ghuhSkd;wk;

1

ghuhSkd;wk; murpayikg;G rl;lk; ruj;J 79 Kjy; 122 tiu ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mikg;G> xd;W NrHj;jy;> gzpf;fhyk;> mYtyHfs;> Nfhl;ghLfs;> rpwg;Ghpikfs;> mjpfhuk; Nghd;w gy mk;rq;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J gFjp - V y; mike;Js;sJ.

mikg;G (Organisation)

murpayikg;gpd; gb ghuhSkd;wkhdJ %d;W gFjpfshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit>

1. FbauRj;jiytH

2. kf;fsit

3. khepyq;fsit

FbauRj;jiytH ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xUq;fpize;j mq;fkhthH. Vnddpy; ghuhSkd;w ,U mitfspYk; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; kNrhjhf;fSf;F FbauRj;jiytH xg;Gjy; toq;fpdhy; kl;LNk mJ rl;lkhFk;.

FbauRj; jiythpd; ghuhSkd;wk; njhlHghd nray;ghLfspy; ,U mitfisAk; $l;LtJ kw;Wk; xj;jpitg;gJ kf;fsitia fiyg;gJ> ,U mitfspYk; ciuahw;WtJ kw;Wk; mitfs; $lhjNghJ mtrur; rl;lq;fis gpwg;gpg;gJ Nghd;wit mlq;Fk;.

kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepyq;fsitAk; xUq;fpize;J ghuhSkd;wkhf nray;gLfpwJ.

khepyq;fsit (Rajya Sabha)

murpayikg;gpd; ehd;fhthJ ml;ltizapy; khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; A+dpad; gFjpfSf;F xJf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdHfspd; vz;zpf;if gw;wp tpthpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

epHzapf;fg;gl;l vz;zpf;if – 250

jw;Nghija vz;zpf;if – 245

khepyq;fs; - 29

A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; - 4

epakd cWg;gpdHfs; - 12

khepy kw;Wk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;

khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspd; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdHfs; kf;fs; njhifapd; mbg;gilapy; tpfpjhr;rhu gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwapy; kiwKf thf;nfLg;G %yk; NjHe;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wdH.

\uj;J 80(3)d;gb FbauRj; jiytH ,yf;fpak;> mwptpay;> fiy> r%f Nrit Mfpatw;wpy; rpwg;ghd mwpTk; mDgtKk; nfhz;l 12 cWg;gpdHfis epakpf;fpd;whH vd;W \uj;J 80(3) $WfpwJ.

7 A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; ,uz;by; kl;Lk; (nly;yp kw;Wk; ghz;br;Nrhp) khepyq;fsitf;F gpujpepjpj;Jtk; cs;sJ.

,ju 5 A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; kf;fs;njhif kpf Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhy; mtw;wpw;F khepyq;fsitapy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ,y;iy.

kf;fsit (Lok Sabha) (ruj;J 81)

mjpfgl;r cWg;gpdHfspd; vz;zpf;if

550 + 2 = 552.

,jpy; 530 cWg;gpdHfs; khepyq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; 20 cWg;gpdHfs; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; NjHe;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wdH.

,U mitfspd; xUq;fikT

ghuhSkd;wk;

2

ruj;J 331-d; gb Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpad; r%fj;ijr; rhHe;j 2 cWg;gpdHfs; FbauRj; jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpd;wdH.

kf;fsit NjHjy; Kiw

kf;fsit cWg;gpdHfs; khepyq;fspy; kw;Wk; A+dpad; gFjpfspy; epyg;gug;ig mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l njhFjpfspy; cs;s 18-taJ G+Hj;jpahd Fbkf;fshy; Neubahf NjHe;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wdH.

mWgj;jp xd;whtJ murpayikg;G rPHj;jpUj;jr; rl;lk; 1988 taJ te;NjhH thf;Fhpikia 21y; ,Ue;J 18Mf Fiwj;jJ.

epy mbg;gilapyhd njhFjpfs;

kf;fsit cWg;gpdHfis Neubahf NjHe;njLg;gjw;F trjpahf khepyq;fis epy mbg;gilapyhd njhFjpfshf murpayikg;ig cUthf;fpatHfs; Vw;gLj;jpAs;sdH.

NkYk; xt;nthU khepyq;fSk; mjd; kf;fs; njhif tpfpjj;jpw;F Vw;g Fwpg;gpl;l njhFjpfis nfhz;Ls;sd.

xt;nthU khepyKk; epy mbg;gilapy; njhFjpfshf gphpf;fg;gl;L khepyq;fSf;F ,ilNaAk;> khepyq;fspd; njhFjpfSf;F ,ilNaAk; kf;fs; njhif tpfpjhr;rhuk; rPuhf ,Uf;FkhW gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

xt;nthU kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpw;F gpd;Gk; kf;fs; njhif tpfpjj;jpw;F Vw;wthW njhFjpfis kW rPuikg;G nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

mjd; mbg;gilapy; 1952> 1962> 1972> 2002y; kW rPuikg;Gfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

1976-y; 42-tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jk; %yk; kf;fsit njhFjpia 1971-k; Mz;L kf;fs; njhifapd; gb 2000-k;

Mz;Lfis khw;w ,ayhJ vd;W $wpaJ.

Mdhy; 2001-y; 84 tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jk; 1991-k; Mz;L kf;fs; njhifg;gb cs;s kf;fsit njhFjpfis 2026 Mz;L tiu khw;w ,ayhJ vd;wJ.

,jpy; 2003-k; Mz;by; 87-tJ jpUj;jk; %yk; 1991-k; Mz;L kf;fs; njhif vd;gjpw;F gjpyhf 2001-k; Mz;L kf;fs; njhif vd khw;wg;gl;lJ.

cWg;gpduhtjw;fhd jFjpfs;

ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L mitfspYk; cWg;gpdH Mtjw;Fhpa jFjpfis \uj;J 83 $WfpwJ.

xU egH ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;Fj; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lkhdhy;>

mtH ,e;jpaf; Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

khepyq;fsitf;F cWg;gpduhf Ntz;Lkhdhy; 30 taJ epiwe;jtuhfTk;> kf;fsitf;F cWg;gpduhf NjHe;njLf;fg;gl 25 taJ epiwe;jtuhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

$Ljy; jFjpfs; gpw rl;lj;jpd; %yk; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; epHzapf;fg;glyhk;.

cWg;gpdH jFjpapog;G

xUtH ,e;jpaf; Fbkfdhf ,y;iy vd;whYk; my;yJ VNjDk; ntspehl;Lf;F tpRthrpahf ,Ue;jhYk;>

mikr;rH gjtp my;yJ rl;lj;jhy; tpyf;fspf;fg;gl;l gjtpiaj; jtpu kj;jpa murpNyh> khepy murpNyh Cjpak; ngWk; xU gjtpia tfpg;gtuhf ,Ue;jhYk;>

ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs;

ghuhSkd;wk;

3

thq;fpa flidj; jPHf;fhky; jpthyhfpg; Nghdtuhf ,Ue;jhYk;>

ePjpkd;wj;jhy; Gj;jp RthjPdk; ,y;yhjtH vd;W mwptpf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jhYk;>

ehlhSkd;wj;jhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lhj;jhy; NtWtifapy; jFjpapog;G nra;ag;gl;L ,Ue;jhYk; me;j egH ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ve;jNthH mitf;Fk; cWg;gpduhfj; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl KbahJ.

kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtr; rl;lk; 1951-d; gb ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l ,ju jFjp ,og;Gfs;l.

cWg;gpdHfspd; jFjp ,og;G njhlHghf ,Wjp KbT vLg;gJ FbauRj;jiytNu MthH. ,J njhlHghf VNjDk; re;Njfk; vOe;jhy; NjHjy; Mizaj;jpd; MNyhridia Nfl;ghH.

fl;rpj;jhty; %yk; jFjp ,og;G nra;jy ;

murpayikg;gpd; gb ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdH Md gpd;G fl;rpj; jhtypy;

murpay; fl;rpapd; tpUg;gj;jpw;F khwhf XH cWg;gpdH thf;fspf;fhky; ,Ue;jhNyh my;yJ vjpuhf thf;fspj;jhNyh>

RNal;ir cWg;gpdUk; VNjDk; xU murpay; fl;rpapy; NrHe;jhNyh>

ve;j xU epakd cW;ggpdH 6 khjj;jpw;F gpd;G VNjDk; XH murpay; fl;rpapy; NrHe;jhNyh>

10-tJ ml;ltizapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s fl;rpj;jhty; jLg;Gj; jFjp ,og;Gfis

khepyq;fsitapy; mjd; jiytUk; kf;fsitapy; kf;fsitj; jiytUk; KbT nra;tH. (FbauRj;jiytH KbT nra;a ,ayhJ).

