of the right bank almost

correspondto the scarplets ofthe NNE-SSW faults(F-1),

this depression domain of the reservoir might have been

fomedbyupliftingandtiltingoffaultblocks.Fig.9shows

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122

    Geological Stmctures and Tectonics

aroundthe KokaReservoir,Northem Main Ethiopian Rift

 SW←                                  →A                Fg2    F-1EL(m)

 17・O   B3    B7B81gnimbr旋e(weldedtu貿)B11,6舗d㌦1他↓AII蹴麟醐“  IRh四雁F3

    レ    へたミヤソ   ト                       レソ サ サ        ヤ                   ソい レ サ

評謙総締鷲雛1☆」遡論調蔑鰯 1400

NE

  A’EL(m)

 1700

1600

1500

1400

→ E W ←BEL(m)       B2

隙hdam↓1600↓A“uvialdep。sits

F・2

1gnimbrite(weldedtuff》

レ  v  v       噌

レ  レ  レ  ソ

    v  》   }

  Rhyolite

    し しゼ             ヤ

ず ) v ぜ ㌔、L L

9

B↓

1500 ィ撃;謂1400   Pumicefa”Iaye「

1

F・3

  LししL・し   Rhyolite  、、 L L し 』 く v v ~、一、、l L し

や  }  レ   』、、  L L し

} V V  》  ソ 、、』、と』しし》 v ) ソ  V v 》 }、一-・

  ) v レ v v ■  ) ) v   v   ザ  ソ  い  v  》

     EL(m)      1700

Wonji Sugar Plantation

v} A  A”uvial    1600・11ヤdep。sits

 l   ロ し   じロ じ ゴロ  ニ1ド1黛※・

  り      り むの

  t

      1400

        B’

H:Vニ1:5

50mL25。m

Fig.8.Geologic sections ofthe northeastem bank area.

Locations of sections A-A’and B-B’are shown in Fig.7.

N↑下端諺

購}

  プ

/Koka dam.

 )9賜4  〃

   諺…蛎箔.総

ヤヘ625

 ぺ .=

          ン         〃暢

      .遼 避Koka resen’Olr

      /                                ヨ   じ                               ‘                          .:な=・ 壷鮪’・・                            ひ              ■           ‘・   ・ 

.  ●

           ‘軸  ■  ■●  o    ●

     ∠

    /,急≦灘蔽

eadhdaソ1勝浦溢噸    御 翻  7霧,   =三二・い~ゆ  』 浮    h

/1625 、慶

瀞…

繍  

@ 

A鱒

   鰯      ・一.葦葺z5嘘( 一,,》5τ5      り へ り   い   し    し               樋 ・一1・・ご●●’一’●・・●∴二∵・一・、・..  …  ’・i’㌔・’.’●・1.ご:・,’1ご,..も∵・.,

   }.ヒ1難敵三1、い::・・’ドしll‘1』:●㌧’・

灘難●鑓驚欝,麟’

髪纂響灘…考騨鞭

    1625

拠.硬

    @  

灘鍵    等〃

          ぷ

2

》裂借

      7

    グ

野馳・      ■ 畠

麟。。5t。㎞

            Fig.9.Lowland elongating from the sub dam(earth dam).

DottedportionshowstheareabelowEL.1590m(waterlevelofthereservoir).Arrowsshowtheprobableoldrivercourse before uplifting of fault blocks.

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ShuichiroYokotaand SileshiMamoFantaye 123

a

   ’~・、 餉     ’     } ~     プー      ’  、’一1     ,夢      な、.!〆

Awash River,ノ        ’ ノ     ノレ  で

       ノ       し   N f∫、

   牟       ノ      ■      3      ’     ●鴨 ■     ■    ・     し         ..      0    コレ

    ㌧      一

         b            c

                避 ㌦.動・w

          膨オ.轟

AwasXp腋)Aw一腹ζ釦p㈹          r                                      ,          ま                          ミ          ノ                              す5km      ‘,                 ご1

d

           Koka Dam/  Awash River

           ’暑ミ、  、 ’   ノノ                  一_→            一一」        ,’            畦                  ・タ/御

             章                  !                おノ                のノ            罰 Wate「leakage?

            要Subdam

  K。kaRese四。魯・

           コ (inundation) =コゼ

         量

         ゴ          ゴ

                    Fig.10.Schematic image showing river course change ofthe Awash RiveL

a:Before faulting,the old Awash River flows from west to east.

b:NNE-SSW faulting and uplifting ofblocks begin.The old nver course(paleo_chamel)was partially divided by uplifting of the

  horst.

c:Fomationofthecun・enthvercourse.d:The Koka dam was constnlcted along the new river course.After inundation,water level increased and water leakage occurred along

  the old river course(paleo-channel).

the disthbution of the area below the water level of the

reservoir(EL.1590m).Although,a low elevation zone

elongates northeastward from the vicinity of the sub dam

(Fig.5(d)),this zone is not same as the graben,and it is

rather obliquely intersected by the NNE-SSW trending

horstandgrabenstmct皿es.Conside血gthatupliftingandtilting of blocks have continued up during the Quatemary

Period,such movements might have disturbed and shifted

the river course.Based on topographic features,a shallow

hollow zone elongating northeastward from the vicinity of

the sub dam is estimated to be an old co皿se of the Awash

River.It elongates northeastward,but it is partially divided

by an uplifted horst mound.

