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M U 1.1. S hnh thnh v pht trin ca tng sn xut sch hn Thc t cho thy cc qu trnh sn xut cng nghip lun gy ra nhim mi trng

do kh thi, nc thi v cht thi rn:

Hnh 1.1. S tng qut mt qu trnh sn xut cng nghip - Trong vng hn 40 nm qua, cc cch thc ng ph vi s nhim cng nghip

gy nn suy thoi mi trng thay i theo thi gian:

1. Pht l nhim (Ignorance of pollution) Khng quan tm n nhim do hu qu do nhim gy ra cha thc s nghim

trng, mc pht trin ca cc ngnh cng nghip cn nh l.

2. Pha long v pht tn (Dilute and disperse): Pha long: dng nc ngun pha long nc thi trc khi vo ngun nhn.

Pht tn: nng chiu cao ng khi pht tn kh thi.

VD: mt nh my sn xut bia 1 ngy thi ra 50 m3 nc thi. COD ca nc thi l 1000mg/l. p ng tiu chun cho php Vit Nam i vi COD ca nc thi cng nghip loi B (nh hoc bng 100 mg/l), nh my pha long 1 m3 nc thi vi 9 m3 nc.

Tuy nhin, i vi pha long v pht tn th tng lng cht thi a vo mi trng l khng i. Thy quyn v kh quyn khng phi l mt bi rc cho mi cht thi: cc kim loi nng, PCB (polychlorinated biphenyls: bn v c hi c trong bin th, t in ...) ... tun hon v tch ly trong trm tch, sinh khi.

3. X l cui ng ng (EOP = end-of-pipe treatment)

Lp t cc h thng x l nc thi, kh thi cui dng thi phn hy hay lm gim nng cc cht nhim nhm p ng yu cu bt buc trc khi thi vo mi trng. Phng php ny ph bin vo nhng nm 1970 cc nc cng nghip kim sot nhim cng nghip.

Tuy nhin, x l cui ng ng thng ny sinh cc vn nh: - Gy nn s chm tr trong vic tm ra gii php x l; - Khng th p dng vi cc trng hp c ngun thi phn tn nh nng

nghip;

- i khi sn phm ph sinh ra khi x l li l cc tc nhn nhim th cp; - Chi ph u t v sn xut s tng thm do chi ph x l. 4. Phng nga pht sinh cht thi (Waste prevention) Ngn chn pht sinh cht thi ngay ti ngun ngun bng cch s dng nng lng

v nguyn vt liu 1 cch c hiu qu nht, ngha l c thm mt t l nguyn vt liu na c chuyn vo thnh phm thay v phi loi b. Tip cn ny bt u xut hin t nhng nm 1980 vi nhng cch gi khc nhau nh "phng nga nhim" (pollution prevention), "gim thiu cht thi" (waste minimization). Ngy nay, thut ng "sn xut sch hn" (SXSH) c s dng ph bin trn th gii ch cch tip cn ny, mc d cc thut ng tng ng vn cn a thch vi ni.

Trc y, li suy ngh ca chng ta trong vic gii quyt nhim mi trng vn tp trung s dng cc phng php truyn thng x l cht thi m khng ch n ngun gc pht sinh ca chng. Do vy, chi ph qun l cht thi ngy cng tng nhng nhim ngy cng nng. Cc ngnh cng nghip phi chu hu qu nng n v mt kinh t v mt uy tn trn th trng. thot khi s b tc ny, cng ng cng nghip cng ngy cng tr nn nghim tc hn trong vic xem xt cch tip cn SXSH.

Hnh 1.2. S pht trin logic ca tin trnh ng ph vi nhim Nh vy, t pht l nhim, ri pha long v pht tn cht thi, n kim sot cui

ng ng v cui cng l SXSH l 1 qu trnh pht trin khch quan, tch cc c li cho mi trng v kinh t cho cc doanh nghip ni ring v ton x hi ni chung. Ba cch ng ph u l nhng tip cn qun l cht thi b ng trong khi cch ng ph sau cng l tip cn qun l cht thi ch ng. Nh vy, SXSH l tip cn nhn xa, tin liu v phng nga. Nguyn tc phng bnh hn cha bnh bao gi cng l chn l. Tuy

nhin, iu ny khng c ngha l xem nh bin php x l cui ng ng. Phng nga v ngn chn nhim l nguyn tc ch o v phi kt hp vi x l nhim.

Vo nm 1989, UNEP khi xng Chng trnh sn xut sch hn nhm ph bin khi nim SXSH v y mnh vic p dng chin lc SXSH trong cng nghip, c bit cc nc ang pht trin. Hi ngh chuyn u tin ca UNEP v lnh vc ny c t chc ti Canterbury (Anh). Sau cc hi ngh tip theo c t chc c 2 nm mt: ti Paris (Php, 1992); Warsaw (Ba Lan, 1994); Oxford (Anh, 1996); Phoenix (Hn Quc, 1998); Montreal (Canada, 2000), v.v. . .

Nm 1998, thut ng SXSH c chnh thc s dng trong "Tuyn ngn Quc t v sn xut sch hn" (International Declaration on Cleaner Production) ca UNEP. Nm 1999, Vit Nam k tuyn ngn Quc t v SXSH khng nh cam kt ca Vit Nam vi chin lc pht trin bn vng.

Chin lc Bo v mi trng quc gia 2001-2010 ca Vit Nam xc nh ly phng nga v ngn chn nhim l nguyn tc ch o kt hp vi x l nhim, ci thin mi trng v bo tn thin nhin;.... Mt trong 13 ni dung ch yu ca Chin lc ni trn l SXSH.

1.2. nh ngha sn xut sch hn Theo Chng trnh Mi trng LHQ (UNEP, 1994): Sn xut sch hn l s p dng lin tc mt chin lc phng nga mi trng

tng hp i vi cc qu trnh sn xut, cc sn phm v cc dch v nhm lm gim tc ng xu n con ngi v mi trng.

- i vi cc qu trnh sn xut, SXSH bao gm vic bo ton nguyn liu, nc v nng lng, loi tr cc nguyn liu c hi v lm gim khi lng, c tnh ca cc cht thi vo nc v kh quyn.

- i vi cc sn phm, chin lc SXSH nhm vo mc ch lm gim tt c cc tc ng n mi trng trong ton b vng i ca sn phm, t khu khai thc nguyn liu n khu thi b cui cng.

- i vi cc dch v, SXSH l s lng ghp cc mi quan tm v mi trng vo trong vic thit k v cung cp cc dch v.

- SXSH i hi p dng cc b quyt, ci tin cng ngh v thay i thi .

(Lu : Trong nh ngha nm SXSH 1992 ca UNEP cha cp n cc dch v)

Nh vy, SXSH khng ngn cn s pht trin, SXSH ch yu cu rng s pht trin phi bn vng v mt mi trng sinh thi. Khng nn cho rng SXSH ch l 1 chin lc v mi trng bi n cng lin quan n li ch kinh t. Trong khi x l cui ng ng lun tng chi ph sn xut th SXSH c th mang li li ch kinh t cho doanh nghip thng qua vic gim thiu s tiu th nng lng v nguyn liu hoc phng nga v gim thiu rc thi. Do vy c th khng nh rng SXSH l 1 chin lc mt mi tn trng hai ch (win-win outcome).

1.3. Cc khi nim v thut ng lin quan 1.3.1. Cng ngh sch (Clean technology) Bt k bin php k thut no c cc ngnh cng nghip p dng gim thiu

hay loi b qu trnh pht sinh cht thi hay nhim ti ngun v tit kim c nguyn liu v nng lng u c gi l cng ngh sch. Cc bin php k thut ny c th c p dng t khu thit k thay i quy trnh sn xut hoc l cc p dng trong cc dy chuyn sn xut nhm ti tn dng ph phm trnh tht thot (OCED, 1987).

1.3.2. Cng ngh tt nht hin c (Best available technology - BAT) L cng ngh sn xut c hiu qu nht hin c trong vic bo v mi trng ni

chung, c kh nng trin khai trong cc iu kin thc tin v kinh t, k thut, c quan tm n chi ph trong vic nghin cu, pht trin v trin khai bao gm thit k, xy dng, bo dng, vn hnh v loi b cng ngh (UNIDO, 1992). BAT gip nh gi tim nng SXSH. Bng 1.1. Mc tiu th nc & in trong cc nh my bia theo cng ngh Vit Nam v BAT

Vit Nam * BAT ** Tim nng tit kim VN

Tiu th nc 16 -24 m3/ m3 bia 4 -6 m3/ m3 bia 60-75%

Tiu th in 200-285 kWh/ m3 bia 120 kWh/ m3 bia 40-60%

* Kt qu nh gi ca d n UNIDO nm 1998-2000

** Kt qu nh gi SXSH trong sn xut bia ca UNDP nm 1999

1.3.3. Hiu qu sinh thi (Eco-efficiency) Hiu qu sinh thi (HQST) chnh l s phn phi hng ho v dch v c gi c r

hn trong khi gim c nguyn liu, nng lng v cc tc ng n mi trng trong sut c qu trnh ca sn phm v dch v (WBCSD, 1992). Hai khi nim SXSH v HQST c xem nh l ng ngha. Tuy nhin, c mt s khc bit nh gia hai thut ng: HQST bt ngun t cc vn lin quan n hiu qu kinh t m nhng hiu qu ny c tc dng tch cc n MT. Trong khi , SXSH khi u t tng hiu qu sinh thi m nhng hiu qu ny c tc ng tch cc n kinh t.

1.3.4. Phng nga nhim (Pollution prevention) Hai thut ng SXSH v phng nga nhim (PNN) thng c s dng thay

th nhau. Chng ch khc nhau v mt a l. Thut ng PNN c s dng Bc M trong khi SXSH c s dng cc khu vc cn li trn th gii.

1.3.5. Gim thiu rc thi (waste minimisation) Khi nim v gim thiu rc thi (GTRT) c a ra vo nm 1988 bi Cc Bo

v Mi trng ca Hoa K (US. EPA). Hai thut ng GTRT v PNN thng c s dng thay th nhau. Tuy nhin, GTRT tp trung vo vic ti ch rc thi v cc phng

tin khc gim thiu lng rc bng vic p dung nguyn tc 3P (Polluter Pay Principle) v 3R (Reduction, Reuse, Recycle).

1.3.6. Nng sut xanh (Green productivity) Nng sut xanh (NSX) l thut ng c s dng vo nm 1994 bi C quan nng

sut Chu (APO) ni n thch thc trong vic t c sn xut bn vng. Ging nh SXSH, nng sut xanh l 1 chin lc va nng cao nng sut va thn thin vi mi trng cho s pht trin kinh t - x hi ni chung.

1.3.7. Kim sot nhim (Pollution control) S khc nhau c bn ca kim sot nhim (KSN) v SXSH l vn thi gian.

KSN l 1 cch tip cn t pha sau (cha bnh), ging nh x l cui ng ng, trong khi SXSH l cch tip cn t pha trc, mang tch cht d on v phng nga.

1.3.8. Sinh thi cng nghip (Industrial ecology) Vic qung b v nng cao nhn thc v SXSH t c nhiu tin b ng k

nhiu ni trn th gii. Tuy nhin cc n lc v SXSH thng ch tp trung vo cc qu trnh sn xut n l, cc sn phm c th hoc cc vt liu c hi mang tnh cch c nhn hn l mt bc tranh ton cnh v cc tc ng mi trng do mt h thng sn xut cng nghip gy ra. Do vy, song song vi s pht trin ca SXSH, cc nh khoa hc, cc k s v cc nh qun l cng nghip nhn ra rng cn phi xy dng mt h thng sn xut cng nghip mang tnh cht tun hon dn n vic tt c cc u ra ca qu trnh sn xut ny tr thnh cc u vo ca cc qu trnh sn xut khc gim thiu ti a lng cht thi.

Chnh cc mi quan h phc tp gia cc sinh vt v vt cht trong cc h sinh thi t nhin cung cp cho con ngi mt bi hc gi tr v vic lm th no thit k tt hn cc h thng cng nghip. Tng ta nh cc h sinh thi trong t nhin m cht thi ca mt sinh vt ny tr thnh ngun thc n ca mt sinh vt khc, con ngi cn phi pht trin cc h thng sn xut m trong khng cn cht thi. Chnh tng ny dn n khi nim v sinh thi cng nghip (STCN). iu ny c ngha l tt c cc u ra ca mt qu trnh sn xut s l cc u vo ca cc qu trnh sn xut khc theo mt vng tun hon.

a. Case study: Khu cng nghip sinh thi Kalundborg (H Lan)

Hnh 1.2. S rt gn ca khu cng nghip sinh thi Kalundborg - H nc Tisso: cung cp nc cho nh my in, cc nng tri v nh my lc

du.

- Nh my sn xut in bng than cung cp ph gia (tro bay) cho nh my xi mng, cung cp hi nc cho nh my sn xut insulin v enzyme cng nghip v nh my lc du, cung cp thch cao cho nh my sn xut tm va bng cch lp 1 h thng chit xut lu hunh t khi thi nh my to ra CaSO4 (thch cao), cung cp nhit tha cho th trn dng un nc nng.

- Nh my lc du cung cp lu hunh cho nh my sn xut H2SO4..

- Nh my sn xut insulin v enzyme cng nghip cung cp sinh khi tha lm phn bn cho cc nng tri.

b. Mi quan h gia SXSH v STCN - Tng t nh SXSH, mc tiu ca STCN l nng cao hiu qu sinh thi v gim

thi nguy c ri ro i vi mi trng v sc khe con ngi, nng cao hiu qu kinh t.

- Tuy nhin STCN c 1 tm nhn rng hn vt qua khi ranh gii ca 1 cng ty.

mc trong cng 1 cng ty, STCN lin kt cc qa trnh sn xut vi nhau v vi cc qu trnh t nhin xc nh cc c hi s dng cht thi ca 1 qu trnh ny cho 1 qu trnh khc.

mc khu cng nghip, STCN c gng cc i ho nng sut v hiu qu chung ca c khu cng nghp hn l tnh n hiu qu ca tng cng ty n l. V d nh cc c hi ca vic thu gom rc thi, vic mua kt hp cc vt liu sn xut, x l v loi b rc thi, v.v

c. Cc li ch ca STCN Gi thnh sn xut gim nh hiu qu s dng nng lng v nguyn vt liu.

