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Gregory A. Jicha, M.D. Ph.D.Assistant Professor of NeurologyUK Alzheimer’s Disease CenterUK Alzheimer s Disease CenterSanders‐Brown Center on Aging
There are now more than 5 million people in the United States living with Alzheimer’s, almost 8 h i KY80,000 here in KY
Every 72 seconds, someone develops Alzheimer’s, i h d i KY l with 3 to 4 new cases per day in KY alone
Kentucky ranks 8th in state death rates/100,000 l f l hpopulation for Alzheimer’s
Kentucky ranks 13th in state rates for nursing home residents with cognitive impairment
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The direct and indirect costs of Alzheimer’s and other dementias amount to more than $148 billion annually
d b ll d In 2005, Medicare spent $91 billion (compared to $117 billion on the Iraq war) for persons with Alzheimer’s and other dementias projected to Alzheimer s and other dementias, projected to increase to $160 billion by 2010 and $189 billion by 2015y 5
Congress spent only $647 million on AD research in 2005
DSM IV CriteriaDSM‐IV Criteria
Memory and at least one other cog domain involvedinvolved
Impaired general cognitive function
Social, educational, occupational function impairedp
No medically reversible cause found
Alzheimer’s disease (NINDS ADRDA)Alzheimer s disease (NINDS‐ADRDA)
•Dementia by DSM‐III‐R/V criteria
•Deficits in two or more areas of cognition•Deficits in two or more areas of cognition
•Progressive worsening of memory and cognitive dysfunction
•Onset age 40 90•Onset age 40‐90
•Absence of other systemic/brain disorders
HypertensionDi i Diagnosis
Treatment Adaptation to disease process Adaptation to disease process Prevention of complications End stage of the disease process End stage of the disease process
Drug Trade Name Diuretics (partial list)Chlorthalidone (G)‐HygrotonHydrochlorothiazide (G)‐Hydrodiuril, Microzide, EsidrixIndapamide‐ LozolMetolazone‐Mykrox, Zaroxolyn
Loop diureticsBumetanide (G)‐ Bumex
Calcium antagonistsNondihydropyridinesDiltiazem hydrochloride‐ Cardizem SR, CardizemCD, Dilacor XR, TiazacVerapamil hydrochloride‐ Isoptin SR, Calan SR Verelan, Covera HS
DihydropyridinesAmlodipine besylate‐ Norvasc
ACE inhibitors and diureticsBenazepril hydrochloride and hydrochlorothiazide‐Lotensin HCTCaptopril and hydrochlorothiazide‐ CapozideEnalapril maleate and hydrochlorothiazide‐VasereticLisinopril and hydrochlorothiazide‐ Prinzide, Zestoretic
Bumetanide (G) BumexEthacrynic acid‐ EdecrinFurosemide (G)‐ LasixTorsemide‐ Demadex
Potassium‐sparing agentsAmiloride hydrochloride (G)‐MidamorSpironolactone (G‐ AldactoneTriamterene (G)‐Dyrenium
Amlodipine besylate NorvascFelodipine‐ PlendilIsradipine‐DynaCirc, DynaCirc CRNicardipine‐Cardene SRNifedipine‐Procardia XL, Adalat CCNisoldipine‐ Sular
ACE inhibitorsBenazepril hydrochloride‐ LotensinCaptopril (G)‐ Capoten
l l l
Angiotensin II receptor antagonists and diurecticsLosartan potassium and hydrochlorothiazide‐Hyzaar
Calcium antagonists and ACE inhibitorsAmlodipin besylate and benazepril hydrochloride‐LotrelDiltiazem hydrochloride and enalapril maleate‐Teczem
Adrenergic inhibitorsPeripheral agentsReserpine (G)‐ SerpasilCentral alpha‐agonistsClonidinehydrochloride (G)‐ CatapresGuanabenz acetate (G)‐WytensinGuanfacine hydrochloride (G)‐ TenexMethyldopa (G)‐Aldomet
Al h bl k
Enalapril maleate‐ VasotecFosinopril sodium‐MonoprilLisinopril‐ Prinivil, ZestrilMoexipril‐UnivascQuinapril hydrochloride‐ AccuprilRamipril‐AltaceTrandolapril‐Mavik
Angiotensin II receptor blockersLosartan potassium‐ Cozaar
TeczemVerapamil hydrochloride (extended release) and trandolapril Tarka‐ Felodipine and enalaprilmaleate‐ Lexxel
Other combinations Triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide‐ Dyazide, Maxide Spironolactone and hydrochlorothiazideAldactazideAmiloride hydrochloride and hydrochlorothiazideModuretic
Alpha‐blockersDoxazosin mesylate‐ CarduraPrazosin hydrochloride (G)‐MinipressTerazosin hydrochloride‐ Hytrin
Beta‐blockersAcebutolol‐ SectralAtenolol (G)‐ TenorminBetaxolol‐ KerloneBisoprolol fumarate‐ ZebetaCarteolol hydrochloride‐ Cartrol
Losartan potassium CozaarValsartan‐ DiovanIrbesartan‐ Avapro
(G) indicates generic available.