1992-y; cr;r ePjpkd;wk; toq;fpa jPHg;gpy;

kf;fsitj; jiytH / khepyq;fsitj; jiytHfshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; fl;rpj; jhty; cWg;gpdH jFjp ,og;G ePjp Gduha;Tf;F cl;gLk; vd;fpwJ.

cWg;gpdHfs; ,lk; fhypahjy;

\uj;J 101-d;gb cWg;gpdH ,lk; fhypahjy;fshtd:

,uz;L ,lq;fspy; cWg;gpduhjy;: xUtH ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ,U rigfspYk; my;yJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpYk;> khepyr; rl;lkd;wj;jpYk; xNu Neuj;jpy; cWg;gpduhf ,Uf;f KbahJ. mt;thW ,Ue;jhy; mtH VNjDk; XH ,lj;ij tpl;Ltpl Ntz;Lk;.

jFjpapoj;jy;: \uj;J 102-d; gb rpy fhuzq;fSf;fhf jFjp ,og;G nra;ag;gLk;. v.fh. cWg;gpdH Md gpd;G kdepiy ghjpg;gl;lhy; jFjp ,og;G nra;ag;gLk;.

gjtpapoj;jy;: ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdH jhNk Kd;te;J> jhk; rhHe;jpUf;Fk; rigapd; jiytUf;F gjtpia tpl;L tpyf tpUg;gk; njhptpj;J fbjk; vOjpdhYk; mtuJ gjtp fhypahfp tpLk;.

mDkjpapd;wp tpLg;ngLj;jy;: cWg;gpdH vtNuDk; jhk; rhHe;Js;s rigapd; Kd; mDkjpapd;wp mWgJ ehl;fSf;F Nky; mit eltbf;iffspy; gq;F ngwhky; ,Ue;jhYk; mtUila ,lk; fhypahdjhf mwptpf;fg;gLk;.

,ju ,dq;fs; :

cWg;gpdH NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;lJ nry;yhJ vd ePjpkd;wk; jPHg;gspj;jhy;>

ghuhSkd;wk;

4

mitapduhy; ntspNaw;wg;gl;lhy;>

FbauRj;jiytH> FbauRj;Jizj; jiytH Nghd;w gjtpfSf;F NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;lhy;>

khepy MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhy; cWg;gpdH gjtp ,of;f NehpLk;.

kf;fsit rghehafH

murpayikg;gpd; \uj;J 93-d; gb kf;fsitf;F rghehafH xUtH ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtH kf;fsit cWg;gpdHfspypUe;J NjHe;njLf;fg;gLfpwhH.

mtuJ ,lk; fhypahdhy; cldbahf NtnwhU cWg;gpdiu rghehafuhf NjHe;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhd NjHjy; Njjpia FbauRj;jiytH mwptpg;ghH.

nghJthf rghehafhpd; gjtp kf;fsit gjtpfhyk; KbAk; tiu njhlUk;.

vdpDk; mtuJ gjtp fhypahtjw;fhd rpy fhuzq;fs; cs;sd.

rghehafhpd;> cWg;gpdH jFjp ePf;fg;gly;>

rghehafNu gjtp tpyf tpUk;gp Jiz rghehaUf;F gjtp tpyfy; fbjj;ij mspj;jy;>

kf;fsitapy; ngUk;ghd;ik cWg;gpdHfs; jPHkhdk; nfhz;L te;J gjtp ePf;fk; nra;jy;> Nghd;w fhuzq;fshYk; gjtp fhypahFk;.

rghehafiu gjtp ePf;fk; nra;Ak;NghJ> 14 ehSf;F Kd;G jfty; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. gjtp ePf;f jPHkhdk; kf;fsitapy; nfhz;LtUk; NghJ mit

eltbf;iff;F mtH jiyik jhq;f KbahJ.

Mdhy; mit cWg;gpduhf mitapd; eltbf;iffspy; gq;F ngwyhk;.

vg;Nghnjy;yhk; kf;fsit fiyf;fg;gLfpwNjh mg;NghJ rghehafH gjtp fhypahfhJ. mLj;j nghJj;NjHjy; ele;J Gjpa murhq;fj;jpd; rghehafH gjtpNaw;Fk; tiu mtuJ gjtp njhlUk;.

rghehafhpd; gq;F> mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; gzpfs;

kf;fsitapd; jiytuhfTk; mjd; gpujpepjpahfTk; jpfo;fpwhH.

kf;fsit cWg;gpdHfspd; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; rpwg;Ghpikfs;> xl;Lnkhj;j mit kw;Wk; mjd; FOf;fs; midj;jpw;Fk; ghJfhtyuhf jpfo;fpwhH.

mitapd; nghWg;ghsuhd rghehafUf;F caHe;j khpahijAk;> nfstuKk;> mjpfhuKk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

kf;fsitapy; rghehafH %d;Wtpj mjpfhuq;fis ngw;Ws;shH.

mitapd; eltbf;iffspy; rkthf;F Vw;gLk; NghJ rghehafH jdJ thf;if nrYj;jp Njf;fepiyia ePf;FthH.

mitapy; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gLk; kNrhjhf;fspy; vit gz kNrhjh (m) gz kNrhjh my;y vd rghehafNu KbT nra;J FbauRj;jiythpd; Kd; mDkjpf;F mDg;GthH.

10-tJ ml;ltizapy; cs;sthW xU cWg;gpdH jFjp ,og;G gw;wp rghehafH jhd; KbT nra;thH.

ghuhSkd;w mitj; jiyth;fs;

ghuhSkd;wk;

5

Jiz rghehafH (Deputy Speaker of Lok

Sabha)

rghehafH Nghd;W Jiz rghehafH kf;fsit cWg;gpdHfspy; ,Ue;J NjHe;njLf;fg;gLfpwhH.

rghehafH NjHTf;F gpd;G JizrghehafH NjHjy; eilngWk;. ,j;NjHjYf;fhd Njjpia rghehafH mwptpg;ghH.

vg;nghOJ vy;yhk; Jiz rghehafH gjtp fhypahfpwNjh mg;NGhJ kf;fsit NtnwhU cWg;gpdiu Jiz rghehafuhf epakpf;fpwJ.

rghehafH gjtp fhypahFk; NghJ Jiz rghehafH mg;gjtpia tfpf;fpwhH. mg;NghJ rghehafhpd; midj;J mjpfhuq;fisAk; mtH ngWfpwhH.

NkYk; ,r;rkaj;jpy; eilngWk; ,uz;L mitfspd; $l;Lf; $l;lj;jpw;F jiyikNaw;fpwhH. (rghehafH ,;y;yhj NghJ)

Jiz rghehafH rghehafUf;F fPohdtH my;yJ ,tH kf;fsitf;F Neub nghWg;ghsH MthH.

rghehafH kw;Wk; Jiz rghehafhpd; epWtdq;fs ;

1921-Mk; Mz;bypUe;J Jtq;FfpwJ. 1919-k; Mz;L rl;lj;jpd;gb ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; rghehafH gpA+hpf; xapl; Kjy; Jiz rghehafH rr;rpjhde;j rpd;fh MfpNahH ftHdH n[duyhf epakpf;fg;gl;ldH.

1925-Mk; Mz;by; tpj;jy;gha; gl;Nly; kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpy; Kjy; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpa rghehafuhf jpfo;e;jhH.

Rje;jpuj;jpw;F gpd;G G.V. nksyhq;fH rghehafuhfTk; mde;jradk; ma;aq;fhH

Jiz rghehafuhfTk; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;ldH.

G.V. nksyhq;fH murpayikg;G kd;wk; kw;Wk; ghuhSkd;wk; Mfpa ,uz;bw;Fk; rghehafuhf jpfo;e;jhH. ,tuJ gzpf;fhyk; RkhH 10 Mz;Lfs; (1946 Kjy; 1956 tiu) njhlHe;jJ.

jw;fhypf rghehafH (Pro – tem speaker)

murpayikg;gpd;gb rghehafhpd; gjtpf;fhykhdJ kf;fsitf;F Gjpjhf NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l murpd; Kjy; $l;lj;Jld; KbtilfpwJ.

Gjpjhf NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l kf;fsitapd; cWg;gpdHfspy; tajpy; %j;j cWg;gpdiu jw;fhypf rghehafuhf FbauRj;jiytH epakpg;gJ kughf gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; mtUf;fhd gjtp gpukhzj;ijAk; FbauRj;jiytNu nra;J itf;fpwhH.

rghehafUf;F chpa midj;J mjpfhuq;fSk; ,tUf;Fk; cz;L. Gjpjhf NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l kf;fsitapd; Kjy; $l;lj;ij ,tH topelj;JthH.