Nh vy sn phm s mang tnh cnh tranh hn,

Gim thiu nhim v cc yu cu v s dng ti nguyn thin nhin,

Vic tn dng rc thi gip cc doanh nghip trnh c b pht v gy nhim mi trng,

S phn chia v cc chi ph lin quan n c s h tng, cc nghin cu v pht trin (R & D), vic duy tr cc h thng thng tin ... vic mua kt hp cc vt liu sn xut.

d. Cc mt hn ch ca STCN Cc k hoch kinh doanh ca cng ty khng c bo mt,

Kh nng b l thuc vo cc c s sn xut khc. VD: Nu 1 cng ty chuyn i ni khc th cc cng ty ph thuc s gp rc ri,

Cc vn v lut php v trch nhim. VD: 1 sn phm c s c th kh hu qu s do cng ty no chu trch nhim.

1.4. Cc gii php k thut t c sn xut sch hn Cc gii php (hay c hi) t c SXSH bao gm cc nhm sau: 1.4.1. Qun l ni vi tt (Good housekeeping) Qun l ni vi l mt loi gii php n gin nht ca sn xut sch hn. Qun l

ni vi thng khng i hi chi ph u t v c th c thc hin ngay sau khi xc nh c cc gii php SXSH. Qun l ni vi ch yu l ci tin thao tc cng vic, gim st vn hnh, bo tr thch hp, ci tin cng tc kim k nguyn vt liu v sn phm. V d:

Pht hin r r, trnh cc ri vi,

Bo n tt ng ng trnh r r,

ng cc van nc hay tt thit b khi khng s dng trnh tn tht

Mc d qun l ni vi l dn gin nhng vn cn c s quan tm ca ban lnh do cng nh vic o to nhn vin.

1.4.2. Thay th nguyn vt liu (Raw material substitution) L vic thay th cc nguyn liu ang s dng bng cc nguyn liu khc thn

thin vi mi trng hn. Thay di nguyn liu cn c th l vic mua nguyn liu c cht lng tt hn t c hiu sut s dng cao hn. V d:

Thay th mc in dung mi hu c bng mc in dung mi nc,

Thay th acid bng peroxit (VD: H2O2, Na2O2) trong ty r ... 1.4.3. Ti u ha qu trnh sn xut (Process optimization) dm bo cc iu kin sn xut c ti u ho v mt tiu th nguyn liu, sn

xut v pht sinh cht thi, cc thng s ca qu trnh sn xut nh nhit , thi gian, p sut, pH, tc ... cn c gim st, duy tr v hiu chnh cng gn vi iu kin ti u cng tt, lm cho qu trnh sn xut t c hiu qu cao nht, c nng sut tt nht. V d:

Ti u ha tc bng chuyn v hiu chnh nhit thch hp ca my mng co,

Ti u ha qu trnh t ni hi ...

Cng nh qun l ni vi, vic kim sot qu trnh tt hn di hi cc quan tm ca ban lnh do cng nh vic gim st ngy mt hon chnh hn.

1.4.4. B sung thit b (Equipment modification): Lp t thm cc thit b t c hiu qu cao hn v nhiu mt. V d:

Lp t my ly tm tn dng bia cn,

Lp t cc thit b cm bin (sensor) tit kim in, nc. VD: thit b cm bin thi gian (time sensor), thit b cm bin chuyn ng (motion sensor), v.v...

1.4.5. Thu hi v ti s dng ti ch (On-site recovery and reuse) Tn dng cht thi tip tc s dng cho qu trnh sn xut hay s dng cho mt

mc ch khc. V d:

S dng siu lc thu hi thuc nhum trong nc thi,

Thu hi nc ngng dng li cho ni hi ...

1.4.6. Sn xut cc sn phm ph hu ch (Production of useful by-products) Tn dng cht thi tip tc s dng cho mt mc ch khc. V d:

Sn xut cn t r ng ph thi ca nh my ng,

S dng lignin trong nc thi sn xut giy lm ph gia pha ch thuc tr su,

1.4.7. Thit k sn phm mi (New product design) Thay i thit k sn phm c th ci thin qu trnh sn xut v lm gim nhu cu

s dng cc nguyn liu c hi. V d:

Sn xut pin khng cha kim loi c nh Cd, Pb, Hg...,

Thay np y kim loi c ph sn bng np y nha cho mt s sn phm nht dnh s trnh c cc vn v mi trng cng nh cc chi ph sn hon thin np y .

1.4.8. Thay i cng ngh (Technology change)

Chuyn i sang mt cng ngh mi v hiu qu hn c th lm gim tiu th ti nguyn v gim thiu lng cht thi v nc thi. Thit b mi thng t tin, nhng c th thu hi vn rt nhanh. V d:

Ra c hc thay v ra bng dung mi,

Thay cng ngh sn t bng sn kh (sn bt) ... Gii php ny yu cu chi ph u t cao hn cc gii php sn xut sch khc, do

d cn phi dc nghin cu cn thn. Mc d vy, tim nng tit kim nguyn liu v ci thin cht lng sn phm c th cao hn so vi cc gii php khc.

Ti liu c thm chng 1 1.1. INFOTERRA Vit Nam. Sn xut sch. Tng lun, s 10-2001 (164): Bng

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1.2. Cc bi c thm v cng ngh sch (Xem cc bi c thm ca chng 1)

Chng 2

PHNG PHP LUN NH GI SXSH 2.1. Tng quan p dng c SXSH cn phi c phn tch mt cch chi tit v trnh t vn hnh

ca qu trnh sn xut cng nh thit b sn xut hay cn gi l nh gi v SXSH (Cleaner Production Assessment: CPA). nh gi SXSH l mt cng c h thng c th gip nhn ra vic s dng nguyn liu khng hiu qu, vic qun l cht thi km, v cc ri ro v bnh ngh nghip bng cch tp trung ch vo cc kha cnh mi trng v cc tc ng ca cc qu trnh sn xut cng nghip.

Hin nay, c mt s thut ng tng ng hin ang c s dng th hin phng php lun SXSH nh: Kim ton gim thiu cht thi (Waste Minimization Audit), nh gi gim thiu cht thi (Waste Minimization Assessment), Hng dn phng nga nhim (Pollution Prevention Guide),...

c nhiu cm nang, hng dn nh gi SXSH vi cc mc chi tit khc nhau c xut v p dng bi cc t chc quc t, quc gia v c s nghin cu. Tuy nhin, tt c u c chung ngha: l "con ng" n SXSH; tng v khi nim c bn l hu nh ging nhau. Di y l mt s v d v cc cm nang, hng dn c s dng ph bin:

(1). nh gi c hi gim thiu cht thi, US EPA 1988. (Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessment, US EPA 1988)

(2). Hng dn phng nga nhim, US. EPA 1992. (Facility Pollution Prevention Guide, US. EPA 1992)

(3). Ti liu hng dn cho cc Trung tm Quc gia SXSH - Cm nang nh gi SXSH. (Bn tho) UNEP/UNIDO 1995. (Guidance Material for the UNEP/UNIDO National Cleaner Production Centres. Cleaner Production Assessment Manual. Draft 1995)

(4). Cm nang PREPARE cho phng nga cht thi v pht thi. B Kinh t H Lan 1991. (PREPARE Manual for the Prevention of Waste and Emissions, Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs 1991)

(5). Cm nang kim ton v gim thiu cc cht thi v pht thi cng nghip. Bo co k thut s 7, UNEP/UNIDO 1991. (Audit and Reduction Manual for Industrial Emissions and Waste, Technical Report Series No 7, UNEP/UNIDO 1991)

(6). Quy trnh kim ton cht thi DESIRE. UB Nng sut Quc gia n , 1994. (DESIRE Procedure for waste audit. India NPC, 1994)

Nhn chung, cc cm nang-hng dn tuy khc nhau v thut ng, di ngn, ni dung c th nhng c cng tng chnh: tng quan ton b quy trnh sn xut ca 1 nh my nhn ra nhng ch, nhng cng on c th lm gim c s tiu th ti nguyn, cc nguyn liu c hi v s pht sinh cht thi.

Trong chng ny s gii thiu chi tit quy trnh DESIRE (s cho hnh 2.1).

Hnh 2.2. S kim ton gim thiu cht thi ca UNEP/UNIDO (1991)

2.2. Quy trnh DESIRE Nm 1993, y ban Nng sut quc gia n thc hin d n "Trnh din gim cht

thi ti cc ngnh cng nghip nh" (DESIRE = Desmontration in Small Industries of Reducing Waste). Quy trnh kim ton cht thi c pht trin trong khun kh D n v c p dng rng ri. Phng php lun DESIRE gm 6 giai on - 18 nhim v nh s hnh 2.1. Cc giai on ca nh gi SXSH theo DESIRE c trnh by chi tit nh di y.

2.2.1. Giai on 1 - Khi ng Mc ch ca giai on ny l lp k hoch v t chc kim ton SXSH.

Nhim v 1: Thnh lp nhm SXSH (hay nhm kim ton gim thiu cht thi)

Thnh phn in hnh ca mt nhm cng tc SXSH nn bao gm i din ca:

Cp lnh o doanh nghip (Ban Gim c cng ty, nh my), Cc b phn sn xut (x nghip, phn xng), B phn ti chnh, vt t, b phn k thut,

Cc chuyn gia SXSH (ty yu cu, c th mi cc chuyn gia SXSH bn ngoi).

Quy m v thnh phn ca nhm cng tc ph hp vi c cu t chc ca doanh nghip.

Cn phi c mt nhm trng iu phi ton b chng trnh kim ton v cc hot ng cn thit khc.

Mi thnh vin trong nhm cng tc s c ch nh mt nhim v c th, nhng t chc ca nhm cng linh hot cng tt vic trao i thng tin c d dng.

Nhm cng tc phi ra c cc mc tiu nh hung lu di cho chng trnh SXSH. nh ra tt cc mc tiu s gip tp trung n lc v xy dng c s ng lng. Cc mc tiu phi ph hp vi chnh sch ca doanh nghip, c tnh hin thc.

Nhim v 2: Lit k cc cng on ca qu trnh sn xut Cn tng quan tt c cc cng on bao gm sn xut, vn chuyn, bo qun,...

Ch c bit n cc hot ng theo chu k, v d cc qu trnh lm sch,... Thu thp s liu xc nh nh mc (cng sut, tiu th nguyn liu, nc,

NLng,...) Nhim v 3: Xc nh v chn ra cc cng on gy lng ph nhim v ny, nhm cng tc khng cn i vo chi tit m phi nh gi din rng

tt c cc cng on ca qu trnh sn xut v lng cht thi, mc tc ng n mi trng, cc c hi SXSH d kin, cc li ch d on,... Nhng nh gi nh vy l hu ch

t trng tm vo mt hay mt s cng on sn xut (trng tm kim ton) s phn tch chi tit hn.

bc ny, vic tnh ton cc nh mc (benchmark) l rt cn thit nh: Tiu th nguyn liu: tn nguyn liu/tn sn phm Tiu th nng lng: kWh/tn sn phm Tiu th nc: m3 nc/tn sn phm Lng nc thi: m3 nc thi/tn sn phm Lng pht thi kh: kg/tn sn phm,...

Cc nh mc thu c khi so snh s b vi cc cng ty khc v vi cng ngh tt nht hin c (BAT = Best Available Technology) s cho php c tnh tim nng SXSH ca n v kim ton.

Cc tiu ch xc nh trng tm kim ton:

Gy nhim nng (nh mc nc thi/pht thi cao), Tn tht nguyn liu cao, tn tht ha cht, nh mc tiu th nguyn liu/nng lng cao, C s dng cc ha cht c hi, c la chn bi a s cc thnh vin trong nhm SXSH.

2.2.2. Giai on 2 - Phn tch cc cng on Nhim v 4: Chun b s dng ca qu trnh sn xut Lp ra mt s dng gii thiu cc cng on ca qu trnh la chn (trng

tm kim ton) nhm xc nh tt c cc cng on v ngun gy ra cht thi. S ny cn lit k v m t dng vo - dng ra i vi tng cng on. Vic thit lp s chnh xc thng khng d, nhng li l nhim v rt quan trng quyt nh n s thng sut ca qu trnh.

Trong hnh 2.3 m t mt khun mu in hnh cho s dng ca qu trnh sn xut.

Hnh 2.3. Mu in hnh ca mt s dng qu trnh sn xut

Hnh 2.4. cho v d v mt s cng ngh c th - s cng ngh thuc da.

Nhim v 5: Lp cn bng vt cht v nng lng Cn bng vt cht v nng lng l cn thit nh lng s dng v nhn ra

cc tn tht cng nh cht thi trong qu trnh sn xut. Ngoi ra, cn bng vt cht cn s dng gim st vic thc hin cc gii php SXSH sau ny.

Cn bng vt cht (CBVC) c th l: cn bng cho ton b h thng hay cn bng cho tng cng on thm ch tng thit b; cn bng cho tt c vt cht hay cn bng cho tng thnh phn nguyn liu (v d nh cn bng nc trong cng nghip giy, cn bng du trong cng nghip du c, cn bng crom trong cng nghip thuc da). Tuy nhin, CBVC s d dng hn, c ngha hn v chnh xc hn khi n c thc hin cho tng khu vc, cc hot ng hay cc qu trnh sn xut ring bit. Da trn nhng c s ny, CBVC ca ton b nh my s c xy dng nn.

thit lp cn bng vt cht v nng lng, cc ngun s liu sau l cn thit:

Bo co sn xut

Cc bo co mua vo v bn ra

Bo co tc ng mi trng

Cc o c trc tip ti ch.

Nhng iu cn lu khi lp cn bng vt cht v nng lng: Cc s liu i hi phi c tin cy, chnh xc v tnh i din.

Khng c b st bt k dng thi quan trng no nh pht thi kh, sn phm ph,...

Phi kim tra tnh thng nht ca cc n v o s dng

Nguyn liu cng t v c hi, cn bng cng phi chnh xc

Kim tra cho c th gip tm ra nhng im mu thun.

Trong trng hp khng th o dc, hy c tnh mt cch chnh xc nht.

Di y l 2 v d n gin v cn bng vt cht cho ton b qu trnh sn xut v cho mt thit b. Cc v d tng t v chi tit s c cp trong chng 3 v bi tp.

