guram TavarTqilaZis saxelobis Tbilisis saswavlo ... · n. parinosi — meomari qalebi — amerikuli da qarTuli sinamdvile ... zemoTqmuli niSnavs, rom samarTlis normis kvleva ar SeiZleba

guram TavarTqilaZis saxelobis

Tbilisis saswavlo universitetis

samecniero SromaTa krebuli

#8

gamodis 2011 wlidan

gamomcemloba ùniversali~

Tbilisi 2018

saredaqcio sabWo

mTavari redaqtori — giorgi maTiaSvili,

reqtori, profesori

mTavari redaqtoris moadgile — maia ukleba,

profesori.

sabWos wevrebi:

gela aladaSvili, profesori;

nona axalaSvili, profesori;

Cerek bustra, gTunis sapatio doqtori (ni-

derlandebi);

inga diakoniZe, profesori;

valeri vaSakiZe, profesori;

marina vekua, profesori;

amiran TavarTqilaZe, profesori;

sergei iakubovski, profesori (ukraina);

givi lobJaniZe, profesori;

amid nizhadi, profesori (aSS);

rainhard paulingi, profesori (germania);

Taliko Jvania, profesori;

iorn van rii, profesori, inholandis uni-

versiteti, (niderlandebi);

Jil rue, profesori (safrangeTi);

Sengeli ficxelauri, profesori;

roman Sengelia, profesori;

lali CageliSvili-aglaZe, profesori;

barbara hainesi, profesori (aSS);

nikoloz ficxelauri, asoc. profesori.

EDITORIAL BOARD

Chief Editor – Giorgi Matiashvili, Rector, Professor

Vice Chief Editor — Maia Ukleba, Professor

BOARD MEMBERS:

Gela Aladashvili, Professor;

Nona Akhalashvili, Professor;

Tjerk Busstra, Honorary Doctor of GTUNI (The

Netherlands);

Inga Diakonidze, Professor;

Valeri Vashakidze, Professor;

Marina Vekua, Professor;

Amiran Tavartkiladze, Professor;

Sergei Yakubovskyi, Professor (Ukrain);

Givi Lobzhanidze, Professor

Hameed Nezhad (USA);

Reinhard Pauling, Professor (Germany);

Taliko Zhvania, Professor;

Jorn van Rij, Professor, Inholland University (The

Netherlands);

Gilles Rouet, Professor (France);

Shengeli Pitskhelauri, Professor

Roman Shengelia, Professor;

Lali Chagelishvili-Agladze, Professor;

Barbara B. Hines, Professor (USA);

Nikoloz Pitskhelauri, Associate Professor

ISSN 2587-4543

© Sps guram TavarTqilaZis saxelobis Tbilisis saswavlo universiteti, 2018

gamomcemloba ùniversali~, 2019 Tbilisi, 0186, a. politkovskaias #4, : 5(99) 33 52 02, 5(99) 17 22 30

E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS OF GURAM TAVARTKILADZE TBILISI TEACHING

UNIVERSITY VOLUME #8

Published since 2011

Publishing House “UNIVERSAL” Tbilisi 2018

Sps guram TavarTqilaZis saxelobis Tbilisis saswavlo universitetis yovelwliur, mra-

valdargobriv samecniero SromaTa krebulSi warmodgenili naSromebi eZRvneba samarTlis,

ekonomikis, socialur da humanitarul mecnierebaTa aqtualuri sakiTxebis kvlevas.

gamocemis mizania, xeli Seuwyos qarTveli da ucxoeli avtorebis, gansakuTrebiT,

axalgazrda specialistebis, mecnieruli Ziebis gaRrmavebas, originaluri koncefciebis

warmoCenas, akademiuri kontaqtebis gafarToebas da erToblivi samecniero-kvleviTi proeqte-

bis Seqmnas, saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier gaxorcielebuli saqmianobis Se-

degad SemoTavazebuli daskvnebisa da rekomendaciebis gaSuqebas.

The papers presented in annual, multi-branch journal —Scientific Proceedings of Guram Tavartkiladze Tbilisi

Teaching University – cover the acute problems of economic, social, humanitarian and law sciences.

The purpose of the journal is to foster the scientific research carried out by Georgian and foreign authors,

especially those conducted by young specialists; reveal and encourage original conceptions; broaden academic contacts

and create joint scientific and research projects; highlight the conclusions and recommendations offered by international

organizations, as a consequence of their work carried out in Georgia.

5

S i n a a r s i C O N T E N T S

s a m a r T l i s m e c n i e r e b e b i

S C I E N C E S O F L A W

T. darsania — bralis aspeqtisaTvis religiaSi .................................................................................... 7 T. Darsania — Aspect of Fault in Religion

q. zaqareiSvili — xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebisa da keTilsindisierebis principebis gavlena standartul pirobebze ................................................................................................................ 12 K. Zakareisvhvili — Influence of the principles of contract freedom and good faith on standard terms of contract Bence Kis Kelemen — Targeted killing, armed drones and the international law of use of force ............ 15 g. lobJaniZe — qarTveli ciceroni, luarsab andronikaSvili ....................................................... 27 G. Lobzhanidze — Georgian Tsitseroni, Luarsab AndronikaShvili r. Sengelia, e. Sengelia — savaluto urTierTobaTa samarTlebrivi regulirebis safuZvlebi........................................................................................................................................................ 31 R. Shengelia, E. Shengelia — Fundamentals of legal regulation of currency relations

e k o n o m i k i s m e c n i e r e b e b i

S C I E N C E O F E C O N O M I C S

g. aladaSvili — samewarmeo ekosistemis Seswavlis aspeqtebi ........................................................ 37 G. Aladashvili — Aspects of Studying Entrepreneurship Ecosystem d. vekua. — siRaribe- saqarTvelos ganviTarebis muxruWi ................................................................ 42 D. Vekua — Poverty — as major spoiler of Georgia’s development

s. TevdoraZe — PR strategiebi turistuli produqtis bazarze winwawevis kompleqsSi....... 47 S.Tevdoradze — PR Strategies for the Tourism Product Promotion in the Market