,thpd; Kf;fpa flik Gjpa cWg;gpdHfSf;F gjtp gpuhkhzk; nra;Jitj;jy; MFk;.

kf;fsitf;F Gjpa rghehafH NjHT nra;ag;gl;lTld; ,tuJ gjtp fhypahfptpLk;. Mifahy; ,tuJ gjtpf;fhyk; kpfTk; FWfpwJ.

khepyq;fsit NrHNkd ;

khepyq;fsitia topelj;JgtH NrHNkd; vd miof;fg;gLfpwhH. FbauRj; Jizj;jiytH gjtpapd; epkpj;jkhf

khepyq;fsitapd; jiytuhf / NrHNkdhf gzpahw;WfpwhH.

kf;fsit rghehafH Nghd;w ,tH khepyq;fsitia topelj;jp nry;fpwhH.

ghuhSkd;wk;

6

kf;fsit rghehafUf;F rkkhd gzpfis nra;jhYk; ,U Kf;fpa gzpfspy; khepyq;fsit NrHNkd; NtWgLfpwhH.

1. kf;fsit rghehafH vit gz kNrhjh vd;gij KbT nra;thH. NkYk; mtuJ jPHg;Ng ,WjpahdJ.

2. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspd; $l;Lf; $l;lj;jpw;F kf;fsit rghehafNu jiyik jhq;FthH.

khepyq;fsit NrHNkDk; khepyq;fsitapy; kNrhjh njhlHghd thf;nfLg;gpy; jdJ thf;if Kjy; Kaw;rpapNyNa nrYj;j KbahJ. kNrhjhtpw;F rkkhd thf;Ffs; mspf;fg;gl;lhy; me;j kNrhjhit ntw;wp my;yJ Njhy;tp ngw jdJ thf;if nrYj;JthH.

khepyq;fsit Jiz NrHNkd;

khepyq;fsit cWg;gpdHfspypUe;J xU egH Jiz NrHNkdhf NjHT nra;ag;gLfpwhH.

kf;fsit Jiz rghehafhpd; gzpia khepyq;fsitapy; ,tH Nkw;nfhs;fpwhH.

NrHNkd; jw;fhypf tpLg;gpy; cs;sNghJ mitia ,tH topelj;jpr; nry;thH.

ghuhSkd;w nrayfk;

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xt;nthU mitf;Fk; vd jdpj;jdp nrayf mYtyHfs; cs;sdH. ,tHfis NjHTnra;jy; kw;Wk; mtHfsJ gzpfs; Mfpatw;iw ghuhSkd;wk; xOq;FgLj;JfpwJ.

xt;nthU mitapd; nrayfj;jpd;

jiytuhf nrayf – n[duy; (Secretary

General) ,Ug;ghH. ,e;j n[duy; epue;ju mYtyuhf nrayhw;WthH. ,tH me;je;j mitapd; topelj;Jk; jiytHfis epakpg;ghH.

mitapd; jiytH (Leader of the House)

kf;fsit tpjpapd;gb kf;fsitj; jiytuhf gpujk ke;jphpNa nray;gLthH. xUNtis gpujk ke;jphp khepyq;fsitapd; cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;jhy; kf;fsitapd; ahNuDk; XH mikr;riu mjd; jiytuhf gpujk ke;jphp epakpg;ghH.

khepyq;fsitapd; tpjpapd;gb khepyq;fsit jiytuhf ahNuDk; xU mikr;riu mjd; jiytuhf gpujkH epakpg;ghH.

gpujkH khepyq;fsitapd; cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;jhy; mtNu mjd; jiytuhf nray;gLthH.

mitfspd; jiytHfs; mjd; nray;ghLfspy; jdJ nry;thf;if Neubahf nrYj;JtH. mnkhpf;f ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; ,Nj gzpiar;

nra;gtiu „ngUk;ghd;ik

jiytH‟(Majority Leader) vd miof;fpd;wdH.

vjpHfl;rpj; jiytH (Leader of the

Opposition)

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xt;nthU mitAk; XH vjpHf;fl;rpj; jiytiu nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

nkhj;j cWg;gpdH vz;zpf;ifapy; 1/10 gq;fpw;F Fiwahj cWg;gpdHfis ngw;Ws;s nghpa murpay; fl;rpiaNa vjpHf;fl;rpahf ghuhSkd;wk; mq;fPfhpf;fpwJ.

,tuJ Cjpak;> gbfs; kw;Wk; ,ju trjpfs; Nfgpdl; mikr;rUf;F ,izahdJ.

mnkhpf;fhtpy; ,j;jifa gzpiar; nra;gtiu mikr;ruit jiytH

(Ministry Leader) vd;Wk;>

ghuhSkd;wj; jiyth;fs;

ghuhSkd;wk;

7

,e;jpahtpy; epoy; mikr;ruit (Shadow

Cabinet) vd;Wk; miof;fpd;wdH.

1977-Mk; Mz;L kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepyq;fsitapd; vjpHf;fl;rpj; jiytHfis rl;lk; mq;fPfhpj;jJ.

jw;Nghija kf;fsit vjph;fl;rpj; jiyth; - jpU. R\py;Fkhh; \pz;Nl jw;Nghija khepyq;fsit vjph;fl;rpj;jiyth; - jpU. mUz; n[l;yp

nfhwlh (Whip)

ghuhSkd;w murhq;f Kiwapy; nfhwlh Kiw kughf gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.

xt;nthU murpay; fl;rpAk; nrhe;jkhd nfhwlhit nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

nfhwlhit me;j murpay; fl;rpj; jiytHfNs mitapy; mtHfsJ gzpia Nkw;nfhs;sTk; cjtpGhpaTk; epakpf;fpd;wdH.

ghuhSkd;w nray;ghLfspy; cWg;gpdHfis xOq;FgLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; fz;fhzpj;jy; Nghd;w gzpfis nra;fpd;wdH.

nfhwlhtpd; topfhl;lypd;gb cWg;gpdHfs; nray;gltpy;iy vdpy; cWg;gpdHfs; kPJ xOq;F eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.

mitiaf; $l;Ljy; (Summoning)

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xt;nthU mitiaAk; $l;Ltjw;F FbauRj;jiytH fhye;NjhWk; mDkjp toq;FthH. Mdhy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L $l;lj;njhlHfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l fhyk; 6 khjj;jpw;F mjpfk; ,Uf;f $lhJ. tof;fkhf Mz;bw;F 3-Kiw ghuhSkd;wk; $LfpwJ mitfshtd.

gl;n[l; $l;lj;njhlH – gpg;uthp Kjy; Nk tiu

gUtkio $l;lj;njhlH – [_iy Kjy; nrg;lk;gH tiu

FspHfhy $l;lj;njhlH – etk;gH Kjy; brk;gH tiu

mitia xj;jpitj;jy; (Adjournment)

ghuhSkd;w $l;lj;njhlH gy;NtW $l;lq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU $l;lKk; xU ehisf;F ,uz;L mkHTfshf ,Uf;Fk;. fhiy mkHT 11 kzp Kjy; kjpak; 1 kzp tiu eilngWk;.

kjpa czT ,ilNtisf;F gpe;ija mkHT gpw;gfy; 2 kzp Kjy; khiy 6 kzp tiu eilngWk;.

mit xj;jpitg;ghdJ epHzapf;fg;gl;l rpy kzp Neuq;fNsh> ehl;fNsh my;yJ thuq;fNsh ,Uf;Fk;.

Njjp Fwpg;gplg;glhky; xj;jpitj;jy;

(Adjournment sine die)

KbTf;F nfhz;Lte;j $l;lj;njhlHfis Njjp Fwpg;gplhky; xj;jp itg;gJ.

mitia xj;jpitj;jy; kw;Wk; Njjp Fwpg;gplhky; xj;jpitj;jy; Nghd;w gzpfis mitia topelj;jp nry;Yk; rghehafH kw;Wk; khepyq;fsit NrHNkd;fs; Nkw;nfhs;tH.

$l;lj; njhlHfis KbTf;F nfhz;L

tUjy; (Propogation)

mitia topelj;JgtHfs; Njjp Fwpg;gplhky; xj;jpitg;gJld; mitapd; $l;lj;njhlH KbTf;F tUfpwJ. mLj;j rpy jpdq;fspy; FbauRj; jiytH rk;gpujhag;gb $l;lj;njhliu Kbj;J itg;ghH.

ghuhSkd;w $l;lj;njhlh;fs;

ghuhSkd;wk;

8

FbauRj;jiytH tpUk;gpdhy; ele;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; $l;lj;njhliu KbTf;F nfhz;L tuyhk;.

mit fiyjy; (Dissolution)

uh[;a rig / khepyq;fsit epue;ju mit Mifahy; mJ fiyahJ.

kf;fsit 5 – Mz;LfSf;F xU Kiw fiye;JtpLk;.

FbauRj;jiytH tpUk;Gk; NghJ mitiaf; fiyj;Jtplyhk;. my;yJ kf;fsit jhdhfNt fiye;JtpLk;.