V d 2.1. Cn bng vt cht cho ton b qu trnh sn xut 1 kg xi mng:

V d 2.2. Cn bng vt cht trn 1 hl beer ca mt nh my bia tiu th t in v nc

V d 2.3. Cn bng nng lng ca ni hi

1 Gcal = 109cal

Nng lng cung cp: 2.861.280 kcal

Nng lng hu ch: 2.526.720 kcal

Tn tht nng lng: 334.430 kcal. hiu sut ni hi: 88,3% tn tht 11,7%

Nhim v 6: Xc nh chi ph cho cc dng thi Mt c tnh s b c th tin hnh bng cch tnh ton chi ph nguyn liu v cc

sn phm trung gian mt theo dng thi (v d mt mt si trong sn xut giy v bt giy). Phn tch chi tit hn c th tm ra chi ph b sung ca nguyn liu to ra cht thi, chi ph ca sn phm nm trong cht thi, chi ph thi b cht thi, thu cht thi,... V d: cc mc chi ph cho nc thi trong sn xut giy:

Thnh phn C s tnh ton

Ha cht nu bt cn d gi mua ha cht

Mt mt si gi si trung gian

Mt mt nhit gi nng lng (tnh t gi tr calo) Lng nc gi nc

Lng COD chi ph x l v thi b (nu c) Vic xc nh chi ph cho dng thi hay tn tht gip to ra kh nng xp hng cc

vn theo tm mc kinh t v ch ra cn u t bao nhiu gii quyt hay gim nh vn .

Nhim v 7: Thm nh qu trnh xc nh nguyn nhn sinh ra cht thi

Mc ch ca nhim v ny l qua phn tch tm ra cc nguyn nhn thc t hay n gy ra cc tn tht v t c th xut cc c hi tt nht cho cc vn thc t.

Khng cn phn tch nguyn nhn i vi cc vn c gii php ngay v hiu qu.

tm ra nguyn nhn, cn t ra cc cu hi Ti sao...?, v d:

Ti sao tn ti dng cht thi ny?

Ti sao tiu th nguyn liu, ha cht v nng lng cao nh vy?

Ti sao cht thi c to ra nhiu ? ....

2.2.3. Giai on 3 - xut cc c hi (gii php) gim thiu cht thi Nhim v 8: Xy dng cc c hi gim thiu cht thi (GTCT) Cc c hi GTCT c a ra trn c s:

S ng no, kin thc v tnh sng to ca cc thnh vin trong nhm,

Tranh th kin t cc c nhn bn ngoi nhm (ngi lm vic cc dy chuyn tng t, cc nh cung cp thit b, cc k s t vn,...),

Kho st cng ngh v thu thp thng tin v cc nh mc t cc c s nc ngoi.

Phn loi cc c hi GTCT cho mi qu trnh/dng thi vo cc nhm:

(1). Thay th nguyn liu (2). Qun l ni vi tt hn (3). Kim sot qu trnh tt hn (4). Ci tin thit b (5). Thay i cng ngh (6). Thu hi v tun hon ti ch (7). Sn xut sn phm ph hu ch (8). Ci tin sn phm

Nhim v 9: La chn cc c hi c th thc hin c Cc c hi SXSH ra trn c sng lc loi i cc trng hp khng thc

t. Qu trnh loi b phi n gin, nhanh v d hiu, thng ch cn nh tnh.

Cc c hi s c phn chia thnh:

C hi kh thi thy r, c th thc hin ngay,

C hi khng kh thi thy r, loi b ngay,

Cc c hi cn li - s c nghin cu tnh kh thi chi tit hn.

2.2.4. Giai on 4 - La chn gii php gim thiu cht thi Nhim v 10: nh gi tnh kh thi v k thut thc hin nhim v ny, cn phi nh gi tc ng ca c hi SXSH d kin

n qu trnh sn xut, sn phm, tc sn xut, an ton,... Ngoi ra, cng cn phi lit k ra nhng thay i k thut thc hin c hi SXSH ny.

Danh mc cc yu t k thut nh gi:

Cht lng sn phm

Cng sut

Yu cu v din tch

Thi gian ngng sn xut lp t

Tnh tng thch vi cc thit b ang dng

Cc yu cu v vn hnh v bo dng

Nhu cu hun luyn k thut

Kha cnh an ton v sc khe ngh nghip

Nhim v 11: nh gi tnh kh thi v kinh t i vi cc doanh nghip va v nh, tnh kh thi v kinh t l thng s quan

trng nht nh gi cc c hi SXSH. Cn u tin trc ht cc c hi c chi ph thp.

Cc cng vic cn lm:

Thu thp s liu v:

Cc chi ph u t (thit b, xy dng/ lp t, hun luyn/o to, khi ng, ngng sn xut,...)

Chi ph vn hnh

Cc khon tit kim/thu li (v tiu th nguyn liu, cng lao ng, tiu th nng lng/nc, bn cc sn phm,...)

La chn cc tiu ch nh gi v kinh t: c cp n sau.

Tnh ton kinh t.

V tiu ch nh gi: Trc ht cn lm quen vi khi nim dng tin v thi gian ca dng tin qua cc v d sau:

V d 1 v dng tin:

Dng ra (Tin tiu i) Dng vo (Tin thu v)

Mt ln Chi ph u t ban u Gi tr cn li ca thit b

Hng nm Chi ph vn hnh v thu Doanh thu v tit kim khi vn hnh

Khc Vn lu ng Vn lu ng

V d 2 v thi gian ca cc dng tin:

V d 3 v dng tin bng bng:

Nm 0 Nm 1 Nm 2 Nm ... Nm n

Dng ra I C1 C2 Cn

Dng vo 0 B1 B2 Bn

Dng tin rng hng nm

CFo = - I CF1 = B1 C1

CF2 = B2 C2

CFn = Bn Cn

Lu : Khi chng ta u t cho mt gii php SXSH hay mt d n, chng ta c: 1. Mt khon u t ban u HM NAY 2. Mt lot dng tin (vo ra) trong TNG LAI, d tnh s b li khon u t

hin ti

- Trc khi c th so snh cc dng tin cc nm khc nhau, chng ta cn quy i chng v cng mt mt bng gi tr ti mt nm duy nht.

- Cch n gin nht l quy i cc dng tin ca d n v thi im hin ti khi bt u thc hin d n thng qua phng php chit khu.

Cng thc chit khu: PV (Present Value): Gi tr dng tin thi im gc, tc l lc bt u d n FVt (Future Value): Gi tr dng tin trong nm t r: T l chit khu (thng tnh theo li sut ngn hng) t: S nm t khi bt u d n

1) Vi cc gii php c chi ph thp hay trung bnh a. Thi gian hon vn (payback period) * C th s dng tiu ch n gin l thi gian hon vn nh gi. Thi gian

hon vn l thi gian cn thit cc dng tin tng lai d tnh c th hon li c dng tin u t ban u.

* Thi gian hon vn c s dng ch yu nh gi cc u t v thit b khi thi gian hon vn ngn (1-3 nm) v khng cn thit phi dng n cc phng php nh gi chi tit hn.

Thi gian hon vn gin n: * Nu cc dng tin tng lai c tnh c nh bng nhau, th thi gian hon vn

gin n s l:

Trong :

Vn u t bao gm: Thit b, lp t, hun luyn, o to, khi ng, v.v. . .

Tit kim chi ph thc hng nm: bn sn phm, nhn cng, vt liu th, nc, nng lng, v.v...

* Nu cc dng tin tng lai ca cc nm c tnh khng bng nhau th s dng phng php cng dn.

* Gi l thi gian hon vn n gin v khng tnh n chit khu ca cc dng tin tng lai.

* Thi gian hon vn cng ngn th c hi SXSH xem xt cng kh thi.

Thi gian hon vn chit khu: * Thi gian hon vn c th c tnh bng cch da trn nhng dng tin tng

lai c chit khu. Cch tnh ny chnh xc hn bi v n nhn nhn gi tr thi gian ca ng tin.

* C th s dng phng php cng dn tnh Thi gian hon vn chit khu.

* Thi gian hon vn chit khu c chit khu ca mt d n s di hn Thi gian hon vn gin n ca n.

2) Vi cc gii php c chi ph cao Vi cc gii php c chi ph cao, cn phi chi tit hn - tc l phi tnh n li

sut/chit khu. Khi ngi ta thng dng 3 tiu ch sau:

a. Gi tr hin ti rng ca u t cho SXSH (NPV = Net Present Value). - Khi tin hnh so snh gia li ch v chi ph u t SXSH, phn nh ng bn

cht ca n ngi ta a tt c cc gi tr li ch cng nh chi ph v mt thi im so snh. Thi im so snh thng tnh l nm d n bt u hot ng. Cc gi tr v li ch v chi ph khi a v thi im so snh phi c chit khu thng qua li sut chit khu (r) thng bng vi li sut ngn hng.

- Hiu s ca hin gi li ch v chi ph c gi l gi tr hin ti rng ca d n (NPV). Gi tr hin ti rng NPV cho chng ta bit quy m ca khon thu nhp rng m u t cho SXSH c th mang li sau khi hon vn u t ban u tnh theo thi gi hin ti. Do vy NPV = hin gi li ch - hin gi chi ph phi ln hn 0 th gii php u t SXSH xem xt mi l kh thi v kinh t.

- Khi c s la chn gia cc gii php SXSH khc nhau, gii php no c NPV cao nht s c chn thc hin.

Trong :

Bt: Li ch nm th t

Ct: Chi ph nm th t

Co : Chi ph u t ban u

t: thi gian tnh t nm gc

n: Vng i d n

r: t sut chit khu (hay li sut ngn hng r) V d v thm nh ti chnh d n u t SXSH: tnh gi tr hin ti rng NPV

Nm 0 1 2 3 4 5

u t ban u - 1.700 $

Chi ph vn hnh - 100 $ - 100 $ - 100 $ - 100 $ - 100 $

Chi ph khc 600 $ 600 $ 600 $ 600 $ 600 $

Tit kim chi ph rng

500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $

Tit kim chi ph rng chit khu (r=8%)

463 $ 429 $ 379 $ 368 $ 340 $

Tng chi ph rng chit khu

1.996 $

Gi tr hin ti rng NPV

296 $

Ch s sinh li (NPV/I)

17,41%

b. T s thu hi vn ni ti hay h s hon vn ni ti (IRR = Internal Rate of Return)

IRR chnh l li sut chit khu (r) m ng vi n tng gi tr hin ti ca cc khon thu li bng tng hin gi vn u t hay:

IRR phi ln hn li sut ngn hng r th gii php SXSH mi c thc hin v IRR cng cao th gii php SXSH cng d chp nhn.

c. T s li ch-chi ph (BCR = Benefits Cost Ratio) T s ny cho bit mi tng quan gia gi tr hin ti ca thu nhp (doanh thu) v

gi tr hin ti ca chi ph (gi thnh).

Nu BCR > 1 th gii php xem xt l kh thi v kinh t.

Nhim v 12: nh gi kha cnh mi trng Trong a s trng hp, nht l vi cc c hi SXSH lin quan n qun l ni vi

v ci tin hiu qu, cc li ch v mi trng l kh r (gim cht thi). Tuy nhin, vi nhng trng hp phc tp nh thay i nguyn liu, sn phm hay qu trnh th vic nh gi cc kha cnh mi trng cn c quan tm. Cn ch cc kha cnh mi trng:

nh hng ln s lng v c tnh ca cc dng thi

Nguy c chuyn sang mi trng khc

Tc ng mi trng ca cc nguyn liu thay th

Tiu th nng lng.

Nhng tiu ch ci thin mi trng thc s l:

Gim tng lng cht nhim

Gim c tnh ca dng thi hay pht thi cn li

Gim s dng nguyn liu khng ti to hay c hi

Gim tiu th nng lng.

Nhim v 13: La chn gii php s thc hin Kt hp cc kt qu nh gi kh thi v k thut, kinh t, mi trng la chn

gii php SXSH cho vic thc hin tip sau.

Mt trong cc phng php la chn s b cc c hi GTCT l phng php Ly tng c trng s (Xem ti liu c thm).

2.2.5. Giai on 5 - thc thi gii php gim thiu cht thi Mt s cc gii php c th thc hin ngay sau khi c xc lp (v d sa cha

cc ch r r v buc tun th cc quy trnh cng tc), trong khi mt s khc i hi phi c mt k hoch h thng thc hin.

Nhim v 14: Chun b thc hin bo m thc hin tt cc c hi SXSH, mt k hoch hnh ng (action plan)

phi c xy dng. Mt k hoch hnh ng phi gm:

Cc hot ng g s c tin hnh?

Cc hot ng phi tin hnh nh th no?

Cc ngun ti chnh v cc nhu cu v nhn lc tin hnh cc hot ng?

Ai s chu trch nhim qun l cc hot ng? Gim st cc ci tin bng cch no?

Thi gian biu?

V d vi gii php thay i thit b, cc ni dung chun b c th gm :

Ghi ra cc tnh nng k thut chi tit ca thit b

Chun b mt k hoch xy dng chi tit

So snh v la chn thit b t cc nh cung cp khc nhau

Lp k hoch thch hp gim thiu thi gian lp t

D nhin k hoch hnh ng phi c cp qun l thng qua trc khi thc hin. Nhim v 15: Thc hin gii php gim thiu cht thi Cn ch rng t c kt qu ti u th vic o to ngun nhn lc ni b

(cn b, cng nhn) khng c php b qua m phi xem l mt cng tc quan trng. Nhu cu o to phi c xc nh trong khi nh gi jh thi v mt k thut.

c th p dng SXSH mt cch hiu qu v t duy tr c th cn phi thc hin phng php c thit k ph hp vi c s, ngnh . Thc hin trn c s tng phn mt c th t c ngay cc kt qu ngn hn nhng s khng duy tr c lu.

Nhim v 16: Gim st v nh gi kt qu Vic gim st v nh gi nhm tm ra cc nguyn nhn lm sai lch (nu c) ca

kt qu t c so vi kt qu d kin v thng tin n cp qun l duy tr s cam kt ca h vi SXSH.

Vic gim st v nh gi t c bng cch so snh kt qu trc v sau khi thc hin gii php SXSH v tiu th nguyn liu, nng lng, s pht sinh cht thi,...

2.2.6. Giai on 6 - Duy tr gii php gim thiu cht thi Nhm cng tc SXSH vn cn trch nhim sau khi thc hin cc gii php

SXSH nhm duy tr gii php v tip tc lm gim cht thi, tng li nhun trong tng lai.

Nhim v 17: Duy tr cc gii php gim thiu cht thi Thng thng trong cc lnh vc nh qun l ni vi hay ti u ha qu trnh,

ngi lao ng thng hay c xu hng quay tr li vi cc hot ng v gy lng ph nu khng thng xuyn to ra ng c duy tr cc hot ng ci tin. Mt s bin php c th bo m cho ngi lao ng tip tc tham gia v cc thnh tu t c nh tin thng, bng khen, ...