DrugTrade Name (Combination Drugs) Beta‐adrenergic blockers and diuretics
Guanethidine monosulfate and hydrochlorothiazideEsimilHydralazine hydrochloride and hydrochlorothiazideApresazideMethyldopa and hydrochlorothiazideAldorilReserpine and hydrochlorothiazideHydropresReserpine hydralazine hydrochloride, and hydrochlorothiazidey
Metoprolol tartrate (G)‐ LopressorMetoprolol succinate‐ Toprol‐XLNadolol (G)‐ CorgardPenbutolol sulfate‐ LevatolPindolol (G)‐ ViskenPropranolol hydrochloride (G)‐ Inderal, Inderal LATimolol maleate (G)‐ Blocadren
Combined alpha‐ and beta‐blockersC dil l C
Atenolol and chlorthalidone‐ TenoreticBisoprolol fumarate and hydrochlorothiazide‐ ZiacMetoprolol tartrate and hydrochlorothiazide‐Lopressor HCTNadolol and bendroflumethiazide‐ CorzidePropranolol hydrochloride and hydrochlorothiazide‐ InderidePropranolol hydrochloride and hydrochlorothiazide (extended release)‐ Inderide LATimolol maleate and hydrochlorothiazide‐ Timolide
ySer‐Ap‐EsClonidine hydrochloride and chlorthalidoneCombipresMethyldopa and chlorothiazideAldochlorReserpine and chlorthalidoneDemi‐RegrotonReserpine and chlorothiazideDiupresPrazosin hydrochloride and polythiazideMinizideCarvedilol‐ Coreg
Labetalol hydrochloride (G)‐Normodyne, Trandate
Direct vasodilatorsHydralazine hydrochloride (G)‐ApresolineMinoxidil (G)‐ Loniten
Minizide
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Neoplasm CVD
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AD
15
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Dea
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235
240
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Dea
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1906‐ first description of Auguste D. age 51
1976‐ cholinergic deficit in AD discovered
1984‐ b‐amyloid discovered as key component of AD plaques
1986‐ tau protein discovered as key component of NFT
1) APP is a membrane‐bound glycoprotein that
2)APP is normally cleaved by ‐secretase and ‐
3) ‐amyloid is toxic to cells and accumulates in brain g y p
may serve as a growth factor in injury and repair
secretase, but in AD, ‐secretase is active
tissue as amyloid plaques, a hallmark of the diseaseinjury and repair of the disease
Check for reversible causes of dementia MMSE or other bedside cognitive testing? MMSE or other bedside cognitive testing? Imaging studies? MRI PET SPECT PIB MRI, PET, SPECT, PIB
Genetic testing? ApoE status ApoE status
Biomarkers?CSF l id & t CSF amyloid & tau
V‐subdural hematoma, reversible posterior l k h l hleukoencephalopathy
I‐Syphilis, HIV, PML T‐trauma, NPH, drugs A‐SLE, Sjogren’s, MS M‐Thyroid, Wernicke’s, Wilson’s, SCD (B12) I‐Vasculitis, Hashimoto’s N‐neoplasm, limbic encephalitis S‐nonconvulsive status (EPC)
Clinical cause of MCI following Medical evaluation per AAN practice parameter
Probable degenerative
B12 deficiencyB12 deficiency
thyroid dysfunction
vascular
NPH
SDH
Benzodiazepines: valium, ativanp , NSAIDs: ASA, ibuprofen, indomethacin, naproxen, sulindac Antidepressants: TCAs, SSRIs Anticonvulsants: PHT VPA CBZ PHB Anticonvulsants: PHT, VPA, CBZ, PHB Antihypertensives: B‐blockers, Ca‐channel blockers H2 receptor antagonists: cimetidine, ranitidine Antibiotics: Cephalexin, metronidazole, fluoroquinolones Anticholinergics: Benztropine, trihexiphenidyl Antiarrhythmics: disopyramide, quinidine, tocanaide, amiodaroney py , q , , Antiparkinson agents: L‐DOPA, pergolide, bromocriptine Muscle relaxants: Baclofen, cyclobenzaprine, methocarbamol Others: antihistamines/decongestants digoxin steroids narcotics Others: antihistamines/decongestants, digoxin, steroids, narcotics