,r;#oypy; mitapy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l nray;eltbf;iffs;> kNrhjhf;fs;> jPHkhdq;fs;> mwpf;iffs;> Nfhhpf;iffs;> cWjpnkhopfs; Nghd;w gyTk; mitapy; Njq;fpapUe;jhy; midj;Jk; mit fiye;jTld; fhyhtjpahfptpLk;.

vdpDk; mitapy; jq;fpapUf;Fk; rpy kNrhjhf;fs; kw;Wk; ghuhSkd;w fkpl;bfshy; cj;jputhjk; mspf;fg;gl;l midj;J kNrhjhf;fSk; kf;fsit fiye;jhYk; fhyhtjpahfhJ.

fhyhtjpahFk; / fhyhtjpahfhj kNrhjhf;fspd; epiy

kf;fsitapy; xU kNrhjh Njq;fpapUe;jhy; mJ fhyhtjpahfptpLk;.

kf;fsitapy; xU kNrhjh epiwNtw;wg;gl;L khepyq;fsitapy; mJ Njq;fpapUe;jhYk; fhyhtjpahfptpLk;.

fUj;J NtWghL fhuzkhf ,U mitfspYk; epiwNtwhj kNrhjhtpw;F FbauRj; jiytH kf;fsit fiytjw;F Kd;G $l;Lf; $l;lj;ij $l;l miog;G tpLj;jpUe;jhy; me;j kNrhjh fhyhtjpahfhJ.

Khepyq;fsitapy; Njhd;wp epiwNtw;wg;gl;l kNrhjh kf;fsitapy;

Njq;fpapUe;jhy; me;j kNrhjh fhyhtjpahfhJ.

,U mitfspYk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l kNrhjh FbauRj;jiytH xg;GjYf;F fhj;jpUe;jhy; me;j kNrhjh fhyhtjpahfhJ.

,U mitfspYk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l kNrhjh FbauRj;jiytH kWghprPyidf;F mDg;gpa gpd;G kf;fsit fiye;jhYk; me;j kNrhjh fhyhtjpahfhJ.

Nfhuk; (Quorum) / Fiwe;jgl;r tUif

mitfspd; md;whl gzpfs; eilngw Ntz;Lkhdhy; epHzapf;fg;gl;l Fiwe;jgl;r cWg;gpdHfshtJ tUif Ghpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

mitfis topelj;jp nry;Yk;

kf;fsit rghehafH / khepyq;fsit NrHkd; cs;gl nkhj;j cWg;gpdHfspy;

1/10 gq;fpw;F Fiwahky; tUif ju Ntz;Lk;.

Fiwe;jgl;rk; kf;fsitf;F 55 cWg;gpdHfSk; khepyq;fsitf;F 25 cWg;gpdHfSk; tUif ju Ntz;Lk;.

ghuhSkd;w nkhop

murpayikg;gpd; \uj;J 343-d; gb ,e;jp kw;Wk; Mq;fpyk; Mfpad ghuhSkd;w eltbf;if nkhopahf ,Uf;Fk;.

mitfis topelj;Jk; rghehafH / NrHkd; MfpNahhpd; mDkjpAld; cWg;gpdHfs; jq;fsJ jha;nkhopapy; Ngryhk;. mtHfsJ nkhopia ghuhSkd;w nkhopapy; clDf;Fld; nkhopngaHf;f nkhopngaHg;ghsHfs; ,Ug;ghHfs;.

murpayikg;gpd;gb Mq;fpyk; murpyikg;G njhlq;fpajpy; ,Ue;J 15 Mz;Lfs; tiu ghuhSkd;w nkhopahf nray;gLk; vd;wpUe;jJ. Mdhy; mYtyf nkhopr;rl;lk; 1963-d; gb ,e;jpAld;

ghuhSkd;wk;

9

Mq;fpyKk; ,ize;J ghuhSkd;w nkhopahf njhlUk; vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F ,e;jpAk;> Mq;fpyKk; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; vd;W murpayikg;G $WfpwJ.

,t;tpuz;L nkhopfspYk; Ngr ,ayhj ve;j cWg;gpdiuAk; mitapy; mtUila jha;nkhopapy; NgRtjw;F mitj; jiytH mDkjp mspf;fyhk;.

Nfs;tp Neuk; (Question Hour)

ghuhSkd;w mitfspd; xt;nthU mkHtpd; Kjy; Neuk; Nfs;tp Neuk; vdg;gLk;. ,e;Neuj;jpy; cWg;gpdHfspd; Nfs;tpfSf;F mikr;rHfs; gjpyspg;gH. ,f;Nfs;tpfs; %d;W tiffshFk;.

1. el;rjjpuf; Fwpapl;l Nfs;tpfs; - ,tw;wpy; el;rj;jpuf; Fsp ,lg;gl;L ,Uf;Fk;. ,j;jifa Nfs;tpfSf;F mikr;rHfs; tha;nkhop gjpy; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. Jizf; Nfs;tpfSk; Nfl;f mDkjp cz;L.

2. el;rj;jpu Fwpaplhj Nfs;tpfs; - ,tw;wpy; el;rj;jpuf; Fwp ,lg;glhJ. ,tw;wpw;F mikr;rHfs; vOj;J G+Htlkhf gjpy; mspg;gH. tha;nkhopahf gjpy; mspf;fj; Njit ,y;iy vd;gjhy; Jizf; Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;f tha;g;gpy;iy.

3. Fiwe;j fhy mtfhr Nfs;tpfs; - ,it gj;J ehl;fSf;Fs; mwptpg;G nfhLf;fg;gl;L Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tpfs; MFk;. ,tw;wpw;F tha;nkhopahf gjpy; mspf;fg;gLk;.

G+[;a Neuk; (Zero Hour)

mitapd; Nfs;tp Neu Kbtpw;Fk; mLj;j epfo;r;rpapd; njhlf;fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l NeuNk RopNeuk; vdg;gLk;.

,jpy; Kd;dwptpg;gpd;wp cWg;gpdHFs; Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;fyhk;.

1962-ypUe;J ,e;jpag; ghuhSkd;w eilKiwapy; ,J ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.

,J ,e;jpa ghuhSkd;w eilKiw MFk;.

jPHkhdq;fs; (Motions)

mikr;rHfs; my;yJ cWg;gpdHfs; nfhz;L tUk; jPHkhdq;fis Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; my;yJ epuhfhpg;gjd; %yk; mit xU gpur;rpidapy; jdJ Kbit my;yJ fUj;ij ntspg;gL;j;Jk;. ,j;jifa jPHkhdq;fs; mitj; jiythpd; xg;GjYlNdNa mitapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

tpthj epWj;jj; jPHkhdk; (Closure Motion)

xU Fwpg;gpl;l gpur;rpidapy; NghJkhd msT tpthjk; nra;ag;gl;Ltpl;lJ vdf; fUjpdhy; Nkw;nfhz;L tpthjj;ij elj;jhky; thf;nfLg;Gf;F Vw;ghL nra;AkhW NfhUk; jPHkhdNk tpthj epWj;jj; jPHkhdk; MFk;.

fpy;yl;bd; (Guillotine)

fpy;yl;bd; vd;gJ thj epWj;j jPHkhdj;jpd; xU tifahFk;. ,jd;gb> mitapy; njhlHe;J tpthjk; elj;j fhy mtfhrk; ,y;yhj epiyapy;> Vw;fdNt tpthjk; KbTw;w kNrhjhtpd; xU gFjpNahL tpthjk; eilngwhj gFjpfisAk; ,izj;J thf;nfLg;Gf;F tplg;gLk;.

nghJthf gl;n[l; tpthjj;jpd; NghJ ,J mjpfk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

chpik kPwy; jPHkhdk; (Previlege Motion)

ehlhSkd;w mYty;fspy; gad;gLk; rhjdq;fs;

ghuhSkd;wk;

10

xU mikr;rH ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s rpwg;Ghpikia kPwpdhy; mtH kPJ chpik kPwy; jPHkhdk; nfhz;L tug;gLk;.

xU mikr;rH mitf;F cz;ikia njhptpf;ftpy;iy my;yJ jtwhd my;yJ jphpf;fg;gl;l jfty;fis $wpajpd; %yk; mitapd; my;yJ cWg;gpdHfspd; chpikfia kPwp tpl;lhH vd mtUf;nfjpuhf cWg;gpdH xUtuhy; nfhz;L tug;gLk; jPHkhdNk chpik kPwy; jPHkhdk; vd;gjhFk;.

,J Fwpg;gpl;l mikr;riuf; fz;bf;Fk; nghUl;L nfhz;L tug;gLtjhFk;.

ftd

ghuhSkd;wk;

11

ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspd; rl;lkpaw;Wk; eilKiwfs; ahTk; xNu khjphpahditNa. ,U mitfspYk; rl;l

Kd; tbT/kNrhjh xNu khjphpahd epiyfisf; fle;Nj ,Wjpapy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l rl;lkhfpwJ.

ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk; kNrhjh ,Utifg;gLk;.

xU kNrhjh mikr;rH xUtuhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lhy; mJ

“murhq;f kNrhjh” vdg;gLk;.

xU kNrhjh jdp cWg;gpdH xUtuhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lhy;

mk;kNrhjh “jdpegH kNrhjh” vdg;gLk;. mitapy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; kNrhjhf;fs; ngUk;ghYk; murhq;f kNrhjhf;fshfNt ,Uf;Fk;.

NkYk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk; kNrhjhit ehd;F tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

rhjhuz kNrhjh

gz kNrhjh

epjp kNrhjh

murpayikg;G rPHj;jpUj;j kNrhjh

vz; fz;ldj; jPHkhdk; ek;gpf;if ,y;yhj; jPHkhdk;

1. kf;fsitapy; ,j;jPHkhdk; nfhz;Ltu fhuzk; $w Ntz;Lk;.

kf;fsitapy; ,j;jPHkhdk; nfhz;Ltu fhuzk; $w Njitapy;iy.

2. ,j;jPHkhdkhdJ xU jdp mikr;rH kPNjh my;yJ xU mikr;ruit FO kPNjh my;yJ xl;Lnkhj;j FO kPNjh nfhz;L tuyhk;.

,j;jPHkhdkhdJ xl;Lnkhj;j mikr;ruit FO kPJ kl;LNk nfhz;L tu KbAk;.

3. ,f;fz;ldj; jPHkhdkhdJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l nfhs;if my;yJ nray;ghLfis fz;bg;gjhf mikAk;.

kf;fsitapd; ngUk;ghd;ik FiwAk; #oypy; ,j;jPHkhdk; nfhz;L tug;gLk;.

4. kf;fsitapy; ,j;jPHkhdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lhy; mikr;ruit / muR fiya Njitapy;iy.

,j;jPHkhdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lhy; fl;lhakhf muR / mikr;ruit fiya Ntz;Lk;.

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; rl;lkpaw;Wk; eilKiw

ghuhSkd;wk;

12

rhjhuz kNrhjhf;fis epiwNtw;Wk; Kiw

rhjhuz kNrhjhf;fis ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspy; ve;jnthU mitapYk; mwpKfg;gLj;jyhk;.

,t;thW mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l kNrhjhf;fs; rl;lkhF Kd;

ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; %d;W fl;lq;fisj; jhz;b tuNtz;b cs;sJ.

Kjy; fl;lk;:

,f;fl;lj;jpy; mikr;rH my;yJ mitapd; cWg;gpdH kNrhjhit ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; VNjDk; XH mitapy; mwpKfk; nra;thH.

rigj; jiythpd; mDkjpAld; mk;kNrhjh murpjopy; ntspaplg;gLk;. mk;kNrhjhTld; mjd; Nehf;fq;fSk;> fhuzq;fSk; nfhz;l XH mwpf;ifAk; ntspaplg;gLk;.

,f;fl;lj;jpy; mk;kNrjhtpd; kPJ vt;tpj tpthjKk; elj;jg;gLtjpy;iy.

,uz;lhtJ fl;lk;

,f;fl;lj;jpy; kNrhjhtpd; Nehf;fq;fs;> nghUs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Mfpaitfisg; nghWj;Jg; gy epiyfspy; tpthjpf;fg;glyhk;.

rigahdJ njspthd / Ma;Tf;nfhd;W kNrhjhit cldbahf my;yJ gpd;ndhU Njjpapy; vLj;Jf; nfhz;L tpthjpf;fyhk;.

kNrhjh mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l rigapd; cWg;gpdHfs; kl;Lk;

mlq;fpa “njhpTf;FOtpd;” ghprPyidf;F kNrhjhit mDg;gp itf;fyhk; my;yJ

,U rigapd; cWg;gpdHfs; mlq;fpa $l;Lf; FOtpd;

ghprPyidf;Fk; mDg;gp itf;fyhk;. ,jw;F kw;nwhU mitapd; mDkjpAk; Ntz;Lk; my;yJ>

nghJkf;fspd; fUj;jwpa kf;fspd; ghHitf;fhf kNrhjh ntspaplg;glyhk;.

Nkw;fz;l Kiwapy; kPjhd fUj;Jf;fisg; ngw;wTld; rig kNrhjhit kPz;Lk; Ma;Tf;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ. ,e;epiyapy; kNrhjhtpd; xt;nthU tpjpAk;> gFjpAk; jdpj;jdpahf tpthjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

rig cWg;gpdHfs; jpUj;jq;fis nfhz;L te;jhy; mitAk; Muhag;gLk;. gpwF kNrhjhtpd; xt;nthU tpjpfspd; kPJk; jdpj;jdpahf thf;nfLg;G elj;jg;gLfpwJ.

%d;whtJ fl;lk;

,e;epiyapy; kNrhjhitg; gw;wp nghJthd tpthjk; kl;LNk elj;jg;gLk;. Vw;fdNt jdpg;gl;l tpjpfs; Ma;T nra;ag;gl;L tpl;ljhy; kNrhjhit Vw;gjh my;yJ epuhfhpg;gjh vd;w mbg;gilapy; kl;LNk tpthjk; eilngWk;. ,e;epiyapy; jpUj;jq;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy.

nghJ tpthjk; Kbe;j gpwF kNrhjh thf;fspg;Gf;F tplg;gl;L rigj;

jiytuhy; “kNrhjh rigapdhy;

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ” my;yJ

“epuhfhpf;fg;gl;lJ” vd mwptpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jd;gpd; kw;nwhU mitapy; kNrhjh mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

ehd;fhtJ fl;lk;

,q;Fk; Kjy; mitapy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l %d;W fl;l eilKiwfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

mjd;gpd; me;j mit gpd;tUk; KbTfspy; VNjDk; xd;iwj; NjHe;njLf;fyhk;.

ghuhSkd;wk;

13

mk;kNrhjhit jpUj;jq;fs; VJkpd;wp mit nfhLj;jthNw epiwNtw;wyhk;.

kNrhjhit jpUj;jq;fSld; epiwNtw;wp %y rigf;Nf kWghprPyidf;F mDg;gyhk;.

kNrhjhit xl;L nkhj;jkhf epuhfhpf;fyhk;.

kNrhjhtpd; kPJ ve;j eltbf;ifAk; vLf;fhky; itj;jpUf;fyhk;.

Ie;jhtJ fl;lk;

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfshYk; jdpahfNth> my;yJ $l;L mkHtpd; %ykhfNth epiwNtw;wg;gl;l kNrhjhf;fs; ,Wjpahf FbauRj; jiythpd; xg;GjYf;fhf mDg;gg;gLfpd;wd.

,e;epiyapy; FbauRj; jiytH fPo;f;fz;l KbTfspy; VNjDk; xd;iw vLf;fyhk;.

1. ghuhSkd;wk; epiwNtw;wpa kNrhjhtpw;F xg;Gjy; mspf;fyhk;.

2. xg;Gjy; mspf;f kWf;fyhk;. ,jdhy; kNrhjh rl;lkhf ,ayhJ Ngha; tpLfpwJ.

3. kNrhjhit kWghprPyid nra;Ak;gb Nfhhp kPz;Lk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Nf jpUk;gp mDg;gyhk;. Mdhy; ,uz;lhk; Kiwahf epiwNtw;wg;gl;L mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;l kNrhjhtpw;F FbauRj; jiytH mq;fPfhuk; kWf;f KbahJ. xg;Gjy; mspj;Nj jPu Ntz;Lk;.

,t;thW ,e;jpahtpd; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; xU kNrhjhthdJ rl;lkhfpwJ.

rpy #oy;fspy; xU kNrhjh Fwpj;J ,U mitfSk; xj;Jg;Nghf Kbahj> Kuz;ghlhd epiy Vw;glyhk;.

mg;nghOJ mk;kNrhjh epiwNtw;wg;gl xU Kl;Lf;fl;il epiy cUthfptpLk;. ,k;Kl;Lf;fl;il epiyiaj; jPHf;f ,U mitfisAk; xd;whff; $l;b> mk;kNrhjhit epiwNtw;Wtjw;F murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 108 tif nra;fpwJ.

,t;thW ,U mitfisAk; xd;whff; $l;LtJ $l;L mkHT vdg;gLk;.

Kl;Lf;fl;il epiyf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

gphpT 108-d; gb fPo;f;fz;l #o;epiyfspy; Kl;Lf;fl;il epiy Vw;gLfpwJ.

mjhtJ> xU kNrhjh xU mitahy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L> kw;nwhU mitapd; epiwNtw;wYf;fhf mDg;gg;gLk; nghOJ>

me;j kw;nwhU mit mk;kNrhjhit epuhfhpj;J tpl;lhy;> my;yJ

mk;kNrhjhtpy; nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba jpUj;jq;fs; Fwpj;J ,U mitfSk; ,Wjpahf xj;Jg;Nghf Kbatpy;iy vd;why;> my;yJ

mk;kNrhjhit kw;nwhU mit ngw;w gpwF MW khjq;fs; MfpAk;> mjid epiwNtw;whkNyNa fhyk; flj;jp ,Ue;jhy; Nkw;gbahd Kl;Lf;fl;il epiy Vw;gLfpwJ.