Nhim v 18: Tip tc xc nh v chn ra cc cng on gy lng ph Trong khi ang ci thin hot ng mi trung ca qu trnh lng ph la chn,

phi la chn qu trnh mi lm trng tm cho qu trnh kim tan SXSH tip theo. Trng tm kim ton mi la chn s li l i tng ca cc nhim v bt u t giai on 2.

Ti liu c thm chng 2: 2.1. Car Duisberg Gesellschaft (Bangkok office), EE Program (AIT). Project

Casework on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control. Bangkok. 1995 (Phn tch tnh hnh ti chnh ca vic phng nga nhim nh my sn xut polypropylen)

2.2. Phng php tnh tng trng s.

Chng 3.

MT S NGHIN CU IN HNH V P DNG SXSH

3.1. p dng SXSH trong cng nghip sn xut bia 3.1.1. Tng quan v qu trnh sn xut Bia l 1 loi nc gii kht ln men b dng, c ru nh (hm lng etanol

C2H5OH khong 3-6%), c gas (CO2: 3-4g/l) c bt mn, xp, hng v thm ngon. Cc nguyn liu chnh sn xut bia gm: malt (i mch, tiu mch...); nguyn

liu thay th (go, la m, ng); hoa houblon; men v mt lng nc rt ln.

Hnh 3.1. S cng ngh sn xut bia chai

- Cc cng on ca cng ngh sn xut bia c m t hnh 3.1. Cc cng on chnh l: ng ha, nu si dch nha vi hoa houblon, ln men bia, lc v ng chai

3.1.2. Cc vn mi trng Nc thi l vn quan tm chnh - sn xut bia sinh ra mt lng nc thi rt

ln vi hm lng cht hu c cao, pH, nhit cao (xem v d NM Bia Si Gn cho bng 3.1.)

Tiu th nhiu nc v kh nhiu nng lng. Mi t nh ln men v pht thi kh t ni hi. Cc cht thi rn bao gm hm (cn sinh khi + men d), cht tr lc,.... Bng 3.1. Mt s c trng nc thi nh my bia Si Gn

TCVN 5945-1995 Thng s, n v Gi tr

A B C

pH 4,5 - 5,0 6 - 9 5,5 - 9 5 - 9

BOD5, mg/L 1700 2700 20 50 100

COD, mg/L 3500 4000 50 100 400

SS, mg/L 250 300 50 100 200

Tng PO43, mg/L 20 40 4 6 8

NH3-N, mg/L 12 15 0,1 1 10

(Ngun: CEFINEA, HQG Tp.HCM) Ghi ch:

Loi A - khi thi vo ngun dng cho x l nc cp sinh hot. Loi B - khi thi vo ngun nc dng cho cc mc ch khc.

Loi C - nc thi c nng ln hn ct C th khng c php thi vo mi trng..

Bng 3.2. Cc nh mc tiu th nguyn liu v pht sinh cht thi ca sn xut bia ng chai

nh mc nguyn liu/Cht thi

Cng ngh truyn

thng

Cng ngh trung bnh

BAT

Nc (m3 /m3 bia) 20-35 7-15 4

Nhit (MJ/100 L bia) 390 250 150

nh mc nguyn liu/Cht thi

Cng ngh truyn

thng

Cng ngh trung bnh

BAT

in (kWh/100 L bia) 20 16 8-12

Malt/ng.liu thay th malt (kg/100 L bia) 18 16 15

NaOH (kg/100 L bia) 0.5 0.25 0.1

Cht tr lc Kieselguhr (g/100 L bia) 570 255 80

Nc thi (m3 /m3 bia) 18-28 5.5-12 2.5

(Ngun: UNEP, 1998 v Trn Vn Nhn, Ng Th Nga, 1999) Cc ngun cht thi 4 cng on chnh c ch ra hnh 3.2

Hnh 3.2. Cc vn mi trng quan tm cc cng on chnh sn xut bia 3.1.3. Cc c hi SXSH a. Cc c hi SXSH tng qut - Qun l ni vi tt Cng nghip sn xut bia c c trng bi s tiu th nhiu nc v nc thi

c hm lng cht hu c cao. Ch c rt t cc nguyn liu v ha cht nguy hi c tiu th. Cc c hi SXSH trong sn xut bia tp trung vo vic gim tiu th nguyn liu, ci tin hiu sut qu trnh v x l thch hp cc cht thi v sn phm ph.

Qun l ni vi tt c th gip tit kim nguyn liu v gim cc tc ng mi trng tt c cc b phn. Di y l mt s v d tng qut lin quan n qun l ni vi tt.

Gim st lng nc s dng T ch phn tch k vic s dng nc (bng cch lp t ng h nc trn cc

tuyn ng cp nc n cc thit b hay cng on tiu th nc; nh k ghi li lng nc s dng trong thi gian lm vic bnh thng, trong thi gian lm v sinh nh xng v nhng gi khng lm vic) s tm ra nhng ni s dng nc khng cn thit, v d vi chy lin tc khng nhm mc ch g c. Ngng cc lng ph nh vy bng cch lp cc thit b t ng nh sensor, b hn gi,...

Cng tc v sinh Cc vi nc dng v sinh sn v thit b nn lp vi phun tia gim lng nc

tiu th. Bng cch ny c th gim 20-30% lng nc tiu th. Phi b tr sao cho nc kh trng phi dng c cho mt s bn hay ng thay v thi b sau khi v trng ch 1 bn.

Bo dng Mt phn quan trng ca qun l ni vi tt l cng tc bo dng. C th tn tht

nhiu nc, hi, bia nu bo dng khng thch hp.

Cn i nc nng Lin quan n tit kim nng lng. ti u ho vic s dng nc nng, phi

tnh cn bng cho ton b qu trnh sn xut bia; phi lm r cn dng nc nng ch no, khi no v bao nhiu; ni no cn trn nc lnh vi hi thay nc nng (v d ra, thanh trng, sc chai).

T cn bng c th tnh ton kch thc thch hp ca b nc nng. Nu b qu to, s cn nhiu hi un nng li sau khi ngh cui tun. Nu b qu nh, s mt nc nng do chy trn. Mt 1m3 nc nng (85oC) tng ng vi mt 8,7 kg du.

S dng hi Phi bo m tt c cc b mt m hay nng (ng, b) u c bo n tt v phn

nc ngng c hi lu v ni hi. Ni hi phi uc iu chnh bo m sinh hi ti u v nhim khng kh t nht.

S dng in Tt c thit b v n chiu sng phi c tt khi khng cn n, v cc ca khu

vc lnh phi c ng kn gim tn tht nhit.

Vic lp t mt m t mi v hiu sut cao hn s lm gim tiu th in nng. Cc b bin tn to kh nng kim sot cc m t tt hn, v d lm gim tc cc bng ti n ti u.

b. C hi SXSH cc cng on chnh

(1). Nu si dch nha vi hoa houblon

M t tm tt: Dch nha c bm t thng cha vo bung nu (trc tip hay qua un s b), ri c un si vi hoa houblon. Trong qu trnh si, cc protein s keo t v lng xung cng vi b hoa v cc cht cht (tannin). Mc ch un si l v trng dch nha; to ra v cho bia sau ny; chit cht ng t hoa houblon; tng nng dch nha.

Cc vn mi trng:

Tiu th nng lng cao v nhim khng kh.

y l cng on tiu th nng lng nhiu nht. Nu ni hi un bng than hay du th s dng nhiu hi s dn n pht thi nhiu kh carbonic (CO2), oxt lu hunh (SO2), cc oxit nit (NOx) v cc hydrocarbon thm a vng (PAH).

Mi: Qu trnh nu dch nha s sinh ra mi c trng c th gy kh chu cho nhng ngi sng gn .

Cc c hi SXSH

Lm gim s bay hi.ca dch nha: Gim bay hi t 8 - 15% bnh thng xung 5 - 8% s lm gim ng k tiu th nng lng.

Ci tin s truyn nhit. Lm v sinh nh k cc ng dn hi trnh to cn trn cc ng hi.

Tn thu nhit t hi dch nha. S dng nhit t hi ca dch nha bng cch ngng n trong mt b trao i nhit ( un nng nc). C th lp mt vi hi ti s dng hi ca dch nha tr li un si dch nha.

(2). Ln men

Tm tt qu trnh: Trong thi gian ln men, nm men s pht trin v chuyn ho dch chit thnh

etanol v CO2. Do s sinh trung ca nm men (6-7 ln), s c mt lng hm (sinh khi men) ng k t thit b ln men.

+ Ln men chnh: thc hin nhit : 280 - 300. T bo nm men pht trin mnh, phn hu nhiu c cht bin thnh etanol, CO2, H2O. Kt thc cho ra sn phm l bia non cn c, c mi c trng.

+ Ln men ph: thc hin trong cc thit b kn, nhit : 0 - 50 C. Qu trnh ln men chm, chn bia, c th ko di vi tun tu theo tng loi bia.

Cc vn mi trng

Phn hm ng gp hm lng cht hu c vo nc thi. Huyn ph men (gm men

v bia) c BOD rt cao (120.000-140.000 mg/L). Khi thi vo nc cng s gy nhim nng v to mi kh chu khi bt u phn hu.

Qu trnh ln men sinh ra CO2 ng gp vo hiu ng nh knh. Cc c hi SXSH Tn dng nhit t dch nha nng. VD: dng nc lnh lm ngui dch nha trc

khi ln men, sau nc nng thu c s dng trong cc cng on khc.

S dng hm lm sn phm hu ch. Hm (cha nhiu protein, vitamin, cht bo v khong) c th s dng vo mc ch lm thc n gia sc, thc n nui c; dng ti hay sy kh.

Ly tm hm. gim tn tht bia v tn dng sinh khi men, c th lp mt my ly lm tch sinh khi men v bia ti. Sau hi lu bia ti v thit b ln men cn sinh khi men th c s dng li hoc sy kh bn lm thc n gia sc.

Ti s dng CO2. Lp t nh my tinh ch CO2, s dng CO2 cc cng on khc

(3). Cng on lc Tm tt qu trnh: Thng thng, bia c lc bng vt liu tr lc l kieselguhr

(mt loi khong st). Khi tr khng cao, thit b lc c ra ngc bng nc. Cc thit b lc khc c s dng nh tm lc cao p, da lc,...

Cc vn mi trng quan tm Nc thi

Khi ra ngc thit b lc, vt liu lc s dng v men b gi li s theo vo nc thi, lm tng hm lng cht hu c, c, to mi hi.

Sc kho ngh nghip

Thao tc vi kieselguhr c th gy ra bnh ngh nghip do cc ht bi mn, c th dn n cc bnh phi.

Cc c hi SXSH Ci thin hiu nng lc (Tng lng bia c lc trc khi tr khng lc cao) C th tng hiu nng lc bng:

Gim hm lng men v protein trong bia bng cch ci tin qu trnh lng trong bung ln men v bung bia, v d thm cht tr lng. Cht lng malt xu cng c th lm

qu trnh lng km trong bung ln men, c th phi mua malt cht lng tt hn.

Lp thit b ly tm loi men trc khi lc.

Ti u ho qu trnh lc nh k thut nhi vt liu tr lc vo thit b.

Thay kieselguhr bng perlite (mt loi khong khc) c u im l c th ti ch

v ti s dng c.

(4). Sc ra chai

M t tm tt

Chai c hay mi c sc ra qua h thng ra; u tin ra bng nc nng ra vi dung dch kim nng phun v trng bng nc nng trng bng nc lnh.

Cc vn mi trng quan tm Nc thi

Nc thi t khu ra chai cha bi, bia, giy vn (nhn bc ra), c bit c tnh kim mnh vi pH c th ln ti 12.

Tiu th nc

Tiu th nc ra, trng v ngm chai rt cao, n 3-4 lt nc/lt th tch chai c.

Cc c hi SXSH Gim tiu th kim (NaOH) Sa cha v bo dng thch hp my bc nhn c s gip ko di thi gian s

dng b xt (lu thi hn). Lp 1 b thu hi kim. Trong nhng ngy ngh cui tun, dung dch kim c

bm vo mt b lng kn tch cc bi v vt rn. Sau ti s dng dung dch kim ny. Gii php ny c thi gian hon vn rt ngn.

Khng ch nng kim khong 2-3% ra.

Gim tiu th nc Ti u ho khu vc ra tit kim nc: Lp t van t ng ngt vi nc khi gin on sn xut. Lp t cc loi vi ra hiu qu hn Nc trng 2 vng sau cng c th dng li cho vng u tin.

3.2. p dng SXSH trong cng nghip dt nhum

3.2.1. Tng quan v qu trnh sn xut

V c bn, cng ngh dt-nhum c 3 giai on ch yu: ko si thnh ch; dt vi v x l (nu ty); nhum v hon thin vi. Trong s cc cng on t nh h si, git, nhum vi, hon tt l ng quan tm v mi trng. S cng ngh dt-nhum cho hnh 3.3.

Nguyn liu u c th l si thin nhin (si bng) hay t nhn to (polyester, visco,...). Cc ha cht s dng trong dt-nhum kh phong ph, gm h (tinh bt hay PVA), cht ty trng (NaOCl, H2O2,...); NaOH, H2SO4; c bit l cc thuc nhum v ph gia.

Hnh 3.3. S dng cng ngh dt nhum hng si bng

3.2.2. Cc vn mi trng Cc vn mi trng i vi ngnh dt-nhum gm:

s dng nhiu nc v ho cht to ra nc thi c lu lng ln v cha nhiu cht nhim, c bit l c mu mnh

tiu th nhiu nng lng, s dng mt s dung mi hu c v ho cht to ra kh thi

a. Tiu th nc Cng nghip dt nhum tiu th nhiu nc cho cc cng on t v ra. c

tnh cn khong 50 300 lt nc/kg hng dt cho khu x l hon tt. Tiu th nhiu nc cng c ngha l lng nc thi cng ln.

b. Tiu th nng lng Nng lng c s dng ch yu un nng nc v sy kh sn phm nhum.

Tiu th nng lng lm gim ti nguyn v ng gp vo nhim khng kh.

c. Nc thi cha nhiu ha cht

Do c nhiu ha cht khc nhau s dng trong cc cng on, nn thnh phn nc thi cng thay i ng k v kh x l. Thuc nhum gy mu mnh khi thi nc thi gy s ch c bit. Mt s ha cht trong nc thi c hi vi c v cc thy sinh vt khc.