T. kurtaniZe — saqveiTo quCebis ganviTarebis tendencia................................................................ 51 T.Kurtanidze — Pedestrian Street Development Tendencies z. laoSvili, a. iremaSvili, s. kviJinaZe, l. grigolia — gis monacemTa organizebis principebi ............................................................................................................................................................ 55 Z.Laoshvili, A.Iremashvili, S. Kvizhinadze, L.Grigolia — GIS Data Organizing Principles T. Jvania, S. kapanaZe — Rrublovani teqnologiebis gamoyenebis perspeqtivebi turizmSi.... 62 T. Zhvania, Sh. Kapanadze — Prospects of Cloud Technologies in Tourism Л. Табатадзе — Управление и успех международного предпринимательства .................................................. 67 L. Tabatadze — Management and Success of International Entrepreneurship m. ukleba — spa turizmi — mniSvnelovani trendi saqarTvelos rekreaciuli turizmisTvis..... 70 M. Ukleba — SPA Tourism –Significant Trend for Georgian Recreational Tourism

n. jerenaSvili — agrobiznesis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi ............................................................. 75 N. Jerenashvili — Development of Agrobusiness in Georgia

6

s o c i l u r i d a h u m a n i t a r u l i m e c n i e r e b e b i H U M A N I T Y A N D S O C I A L S C I E N C E S

i. gersamia — pirovnebaTSorisi urTierTobis roli bavSvis socialuri adaptaciis procesSi ............................................................................................................................................................ 78 I. Gersamia — The Role of Interpersonal Relations in the Process of Child’s Social Adaptation

n. gogiCaSvili — selfi — diagnozi, TviTprezentacia Tu kulturis atributi? ..................... 83 N. Gogichashvili — Selfie-diagnosis, self-presentation or the attribute of social culture? i. diakoniZe — interkulturuli intervenciis mniSvneloba saerTaSoriso mobilobis studentisaTvis............................................................................................................................................... 92 I. Diakonidze — Significance of Intercultural Interventions for the Internationally Mobile Students

m. kldiaSvili — autizmis neirobiologiuri meqanizmebi................................................................ 96 M. Kldiashvili — Neurobiological Mechanisms of Autism

n. lomsaZe, n. boWoriSvili — xelovnuri inteleqti, axali interfeisi enis swavlebaSi ..... 101 N. Lomsadze, N. Bochorishvili — Artificial Intelligence the New Interface in Language Teaching n. lomsaZe, n. boWoriSvili — edmodo socialuri qseli tradiciuli swavlebis WrilSi .... 104 N. Lomsadze, N. Bochorishvili — Edmodo a social networking teaching website within traditional approach T. merabiSvili, i. ioseliani — Tanamedrove metyvelebis figuraluri paradigmebi............. 107 T. Merabishvili, I. Ioseliani — Figurative Paradigms in Contemporary Speechmaking T. merabiSvili, i. ioseliani — cvlilebebi ganaTlebis sistemaSi Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi.................................................................................................................................................. 110 T. Merabishvili, I. Ioseliani — Contemporary changes of education in modern society

T. merabiSvili — arasrulfasovnebis gancda, danaSaulis gancda da TviTSefasebis problema............................................................................................................................................................ 113 T.Merabishvili — Complex of Inferiority, feeling of guilt and self-esteem problem

n. parinosi — meomari qalebi — amerikuli da qarTuli sinamdvile (me-18 saukunidan dRemde)................................................................................................................................ 120 N. Parinos — Women Warriers – American and Georgian Reality (Since 18th century till now)

T. tuxaSvili — SfoTva Tirkmlis donorebSi transplataciis Semdeg........................................ 129 T. Tukhashvili — Anxiety of Renal Donours after Transplantation

v. SubiTiZe — niko nikolaZe da qarTuli ekonomikur-infrastruqturuli proeqtebi.......... 136 V. Shubitidze — Niko Nikoladze and Georgian Economic and Infrastructure projects

8, 2018 guram TavarTqilaZis saxelobis Tbilisis saswavlo universitetis SromaTa krebuli

7

samarTlis mecnierebebi

T. darsania

bralis aspeqtisaTvis religiaSi

religia genetikurad win uswrebda ra samarTals, Zalian mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa mis

warmoSobasa da formirebaSi. samarTlebrivi Segneba Tavdapirvelad mWidro kavSirSi iyo reli-

giur mrwamsTan. cnebebi `codna~ da `danaSauli~, umetes SemTxvevaSi, erTmaneTs emTxveva. reli-

giuri ganawesi xSirad iyo wyaro samarTlebrivi normisTvis, xolo marTlmsajulebis saTaveSi umetesad idgnen mRvdelmsaxurebi. religiis xelyofa ki yovelTvis ganixileboda rogorc da-

naSauli. cnobili rusi samarTalmcodne n. tagancevi amis Taobaze werda: `samarTlebrivi normebis

mdgradoba umeteswilad mowmdeba maTi istoriuli ganviTarebis pirobebiT. samarTali iqmneba xalxis cxovrebiT, arsebobs da icvleba maTTan erTad, amitomac gasagebia, rom mdgradia im ka-

nonTa debulebebi, romelSic aisaxa istoriulad Camoyalibebuli saxalxo warmodgenebi: kano-

ni, romelsac ara aqvs fesvebi, yovelTvis ganwirulia gaxdes efemeruli da iqces samarTlis mkvdar bgerad~1.

zemoTqmuli niSnavs, rom samarTlis normis kvleva ar SeiZleba iluzorulad, social-po-

litikuri movlenebisagan mowyvetilad. aucilebelia aseve gaviTvaliswinoT samarTlebrivi normebis religiur-saero ganawesi, romlebic mravali saukunis ganmalobaSi poulobda Tavis gamoxatulebas iseT wminda religiur wyaroebSi, rogoricaa `tora~, `biblia~, `yurani~2.

saqarTveloSi sazogadoebriv-politikuri wyobilebis Secvlam da moralur — samarTleb-

rivi faseulobebis gadafasebam migviyvana samarTlis pozitivisturi ganmartebidan (rogori-

caa qcevis sayovelTao wesebis erToblioba, saxelmwifos mier dadgenili da daculi), romelic gabatonebuli klasis nebas gamoxatavs, bunebriv — samarTlebriv gagebamde, rogoricaa `norma-

tiuli debulebebis sisitema, romelic emyareba adamianuri samarTlianobisa da Tavisuflebis ideebs da gamoixateba umeteswilad kanonmdeblobisa da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis regu-

lirebaSi~3. zemoxsenebulidan gamomdinare, alogikuri iqneboda, rom ar gangvexila bralisadmi damo-

kidebulebis sakiTxi poliTeistursa da monoTeistur religiebSi. Cven ar warmovadgenT deta-

lurad yoveli religiuri sisitemis specifikas, gvinda mxolod xazi gavusvaT, rom saubari gveqneba konkretulad religiur da ara filosofiur sistemebze.