FbauRj;jiytH ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; $l;Lf; $l;lj;ij $l;b epYitapy; cs;s kNrhjhtpd; kPJ thf;nfLg;ig elj;JthH.

,t;tif $l;Lf; $l;lk; rhjhuz kNrhjh my;yJ epjp kNrhjh kPJ kl;LNk nghUe;Jk;.

,U mitfspd; $l;L mkh;T

ghuhSkd;wk;

14

gz kNrhjh kw;Wk murpayikg;G jpUj;j kNrhjhtpw;F $l;L $l;lk; $l;l ,ayhJ.

xU kNrhjh kf;fsit fiye;Jtpl;ljpdhy; fhyhtjpahfptpl;lhy; me;j kNrhjhtpw;F $l;Lf; $l;lk; $l;l ,ayhJ. Mdhy; kf;fsit fiye;jhYk; xU kNrhjhtpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fUjp FbauRj;jiytH $l;Lf; $l;lj;jpw;F miog;G tpLf;fyhk;.

kf;fsitapd; rghehafNu $l;L $l;lj;jpw;F jiyik Vw;fpwhH. rghehafH ,y;yhj #oypy; Jiz rghehafH jiyik jhq;FthH.

xUNtis mtUk; ,y;iynadpy; khepyq;fsitapd; Jiz NrHNkd; jiyik Vw;ghH. mtUk; ,y;yhjgl;rj;jpy; $l;Lf; $l;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;Fk; cWg;gpdHfspypUe;J xUtH jiyik jhq;f NjHe;njLf;fg;gLthH.

kf;fsitapd; elj;ijtpjpapd; gb $l;Lf; $l;lk; elf;Fk;.

,U mitfspd; $l;L mkHtpy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;Ls;s kNrhjhf;fshtd

1. tujl;riz xopg;G kNrhjh 1960 2. tq;fpg; gzpahsH NjHthizak; (jpUk;gg;

ngwy;) 3. jPtputhj jLg;G kNrhjh (nghlh) 2002.

epjp njhlHghd tptuq;fis ,k;kNrhjh

nfhz;bUf;Fk;. tUtha; my;yJ nryT.

,it %d;W tifg;gLk;. mitfshtd.

1. gz kNrhjh (\uj;J 110)

2. epjp kNrhjh - I (\uj;J 117 (1))

3. epjp kNrhjh - II (\uj;J 117 (3))

,e;j tifg;ghl;bd; gb gz kNrhjh epjp kNrhjhf;fis xj;Js;sJ. mjhtJ midj;J gz kNrhjhf;fSk; epjp kNrhjhf;fNs Mdhy;> midj;J epjp kNrhjhf;fSk; gz kNrhjhf;fs; my;y.

gz kNrhjh

gpd;tUk; tp\aq;fspy; VNjDk; xd;iwNah my;yJ midj;ijNah cs;slf;fpaJ kl;LNk gz kNrhjh vd;W murpayikg;gpd; gphpT 110 $WfpwJ. mitahtd

ve;j thpapd; tpjpg;Gk;> xopg;Gk;> Fiwg;Gk;> khw;wYk; my;yJ xOq;FgLj;jYk;>

gzj;ij fldhf thq;Ftjpy; xOq;FKiw my;yJ ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpdhy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gepjp VjhtJ>

jpul;L epjp my;yJ epfo;Tfs; epjpapd; ghJfhg;G me;epjpapypUe;J gzj;ijf; nfhLj;jy; my;yJ vLj;jy;.

ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; gz kNrhjh epiwNtw;wg;gLk; jdpg;gl;l eilKiw

gz kNrhjh xd;wpid kf;fsitapy;

(House of the People) kl;LNk mwpKfg;gL;j;j KbAk;.

khepyq;fsitapy; (Coucil of States) KbahJ.

gz kNrhjhthdJ kf;fsitahy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l gpwF> mJ khepyq;fsitapd; ghpe;JiufSf;fhf

(Recommendations) mDg;gg;gLk;.

khepyq;fsit mjid jd;Dila ghpe;JiufSld; 14 jpdq;fSf;Fs; kf;fsitf;F jpUg;gp mDg;gp itj;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;.

khepyq;fsitapd; ghpe;Jiufspy; VNjDk; xd;iwNah my;yJ

epjp kNrhjhf;fs;

ghuhSkd;wk;

15

vy;yhtw;iwANkh epuhfhpj;Jtpl;L> mg;gz kNrhjhtpid khepyq;fsitapd; ghpe;Jiuapy; Vw;Wf; nfhz;L tpl;lhy;> Nkw;gb gz kNrhjh ,U mitfspYk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;Ltpl;ljhf fUjg;gLk;.

xU gz kNrhjh kf;fsitapy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L> khepyq;fsitapd; ghpe;JiufSf;fhf mDg;gg;gLk;nghOJ> mjid ghpe;JiufSld; 14 jpdq;fSf;Fs; kf;fsitf;F khepyq;fsit mDg;gp itf;fhtpl;lhy;> me;j 14 jpdq;fs; KbTw;wTld; Nkw;gb gz kNrhjh ,U mitfshYk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;ljhff; fUjg;gLk;.

mjhtJ> kf;fsitapy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lthNw Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,t;thW khepyq;fsitahdJ gz kNrhjhit 14 jpdq;fSf;F kl;LNk epWj;jp itj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

khepyq;fsitapd; midj;J ghpe;JiufisAk; kf;fsit epuhfhpj;Jtpl;lhYk; $l> mg;gz kNrhjh kf;fsitapy; vg;gb epiwNtw;wg;gl;lNjh> mNj tbtpNyNa ,U mitfshYk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;ljhf fUjg;gLk;. gpwF ,J FbauRj; jiythpd; ,irtpw;fhf mDg;gg;gLfpwJ.

epjp kNrhjh - I

gz kNrhjhit xj;j jd;ikAilaJ

gzkNrhjhTk; epjp kNrhjhTk; kf;fsitapy; kl;LNk mwpKfg;gLj;j KbAk; khepyq;fsitapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jKbahJ.

,itapuz;Lk; FbauRj;jiythpd; mDkjpald; mwpKfg; gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

epjp kNrhjhthdJ rhjhuz kNrjhtpd; eilKiwf;F rkkhd Kiwapy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. (,jpy; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; jpUj;jq;fisj;

jtpu thp Fiwg;G my;yJ thp ePf;fk; nra;J mitapy; FbauRj;jiythpd; mDkjpapy;yhky; ,lk;ngw nra;a ,ayhJ).

,uz;L mitfSf;Fk; khWgl;l mgpg;gpuhak; NeUk; NghJ> FbauRj; jiytH $l;lkHit Vw;gLj;JfpwhH.

epjp kNrhjh - II

xUq;fpizg;G epjpapypUe;J Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nrytpdq;fs; ,e;j kNrhjhtpy; mlq;Fk;. Mdhy; \uj;J 110-y; ,lk; ngwhj midj;J ,dq;fSk; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.

epjp kNrhjh gphpT II xU rhjhuz kNrhjhitg; Nghd;wJ. ,J ,uz;L rigfspYNk mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl KbAk;. ,ij epuhfhpg;gjw;Nfh my;yJ jpUj;jk; nra;tjw;Nfh uh[;a rghtpw;F KO mjpfhuk; cz;L.

epjp toq;fypy; ,J xNu xU rpwg;G mk;rj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,J FbauRj; jiythpd; ghpe;Jiu ,y;yhky; ,U mitfspYNk mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl KbahJ.

\uj;J 112 gl;n[l; gw;wp $WfpwJ.

,q;F ,J Mz;L epjp epiyik mwpf;if vd Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. NkYk;

ekJ murpayikg;gpy; „gl;n[l;‟ vd;w nrhy; vq;Fk; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy.

FbauRj; jiytH xt;nthU epjp Mz;bw;Fk; (Vg;uy; 1 Kjy; khHr; 31 tiu) cz;lhd> tUlhe;jpu epjp mwpf;ifia ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ,U mitfspd; Kd;Gk; itf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,t;twpf;ifahdJ tutpUf;Fk; Mz;bd;> jpl;lkplg;gl;l tUkhdk; kw;wk; nrytpdq;fisf; Fwpj;j tptuq;fisj; jUfpwJ.

gl;n[l; rkh;g;gpj;jy;

ghuhSkd;wk;

16

,jpy; jpl;lkplg;gl;l nrytpdq;fshdJ ,uz;L jdpahd jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; nfhLf;fg;gl;L cs;sJ.