Cc thnh phn khng mong mun trong nguyn liu nh du m v bi, h,.. ng gp vo s nhim hu c ca nc thi.

d. Sc khe v an ton ngh nghip Vn sc khe ngh nghip cng quan trng khng km cc vn tc ng

mi trng. Nhiu ha cht ph tr cho thuc nhum c th gy nguy him khi thao tc. Mt s c nguy c chy nu bo qun khng tt. Cc ha cht c tnh oxy ha (cht ty trng) hay kim mnh c tnh n mn hay c tnh cp. Mt s dung mi v cht mu c th gy nguy c mn tnh nu tip xc lu di.

Bng 3.3. Cc quan tm v mi trng ca mt s cng on la chn trong dt-nhum Cc cng on

Tiu th/cht thi

Cc vn mi trng

Gi h (Desizing) Nc thi c hm lng cht hu c cao

Gy ra ph dung cho sng, h, bin v tc ng xu n a dng sinh hc.

Git (Washing/Scouring)

Nc thi cha cc nhiu ho cht v phc cht Cc dung mi Tiu th nhiu nng lng

Tng t nh trn v nguy c gy nhim nc ngm do kim loi nng Cc hp cht hu c bay hi c v gy ra sng m quang ho nh hng xu n h h hp v gy ra cc bnh v phi Lm cn kit ti nguyn v gy ra nhim mi trng. c bit gp phn gia tng s nng ln ton cu do pht thi CO2

Nhum (Dyeing) Nc thi cha nhiu cht nhum v cc cht lng ca cc ho cht ph C th tiu th nhiu nng lng cho vic lm kh

Gy ra s ph dng v nguy c nh hng xu n a dng sinh hc cc thy vc do cc c t. Nguy c nhim kim loi nng v nh hng xu n con ngi Lm cn kit ti nguyn v gy ra nhim mi trng. c bit gp phn gia tng s nng ln ton cu do pht thi CO2

Hon tt (Finishing) Ho cht lm mm nc Formn

Mt s ho cht lm mm nc rt c Formn c v c kh nng gy ung th

Cn bng vt cht Trong hnh 3.4. sau y m t cn bng vt cht cho mt cng nghip dt-nhum

trung bnh.

Hnh 3.4. Cn bng vt cht cho mt cng nghip dt nhum trung bnh Lu : Thng thng, mc tiu th nc tit kim vo khong 100-200 lt/kg vi dt.

Trong cc ngnh dt s dng cng ngh tt nht hin c, mc tiu th nc c th ch khong 50-100 lt/kg vi dt. Trong nhiu trng hp, vic tiu th cc ho cht c bn thp hn 360kg/ tn vi dt.

Nc thi dt nhum thng dao ng ln v lu lng v hm lng cc cht nhim, ty thuc loi sn phm, cht lng sn phm,... c im chung ca nc thi dt nhum l kim cao, c mu mnh, hm lng cht hu c v tng cht. X l NT dt nhum thng rt kh, ch yu s dng cc phng php ho-l v sinh hc.

Nc thi mt s c s dt nhum Vit Nam (mu hn hp) c cho bng 3.4.

Bng 3.4. c tnh nc thi ca mt s x nghip dt nhum Vit Nam

Sn phm, Thng s Hng bng dt thoi

Hng pha dt kim

Dt len Si

Nc thi, m3/tn vi 394 264 114 236 pH 8 - 11 9 - 10 9 9 - 11

Tng cht rn, mg/L 400 - 1000 950 - 1380 420 800 - 1300

BOD5, mg/L 70 - 135 90 - 220 120 - 130 90 - 130

COD, mg/L 150 - 380 230 - 500 400 - 450 210 - 230

mu, Pt-Co 350 - 600 250 - 500 260 - 300

(Ngun: Trn Vn Nhn, Ng Th Nga - Gio trnh CN x l nc thi) 3.2.3. Cc c hi SXSH 3.2.3.1. Cc c hi SXSH chung - Qun l ni vi tt Gim tiu th nc, nng lng v ha cht vi cc bin php:

Kim tra cc n pha ch

Vic kim tra ton din cc n pha ch nhm lm gim liu dng qu mc nc v cc ha cht. Khng ch tp trung vo cc thuc nhum v ha cht t tin, m c cc mui v cht tr nhum khc. Dng ng toa khng nhng gim c tiu th ha cht m cn ci thin c cht lng sn phm nhum.

Cc gii php n gin t tn km nh lp t cc van t ng tt, lp ng h nc, bo dng tt cc ng nc v cc thit b o, lp cc vi phun lm v sinh.

T ng ha pha ch ha cht

T ng ha s dn gip gim tiu th nguyn liu, ci thin lp li v gim thiu nguy c mc sai st. Thit b t ng ha vic pha ch t tin, nhng cc li ch v kinh t v mi trng l d thy. Cc thit b bn t ng r hn v c th cho kt qu tt tng t.

Tiu th nng lng

Kt hp cc cng on (git, ty trng, nhum) c th lm gim tiu th nng lng v nc.

Bo n tt c cc b mt m v nng (ng, b) trnh lng ph nng lng. Gim dung t nhum (Liquor ratio) Dung t nhum - s lt nc trn 1 kg vi trong my nhum tng m (kg : l), v

d: t l 1:10 c ngha l 10 l nc trn 1kg vi.

Gim nc tiu th c th bng cch:

Trnh ra chy trn; thay bng ra nhiu ln

Lm cc rnh thu nc gia cc bc ra tch bit (hay vt, ht) 3.2.3.2. Cc c hi SXSH trong mt s cng on la chn

(1). H si (Sizing)

c im:

H si c tin hnh trc khi dt tng bn cho ch v bo v ch khi b mn c hc trong khi dt. H si tin hnh bng cch cho ch nhng qua mt b cha dung dch nc ca ho cht h, sau sy kh v xe cun.

Cc ho cht dng h si c th l tinh bt (khoai ty, ng, go, sn) hay tinh bt bin tnh; carboxymetylcellulose (CMC) hay cc polymer tng hp nh polyvinyl alcol (PVA), polyvinyl acrylate (PAC), polyester (PES). Cc cht ph tr khc nh m bi trn, cht dit khun, cht ht m, tc nhn chng to bt, cht lm mm, cht nh ho,...

PVA v PAC dng kh ph bin i vi cc si tng hp, trong khi tinh bt c dng ch yu vi cc si gc cellulose.

Cc mi quan tm mi trng Lng h dng d v tiu th nng lng l cc vn mi trng chnh t qu

trnh h si.

Cc m h d cha hm lng ln cc cht hu c, v vy chng gy ra nhim hu c nng khi thi ra sng, h,...

Cc c hi SXSH Trong mt s trng hp c th ti s dng h d cho m tip. Tuy nhin, v tinh

bt d b phn hu nn kh nng s dng nhiu ln tinh bt l hn ch.

Tiu th nng lng sy c th gim qua vic kim sot nhit chnh xc v thu hi nhit.

(2). Gi h (Desizing)

c im Gi h ch tin hnh vi vt liu dt. Do cc ho cht h si lm cho vt liu

khng thm nc nn cn phi loi b trc khi nhum, in v hon tt. H t tinh bt v tinh bt bin tnh thng c loi bng cc enzym (amylase), chng phn hu tinh bt v lm cho n tan trong nc. Cng c th loi h tinh bt bng s oxy ho vi K2S2O8.

Cc cht h PVA, PAC v CMC l tan c trong nc. PVA hi nhy vi kim v cc peroxid lm cho kh ra tri. Mt s cht h PAC khng bn nhit nn c th bin thnh kh tan khi un nng.

Cc cht h c ra ra bng nc. Vi cc cht h d tan trong nc th c th ra loi trc tip hay ngm nc cho trng ln trc khi b ra tri. Thng tin hnh thao tc vi my gi c mt s ngn, dng nc ngc vi dng vt liu.

Cc vn mi trng C cc loi h tinh bt v tng hp u c th gy nhim hu c cao. Thng

cc cht h ng gp 50 90% vo ti lng hu c cu nc thi dt nhum. Cc cht h tinh bt v tinh bt bin tnh d b phn hu sinh hc hn h tng hp.

Cc c hi SXSH Thay th cc cht xy ho gi h nhm tinh bt bng enzym amylase.

Lc qua mng cc b gi h c th ti s dng nc c cha kim v cht ty ra. Cht thi c lm c cn c tch ring x l bng thiu t hay phn.

C th thu hi cc cht h tng hp bng cch siu lc (ultrafiltration), c th cho php thu hi 40 80% h. Tuy nhin, c hi ny ch thc t cc phn xng tng hp c h si v gi h.

(3). Git (Washing/scouring)

c im Qu trnh gm x l kim (dng NaOH, Na2CO3), tc nhn lm thm, cht ty ra,

cht chng kt ta. Lng ho cht tu thuc vo lng bn, dng my s dng.

Tc nhn lm thm s dng cht ty ra c th hot ng tt. Cc tc nhn lm thm thng thng l t hp ca cc cht hot ng b mt anionic v khng sinh ion.

Cc cht ty ra nh tng ho cc du khong v phn tn cc cht mu khng ho tan. Mt s v d cc cht ty ra:

Nhm anionic - Natri palmitate, Natri stearate, Alkylarylsulfonates, alkanolamides sulfat ho, ...

Nhm cationic- cc dn xut Alkylaminammonium, Benzyldimethylalkylammonium chloride, Cetyl pyridinium chloride,

Nhm non-ionic: Alkylphenol ethoxilates, Ethylene oxides kt hp vi alcol bo, cc acid bo, ...

Cc cht chng kt ta (EDTA, NTA, polyphosphates or phosphonates) thm vo ngn x phng kt ta.

Tin x l vi dung mi Cc si bng v len hoc si pha (vi si nhn to) c tin x l bng dung mi

hu c thay v nc. Dung mi chnh c s dng l perchloroethylene (PER). Mc ch tin x l l loi cht du m v sp khi si bng hay len, cht chut ng v bi trn si khi si nhn to v si bng.

Cc vn mi trng Nc thi t qu trnh git - nht l vi cc nguyn liu bng v len - cha d lng

cc ho cht v ph gia s dng, c tc ng ln n mi trng. Nc thi c th cha mt s ha cht khc.

NTA v EDTA s dng to phc c nh hng xu ln mi trng v sc khe. NTA c kh nng gy ung th, EDTA phn hy sinh hc chm v c th gy qui thai.

Mt vn mi trng v sc khe khc l s dng dung mi trong tin x l: dung mi PER c th gy ung th v c vi h thn kinh.

Cc c hi SXSH Khng s dng quy trnh git c dng dung mi.

Trnh s dng cc ha cht c hi nh cc cht hot ng b mt nhm alkylphenol etoxilates (APEO); thay cc alkylbenzene sulfonates mch thng (LAS) bng cc alkyl sulfonates, alkyl sulfates hay cc ethoxilates ca alcol bo.

S dng cc phosphates/polyphosphates thay cho EDTA, NTA v phosphonates.

Gim thiu tiu th nc ni no c th, nn p dng dng nc ngc.

Thu hi v ti s dng nc lm lnh.

(4). Ty trng (Bleaching)

c im Thng ch ty trng i vi si t nhin. C th tin hnh ty trng kt hp vi

git trong cng b hay tin hnh ty trng ring.

Vi si bng, cc cht ty trng s dng l NaOCl, NaClO2 hay H2O2 trong mi trng kim.

t khi tin hnh ty trng si len, nu c th thng s dng NaHSO3. Si ty trng vi cc tc nhn cha clo c mi ca clo. Mi ny s c loi bng

cc tc nhn kh mi l cc hp cht kh cha lu hunh nh Na2SO3 hay NaHSO3.

Cc vn mi trng quan tm Cc tc nhn ty trng cha clo nh NaOCl v NaClO2 c th gy cc vn v

sc khe ngh nghip, ch yu do pht thi ClO2 c mi hi.

Tt c cc tc nhn ty c clo s to ra cc hp cht c-clo d hp th (AOX = Absorbable Organo Halogens) trong nc thi. Cc dn xut clo ny rt bn trong mi trng, c i vi cc sinh vt di nc v trn cn.

Trong mi trng acid (pH

Sau khi ty bng H2O2, thay v dng cc acid (nh CH3COOH) loi cht ty d, c th dng enzyme catalase. S dng qu trnh c enzyme ny s to ra nc thi t nhim v gim c tiu th nc so vi cc phng php thng thng.

Kt hp git v ty nu c th tit kim nc v nng lng.

(5). Nhum (Dyeing)

c im C th nhum giai on si, ch, vi hay sn phm may.

Cc thuc nhum (Dyes) Thuc nhum c phn loi thnh nhiu nhm khc nhau. Trong bng 3.5 tm

tt mt s thng tin lin quan cc nhm thuc nhum ph bin.

Bng 3.5. Tm tt mt s loi thuc nhum ph bin

Loi thuc nhum

c tnh Dng cho si Phng php nhum

Acid anion, tan tt trong nc

nylon, len ngm si trong dd.acid (pH 3-5), thm thuc nhum, nng nhit 50 - 110oC

Phc kim loi (Cr, Co)

anion, tan t trong nc

nylon, len ging thuc nhum acid, pH 5-7

Trc tip anion, tan tt trong nc

cotton, visco ngm si trong kim nh, thm thuc nhum v cht in ly (NaCl, Na2SO4)

Basic hay cationic

cation, tan tt trong nc

acrylic ngm si trong dd. acid (pH 4-6), thm thuc nhum, nhit 100-105oC

Phn tn phn tn dng keo, tan rt km trong nc

polyester, nylon, acrylic, cellulose acetat

ngm si trong dd.acid (pH 4-5), thm thuc nhum, nhit 130oC

Hot tnh anion, tan tt trong nc

cotton, visco, len ngm si trong dd. thuc nhum, thm mui y thuc nhum vo si, thm kim to phn ng gia si vi thuc nhum

Lu hunh khng tan trong nc

cotton, visco cho si vo b, thuc nhum c ha tan trong natri sulfur/kim, y thuc nhum bng cht in ly, kt ta thuc nhum mi sinh bng khng kh hay peroxid

Vat tng t thuc nhum lu hunh

cotton, visco tng t thuc nhum lu hunh

Azo tng t thuc nhum lu hunh

cotton, visco a tc nhn ghp ln si, thm phn mang mu ca thuc nhum, un si kt ta

Mordant hay crom

anion, tan trong nc

len si ngm trong b acid, thm Na2Cr2O7, thm thuc nhum 98oC

Cc vn mi trng Cc thuc nhum trong nc thi

Cc thuc nhum gy ung th

Cc thuc nhum gc benzidin c xem l gy ung th. Cc thuc nhum azo v pigment azo c th b kh thnh cc arylamines c tc dng gy ung th.