poliTeistur religiebSi individi nebis mcire SesaZleblobiT iyo dajildoebuli, rad-

gan calkeuli RmerTi Tu suli, romelic adamianTan erTad cxovrobda am samyaroSi, ereoda mis cxovrebaSi. brali adaminis mier Cadenil danaSaulebriv qmedebaSi erTgvarad gaqarwylebulia, radgan nebismier RmerTTagans SeeZlo Careva movlenaTa msvlelobaSi. gansxvavebuladaa skaiT-

xi warmoCenili monoTeistur religiebSi. aq RmerTi am samyaros gareT imyofeba. amitom TviT individs gaaCnia nebis Tavisufleba, anu brali damokidebulia mxolod masze. sruli monoTeiz-

mi warmodgenilia mxolod iudeizmSi, qristianobasa da islamSi4. qristianobis fesvebi, romelmac yvelaze didi zegvalena moaxdina evropuli samarTlis

formirebaze, devs iudeizmSi. iudeisturi samarTali warmoadens erT-erT uZveles samarTleb-

riv sisitemas. iudeizmis sxvadasxva mimarTulebaSi SeiZleba davakvirdeT bralis cnebaze war-

modgenebis evolucias.

1 Таганцев В. С . Уголовное право (общая часть), t. 2. gv. 233 2 Таганцев В. С . Уголовное право (общая часть), t. 2. gv. 234 3 Козочкин Д. В. Уголовное право зарубежных государств, gv. 449. 4 Козочкин Д . Уголовное право зарубежных государств, gv .447.

guram TavarTqilaZis saxelobis Tbilisis saswavlo universitetis SromaTa krebuli 8, 2018

8

iudeizmisa da qristianobis safuZveli devs Zvel aRTqmaSi, romelic moicavs kanons, wi-

naswarmetyvelebasa da saRvTo werils. kanoni (iudeizmSi `Tora~) — bibliis pirveli xuTi wigni, e. w. moses xuTwigneuli, — aRwers wminda istoriasa da religiur-eTikur da samoqalaqo wesebis kodeqss. iudeveli winaswarmetyvelebi: neenia, ezdra, ieremia da iezekeli qadageben, rom yvela religia erTis gamoklebiT crua da RmerTma mkacrad, magram samarTlianad dasaja Tavisi rCeu-

li xalxi kerpTayvaniscemlobisaTvis, romelSic is iyo damnaSave. idea nel-nela xdeba orTo-

doqsaluri da Rebulobs nacionalur gansakuTrebul xasiaTs. Sedegad iudevelebs miecaT ka-

noni, romelic mowodebuli iyo daecva iudevelTa nacionaluri erToba 1. aqedan gamomdinare, brali iudeur samarTalSi atarebs religiur xasiaTs da gamoixateba

RvTis rwmenis darRvevaSi anu qmedebis obieqtur nawilSi. amasTan ukanonobisTvis isjebian damnaSaveebTan erTad udanaSauloebic.

am periodis Zveli ebraelebis religiur da samarTlebriv warmodgenebSi aSkarad Cans Zve-

li babilonis kulturisa da samarTlis zegavlena. aseve igrZnoba gvarovnuli wyobilebis gad-

monaSTebic. kerZod, moqmedebda talionis principi da sisxlis aRebis wesi. sisxlis aRebam miiRo kanonis Zala, magram is daiSveboda mxolod formaluri sasamarTlo

Ziebis Semdeg. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom sisxlis aRebis Tavidan acileba SeiZleboda, Tu dana-

Sauli Cadenili iyo mtrobis an ganzraxvis gareSe. bralis formebi gamoiyofoda da zegavlenas axdenda damnaSavis pasuxismgeblobaze. ase, magaliTad, ùneblie~ mkvlelobisas pirs SeeZlo Tavidan aecilebina sisixlis aReba, Tu Tavs Seafarebda maT qveyanaSi mdebare im eqvs TavSesa-

far qalaqTagan erT-erTs, sadac damnaSave unda dalodeboda mRvdelmTavris sikvdils, rom-lis Semdegac dazaralebuli kargavda sisxlis aRebis uflebas da damnaSaves SeeZlo usaf-

rTxod dabrunebuliyo saxlSi. magram Tu ~uneblie mkvleli~ vadaze adre datovebda qalaqs da moklavda SurismaZiebeli, aseT SemTxvevaSi mkvlels ar edeboda ~sisxlismRvrelis brali~. sis-

xlis aRebis principi gulisxmobda bralis formis dadgenas, es principi moqmedebda mxolod ganzrax bralis dadgenis SemTxvevaSi 2.

Zvel aRTqmasTan erTad iudeizmSi Tayvans scemdnen wminda traqtatebs, romlebic Sedis TalmudSi (Sedgenili Zv.w. me-4 s. — ax.w. me-6 s). Talmudi gveubneba, rom yoveli adamiani midreki-

lia borotebisken (kiduSin, 306). sikeTes qmnis is, vinc asrulebs RvTis nebas. masSi, brali gani-

marteba rogorc sikeTisgan gandgoma anu RvTis nebis darRveva3. iudeve — makiavelTa omebis Semdgom periodSi, rodesac israelSi gamefda xasmodeebis di-

nastia, sazogadoeba daiyo sam ZiriTad religiur mimarTulebad: sadukevlebi, farisevlebi da evseebi.

sadukevlebi emxrobodnen mxolod moses xuTwigneuls. isini uaryofdnen bedisweras da Tvlidnen, rom RmerTs aranairi zegavlena ara aqvs adamianis nebis gamovlenaze. borotsa da ke-

Tils Soris arCevani TviTon pirovnebis gadasawyvetiao. brali, maTi SexedulebiT, ganisaz-

Rvreboda adaminis Tavisufali nebiT, farisevlebi, romlebic sadukevlebis opoziciaSi idgnen, emxrobodnen kanonis sityva-

sityviT ganmartebasa da ganmsazRvrelad miiCnevdnen RvTis nebasa da bednisweras. adamians hqonda arCevani keTilsa da borots Soris, romelic Semoifargleboda adamianis bedisweriT. pirovnebis braleulobaSi mis nebasa da inteleqts araviTari mniSvneloba ar hqonda, radgan yvelaferi gansazRvruli iyo bediT da bolos evseebi, qristianuli Sexedulebis fuZemdeblni iyvnen danaSaulsa da bralze.