1. Memory loss. Difficulty performing familiar tasks 2. Difficulty performing familiar tasks.
3. Problems with language. Di i t ti t ti d l4. Disorientation to time and place.
5. Poor or decreased judgment. bl h b h k6. Problems with abstract thinking.
7. Misplacing things. 8. Changes in mood or behavior. 9. Changes in personality. 10.Loss of initiative.
Shoghi‐Jadid K, et al. Localization of neurofibrillary tangles and beta‐amyloid plaques in the brains of living patients with Alzheimer disease
Rowe CC et al., Imaging beta‐amyloid burden in aging and dementia. Neurology. 2007 May 15;68(20):1718‐25.
POPULATION AD
E2 8%
E3 77%
E2 4%
E3 58%E3 77%
E4 15%
E3 58%
E4 38%4 5 4 3
Petersen et al., JAMA 1995;273:1274‐1278
No proven serum biomarkers
CSF amyloid and tau are commercially available
Not proven yet
Not covered by most insurance
BiomarkerBiomarker SensitivitySensitivity SpecificitySpecificity Sample (n)Sample (n)
CSF total tauCSF total tau 81.481.4 91.591.5 30273027
CSF CSF phosphophospho--tautau 81.381.3 91.291.2 15881588phosphophospho tautau
CSF AB42CSF AB42 85.985.9 88.588.5 12011201
CSF AB+tauCSF AB+tau 89.389.3 90.290.2 11951195
Blennow K, NeuroRx. 2004 Apr;1(2):213‐25. Review
SecondarySecondaryPreventionPrevention TreatmentTreatmentPrimaryPrimary
PreventionPreventionIntervention:Intervention:
NormalNormal ADADPrePre--
symptomatic symptomatic ADAD
Mild Mild Cognitive Cognitive
ImpairmentImpairment
Clinical Clinical StateState
No DiseaseNo DiseaseNo SymptomsNo Symptoms
Early BrainEarly BrainChangesChanges
No S mptomsNo S mptoms
AD Brain AD Brain ChangesChanges
Mild S mptomsMild S mptoms
Moderate toModerate toSevere Severe
ImpairmentImpairment
BrainBrainPathologic Pathologic StateState
Disease ProgressionDisease Progression
No SymptomsNo Symptoms No SymptomsNo Symptoms Mild SymptomsMild Symptoms ImpairmentImpairmentStateState
Disease ProgressionDisease Progression
National Institute on Aging, USANational Institute on Aging, USA..
AD Research: the Search for Causes
Scientists examine characteristics, lifestyles, and disease rates f f l t th l b t ibl f AD
Epidemiologic Studies
of groups of people to gather clues about possible causes of AD. The NIA is currently funding epidemiologic studies in a variety of different groups. Two of the studies focus on religious communities Researchers conduct yearly exams of physical and communities. Researchers conduct yearly exams of physical and mental status, and studies of donated brains at autopsy. Some early results indicate:
• Mentally stimulating activity protects the brain in some ways.
• In early life, higher skills in grammar and density of ideas are associated with protection against AD in late life.
2,528 subjects 4 year duration4 y NSAIDs actually actually increased the risk of developing AD
ADAPT Research Group, Neurology. 2007 May 22;68(21):1800‐8.
AD Research: the Search for TreatmentsDrugs used to treat mild to moderate AD symptoms include:
• Aricept (donepezil)
• Exelon (rivastigmine)Exelon (rivastigmine)
• Razadyne (galantamine)
• Namenda (memantine)
• These drugs can help improve some patients’ abilities to carry out activities up to a year or so, but they do not stop or reverse AD.
Scientists are also studying agents that someday may be useful in preventing AD. For example, they have experimented with a vaccine against AD. Although the first clinical trial was stopped due to side effects in some participants, valuable information was gathered.
e of
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.5.5
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. PU
.S. P
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DelayDelay
5522
Delay Delay (years)(years)
20072007 20172017 20272027 20372037 20472047
YY
00
19971997 20072007 20172017 YearYear
Brookheimer et al. Brookheimer et al. Am J Pub HealthAm J Pub Health. 1998;88:1337. 1998;88:1337--1342.1342.