Vn mu

Phn thuc nhum d khng gn vo vi, i vo nc thi ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh loi thuc nhum, cng ngh nhum, loi vi, mu yu cu, cc cht ph tr,..

Bng 3.7. Mc khng gn mu ca mt s loi thuc nhum

Loi thuc nhum Mc khng gn mu (%)

Trc tip 10 30

Phn tn 1 -10

Acid 5 - 15

Baz 1 - 5

Hot tnh 15 - 40

Hon nguyn, vat 5 -15

(Ngun: Cc Mi trng - Cng ngh mi trng, 1998) Nh vy , thuc nhum hot tnh l loi gy mu nuc thi chnh. c tnh nu

nhum vi t l 3% thuc nhum hot tnh dung t nhum 1:10, d tn dng thuc nhum ti 80% th sau khi git trong nc thi cng vn cn 60mg/L thuc nhum hot tnh thu phn. t gii hn 0,3 mg/L th cn phi pha long 200 ln!

Mu m ca nc thi cn tr hp th oxy v bc x mt tri, do cn tr qu trnh quang hp ca cc sinh vt trong nc khi thi vo cc vc nc.

Cc ha cht ph tr trong nc thi

Mt s ha cht ph tr trong hn hp nhum c th c hi i vi sc khe. l cc cht gy kch ng nh formic acid, sulfuric v acetic acid hay cc dung mi hu c c tc ng n h thn kinh.

Cc kim loi nng trong nc thi

Kim loi nng c trong nc thi khi s dng cc thuc nhum nh hon nguyn, hot tnh, trc tip, cation,.. hay t nhim bn trong ho cht khc. Mt phn kim loi nm trong nc thi s tch ly trong bn ca x l nc thi, phn kim loi nm trong sn phm. s pht thi cui vng i ca sn phm.

Hp cht crm (thng l mui Cr2O72-) c s dng oxy ho trong nhum cotton v visco, hay c nh ho hc trong nhum len. Dng Cr(VI) ny rt c, bn cnh sn phm kh ca n l Cr(III) cng kh c.

Kh NO2

nhum mt s mu yu cu bn cao ngi ta dng thuc nhum hon nguyn tan Indigosol. Trong cng on hin mu, kh NO2 thot ra gy nhim khng kh hay nh hng cng nhn trc tip thao tc.

Cc c hi SXSH Thay th cc thuc nhum/pigment gy ung th, c hi bng cc cht khng c cc

tc hi ny:

S dng thuc nhum acid thay cho thuc nhum cha kim loi nng cho nhum len v nylon.

Trnh s dng cc tc nhn phn tn trn c s dung mi c cha halogen.

S dng cc thuc nhum/pigment c mc tn dng cao nh cc thuc nhum hot tnh kp (bireactive dyestuffs).

S dng cc h thng pigment tan trong nc thay cho loi nh tng nc-du. Nu khng th thay th, th phi tch ring nc thi x l.

Thay th cht ty ra nhm alkylphenolethoxylates (APEO) bng cc cht ty ra t c v d phn hu sinh hc nh LAS hay alkyl sulfonate.

Tm kh nng lm sch thuc nhum khi dch nhum, v d lc bng mng hay hp ph bng than hot tnh, sau ti s dng nc v cc cht ph tr.

Trong cng ngh nhum theo m, tm cch ti s dng dch nhum c nng cao.

Ti u ho s dng nc cho ra bng ti cao su, li, x,... Nc ra trong mt s trng hp c th ti s dng c qua hay khng qua x l.

Hn ch ra trn; p dng ra dng ngc trong ra lin tc. a thm bc vt hay ht nc gia cc bc tch bit nu c th.

Thc t vi cng on nhum, cc c hi SXSH cho php lm gim lng nc thi, nng cc ho cht v thuc nhum d, v ti lng hu c (COD). Tuy nhin vn cn x l nc thi p ng yu cu v cc nng cho php.

(6). In hoa (Printing)

c im C th in bng cc cht mu hay mt s thuc nhum - ch yu l vat v hot tnh.

Cht mu l cc ht khng tan, c th phn tn trong h in. a s l cc cht mu l cc cht hu c, mt s l cc cht v c (nh carbon black, TiO2, Fe2O3, bt nhm)

H in c th cc dng: nh tng du-nc vi 70% xng trng hay du ho; nh tng mt phn vi 10-15% xng trng; hon ton trong nc. V d cng thc pha ch in hnh cho h in trn c s nc:

Cht kt dnh: 10 - 18%

Cht lm c: 4%

Cht bi trn/lm mm: 2%

Cht gn mu: 1%

Cht mu: 0 - 6%

Cht nh ho: 0.2%

Nc: n 100%.

Sau khi in l qu trnh sy v . Thng trong cng on in khng git vi, nhng nc c tiu th ra cc bng ti cao su, li, trc ru l, x chu,...

Nu in bng thuc nhum, cc ho cht nh ur v kim (NaHCO3) c thm vo h in. Sau khi sy v , lng thuc nhum v cc ho cht d s c git loi.

Cc vn mi trng Pht thi kh khi sy kh vi in - kh pht thi c th cha NH3 t cht lm c

hay formaldehyd t tc nhn gn mu. Cc cht bay hi khc nh dung mi hu c duy tr nh tng (xng trng, du ho ,...)

Cc c hi SXSH S dng cc cht thay th trong h in c dung mi khng pht thi

formaldehyd.

Ti s dng h in d nu c th.

Thay th cc cht lm c t du khong bng cc polymer khng bay hi.

(7). Hon tt (Finishing)

c im C 2 dng hon tt: ci bin th cng (hand-modifying) v hon tt chc nng

(functional finishes). Dng u nhm thay i hnh dng v x l vi bng cch lm mm hay lm cng. Hon tt chc nng nhm lm cho vt liu c cc chc nng xc nh nh chng thm, hay chu nhit.

Hand-Modifying Finishes Cc cht lm mm thuc cc nhm: Nhm anionic - nh du sulfonat ho; du sulphat ho; cc alcol hay eter bo; cc nh

tng du; sp hay paraffin vi cht nh ho anion.

Nhm khng ion (non-ionic) - nh cc nh tng du; sp hay paraffin vi cht nh ho khng ion; ethoxilate ca stearic acid ; nh tng polysiloxane.

Nhm cationic - nh cc hp cht ammonium bc 4; cc mui Dioctadecyldimethyl ammonium chloride

Cc cht lm cng gm tinh bt, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) hay polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).

Functional Finishes Cht chng nhn: dimethylol-dihydroxy-ethylene urea (DMDHEU); alkyl- or

hydroxyalkyl ether ca N-methylol-hydroxy-ethylene urea; dimethylol carbamates; cc dn xut glyoxalmonourea

Cht chng thm nc: nh tng silicone-, sp hay paraffine;

Chng x lng (Anti-felting): polyamides, polyacrylates; cc cht oxy ho nh NaOCl, H2SO5

Chng chy: cc dn xut ca phosphoric acid, tetrahydroxyphosphoniumchloride; antimony oxide, borates; cc mui titanium- and zirconium

Chng vi khun : ng naphtenate, ng oxychinolate; cadmiumselenide, pentachlorophenol; dimethyldithiocarbamate; cc hp cht c thu ngn; cc mui ammonium bc 4.

Cc vn mi trng Vn pht thi formaldehyd gy nh hng sc kho ngh nghip. Cc hp cht

nhm hon tt chng nhn, c ch vi khun gii phng ra formaldehyde khi s dng.

Cc cht lm mm c c tnh cao: bis(hydrogenated tallow alkyl) dimethyl ammonium chloride (DTDMAC), distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DSDMAC) ...

Cc c hi SXSH S dng cc hp cht khng hay t gii phng ra formaldehyd.

Thay th cc cht lm mm cationic nh DTDMAC, DSDMAC v DHTDMAC bng cc cht lm mm anion hay khng phi ion.

Lm mm trong b ring thay v trong b ra cui ca nhum.

Trnh s dng cc cht chng khun gc thu ngn, ng v arsen; cc chlorophenol.

Thu hi v ti s dng cc dch hon tt c c.

Ti u ho qu trnh sy v , trnh sy qu mc dn n bay hi nhiu.

3.3. p dng SXSH trong cc dch v khch sn Trn din n trc tuyn qung b v Du lch bn vng v Du lch xanh, T chc

Mi trng Quc t (UNEP) nhn mnh n vic cn thit phi p dng SXSH trong cc nh hng v khch sn. Tnh n thi im hin nay, c rt nhiu doanh nghip trn th gii p dng thnh cng SXSH trong cc dch v khch sn ca h. c rt nhiu trng hp in hnh v SXSH trong cc dch v nh hng v khch sn c qung b trn cc website nh http://www.internationaltourismpartnership.org, http://www.benchmarkhotel.com Sau y l mt s v d in hnh v p dng sn xut sch hn trong cc dch v khch sn trn th gii:

1. Khu nh tr hng sang Apple Farm California, Hoa K s dng nc thi ln sau cng t cc my git dng cho nh v sinh, gim c 15.900 lt nc s dng hng ngy, c tnh tit kim c khong 5.000 la M trong mt nm.

2. Khu ngh mt Le Sport St. Lucia x l nc thi trong 3 h ni lin nhau thng qua mt h thng lc c s tham gia ca thy sinh vt. Nc sau lc c kh trng bng tia cc tm v c dng ti cc vng t trong khu ngh mt. C c nui trong cc h nhm hn ch s pht trin ca to v u trng mui. Trong nm hot ng u tin, phng php x l mi ny tit kim c 3,8 triu lt nc v hng ngn la.

3. Ti nhiu khch sn trong khu ngh mt o Great Keppel c, rc thi hu c c xn vn thnh nhng mnh nh, c phn hu vi sinh trong mt vi tun v sau dng lm thc n cho giun tri nui giun ca khu ngh mt. T giun s cho ra cc sn phm giu cht hu c s dng lm phn bn cho cc khu vn thay cho phn v c. H thng ny gim c cht thi v chi ph vn chuyn rc thi ra khi hn o.

4. Khch sn Vancouver ti British Columbia, Canada thay th Clo bng Natri Cacbonat v dung dch mui s dng trong cc h bi gip gim thiu c cc ha cht c hi v tit kim c gn 1.500 la M trong mt nm.

Mc d SXSH v ang em li rt nhiu li ch v mt kinh t ln mi trng, tuy nhin cc nh qun l cng nh cc nhn vin k thut trong cc khch sn thng t c thi gian v c hi tm hiu cc bin php tit kim in, nc cng nh cc bin php v sng kin gim thiu vic pht sinh cht thi. Do vy, Hip Hi Khch Sn Xanh ("Green" Hotels Association) ra i vo nm 1994 nhm ph bin cc kin thc lin quan n SXSH trong ngnh cng nghip khch sn. Khi tham gia Hip Hi ny, cc thnh vin s nhn c mt tp ti liu hng dn v cc tng, cc bin php k thut v cc phng php tit kim in, nc cng nh vic gim thiu cc tc ng c hi ca khch sn ln mi trng t nhin ca khu du lch.

Trong vng 10 nm qua, Hip Hi Khch Sn Xanh cng a ra cc hng dn v vic s dng cc tm th yu cu thay khn tm v ra tri ging. Mc ch ca vic

s dng tm th ny nhm ku gi s hp tc ca khch lu truatrong vic s dng li khn tm v ra tri ging thay v thay mi hng ngy. Yu cu rt lch s ny hin nay c p dng ti hng ngn khch sn khp ni trn th gii. Nu ch tnh ring lng in v nc tiu th, vic p dng bin php n gin ny c th tit kim c 5% tng lng in v nc s dng hng thng cc khch sn. Theo iu tra ca Hip Hi Khch Sn Xanh, c n 70% khch lu tr tch cc hng ng v tham gia tng thn thin vi mi trng ny.

3.3.1. p dng SXSH khch sn Inter Continental Sydney 3.3.1.1. Vi nt v Khch sn

Inter Continental Sydney l 1 trong nhng khch sn thnh vin thuc tp on khch sn Inter Continental. y l 1 khch sn 5 sao vi 498 phng khch v 500 nhn vin, 4 nh hng, cc tin nghi phc v cc bui tic ln v dch v phng phc v 24 trn 24. Vic chun b cc ba n, git i v chi ra l nhng hot ng din ra thng xuyn hng ngy.

Khch sn i vo hot ng vo nm 1985. Ngay t khi bt u hot ng, Ban qun l khch sn cn nhc v cc vn mi trng. u nm 1991, khch sn chnh thc ho mt chnh sch v mi trng. Mt nhm nhn vin i din c bu ra xc tin cc hnh ng v mi trng cho tt c cc khch sn thnh vin. Cc hot ng ca nhm thnh vin ny cho ra i 1 s tay hng dn v cc bc tin hnh lin quan n mi trng. Cn c theo s tay hng dn ny, khch sn Inter Continental Sydney a ra 1 chnh sch nhm:

Ch ng tit kim ti nguyn thin nhin v nng lng,

S dng ti nguyn hiu qu hn,

Gim thiu ti a cc sn phm b loi thi,

S dng cc sn phm v cc vt liu c nh hng tiu cc t nht n mi trng,

Thc hin cc chng trnh hnh ng em li cc li ch v mi trng ti cng ng i phng,

Tng cng gio dc v nhn thc mi trng trong ln ngoi khch sn.

3.3.1.2. Tin trnh thc hin

bt k khch sn ln no, c nhng s kin mang tnh c nhn khng quan trng, nhng li gp phn lm pht sinh ra cc chi ph v lng ph khng cn thit, v d nh cc bng n v my iu ho khng kh cc phng khng c khch lu tr, vic s dng nc v nng lng phng git i, v vic vt b rc thi c th ti ch c. Khch sn xc nh 12 lnh vc u tin, trong bao gm:

Qun l cht thi, Bo tn nng lng,

Mua sm sn phm,

S dng nc,

Hnh ng lin quan n cng ng,

Git i v git kh.