iudeizmis religiur-samarTlebriv wyaroebSi praqtikulad pirvelad dadga Tavisufali nebis sakiTxi, individs mieca qcevis ama Tu im variantis arCevanis ufleba, anu hqonda Tavisufa-

li neba emoqmeda survilis mixedviT. brals iudeizmSi aqvs religiur-samarTlebrivi xasiaTi. amasTan gamoiyofoda qmedebebi Cadenili gazrax da gaufrTxileblobiT. maT gamoyofas hqonda mniSvnelovani praqtikuli daniSnuleba, radgan bralis formaze iyo damokidebuli pirovnebis pasuxismgeblobisa da sasjelis sakiTxi. Tumca TviT bralis cneba jer kidev gaigivebuli iyo danaSaulis obieqtur mxaresTan.

1 Козочкин Д . Уголовное право зарубежных государств, gv 448. 2 Таганцев В. С . Уголовное право (общая часть), t. 2. gv. 235. 3 dekanozi vaxtangi (kviJinaZe), religiis istoria, gv. 232.


9

miuxedavad imisa, rom iudeizmSi ase Tu ise damuSavbuli iyo bralis sakiTxi, am fenomenis Sesaxeb gadamwveti zegavlena iqonia qristianobam. `gansxvavebiT iudeizmisagan, romelic erTi eris religiad Camoyalibda, qristanoba mraval xalxTa religia gaxda da xSirad maT mTeli rigi saxelmwifoebi Rebulobdnen aramarto rogorc relgias, aramed rogorc metasamarTals~1. unda aRiniSnos, rom qristianobisa da samarTlis urTierTkavSiris ganxilvisas ar SeiZleba gverdi au-

aro maTi dacvis interesebis erTobliobas. kavSiri qristianobasa da, magaliTad, Zvel qarTul samarTals Soris warmoCndeba samarTaldamrRvevisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis ganxilvisas. gansakuTrebiT mZime samararTaldarRvevebi isjeboda, rogorc saxelmfifos, aseve eklesiis mie-

rac. qristianuli doqtrina, romelic morwmunis braleulobis koncefcia da misi cxovrebis na-

wili gaxda, aiZulebda yovel maTgans mudmiv angariSgebas sakuTar saqcielze, afasebda maT da gansazvravda mis Semdgom qcevas. praqtikuli faseuloba da qristianobis Zlieri moralur-fsi-

qologiuri mniSvneloba gamoixateboda, pirovnebisTvis Tavisufali nebis miniWebaSi, radgan bra-

li TandaTan Rebulobs ara obieqturi, aramed subieqturi elementis niSans, romelsac zegavlena aqvs adamianis qmedebaze. qristianoba nel-nela gavrcelda mTels evropaSi. me-6 saukunidan qris-

tianuli eklesia Rebulobs monawilebas evropuli adrefeodaluri samarTlis formirebaSi. ra Tqma unda, es SeuZlebeli iyo ar gamoxatuliyo Sua saukuneebis samarTalmcodneebis warmodge-

nebzec, romlebic umeteswilad religiur xasiaTs atarebdnen. qristianobaSi ukve aSkarad gamoi-

yo bralis nebelobiTi da inteleqtualuri momenti, amasTan nebelobiTi momentis aRwera gadmo-

tanilia iudeizmidan, kerZod, sadukevelebisagan. qristianuli moralis zegavlena samarTalze gamoixata Bbralis inteleqtualur momentze warmodgenis CasaxvaSi. amieridan bralis kon-

struqcia agebuli iyo imis daSvebiT, rom samarTaldamrRvevs unda hqonoda warmodgena borote-

basa da sikeTeze da, aqedan gamomdinare, gamoeyenebina sakuTari neba. warmodgena sikeTesa da bo-

rotebaze atarebda wminda religiuri moralis xasiaTs. bolo xanebSi islamis zegavlena gafarTovda, musulmanur samarTalSi bralis proble-

masTan damokidebulebas da gamomuSavebul mimarTulebebs bevri dainteresebuli mecnieri swavlobs. naxevar miliardze meti adamiani dedamiwaze cxovrobs islamuri samarTlis pronci-

pebiT. amasTan dakavSirebiT rusi mecneiri s. tkaCenko samarTlianad gvafrTxilebs: èrTgvarma moCvenebiTma arqaulobam ar unda Segviyvanos SecdomaSi musulmanuri samarTlis zegavlenasa da mniSvnelobaze2.

Tanamedrove musulmanuri wyaroebis Seswavla sakanonmdeblo teqstebiT cxadhyofen maT siaxloves da msgavsebas evropul samarTalTan.

musulmanuri samarTali warmoiSva iudeizmisa da qristianobis didi zegavlenis qveS da dakavSirebulia winaswarmetyvel muhamedis saxelTan. islamuri doqtrinis mixedviT, religiu-

ri xelisufleba gamoyofilia saero xelisuflebsagan da warmadgens mis safuZvels. aqedan ga-

momdinare, islami moiTxovs srul morCilebas RvTisa da winaswarmetyvelisadmi da maT mimarT, visac xelisufleba upyriaT.

SariaTi samarTlebriv debulebaTa erTobliobaa da ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens isla-

muri ideologiisa. islami samarTlebriv debulebas ganixilavs, rogorc erTiani RvTiuri ka-

nonisa da wesrigis nawils. SariaTi miuTiTebs, Tu rogor unda iqceodes musulmani Tavis Tana-

barTan da RvTis winaSe, anu sxva sityvebiT, SariaTi dafuZnebulia valdebulebaTa ideaze, da-

kisrebuls adamianze da ara uflebebze, romelic SeiZleba mas gaaCndes. valdebulebaTa Seus-

ruleblobis Sedegi aris codva imisa, vinc es Caidina. SariaTSi RvTiuri gangebisa da religiu-ri samarTlebrivi sawyisvbis Setanam Tavisi gamoxatuleba hpova qcevis kanonier da ukanono sa-

xeobaTa CamoyalibebaSi. masSi RvTiuri nebis aRiarebam mogvca umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxis das-

mis saSualeba — musulmanis Tavisufali nebisa da misi farglebis Sesaxeb. islamis SigniT war-moqmnili religiur-filosofiuri mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi sxvadasxvanairad udgebian am sakiTxis gadawyvetas. zogierTi maTgani ki midis ukiduresobamde da acxadebs, rom Tavisufa-

li neba rogorc aseTi, ar arsebobs3. brali musulmanur samarTalSi warmoadgens nebas mimarTuls Sedegis misaRwevad, rome-

1 s. lorTqifaniZe, religia da samarTali terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, gv.4. 2 В .И. Ткаченко, Уголовное право (особенная часть), t. 2. gv. 276. 3 vikipedia.