‐6Improve
0
6
Decline in ADAS‐Cog scorebased on the natural history of
12
18
based on the natural history ofuntreated patients with moderateAlzheimer’s disease* Decline
0 6 12
Cumulative Weeks From Baseline of the Double‐blind Study
9862 74 8526 38 5014
Rogers SL, Friedhoff, LT. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1998;8:67‐75.*Stern RG, et al. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:390‐396.
Normal functionNormal functionNormal functionNormal function
Alzheimer’s Alzheimer’s diseasedisease
Treated with Treated with M tiM tiMemantineMemantine
Tariot PN. Farlow MR. Grossberg GT. Graham SM. McDonald S. Gergel I. Memantine Study Group. Memantine treatment in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer disease already receiving donepezil: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 291(3):317‐24, 2004 Jan 21.
100%Mi i l i t
Level of detection
Minimal improvement seen in most cases
ction Or here?
of F
unc
Leve
l
In several years do you want to be here?
TIME
you want to be here?
100%
Level of detection
ction
Or here?
Or here?
of F
unc Or here?
Or here?
Leve
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TIME
you want to be here? Or here?
5C 5
5
Case 1: 1995
3
5
72 yo ♂
Forgetful
No functional impairment 5
3
No functional impairment
Tests normal
Dx: “worried well”2
1
33
1
11
30
4C 6 4
5
Case 1: 1996
3
5
73 yo ♂
More forgetful
No functional impairment 5
1
No functional impairment
Memory tests abnormal
Dx: MCI2
1
33
1
11
28
Cognitive ContinuumCognitive Continuum
NormalNormal
Mild CognitiveMild CognitiveImpairmentImpairmentpp
D tiD tiDementiaDementia
30 16
20
25
MiniMini 10
12
14
LogicalLogical
10
15
MiniMini--mental mental state state examexam 6
8
10LogicalLogicalmemorymemoryIIII
0
5
10
0
2
4
0NormalNormal MCIMCI ADAD
General cognitionGeneral cognition
0NormalNormal MCIMCI ADAD
MemoryMemory
Petersen RC et al: Arch Neurol 56:303‐308, 1999
MCI MCI AD 12%/yrAD 12%/yr Control Control AD 1AD 1--2%/yr2%/yr100100
80
90
80
90
60
70
60
70
5050Initial 12 24 36 48exam Months
Initial 12 24 36 48exam Months
Petersen RC et al: Arch Neurol 56:303Petersen RC et al: Arch Neurol 56:303--308, 1999308, 1999
Neuro‐imaging with MRINeuro imaging with MRI
Jack CR. In Mild Cognitive Impairment. Ed. RC Petersen, Oxford University Press 2003
MCI: Conversion to DementiaMCI: Conversion to Dementia100
75
St blSt blW W 00
50StableStable(%)(%)
25--2.5 < W <2.5 < W < 00
WW 2 52 50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6YearsYears
W W --2.52.5
Jack CR. In Mild Cognitive Impairment. Ed. RC Petersen, Oxford University Press 2003
‐6Improve
0
6
Decline in ADAS‐Cog scorebased on the natural history of
12
18
based on the natural history ofuntreated patients with moderateAlzheimer’s disease* Decline
0 6 12
Cumulative Weeks From Baseline of the Double‐blind Study
9862 74 8526 38 5014
Rogers SL, Friedhoff, LT. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1998;8:67‐75.*Stern RG, et al. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:390‐396.
1C 4
Case 1: 2000
3
5
77 yo ♂
Starting to have trouble with ADLs
Multiple cognitive domains abnormal 5
0
Multiple cognitive domains abnormal
Dx: Early AD
2
1
33
1
11
22
0C 0
Case 1: 200481 yo ♂
Even basic ADLs affected
1
0
Even basic ADLs affected
Severely fragmented cognitive function
Prominent behavioral changes 0
0
Dx: Late stage AD
1
1
1
0
00
4
Tariot PN. Farlow MR. Grossberg GT. Graham SM. McDonald S. Gergel I. Memantine Study Group. Memantine treatment in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer disease already receiving donepezil: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 291(3):317‐24, 2004 Jan 21.
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AD
15
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17
18
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Dea
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230
235
240
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Dea
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tes
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
196
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pula
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Neoplasm CVD
190
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1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Dea
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1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Dea
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22
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AD
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1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Dea
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1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Dea
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tes
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
196
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pula
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tion
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Neoplasm CVD
190
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1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Dea
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53
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1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Dea
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