3.3.1.3. Cc tng v sn xut sch hn Mt y ban v mi trng c thnh lp v 1 cuc kim tra v vic qun

l cht thi c tin hnh. Sau 1 k hoch hnh ng c son tho da trn bn bo co kim tra. Bn bo co ny cp n nhiu loi rc thi bao gm giy loi, cc tp ch, giy carton, thy tinh, nha, hp ng sa bng nha, kim loi, thc n, nt chai, tm ra tri ging c, du, pin, xp, cc vt dng v sinh, bao b, cc loi rc khc v thm ch c c nn (n cy).

Giy v vn phng phm l lnh vc quan trng tit kim chi ph. Tt c cc vn phng trong khch sn u c thng ng giy loi (thng th thng mu vng dng ng giy c dng 1 mt c th tn dng mt cn li, thng mu en ng giy loi b). Giy c s dng hai mt c thu gom v ti ch bi 1 doanh nghip t nhn, trong khi giy c th ti s dng th li c s dng trong ni b photocopy nhng vn bn nhp, ghi chp nhp, v.v...Nhng mnh giy khng cn nguyn vn th c dng gi .

Vic vn chuyn rc thi cng tiu tn nhiu chi ph v c thc hin ba ln 1 tun. Nm 1992, khch sn mua 1 my nn giy carton vi gi 5.000 la. Giy carton hin c nn thnh cc kin na mt khi v c buc dy cht gim th tch. Do vy vic thu gom rc uc gim xung hai ln 1 tun thay v 3 nh trc y tit kim c cho khch sn hn 25.000 la trong 1 nm.

Mt lng ru ln c tiu th ti khch sn lm pht sinh thm rc ri v rc thi, hn 6.000 nt chai cn phi c vt b hng thng. Nhng nt chai ny hin c ti ch thnh cc qu bng cricket, cc ming m xe hi, gch lt sn nh. Khch sn tng khng tt c cc nt chai cho lng hi cu chin binh ti ch chng v h s dng tin thu uc mua 1 s vt dng nh xe ln, phng tin h tr di chuyn cho cc bnh nhn, v.v...

Khch sn v ang thc hin cam kt gim thiu tiu th nng lng. Ch tiu gim thi nm 1997 l 2% so vi nm 1996. Khch sn cng a ra mt s bin php v vic gim thiu s dng nng lng v nc m khng nh hng n tin nghi ca khch lu tr v cc cng vic ca nhn vin. Nhng bin php ny bao gm:

Cc nh mc v thp sng: xem xt li cc thi gian hot ng v cng thp sng. Cc loi bng n gn trn trn nh l qu sng, do vy cc bng n 150 W c i thnh bng 100W. Tng t nh vy, cc khu vc dch v cng c o c v cung chiu sng. Tho b bt 1 bng n tube 1 s khu vc c nh ch duy tr mc nh sng cn thit. Lp t h thng tt in t ng mi khi khch kho ca ra khi phng. S dng cm bin nh sng (cell-photo sensor) cc li i bn ngoi khch sn. Nhng thay i ny tit kim hng nm 1 khon ng k v s dng nng lng v chi ph.

S dng my iu ho cng tiu ph nng lng ng k. Nhiu bin php c p dng khc phc vn ny nh: xem xt li cc khu kim sot v cc yu cu lm lnh, cc kim sot tng th iu chnh nhit trong ton khch sn, nhiu n v c lp b phn khi ng theo thi gian, v mc iu ho nhit c gim xung. Tip sau , vo nm 1995, 1 h thng qun l khch sn (iu khin bng vi tnh) c lp t kt hp rt tt vic cung cp cc tin nghi cho khch v vic gim bt cc lng ph. Nh chi ph tit kim c t h thng ny m lng ca nhn vin c tng ln v vic bo tr bo dng da trn thi lng s dng cc thit b thay v nh k theo k hoch.

Nhit ca nc nng c pht hin l qu cao trong ton b khch sn. khu vc git i, vic git cc tm ra tri ging c tin hnh nhit 96 C. 1 qui trnh mi c p dng ch cn nhit khong 60 C nh s dng mt loi bt git mi ca P&G (super compact detergent). Do vy tit kim c 1 lng nng lng ng k ch n gin bng cch h nhit nc nng xung.

Cc vi sen phng tm ca khch tiu th qu nhiu nc, do vy cc thit b hn ch nc vi sen c lp t. Cc thit b ny gim lng nc tiu th t 22 xung cn 12 lt trn 1 pht. nh gi cc thit b hn ch nc c nh hng n cht lng nc s dng hay khng, ngi ta lp th thit b ny trong phng gim c m khng bo cho ng ta bit nhm th xem phn ng ca ng ta th no. Sau chng mi c lp t trong cc phng khch.

Git i cng s dng nc phung ph, bi vy 1 b phn ti s dng nc c thit k v lp t vi gi 20.000 la nhm phc hi nc t cc giai on x o qun sau cng v s dng nc ny cho ln git u tin.

Cc bin php khc bao gm:

Hun luyn cho cc nhn vin qun l ni vi, Thay th cc toa lt c 1 nt x bng cc toa lt hai nt x tit kim

nc (dual flush), Lp b cm bin t x nc cc cc ch i tiu,

Trn 50 ng h o ph c lp t trc y kim sot vic tiu th nc, gas v in c ni vi h thng qun l khch sn. Hin khch sn ang thit lp cc nh mc v ch bo ng. Nu vt qu cc nh mc v s dung nc in v gas th h thng bo ng s lm vic,

Chnh sch v mua sm cng c p dng ci thin vic bo v mi trng. Gi c v cht lng l tiu ch hng u ca mua sm, tuy nhin cc nh cung cp hng ho c khch sn yu cu gim bt cc bao b khng cn thit, s dng cc sn phm c d b phn hu sinh hc hoc c th ti s dng v cung cp cc sn phm t gy nhim mi trng. S dng cc loi bnh xt c nh cung cp du gi u v x phng gim bt lng rc thi bao b ca du gi u v x phng.

S lin i vi cng ng cng l trung tm ca cc cam kt bo v MT ca khch sn. Hin khch sn ang hp tc vi 1 c quan a phng tham gia 1

chng trnh trng cy. Cy ging bn a c cha trong cc hp bng xp tn dng do khch sn cung cp. Cc cy ging c trng trong nh knh do khch sn thit k, xy dng v biu tng. Cy non sau c cc nhn vin khch sn trng dc theo lu vc sng Neapan. Hn 1.500 cy ging a phng c trng trong chng trnh ny.

Khch sn cng tr gip cho trn 50 sinh vin trong cc thc tp lin quan n mi trng. Nhiu tours tham quan c t chc cho cc trng trung hc v cao ng tham quan v hc tp cc chng trnh v mi trng ca khch sn.

Bp trng ca khch sn lp nn 1 vn rau trn sn thng ca khch sn trng cc loi rau nh ng ty, rau thm, rau qu, tho. Cc loi rau ny c trng trong cc hp bng xp tn dng khch sn. Vn rau hon ton khng s dng ho cht v cc loi rau ny dng trang tr v thm hng v cho cc mn n ca khch sn. Vo ma h, vn rau c th cung cp 40% nhu cu v rau thm ca khch sn.

Hin ti, khch sn cng ang chm sc 1 vn nui giun. Giun c nui trong cc hp bng xp tn dng v cho n bng cc thc n tha ca nh bp. Cht thi lng t giun c s dng bn phn cho vn rau.

3.3.1.4. Cc li ch ca vic p dng sn xut sch hn trong khch sn

Cc sng kin v mi trng ca khch sn to ra c:

Gim thiu lng dioxit carbon thi vo kh quyn hng nm l 1.581.749 kilgam do gim c s tiu th gas v in,

Gim thiu c 24.950 mt khi nc thi hng nm Tit kim c 279.588 la

3.4. p dng SXSH cho sn phm bt git P&G - Loi bt git compact mi c th ct gim c mt na cc tc ng mi trng

Xut hin vo nhng nm u ca thp nin 1990, bt git compact gim c t 20-50% cc tc ng c hi i vi mi trng so vi loi bt git truyn thng trc . Nh vy l c mt tin b ln v cng tc bo v mi trng trong cc loi bt git m chng ta s dng git qun o.

Trong thp nin va qua, cng ty P&G a ra cho chng ta nhiu s la chn khc nhau v cc loi bt git. Cc loi bt git compact xut hin trn th trng vo nm 1992 v nm 1998, loi bt git compact mi c tung ra th trng gip cho khch hng thoi mi la chn loi bt git tin li nht.

S dng cc loi bt git compact mang li nhiu ch li cho khch hng. thy r nhng li ch ny, cng ty P&G so snh cc loi bt git thng thng v cc loi bt git compact mi bng cch s dng cc phng php nh gi vng i v nh gi ri ro mi trng.

Kt qu nh sau:

Cc loi bt git compact mi gim thiu c t 20-50% cc tc ng ln mi trng

Cc cht ha hc hiu qu hn c s dng trong bt git compact mi s gip s dng t bt git hn cho mi ln git, ng thi nc nng s dng cho git o qun c th dng nhit thp hn

Bt git compact v siu compact cn s dng t nng lng hn, c ngha l CO2 s thi ra mi trng t hn. Do s dng bao b it hn nn cht thi rn cng t hn

Nc thi ca bt git compact v siu compact t gy nhim mi trng hn do cc cht ha hc thi ra t hn.

Ti liu c thm chng 3 3.1. Sn xut sch hn trong cng nghip sn xut bia:

http://www.un.org.vn/vncpc

3.2. Eco-efficiency & Cleaner Production Case Studies by Industry Type: http://www.deh.gov.au /industry/corporate/eecp/industry.html

Chng 4

NH GI VNG I, H THNG QUN L MI TRNG V ISO 14000.

4.1. nh gi vng i (LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT = LCA) 4.1.1. nh ngha

Cc sn phm, dich v hay qu trnh u c vng i (life cycle). Vng i ca

mt sn phm bt u t khi khai thc/thu hoch nguyn liu, qua cc cng on ch bin

thnh sn phm, phn phi n ngi s dng, sau sn phm c thi b hay ti s

dng (cradle to grave). Vng i sn phm c minh ha nh sau:

C nhiu cch nh ngha khc nhau v phn tch vng i, tuy nhin c chp nhn rng ri l nh ngha sau y ca SETAC (Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry):

nh gi vng i l 1 qu trnh nh gi cc tc ng ln mi trng lin

quan n mt sn phm, mt qu trnh hay mt hot ng bng cch xc nh v

lng ha nng lng, nguyn liu s dng v cc cht thi ra mi trng; v nhn

din, nh gi cc c hi ci thin mi trng. Cng vic nh gi bao gm ton b

vng i ca sn phm, qa trnh hay hot ng, xuyn sut t khi khai thc v x l

nguyn liu; sn xut vn chuyn v phn phi; s dng, ti s dng, bo hnh, ti

ch v thi b sau cng

LCA c tiu chun ho trong 2 tiu chun ca b ISO 14000 (xem phn sau).

4.1.2. Cc giai on phn tch vng i

LCA bao gm 4 giai on:

(1). Xc nh mc tiu v phm vi nh gi Cc l do tin hnh LCA ? Sn phm, qu trnh hay dch v c tin hnh LCA ?

ng bin ca h thng s nh gi?

n v chc nng i vi sn phm c la chn ?

a. Cc bin ca h (System bouderies) Vic la chn cc bin ca h nh gi c th nh hng u ra ca LCA.

V d: nh gi vng i ca 2 sn phm bng n trn v bng hunh quang lin quan n vic thi thy ngn ra mi trng.

Nhin liu Nh my in Li in Bng n hunh quang Bi chn lp

Nhin liu Nh my in Li in Bng n trn Bi chn lp Nu bin ca h ch l khu thi b bng n sau s dng th bng hunh quang s

gy nhim thy ngn hn l bng trn.

Tuy nhin nu bin ca h m rng n c khu pht in th kt qu s khc: thy ngn l mt cht nhim bn vt trong than, khi t chy than pht in s thi thy ngn vo mi trng; v bng n trn tiu th in nng nhiu hn nn trong c vng i ca mnh, bng n trn s lm thi nhiu thy ngn hn bng hunh quang.

b. n v chc nng

La chn n v chc nng l rt quan trng so snh cc sn phm.

V d: khi so snh gia ti cht do v ti giy ng hng tp ha, s khng thch hp nu so snh gia 1 ti cht do vi 1 ti giy, thay vo phi so snh da trn th tch hng ha m ti cha c (n v chc nng = th tch cha hng ca ti). Nu 1 ti giy cha c gp i hng so vi 1 ti cht do, th khi tin hnh LCA phi so snh 2 ti cht do vi1 ti giy.

(2). Phn tch kim k (Inventory analysis) hay kim k vng i (life-cycle inventory)

Kim k cc u vo (nguyn liu, nng lng), cc u ra (sn phn, sn phm ph, cht thi, pht thi,..) trong sut vng i sn phm. V d d liu kim k vng i i vi trng hp sn xut 1 kg ethylen (bng 3.1)

Bng 3.1. Cc thng k cho vic sn xut 1 kg ethylen (Boustead, 1993)

Hnh 4.3. Cc kim k vng i tnh cho vic s dng nguyn vt liu, nng lng, cc cht thi v cc sn phm ph qua tt c cc giai on vng i ca mt sn phm.

(3). Phn tch tc ng (Impact analysis) hay nh gi tc ng vng i (Life-cycle impact assessment)

nh gi cc tc ng mi trng ca cc u vo v u ra, thung chia 3 bc:

* Bc 1: Phn loi u vo v u ra theo nhm tc ng mi trng, v d: CO2, CH4, CFCs s vo nhm kh nh knh. Sau y l mt v d v cc nhm tc ng n mi trng:

+ Nng ln ton cu

+ Suy thoi tng zn

+ Sng m quang ho

+ Gy ung th cho con ngi

+ Ma acid

+ Gy nhim di nc

+ Gy ra nhim trn cn

+ Hy dit mi trng sng

+ Cn kit cc ngun ti nguyn khng ti to.

+ Ph dng.

* Bc 2: c trng ha cng tc ng ca cc yu t u vo v ra, v d kh nng gy hiu ng nh knh tng i ca cc kh nh CO2, CH4, CFCs.

* Bc 3: Lng gi mc quan trng tng i ca mi nhm tc ng mi trng, s dng ch s ring r ch th cho hiu qu v mi trng.