10

lic ewinaaRmdegeba musulmanze dakisrebul movaleobebs, radgan movaleoba dadgenilia ara marto samarTlebriv, aramed religiuri wyaroebis donezec., danaSauli imavdroulad codva-

caa. rogorc vxedavT, brals musulmanur samarTalSi gaaCnia religiuri xasiaTi. islamur sa-marTalSi adreul etapze daiwyes ganzraxi da gaufrTxilebeli samarTaldarRvevis gamijvna fsiqologiuri komponentebis gamoyofis gareSe. amasTan, sami ZiriTadi jgufidan prqatikulad dayofa ganzrax da gaufrTilebel danaSaulad xdeba mxolod erTSi.Aase, magaliTad, mkvlelo-

ba, an sasikvdilo Wriloba SeiZleba Cadenili iyos ganzrax an gaufrTxileblobiT. samarTal-

darRvevbis dayofa bralis formebidan gamomdinare, zegavlenas axdenda damrRvveis iurdiul pasuxixmgeblobaze. ganzraxi mkvlloba da sasikvdilo Wrilobis miyeneba iwvevda sisixlis aRe-

bis uflebis warmoSobas, an, Tu moklulis naTesavebi aptaiebdnen damnaSaves, fuladi kompensa-

ciiT icvleboda. gaufrTxilebeli mkvlelobisaTvis gaTvaliswinebulia gamosasyidi, romel-

sac Tan sdevs orTviani marxva da musulmanis ganTavisufleba. erTobliobaSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ganZrax da gaufrTxilebel danaSaulebad dayofis miuxedavad, brali rCeba obiqtur kaet-

goriaSi da mxolod nawilobriv gulixmobs damnaSavis nebas1. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom qristianoba, iudeizmi da islami

pozitiur gavlenas axdenda bralis rogorc danaSaulis elementis formirebaSi. religiuri zegavlenis qveS nel-nela wrmoiqmneba bralis rogorc fsiqologiuri Sinaarsis mqone cnebis wamoweva. upirvelesad, es gamoixata imis gagebaSi, rom adamiani qmedebis Cadenisas Tavisufalia nebis gamovlenaSi, iyenebs mas keTilsa da borotze warmodgenis Sesabamisad. religiaSi qmede-bis ganzrax da gaufrTxileblad dayofa iwvevs praqtikul mniSvnelobas da zegavlenas axdens damnaSavis pasuximgeblobaze, Tumca adamianis qceva religiuri moralis TvalsazrisiT, jer kidev ar gamoxatula bralSi, rogorc subieqtur kategoriaSi.

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi

1. kviJinaZe,v. (dekanozi), religiis istoria, Tbilisi., 2017. 2. Козочкин Д. В. Уголовное право зарубежных государств, Москва. 2001. 3. lorTqifaniZe,s. religia da samarTali terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, Tbilisi.2011. 4. Ткаченко В.И. Уголовное право (особенная часть), т. 2. Москва. 2004 5. Таганцев В. С. Уголовное право (общая часть), т. 2. М. 2003. T. darsania

bralis aspeqtisaTvis religiaSi

reziume

religia genetikurad win uswrebda ra samarTals, Zalian mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa mis warmoSobasa da formirebaSi. samarTlebrivi Segneba Tavdapirvelad mWidro kavSirSi iyo reli-

giur mrwamsTan. cnebebi `codna~ da `danaSauli~, umetes SemTxvevaSi, erTmaneTs emTxveva. reli-

giuri ganawesi xSirad iyo wyaro samarTlebrivi normisTvis, xolo marTlmsajulebis saTaveSi umetesad idgnen mRvdelmsaxurebi. religiis xelyofa ki yovelTvis ganixileboda rogorc da-

naSauli. qristianoba, iudeizmi da islami pozitiur gavlenas axdenda bralis rogorc danaSau-

lis elementis formirebaSi. religiuri zegavlenis qveS nel-nela wrmoiqmneba bralis rogorc fsiqologiuri Sinaarsis mqone cnebis wamoweva. upirvelesad, es gamoixata imis gagebaSi, rom adamiani qmedebis Cadenisas Tavisufalia nebis gamovlenaSi, iyenebs mas keTilsa da borotze warmodgenis Sesabamisad. religiaSi qmedebis ganzrax da gaufrTxileblad dayofa iwvevs praq-

tikul mniSvnelobas da zegavlenas axdens damnaSavis pasuximgeblobaze, Tumca adamianis qceva religiuri moralis TvalsazrisiT, jer kidev ar gamoxatula bralSi, rogorc subieqtur kate-

goriaSi.

1 В. И. Ткаченко, Уголовное право (особенная часть), t. 2. gv. 277.


11

T. Darsania

Aspect of Fault in Religion

Summary

Genetically religion always was ahead the Law and it played a significant role in origin and formation of Law. Initially, Legal consciousness was closely related to the religious faith. The concepts ~Knowledge~ and ~Fault~, in most cases, are coinciding. Religious rules often were the source for legal norm, and the priests were always at the head of the justice. Religion encroachment has always been considered as a crime. Christianity, Judaism and Islam influenced positively in formation of crime elements. Under religious influence slowly is creating forwarding the concept of fault as of psychologic content. Firstly, it was revealed in understanding of the fact, that in committing an act a person has free will, he applies his will in accordance with his representation of good and evil. Division of deliberate and negligent action in religion leads to cognitive impairment and influences on the offender's responsibility, but in terms of religious morality a human’s behavior has not yet been expressed in the subjective category.