,e;jpahtpd; jpul;L epjpapypUe;J nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba nrytpdq;fs;

,e;jpaj; jpul;L epjpapypUe;J nra;a cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;Ls;s gpw nrytpdq;fs;

fPo;tUk; ,dq;fSf;fhf xUq;fpizg;G epjpapypUe;J Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nryTfSf;F ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; tpthjq;fs; elj;jyhk;. Mdhy; thf;nfLg;G elj;j KbahJ.

mitfshtd

FbauRj;jiythpd; Cjpak; kw;Wk; mthpd; mYtyf nryTfs;

khepyq;fsit NrHNkd; kw;Wk; Jiz NrHNkd;> kf;fsit rghehafH> Jiz rghehafH ,tHfspd; Cjpak; kw;Wk; gbfs;>

cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; Cjpak; kw;Wk; gbfs; NlYk; Xa;Tngw;w caHePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; Xa;T+jpak;> ika murpd; jiyik fzf;fH kw;Wk;

jzpf;ifahsH>(CAG) kj;jpa gzpahsH NjHthizaj;jpd; jiytH kw;Wk; cWg;gpdHfspd; Cjpak; kw;Wk; gbfs;

gl;n[l;lhdJ gpd;tUk; epiyfis fle;J nry;Yk;.

1. gl;n[l; mwpKfk;

,uapy;Nt gl;n[l; (gpg;uthp khjk; %d;whtJ thuk;)

nghJ gl;n[l; (gpg;uthp khjj;jpd; filrp Ntis ehs;)

„mf;nthHj; fkpl;bapd;‟ ghpe;Jiuapd;gb ,uapy;Nt gl;n[l;lhdJ nghJ gl;n[l;bypUe;J 1921-y; jdpahf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.

2. nghJ tpthjq;fs;

gl;n[l; kPJ nghJ tpthjq;fs; 3-ypUe;J 4 ehs;fSf;F eilngWk;.

3. epHthf fkpl;bfspd; Nrhjid

nghJ tpthjq;fs; Kbe;j gpd;G mitahdJ 3 my;yJ 4 thuq;fSf;F xj;jp itf;fg;gLk;. ,e;j ,ilntspapy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; gy;NtW Jizf;FOf;fs; xt;nthU mikr;rfj;jpd; khdpaf; Nfhhpf;if kPJk; Nrhjid kw;Wk; tpthjq;fis Nkw;nfhz;L mjw;fhd mwpf;iffis jahH nra;Ak;.

4. khdpaf; Nfhhpf;if kPJ Xl;nlLg;G

gl;n[l;by; cs;slf;fpa nryT kjpg;gPLfs; kw;Wk; khdpaq;fs; kPJ kf;fsit Nkw;nfhs;Sk; thf;nfLg;Gfs;. xt;nthU mikr;ruit thhpahf khdpaf; Nfhhpf;iffs; thpirg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;. NkYk; nghpa gzpfSf;F jdpahd Nfhhpf;iffs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

xt;nthU Nfhhpf;iffSf;Fk; Kjypy; nkhj;j khdpa kjpg;gPLfSk; ,uz;lhtJ xt;nthU ,dj;jpw;Fk; jdpj;jdp khdpa kjpg;gPLfSk; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.

khdpaf; Nfhhpf;if kPJ kf;fsit kl;LNk thf;fspf;Fk; rpwg;G chpikia ngw;Ws;sJ. khepyq;fSf;F thf;fspf;Fk; chpikapy;iy. khdpaf; Nfhhpf;if kPJ tpthjq;fs; elj;j 26-ehl;fs; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,e;epiyapy; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdHfs; kNrhjhf;fs; thhpahf tpthjpj;J khdpaq;fis Fiwg;gjw;F jPHkhdq;fs; nfhz;L tUtH. ,j;jifa jPHkhdq;fs; ntl;Lj; jPHkhdq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

ghuhSkd;wk;

17

nfhs;if ntl;Lj; jPHkhdq;fs;

,j;jPHkhdj;jpd;gb xl;L nkhj;j nfhs;ifiaAk; Gwf;fzpf;Fk;gb khdpa Nfhhpf;ifahf &gha; xd;W (1) kl;LNk xJf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd cWg;gpdHfs; typAWj;JtH.

nghUshjhu ntl;Lj; jPHkhdk;

,j;jPHkhdj;jpd;gb Nfhhpf;if itf;fg;gl;Ls;s khdpa Nfhhpf;iff;F gjpyhf cWg;gpdHfs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhifia xJf;fPL nra;tH.

milahs ntl;L jPHkhdk;

mikr;rfj;jhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l khdpa Nfhhpf;ifapy; cWg;gpdHfs; &.100 kl;Lk; fopj;Jf;nfhz;L kPjKs;s njhiff;F thf;fspg;gH.

5. ifahly; kNrhjh jhf;fy; nra;jy;

gz mspg;gpw;fhf Nyhf; rghtpy; thf;fspf;fg;gl;l gpwF> fPo;tUk; Njitfisg; G+Hj;jp nra;a ,e;jpahtpd; njhFjpepjpapypUe;J gzk; toq;fg;gl;l xU kNrhjh jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

Nyhf; rghtpdhy; Nfl;fg;gl;l gz kNrhjh

,e;jpahtpd; njhFjpepjpapd; kPjhd nryTfs;

Kd;dzp khdpa thf;fspg;G

Gjpa epjpahz;L Jtq;Ftjw;F Kd; ehlhSkd;wk; KO gl;n[l;bd; kPJ thf;fspf;f Kbahjjhy;> kPjKs;s fhyj;jpy; murhq;fj;ij elj;Jtjw;F epjp Njitg;gLtjhy;> ,e;j mk;rk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

vdNt> Kd;dzp khdpa thf;fspg;G vDk; rpwg;G mk;rj;jpd; %yk; me;j nryTfSf;fj; Njitahd epjpia murhq;fk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ.

nghJthf Kd;dzp khdpa thf;fspg;G ,uz;L khjq;fSf;F kl;LNk vLf;fg;gLfpwJ.

Mdhy; NjHjy; fhyj;jpd; NghNjh my;yJ ifahly; kNrhjhtpd; %yk; gzk; fpilg;gjw;F ,uz;L khjj;jpw;F Nky; MdhNyh> Kd;dzp khdpa thf;fspg;Gk; ,uz;L khj fhyj;ijj; jhz;br; nry;fpwJ.

6. epjp kNrhjh jhf;fy; nra;jy;

tug;NghFk; Mz;bw;F ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;fhd epjpg; gpNuuiziag; ngWtjw;fhf ,e;j kNrhjh jhf;fy; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

gz kNrhjhtpw;fhd midj;J epge;jidfSk; ,jw;Fg; nghUe;Jk;.

ifahly; kNrhjh Nghd;wy;yhky; epjp kNrhjhtpy; jpUj;jq;fs; nra;ag;gl KbAk;.

Jiz khdpaf; Nfhhpf;if

(Supplementary Grant)

elg;G epjpahz;by; xJf;fg;gl;l Jiwf;fhd khdpak; NghJ khdjhf ,y;iy vd;why; Jiz khdpaf; Nfhhpf;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

$Ljy; khdpaf; Nfhhpf;if (Additional

Grant)

elg;G epjpahz;by; gl;n[l;by; xJf;fg;gl;l ,dq;fSld; Gjpajhf xU gzpia njhlq;f NghJkhd epjpia

gy;NtW tifahd ntl;Lj; jPh;khdq;fs;

,ju khdpaq;fs;

ghuhSkd;wk;

18

ngwf; $Ljy; khdpa Nfhhpf;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

flDf;F Xl;lspj;jy; (Vote of Credit)

gl;n[l;by; xJf;fg;gl;l khdpa Nfhhpf;ifia jtpHj;J> ehl;by; vjpHghuhky; Vw;gLk; jpBH nrytpdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s ghuhSkd;wk; xg;Gjy; mspf;Fk;. ,J njhifia G+Hj;jp nra;ahj fhNrhiyahf fUjg;gLk;.

xUq;fpizg;G (ruj;J 266)

,e;j epjpahdJ ,e;jpa murpw;F tuf;$ba midj;J tUtha; kw;Wk; nryT ,dq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ MFk;.

thpfs; kw;Wk; jPHitfs;> ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jhy; ngwg;gLk; vy;yh tUtha;fSk;> fUT+yr; rPl;Lfspd; thapyhf t#ypf;fg;gLk; vy;yh fld; njhiffSk;> xd;W jpul;lg;gl;L cUthf;fg;gLtNj ,e;jpahtpd; jpul;L epjpahFk;.

nghJ fzf;F epjp (ruj;J 286)

xUq;fpizg;G epjpapy; cl;glhj ,ju nghJkf;fs; epjp ,jpy; mlq;Fk;. mitfshtd>

tUq;fhy itg;G epjp

ePjpj;Jiw itg;G epjp

tq;fp Nrkpg;G epjp

Jiw hPjpahd itg;Gepjp

gzk; nrYj;Jjy;

nghJf; fzf;F epjpahdJ epHthf mjpfhhpfspd; Neubf; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; epHtfpf;fg;gLk;.

mtrufhy epjp (ruj;J 267)

vjpHghuhky; Vw;gLk; ,aw;if rPuopTfis rPuikf;f ,e;j epjp gad;gLfpwJ. ,e;j epjpia FbauRj;jiytH rhHghf epjpr;nrayH guhkhpf;fpwhH.

kf;fsitf;Fr; rkkhd epiyapy; khepyq;fsit

rhjhuz kNrhjhf;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; ntw;wpngwr; nra;jy;.

murpayikg;G jpUj;j kNrhjh mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; ntw;wpg;ngwr; nra;jy;.