(4). nh gi vic ci thin (Improvement analysis) Cng on ny dng din gii cc kt qu ca vic nh gi tc ng, a ra cc

ci tin c th c p dng. Nu LCA c p dng so snh cc sn phm th cng on ny c th bao gm vic la chn sn phm thn thin vi mi trng nht. Trong trng hp LCA dng phn tch cho 1 sn phm m thi th c th a ra cc ci tin v thit k c kh nng gim tc ng n mi trng.

4.1.3. Li ch ca LCA

Hiu bit hn v sn phm v qu trnh sn xut,

So snh cc tc ng mi trng v cc chi ph kinh t cho cc gii php thay th,

Gim lng cht thi v kim sot ri ro,

Thit k li sn phm gim nguyn liu s dng,

Pht trin, qung b v tip th sn phm khi so snh vi sn phm khc,

Xc tin vic cp nhn sinh thi cho sn phm.

4.2. ISO 14000 v H thng qun l mi trng (EMS = Environmental Management System)

4.2.1. S ra i v pht trin ca t chc ISO

- ISO l tn vit tt ca t chc quc t v tiu chun ho c thnh lp vo nm 1947 nhm mc ch xy dng cc tiu chun quc t v thng mi thng tin v sn xut. ISO c tr s ti Gieneva, Thu s v l 1 t chc quc t c 199 thnh vin.

- Nhng tiu chun quc t ISO l t nguyn, tc l khng c 1 s p buc no v mt lut php cc nc thnh vin trong vic tun th.

- Tuy nhin, cc nc thnh vin cng nh cc ngnh cng nghip thng ly cc tiu chun ISO nh l cc yu cu cho vic xc tin kinh doanh sn xut, do vy cc tiu chun ny c coi nh l bt buc. Ty theo tng nc mc tham gia xy dng cc tiu chun ISO c khc nhau.

- 1 s nc, t chc tiu chun ho l cc c quan chnh thc hay bn chnh thc ca chnh ph . Ti Vit Nam, t chc tiu chun ho l Tng cc Tiu chun o lng-Cht lng thuc B Khoa hc Cng ngh.

4.2.2. Bi cnh ra i cc tiu chun ISO 14000 Hi ngh Thng nh Rio 1992 v vng m phn Uruguay ca Hip nh chung

v Thu quan v Mu dch (GATT) 1993 nhu cu v tiu chun ho qun l mi trng nhm bo v mi trng ng thi gim hng ro phi thu quan trong thng mi.

Nm 1993, b tiu chun ISO 9000 (Tiu chun m bo cht lng v qun l cht lng) t c nhiu thnh cng v c chp nhn rng ri trn th gii, do vy t chc Quc t v Tiu chun ha ISO bt u hng ti lnh vc qun l mi trng. Sau ISO thnh lp y ban k thut TC207 gm 6 tiu ban chun b cho cc tiu chun v qun l mi trng.

Sau , cc tiu chun mi thuc seri ISO14000 ln lt ra i ch ra cc kha cnh khc nhau ca vic qun l mi trng, trong 2 tiu chun ISO 14001 v 14004 l v EMS. Bng sau y l mt s tiu chun chnh thc nm trong danh mc cc tiu chun b ISO 14000:

Bng 3.2. Mt s tiu chun chnh thc trong danh mc b tiu chun ISO 14000

Tn gi (Standard

title)

Ch (Description)

ISO 14001 1996

H thng qun l MT - Chi tit hng dn s dng. (Environmental Management Systems - Specification with Guidance for Use)

ISO 14004 1996

H thng qun l MT - Hng dn chung v nguyn tc, h thng v k thut h tr. (Environmental Management Systems - General guidelines on principles, systems and supporting techniques)

ISO 14010 1996

Cc hng dn v kim ton mi trng - Cc nguyn tc chung (Guidelines for environmental auditing - General principles of environmental auditing)

ISO 14011 1996

Cc hng dn v kim ton mi trng - Cc th tc kim ton - Phn 1: Kim ton h thng QLMT. (Guidelines for environmental auditing - Audit procedures - Part 1: Auditing of environmental management systems)

ISO 14012 1996

Cc hng dn v kim ton mi trng - Chun c trnh cho kim ton vin (Guidelines for environmental auditing - Qualification criteria for environmental auditors)

ISO 14013/15 Cc hng dn v kim ton mi trng - Cc chng trnh, xem xt v nh gi v kim ton mi trng. (Guidelines for Environmental Auditing - Audit Programmes, Reviews & Assessments)

ISO 14020 1998

Nhn mi trng - Cc nguyn tc chung (Environmental labelling - General Principles)

ISO 14040 1997

Qun l MT - nh gi vng i sn phm - Cc nguyn l v c cu. (Environmental Management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and Framework)

ISO 14041 1998

Qun l MT - nh gi vng i sn phm - Mc tiu, phm vi v phn tch kim k (Environmental Management - Life cycle assessment - Objectives, Scopes and Inventory Analysis)

4.2.3. H thng qun l mi trng v ISO 14001/1996 EMS l 1 phng php ton din v lin tc qun l cc vn mi trng theo

nguyn tc: Lp k hoch Thc hin - Kim tra - Ci tin (PLAN, DO, CHECK,

ACT), kt hp cc nh hng v mi trng vo trong cc hot ng hng ngy ca cng vic sn xut v qun l ca mt t chc (nh my, x nghip...)

Hnh 4.4. Chu trnh tun hon ca mt EMS

Cc tiu chun in hnh v EMS

BS7750 ca Anh (1992) EMAS ca Cng ng Chu u (1995) Cc tiu chun ISO 14001 v ISO 14004 (1996) ca T chc Quc t v Tiu

chun ha (ISO) Cc tiu chun tng ng ca Vit Nam TCVN ISO 14001: 1998 tng ng vi ISO 14001:1996

TCVN 14004:1997 tng ng vi ISO 14004:1996

Cu trc ca 1 EMS c th khc nhau ph thuc vo cu trc, kch c, cc hot ng, sn phm v dch v ca 1 t chc. Tuy nhin, thng dng nht l cu trc theo tiu chun ca ISO 14001 v tiu chun ny gip cho 1 doanh nghip c cp chng nhn quc t ISO 14001 v EMS. Nh vy, ISO 14001 c th ho nhng yu cu i vi mt h thng qun l mi trng theo mt t chc hay mt cng ty s c mt t chc th 3 khc chng nhn. Nhng yu cu bao gm 5 yu t c bn sau y:

1. Chnh sch mi trng 2. Lp k hoch, gm

Cc kha cnh mi trng

Cc yu cu php lut v cc yu cu khc

Cc mc tiu v ch tiu mi trng

Chng trnh qun l mi trng

3. Thc hin v iu hnh

C cu v trch nhim

o

to,

nhn

thc

v

nn

g

lc

Chng 5

HIN TRNG V TIM NNG CA SN XUT SCH HN

5.1. Sn xut sch hn v pht trin bn vng T khong hn mi lm nm nay, pht trin bn vng (PTBV) tr thnh mt

khi nim rt ph bin. Khi nim ny hin ang c mt trn hu ht cc tiu ca cc tp ch Mi trng, ginh v tr quan trng trn 8.730.000 trang web v lin quan cht ch n tiu ch hot ng ca v s cc chng trnh v cc t chc. Hin nay, khi nhc n s pht trin kinh t hay x hi, pht trin quc gia hay a phng, pht trin ton cu hay khu vc tt c cc s pht trin u c hiu v hng theo theo ngha PTBV. Tuy nhin, nh ngha c chp nhn rng ri nht li cng rt m h: Pht trin bn vng l s pht trin nhm tha mn cc yu cu th h hin ti nhng khng tn hi n kh nng ca cc th h tng lai trong vic p ng cc yu cu ca chnh h (Bo co Brudland, 1987). Ni mt cch d hiu th PTBV l s pht trin kinh t trong s hi ho vi mi trng sinh thi v x hi.

- V mt kinh t, cn phi phn bit gia pht trin v tng trng. Tng trng ch ch trng ti vt cht v s lng, tch ly v bnh trng trong khi pht trin quan tm ti tim nng, cht lng, s phc v con ngi mt cch ton din c v vt cht ln tinh thn. PTBV v mt kinh t i nghch vi gia tng sn xut khng gii hn, chinh phc th trng bng mi cch, thng mi ha v tm li nhun ti a. PTBV kinh t i hi phi cn nhc nh hng by gi hay sau ny ca hot ng sn xut v tng trng kinh t ln cht lng cuc sng, xem xt xem ci g s b ph phm, nh hng.

- V mt x hi, bn vng c ngha l m bo x hi cng bng, cuc sng bnh an. S PTBV i hi phi phng tai bin, khng c ngi sng ngoi l x hi hoc b x hi rung b. X hi ca mt nc khng th PTBV nu c mt tng lp x hi b gt ra ngoi tin trnh pht trin quc gia. Th gii s khng c PTBV v mt x hi nu tnh mng ca mt phn nhn loi b e da v bnh tt, i ngho, thin tai, ... PTBV v mt x hi c ngha con ngi c mi trng sng hi ha, cng bng v c an sinh.

- PTBV v phng din mi trng c ngha l phi bo m kh nng hi phc ca h sinh thi, mc s dng ti nguyn ti to phi thp hn tc ti sinh, vic s dng ti nguyn khng ti to phi ty thuc vo kh nng tm ra c cc nguyn liu thay th. Sau cng, mc nhim phi thp hn kh nng phc hi v ti to ca mi trng, mi sinh. Kinh t ch l mt b phn ca h sinh thi v pht trin kinh t phi bo ton s cn bng sinh thi.

- Trong cc ngnh cng nghip sn xut, cc nc pht trin cng nh ang pht trin thng a ra cc cng ngh sn xut m khng nhn ra rng h s phi tr gi x l nhim do nhng cng ngh ny gy ra. H cho rng 1 s cn bng s c thit lp gia pht trin kinh t v mi trng v rng phi chp nhn 1 mc nhim no y c c s pht trin kinh t. Tuy nhin lp lun ny hin nay khng cn thch hp. SXSH c th gim thiu hay loi b nhu cu cn bng gia pht trin kinh t v mi trng. Hin nay, SXSH c bit quan trng i vi cc nc ang trn con ng

chuyn dch c cu kinh t. SXSH to ra c hi bc nhy vt vt qua cc cng ngh c c s dng lu nay m vn cn tiu tn nhiu tin cho vic kim sot nhim do cc cng ngh ny gy ra. Nh vy c th ni rng SXSH l mt trong nhng cng c h tr c lc nht cho s PTBV.

Bng 1.2. Mt s v d SXSH gip gii quyt cc vn mi trng

Vn mi trng Gii php phng nga nhim trong SXSH (Tho lun trong lp hc)

Suy gim tng ozon Thay th tt c cc cht lm suy gim tng ozon bng cc cht an ton

Nng ln ton cu Thay th nhin liu ha thch bng nng lng mt tri

Bo tn nng lng

Pht sinh cc cht thi rn v cht thi nguy hi.

Thay i cc dy chuyn sn xut v nguyn liu

Mua cc sn phm m cng ngh sn xut ra chng to ra t cht thi nguy hi hn v khng cha cc cht c

Mua cc sn phm bn

Mua cc sn phm t c

Ti s dng cc sn phm

Yu cu dng t bao gi cho sn phm

Ma acid S dng than sch (c hm lng lu hunh thp) cho cc nh my in S dng cc ngun nng lng ti to c

Sng m quang ho

S dng t chy bng in hay cc nhin liu thay th

Thay th cc sn phm to ra nhiu cht hu c d bay hi nh kep xt tc, sn, bnh nc hoa,...

5.2. Cc li ch ca sn xut sch hn Ni mt cch tng qut, SXSH va l cng c qun l, cng c kinh t, cng c

bo v mi trng v l cng c nng cao cht lng sn phm. SXSH gip:

Tit kim ti chnh v ci thin hiu qu sn xut do tit kim chi ph do vic s dng nc, nng lng, nguyn liu hiu qu hn, chi ph x l cui ng ng, chi ph loi b cc cht thi rn, nc thi, kh thi,

Nng cao hiu sut hot ng ca nh my,

Nng cao mc n nh sn xut v cht lng sn phm,

Gim s dng ti nguyn thin nhin thng qua cc bin php thu hi v ti s dng cht thi,

Ti s dng cc bn thnh phm c gi tr,

Ci thin mi trng lm vic c lin quan n sc kho v an ton lao ng cho cng nhn,

Gim nhim,

To nn 1 hnh nh tt hn v doanh nghip, nng cao tnh linh hot v kh nng cnh tranh ca doanh nghip

Chp hnh tt hn cc qui nh v mi trng, gip cc ngnh cng nghip xut khu p ng c cc tiu chun quc t v mi trng,

Tip cn ti chnh d dng hn,

Nng cao hiu bit v qu trnh sn xut, cc chi ph, cc vn v mi trng trong ni b doanh nghip v nng cao nhn thc, tinh thn trch nhim ca cng nhn thng qua s tham gia tgrc tip ca h vo qu trnh thc hin SXSH.

- C rt nhiu v d v s trin khai thnh cng ca SXSH cc nc cng nghip, chng trnh WRAP (gim cht thi i i vi gim chi ph) ct gim pht thi 58 cht gy nhim xung hn mt na vo nm 1995 v ang tip tc gim nhiu hn. Newzealand cc cng ty tit kim c t 50 - 100% chi ph hng nm nh gim thiu cht thi v ni no ti s dng cht thi cn thu c li nhun. Thi gian thu hi vn trong mt s trng hp ch vi ngy hoc vi tun.

- Cc nc ng u v Cng ng cc quc gia c lp (CIS) cng ang bt u quan tm nghim chnh ti sn xut sch. Lithuania, vo nhng nm 1950 ch c 4% cc Cng ty trin khai sn xut sch, con s ny tng ln 35% vo nhng nm 1990. cng ho Sc, 24 trng hp nghin cu p dng sn xut sch cho thy cht thi cng nghip pht sinh gim gn 22000 tn mt nm, bao gm c 10.000 tn cht thi nguy hi. Nc thi gim 12.000 m3 mt nm. Li ch kinh t c tnh khong 2,4 t la M hng nm.

- Ngy nay, SXSH c p dng thnh cng c cc nc ang pht trin nh Trung Quc, n , CH Sc, Tanzania, Mhic, v.v... v ang c cng nhn l mt cch tip cn ch ng, ton din trong qun l mi trng cng nghip. Mt nh my xi mng Inonxia bng vic p dng sn xut sch tit kim 35.000 USD mt nm. Thi gian thu hi vn u t cho sn xut sch khng n