12

q. zaqareiSvili

xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebisa da keTilsindisierebis principebis

gavlena standartul pirobebze

kerZo samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi mxareTa neba-survilis gamoxatvisa da Sesrulebis

saukeTeso meqanizmia, rasac yvelaze metad masSi damkvidrebuli xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis, keTilsindisierebis, Tanasworobisa da samarTlianobis principebi uzrunvelyofs. maT gansa-

kuTrebul mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs is faqtic, rom saerTaSoriso unificirebuli wesebic Se-

icavs calsaxa regulaciebs aRniSnulis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, evropuli saxelSekrulebo samar-

Tlis principebis 1:102-e muxli adgens, rom `mxareebs SeuZliaT Tavisuflad dadon xelSekru-leba da gansazRvron misi Sinaarsi keTilsindisierebisa da samarTlianobis principebis Sesaba-

misad~.1 Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom erovnuli kanonmdeblobis msgavsad, Tavad am principebis gan-

martebas saerTaSoriso dokumenti ar iZleva da mxolod Ria normis saxiT gvTavazobs. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebisa da keTilsindisierebis

principebis rolis gansazRvra xelSekrulebis standartul pirobebTan mimarTebiT, sadac erT-erTi mxare aSkarad uTanasworo mdgomareobaSia meoresTan da interesebs Soris disbalan-

sis albaToba sakmaod didia. imis fonze, rom mxares sakmaod ezRudeba Tavisufleba, sakuTari nebis safuZvelze gansazRvros momavali samarTalurTierTobis Sinaarsi da amitom is, mxolod SemoTavazebis keTilsindisierebis imedad rCeba; kanonmdebelma imperatiulad daavala SemTa-vazebels keTilsindisierebis principis dacva pirobebis Sedgenis dros da daadgina im pirobe-

bis baTiloba, romlebic zians ayeneben an auareseben mimRebis mdgomareobas. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi keTilsindisierebis principi asaxulia zogadi da yov-

lismomcveli valdebulebis saxiT,2 rac aseve aisaxeba xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis institutzec da misi erT-erTi makontrolebeli meqanizmic SeiZleba iyos, radgan swored aR-

niSnuli uzrunvelyofs mxareTa Soris balansis dacvas da SedarebiT sust poziciaSi myofi, pi-

robebis mimRebis interesebis gatarebas.3 amasTanave, keTilsindisierebis principis mixedviT, xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis Sinaarsis kontrolis sagans warmoadgens xelSekrule-

bis iseTi punqtebi, romlebic ar yofila individualuri molaparakebis Sedegi da calsaxad SemTavazeblis interesebis gamtarebelia. kerZod, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 346-e mux-

li adgens, rom `baTilia xelSekrulebaTa standartuli piroba, miuxedavad xelSekrulebaSi mi-

si CarTvisa, Tu igi ndobisa da keTilsindisierebis principebis sawinaaRmdegod sazianoa xel-

Sekrulebis meore mxarisTvis....~ Tumca, es ukanaskneli ar unda iqnes miCneuli iseT normad, ro-

melic zRudavs SemTavazeblis uflebas, Camoayalibos pirobebi, aramed am normiT xdeba nebis avtonomiis principis dacva da samarTlebrivi urTerTobebis samarTlianad da naTlad mowes-

rigebis uzrunvelyofa pirobebis mimRebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT.4 Sesabamisad, testi mimarTulia SemTavazeblisken, romelmac ar unda gamoiyenos Tavisi

1 evropuli saxelSekrulebo samarTlis principebi, Targmani, daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis instituti, Tbilisi, 2014 w. 2 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-8 muxli: `samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis monawileni valdebulni arian keTilsindisierad ganaxorcielon TavinTi ufleba-movaleobani~; 361-e muxli: `valdebuleba unda Sesruldes jerovnad, keTilsindisierad, daTqmul drosa da adgilas~; 316-e muxli `2. Tavisi Sinaarsisa da xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT valdebuleba SeiZleba yovel mxares akisrebdes meore mxaris uflebebisa da qo-nebisadmi gansakuTrebul gulisxmierebas.~ me-5 muxlis me-2 punqti: `Tu kanonis analogia SeuZlebelia, urTierToba unda mowesrigdes samarTlis zogadi principebis safuZvelze, agreTve samarTlianobis, ke-Tilsindisierebisa da zneobis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad (samarTlis analogia). xelmisawvdomia: https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/31702 3aRniSnulis Sesaxeb pirdapir uTiTebs saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTloc: saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasa-marTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis 2005 wlis 5 dekembris gadawyvetileba saqme N as-722-1045-05 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis 2006 wlis 14 Tebervlis gadawyvetileba saqme Nas-992-1245-05 4 xunaSvili nino, keTilsindisierebis principi saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi, sadisertacio naSromi samar-Tlis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tbilisi, 2014 w. gv. 216


13

upiratesoba pirobebis mimRebis mimarT. es ukanaskneli ki, SeiZleba gamoixatebodes, rogorc bazarze dominirebuli mdgomareobiT, ise pirobebis calmxrivad gansazRvris SesaZleblobiT. mimRebi orive SemTxvevaSi moklebulia SesaZleblobas, gaecnos an Secvalos SemoTavazeba. igi iZulebulia, an daeTanxmos, an uari Tqvas SeTanxmebis gaformebaze. garda imisa, rom am konkre-

tul SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba dairRves keTilsindisierebis principi, calsaxaa rom adgili aqvs Tavisuflebis principis SezRudvasac.

xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principi Tavis mxriv, erT-erTi gadamwyveti mniSvnelobi-

saa da iZleva saSualebas, mxareebma Tavad gansazRvron visTan dadon xelSekruleba da ra piro-

bebiT. Sesabamisad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom misi orgvari gageba arsebobs, xelSekrulebis dadebisa da pirobebis gansazRvris Tavisufleba, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania xelSekrulebis standartul pirobebTan mimarTebiT, rodesac xSirad, erTi mxare moklebulia SesaZleblobas airCios Tu visTan dados SeTanxmeba — magaliTad, am ukanasknelis dominirebuli mdgomareobis gamo da TiTqmis yovelTvis SezRudulia, Tavad gansazRvros pirobebi.

xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principisa da standartuli pirobebis urTierTmimarTebi-

sas, aSkara winaaRmdegobas vawydebiT Tavad institutis bunebidan gamomdinare. standartuli pirobebis mTavari maxasiaTebeli isaa, rom isini ar warmoadgenen individualuri molaparake-

bis sagans da SeTavazebulia erTi mxaris mier meorisadmi,1 es ukanaskenli ki yovelgvari koreq-

tirebisa da Casworebis gareSe eTanxmeba winaswar gansazRvrul debulebebs. Sesabamisad, ibade-ba srulad legitimuri da logikuri kiTxva — pirobebis mimRebis saxelSekrulebo Tavisufle-

bis farglebi xom ar gadis mxolod im zRvarze, rac xelSekrulebis dadebis an masze uaris TqmiT Semoifargleba? faqtia, rom am SemTxvevaSi, mimRebis Tavisufleba xelSekrulebis ga-

formebis dros sakmaod viwroa da faqtobrivad, acdenilia Tavisuflebis principis mTavar mi-

zans. `xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principi, iq sadac standartuli pirobebia, sxva araferia

Tu ara fiqcia.~2 davas ar iwvevs, rom xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebi mxolod erTi mxa-

ris interesebis gamtarebelia, radgan SemTavazebeli cdilobs winaswar, mxolod sakuTari survilebi gaiTvaliswinos da rac SeiZleba meti sargebeli miiRos. Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis farTo sazRvrebi exeba mxolod SemTavazebels da veranairad ver gavrceldeba pirobebis mimRebze.3 amitom, xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principis absoluturobasa da Se-

uzRudav farglebze saubari gadaWarbebulia. zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis dros, sakmaod

rTulia dadgindes ramdenad daculia xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principi da gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba SemTavazeblis keTilsindisierebas pirobebis Sedgenisa da SeTavazebis etapze, radgan mimRebs Tavad institutis bunebisa da damkvidrebuli praqtikidan gamomdinare ar SeuZlia koreqtireba Seitanos SemoTavazebul debulebebSi da mxolod keTilsindisierebis

imedad rCeba. Tanac, mxareTa uTanasworobis pirobebSi gansakuTrebiT rTulia nebis gamovlenisa da mi-

Rebis Tavisuflebaze msjeloba, radgan mimRebi xSirad iZulebulia gaaformos xelSekruleba iseTi pirobebiT, romelic sulac araa misTvis momgebiani. Sesabamisad, misi Tavisufleba Semoi-

fargleba mxolod imiT, gaaformebs Tu ara SeTanxmebas. am dros kanonmdebeli cdilobs daic-vas balansi da SemTavazebels specialurad udgens gansazRvrul valdebulebas — keTilsindi-

sierebis principis dacviT Seadginos xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebi, xolo mimRebs aniWebs upiratesobas, Tu amgvarma pirobebma ziani miayena, yovelgvari Sefasebis gareSe moiT-

xovos debulebebis baTiloba da nakisri valdebulebebisgan gaTavisufleba.

1Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts, International Institute for the Unification of Private Law, Rome, 2010. Article 2.1.19 Contractind under standard terms, p.66 2Markensinis, Volume/TheLawofGontractsandRestitution: AComparativeintroduction, commentary, 1997.p 211 3azri citirebulia: zaaliSvili vaxtang, standartuli pirobebis calkeuli problemuri sakiTxebi - Se-Tanxmebis Tavisufleba da misi farglebi, Tsu - iuridiuli fakulteti, samarTlis Jurnali, N1, 2017, gv. 36.


14


1. evrokavSiris wevri qveynebisaTvis erTiani karZo samarTlebrivi xasiaTis kanonis modeli

— èvropuli saxelSekrulebo samarTlis principebi~ — (Targmani) — Tbilisi, 2014 w. gamomc. daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis instituti;

2. xunaSvili n., keTilsindisierebis principi saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi~, sadisertacio naSromi samarTlis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tbilisi, 2014 w.;

3. zaaliSvili v., standartuli pirobebis calkeuli problemuri sakiTxebi — SeTanxmebis Ta-

visufleba da misi farglebi, Tsu — iuridiuli fakulteti, samarTlis Jurnali, N1, 2017; 4. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa pala-

tis 2005 wlis 5 dekembris gadawyvetileba saqme N as-722-1045-05; 5. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqi, https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/ document/view/31702; 6. Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts (International Institute for the Unification of Private

law, 2010), http://www.unidroit.org/english/principles/contracts/principles2010/integralversionprinciples2010-e.pdf; 7. Principles, Defitions and Model Rules of European Private Law – Draft Common Frame of Reference DCFR. http://ec.europa.eu/justice/contract/files/european-private-law–en.pdf; 8. The principles of European Contract Law (prepared by the Commision on European Contract Law 1999 text in

English). http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/eu.contract.principles.parts.1.to.3.2002/; 9. Markensinis, Volume/The Law of Gontracts and Restitution: A Comparative introduction, commentary, 1997. q. zaqareiSvili

xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebisa da keTilsindisierebis principebis gavlena standartul pirobebze

reziume

samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis stabiluroba sxva uamrav faqtorTan erTad, damokidebulia zogadi principebis moTxovnaTa sworad ganmartebasa da dacvaze. gansakuTre-biT sainteresoa xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebisa da keTilsindisierebis principebis gavlena xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis mimarT, roca mxareebad apriori uTanasworo mdgoma-

reobaSi myofi pirebi gvevlinebian. mniSvnelovania ganisazRvros vrceldeba Tu ara Tavisuf-lebis principi zogadad am tipis xelSekrulebebze — ramdenad Tavisufalia piri pirobebis Sedgenis dros an/da xom ar aris romelime mxare SezRuduli mxolod garigebis dadebisa an mas-

ze uaris Tqmis uflebiT? keTilsindisierebis principis testi ki, ZiriTadad mimarTulia upiratesobis mqone Sem-

Tavazeblisken, romelic valdebulia gulisxmierebiT imoqmedos pirobebis Sedgena/SeTavaze-

bis dros, radgan mimRebi, faqtobrivad, xelSekrulebis sust mxared gvevlineba. K. Zakareisvhvili

Influence of the principles of contract freedom and good faith on standard terms of contract

Summary

Stability of civil legal relations, along with many other factors, depends on correct definition and protection of the general principles of the private law. It is particularly interesting what is the influence of the principles of contract freedom and good faith in the standard terms of the contract, when the parties are in the unequal position. It is important to determine whether the principle of freedom is generally applicable to these types of treaties –how much free a person is when making terms or if any party is restricted by just making a transaction or denying it?