FbauRj;jiythpd; NjHjy; kw;Wk; gjtp ePf;fk;.

FbauRj;jiytuhy; eilKiwg; gLj;jg;gLk; mtrur; rl;lq;fSf;F xg;Gjy; mspj;jy;.

3 tifahd Njrpa neUf;fb epiyf;F xg;Gjy; mspj;jy;.

kf;fsitf;Fr; rkkw;w epiyapy; khepyq;fsit

gz kNrhjh kf;fsitapy; kl;LNk mwpKfg;gLj;j KbAk; khepyq;fs; mitapy; mwpKfg;gLj;j KbahJ.

ghuhSkd;w $l;Lf;$l;lj;jpw;F kf;fsitj; jiytNu jiyik jhq;FfpwhH.

khepyq;fsit> gl;n[l; kPJ kl;LNk tpthjk; Nkw;nfhs;s ,aYk;> khdpa Nfhhpf;if kPJ thf;fspf;f ,ayhJ.

khepyq;fsit> mikr;ruitf; FO kPJ ek;gpf;ifapy;yhj; jPHkhdk; nfhz;L tu ,ayhJ.

epjp

khepyq;fsitapd; epiy

ghuhSkd;wk;

19

khepyq;fsitapd; rpwg;G mjpfhuk;

khepyg; gl;baypy; cs;s VNjDk; xU ,dj;jpy; kj;jpa muR rl;lk; ,aw;w tpUk;gpdhy; \uj;J 249d; gb khepyq;fsitNa mjw;fhd jPHkhdj;ijf; nfhz;L tu ,aYk;.

ghuhSkd;wkhdJ ,e;jpah KOikf;Fkhd nghJg;gzpia Vw;gLj;j tpUk;gpdhy; \uj;J 312d; gb khepyq;fsitNa mjid nra;a ,aYk;.

uh[;a rghtpd; fPo;tUk; nraw;FOf;fs;

nraw;FOtpd; ngaH mikr;rfk; / Jiw

tzpf nraw;FO tzpfk; kw;Wk; njhopw;rhiy

cs;Jiw tptfhu nraw;FO

1. cs;Jiw mikr;rfk; 2. tl fpof;F khepyq;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wk;

kdpjts Nkk;ghl;L nraw;FO

1. kdpj ts Nkk;ghL 2. tpisahl;L kw;Wk; ,isQHfs; tptfhuk;

njhopw;rhiy nraw;FO

1. fdufj; njhopy; kw;Wk; nghJ epWtdq;fs;. 2. rpW njhopw;rhiyfs;. 3. Ntshz;ik kw;Wk; fpuhkg;Gw njhopw;rhiyfs;.

mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gk; Rw;W#oy; kw;Wk; fhLfs; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd nraw;FO

1. mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gk;. 2. thdpay; 3. Gtp mwptpay; 4. mZ Mw;wy; 5. Rw;Wr;#oy; kw;Wk; tdj;Jiw

Nghf;Ftuj;J> Rw;Wyh kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu nraw;FO

1. thd;top Nghf;Ftuj;J 2. fg;gy;> thzpfk;> rhiy Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; neLQ;rhiy. 3. fyhr;rhuk; 4. Rw;Wyh

Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; FLk;gey nraw;FO

Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; FLk;g eyk;

CopaHfs;> nghJf; FiwghLfs;> rl;lk; kw;Wk; epjpf;fhd nraw;FO

1. rl;lk; kw;Wk; ePjp 2.CopaHfs;> nghJf;FiwghLfs; kw;Wk;

Xa;Tj;njhif

Ntshz;ik nraw;FO 1. Ntshz;ik 2. czT gjg;gLj;Jk;

njhopw;rhiyfs;

jfty; njhopy;El;g nraw;FO

1. jfty; njhlHG kw;Wk; jfty;njhopy; El;gk;

2.jfty; kw;Wk; xspgug;G ghJfhg;G nraw;FO ghJfhg;G

Mw;wy; nraw;FO

1. Gjpa kw;Wk; GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f Mw;wy;

2. Mw;wy;

ntspAwT tptfhu nraw;FO

1. ntspAwT tptfhuk; 2. ,e;jpahtpy; trpf;fhj

,e;jpaH tptfhuk;

epjp nraw;FO

1. epjp 2. fk;ngdp tptfhuk; 3. jpl;lk; 4. Gs;spapay; kw;Wk;

jpl;l nrayhf;fk; czT> EfHNthH tptfhuk; kw;Wk; nghJ tpepNahf nraw;FO

EfHNthH tptfhuk;> czT kw;Wk nghJ tpepNahfk;

njhopyhsH nraw;FO 1. njhopyhsH kw;Wk;

Ntiytha;g;G 2. nerT kw;Wk; [Tsp

ngl;Nuhypak; kw;Wk; ,aw;if thA nraw;FO

ngl;Nuhypak; kw;Wk; ,aw;if vhpthA

uapy;Nt nraw;FO uapy;Nt

efHg;Gw Nkk;ghl;L nraw;FO

1. efHg;Gw Nkk;ghL 2. tPLfs; kw;Wk; efHg;Gw

tWik ePHts nraw;FO ePH tsq;fs; urhadk; kw;Wk; cuq;fs; nraw;FO

urhadk; kw;Wk; cuq;fs;

fpuhkg;Gw Nkk;ghl;L nraw;FO

1. fpuhkg;Gw Nkk;ghL 2. gQ;rhaj;J uh[;

epyf;fhp kw;Wk; v/F nraw;FO

1. epyf;fhp kw;Wk; Ruq;fk;

2. v/F r%f ePjp kw;Wk; mjpfhukspj;jy; nraw;FO

1. r%f ePjp kw;Wk; mjpfhukspj;jy;

2. goq;FbapdH tptfhuk; Kd;dhy; kf;fsitj; jiyth;fs ;

kf;fsit ngah; gjtp (Muk;gk; - KbT)

1 –tJ jpU.fNz\; thrNjt; kt;yq;fu; jpU.vk;.V.ma;aq;fhh;

1952 Kjy; 1956 1956 Kjy; 1957

2 –tJ jpU.vk;.V.ma;aq;fhh; 1957 Kjy; 1962

ghuhSkd;wk;

20

3 –tJ jpU.rh;jhh; cf;fk; rpq;

1962 Kjy; 1967

4 –tJ jpU.vd;.rQ;rPt; nul;b jpU.[p.v];.jpy;yhd;

1967 Kjy; 1969(uh[pdhkh) 1969 Kjy; 1971

5 –tJ jpU.[p.v];.jpy;yhd ; jpU.gyp uhk; gfj;

1971 Kjy; 1975 1976 Kjy; 1977

6 –tJ jpU.vd;.rQ;rPt; nul;b jpU.Nf.v];. nff;nl

1977 Kjy; 1977(uh[pdhkh) 1977 Kjy; 1980

7 –tJ jpU.gy;uhk; [hf;fh;* 1980 Kjy; 1985

8 –tJ jpU.gy;uhk; [hf;fh;* 1985 Kjy; 1989

9 –tJ jpU.ugp uha; 1989 Kjy; 1991

10 –tJ jpU.rptuh[; ghl;by; 1991 Kjy; 1996

11 –tJ jpU.gp.v.rq;kh 1996 Kjy;

1998 12 –tJ jpU.[p.vk;.rp.

ghyNahfp 1998 Kjy; 1999

13 –tJ jpU.kNdhfh; N[h\p

1999 Kjy; 2002 2002 Kjy; 2004

14 –tJ jpU.Nrhk;ehj; rl;lh;[p

2004 Kjy; 2009

15 –tJ jpUkjp.kPuhFkhhp 2004 Kjy; 2014

16 –tJ jpU.Rkpj;uh kfhuh[d;

2014 – gjtpapy; ,Ug;gth;

fhq;fpu]; fl;rpia Nrh;e;j gy;uhk; [hfh; kpf ePz;l fhyk; rghehafuhf 9

Mz;Lfs;, 10 khjq;fs;, 27 ehl;fs; gjtpahw;wpdhh;.

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