  On the contrary,the current river course where the Koka

dam was constructed represents the newer one.While the

fomerco皿se is shallow and characterized by remarkably

weathered rock mass,the latter deep and f士esh by rapid

dissecting.Based on these topographical and geological

characteristics,a hollow zone colTesponding to a paleo-

channel also have become as one of leakage paths as water

level rose after inundation.A model of the river co皿se

shifts is schematically shown in Fig.10.

  The course of the old Awash River was divided by

uplifting of a horst from the downstream,which was

accompanying NNE-SSW faulting along the present Koka

reservoir.However,ve並ical displacement is not unifom

along the fault generally.As a result,a new hver course

appears in northem side corresponding to the current main

dam site.Fresh rock masses exposed along the newer river

mouse may be suitable forconstruction ofconcrete dam.

  After inundation,a paleo-channel might have become a

leakage path as water level rose,because the shallow zone is

remarkably weathered with high pemeablerock mass and

alluvialloosedepositsdisthbutedalongit.Consequently,

the shallow zone corresponding to an old river co皿se might

have also become as one of leakage paths.However,detail

paths are unknown at the present step.Another methods and

efforts are necessary to dete㎜ine the paths more precisely.

Conclusions

  To obtain fundamental info㎜ation on paths of leakage

waterfromthe Kokareservoir,topographical and geological

conditions around it have been  studied. Results are

highlighted as follows:

(1)The reservoir is located along the Wor“i Fault Belt of

   thenorthem Main Ethiopian Rift,and is topographically

   characterized by NNE_SSW trending horst and graben

   stnlctures with distinct fault scarplets.

(2)Rhyolitic ignimbrites and various volcanic rocks

   intercalated with pumiceous and lacustrine deposits

   since the Pliocene constitute the hills around the

   reservOlr.

(3)These structures mentioned above intersect the course of

   the Awash River flowing out ffom the reservoir.

(4)A low elevation zone elongating northeastward f士om the

   point3.5km south of the Koka dam was infe皿ed to be

   an old river course (paleo-channe1) on the basis of

   topographical features.

(5)In contrast,the c皿rentriver course where the Koka dam

   was constructed is newer.

(6)Whilethepaleo-chamel is low elevation andcomposed

   of highly weathered rocks,the latter deep with f士esh by

   rapid dissecting.

(7)Based on these features,the low elevation zone corre-

   sponding to a paleo-chamel might have become one of

   leakage paths as water level rose after inundation.

Acknowle“gements

  We sincerely thank Mr.Kurkura Kabeto Fello of the

graduate school of Shimane University for kindly help our

field surveys and discussions on tectonics.We also would

like to thank Dr.Venkatesh Ragahvan,Osaka City Univ.for

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124

         GeOlOgiCal StmCtUreS a.nd TeCtOniCS

around the KokaReservoir,Northem Main Ethiopian Rift

reading the manuscript,in addition for valuable comments.

Analysis of the satellite image of JERS-1(Fig.4)was

supported by DL Shir中Masumoto of Osaka City Univ.

Satellite image data used here were supplied by the Remote

Sensing Data Center,Tokyo.

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  Lεπ8rs,No.139,195-211.

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  UpperMiocene to Recentbasic lavas in the northem main Ethiopian rift:

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(Received:130ct.2000,Accepted:20Nov.2000)

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Shuichiro Yokotaand SileshiMamoFantaye 125

(要 旨)

横田修一郎・SiIeshiMAMOFantaye,2000,北部エチオピア主地溝帯,Koka貯水池周辺における地

 質構造とテクトニクス,島根大学地球資源環境学研究報告,19,113-125.

  北部エチオピア主地溝帯に位置するKokaダムとその広大な貯水池はエチオピアにおける灌漑と

 水力発電のための主要な施設である.しかしながら,Kokaダムが1960年に完成して以来,そこで

『は多量の漏水が指摘されてきた.貯水池からの漏水経路に関する基本的情報を得るため,貯水池周

 辺の地形・地質的状態について研究してきた.

  この貯水池は北部エチオピア主地溝帯のWonji断層帯に位置しており,明瞭な断層崖をもった小

 規模な地累一地溝構造によって特徴づけられている.漏水の可能性が高い貯水池北東側の丘陵では

 この構造はNNE-SSW方向に伸びており,貯水池から流出するAwash川の河道を横断している.鮮

 新世以降の流紋岩質火砕流堆積物や多様な火山岩類が軽石質堆積物や湖成堆積物を挟んでこれらの

 丘陵の岩盤を構成している.それらの地層は緩やかに傾斜し,断層によって部分的に変位されてい

 る.

  断層ブロックの隆起や傾動が第四紀を通じて継続してきたことを考えれば,そのような構造運動

 は河道を移動させてきたことも考えられる.Kokaダムから約3.5km南の地点から北東方向に伸び

 る低標高のゾーンは地形的特徴から旧河道の1つと推定された.この浅い低標高ゾーンは隆起した

 地累ブロックによって分割されているが,貯水池の東岸から北東方向に伸びている.これに対して,

 Kokaダムが建設された現在の河道は深く,新しいものであろう.前者は著しく風化した岩盤によっ

 て特徴づけられているのに対して,後者は急速な下刻によって新鮮な状態である.このような地形・

 地質的特徴に基づけば,旧河道に相当するこの低標高ゾーンは貯水による水位上昇にとともに漏水

 経路の1つになってきたと考えられる.