As for the principle of good faith, the test is mainly directed towards the superiority of the offeror, who is obliged to act with honesty when making terms / suggestions, as the acceptor is actually a weak party of the contract.


15

BENCE KIS KELEMEN

TARGETED KILLING, ARMED DRONES AND THE INTERNATIONAL

LAW OF USE OF FORCE*

I. Introductory remarks The United States – along with many other states – has been using armed unmanned aerial vehicles (or drones)

since 2001 to target and kill terrorist suspects in the Middle-East, namely, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Yemen, Iraq and Syria. The so called ‘drone debate’1 concerning drone-strikes began around 2010 and is ongoing ever since. This debate has many aspects, political, moral, military and of course legal. The latter debate focuses on the use of armed drones for military purposes outside the ‘hot battlefields’ with regards to jus ad bellum, or the law of use of force, and jus in bello, or international humanitarian law as well as international human rights law.

The debate hasn’t reached a conclusion yet, nonetheless this paper aims to demonstrate the brief history of drones and their use for military purposes and defines targeted killing as perhaps ‘the only game in town’ to deal with international terrorism. (II.) It identifies the possible breaches of international law concerning drone strikes and it explores the jus ad bellum legitimizations of such attacks. (III.) The article includes thoughts on consent, which can preclude the illegality of an otherwise unlawful action in the general law on state responsibility. (III.1) It also examines the authorization or mandate of the United Nations Security Council to use force (III.2.) and the de lege lata law of self-defense, with special attention to non-state actors. (III.3.) Last but not least the article deals with the expanding scope of the law of self-defense against non-state actors, in particular with the so called ‘unwilling or unable theory’. (IV.)

II. Targeted killing and armed drones Targeted killing doesn’t have any generally accepted definition. In scholarly writings the notion changes with

time and with the purpose of the article they are used in. The concept of targeted killing caught much attention after 2000, when Israel first used ‘preemptive targeted

killings’ officially against terrorists in the occupied territories.2 In 2008 Nils Melzer defined targeted killing as intentional, deliberate and premeditated use of lethal force against individually selected persons who are not in the custody of the attacker, and the conduct is attributable to a subject of international law.3 The greatest advantage of this definition is its neutral and descriptive character, which makes it ideal for further examination.4

One has to distinguish targeted killing from assassination, extrajudicial killing and capital punishment. The latter two are easier to delimit, as the lack of custody constitutes the main differentiating factor among them. In case of extrajudicial killing or when the execution is based on a judgment of a court of law, the object of the use of lethal force is usually in the custody of the executor of the killing, while targeted killing lacks this characteristic.5 The tougher nut to crack is the difference between the definitions of assassination and targeted killing.

Assassination can be defined differently in peacetime and in armed conflicts. While the prior is an essentially

* This article was made possible by Minerva Center for the Rule of Law under Extreme Conditions at the Faculty of Law and Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Haifa, Israel. I would like to also thank Ziv Bohrer from Bar-Ilan University, Faculty of Law for his remarks on my paper. 1 See Avery Plaw – Matthew S. Fricker – Carlos R. Colon: The Drone Debate – A primer on the U. S. use of unmanned aircraft outside conventional battlefields, Roman & Littfield, Lanham-Boulder-New York-London, 2016. 2 When Israel acknowledged it’s targeted killing program, See L. Orna Ben-Naftali – Karen R Michaeli: We Must Not Make a Scarecrow of the Law: A Legal Analysis of the Israeli Policy of Targeted Killings. Cornell International Law Journal, Vol. 36. No. 2, 2003. p. 235. and pp. 240-241. 3 See Nils Melzer: Targeted killing in International Law. Oxford University Press, 2008. p. 5. Compare with L. Markus Gunneflo: Targeted Killing – A Legal and Political History. Cambridge 2016. p. 3., L. H. Jefferson Powell: Targeting Americans – The Constitutionality of the U.S. Drone War. Oxford 2016. p. xix., L. Jack McDonald: Ethics, Law and Justifying Targeted Killings – The Obama administration at war. Contemporary Security Studies, Routledge, 2017. 3. or Roland Otto: Targeted Killings and International Law with special respect to Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law. Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht, Vol 230., Springer, Berlin – Heidelberg 2012. pp. 13-18. 4 Compare this with the recently used ‘targeted assassination’ term by an Israeli minister. See Dan Williams – Nidal al-Mughrabi: Gazans send fire-starting kites into Israel; minister threatens lethal response, UK Reuters 5 June 2018. https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-israel-palestinians-kites/gazans-send-fire-starting-kites-into-israel-minister-threatens-lethal-response-idUKKCN1J127I 5 See Philip Alston: Report of the Special Rappourteur on the extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions. Study on targeted killings. United Nations, General Assembly, A/HRC/14/24/Add. 6, 2010, par. 10. or Human Rights and Law Enforcement – A Trainer’s Guide on Human Rights for the Police, Professional Training Series, No. 5/Add.2., New York, Genf, 2002, p. 15.


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illegal killing of individually selected persons with a political motive,1 the latter’s object is also an individually selected person, but he or she has to be an enemy combatant or civilian taking direct part in hostilities and the killing must be perfidious.2 One can conclude, that in peacetime, political character is the main differentiating factor, and during armed conflict the perfidious nature of the killing is what decides the characterization of the action. Based on this, using armed drones to target and kill terrorists can be defined as targeted killing, since they are not conducted out of political motivations nor in treacherous or perfidious manner, because the drone strikes do not differ from regular air strikes in their main features.3

The UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) is an aircraft without a human pilot aboard. They are commonly referred to as ‘drones’.4 With regards to the topic in question the mostly used version of this phrase is UCAV (Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle) which means armed combat drones.5

The UAV technology has been part of warfare for almost 150 years and it came to existence through various military research after several armed conflicts. Today drones are much more common in civilian aviation, but they are the result of military technology development. To summarize their evolution, one can begin with the 19th century balloons, and through the 2nd World War’s remote-controlled missiles one can get to the new millennium’s aircrafts, which vary not only in size and form but in purpose as well. The most common among these unmanned aerial vehicles are the Predator and Reaper drones. They have been used in targeted killing operations against Al-Qaida and ISIL.6 These platforms have two or four Hellfire air-land missiles at the controller’s disposal and they can destroy their targets with precision missile strikes. The Reaper – the big brother of the Predator drone – can stay in the air without landing for 14-28 hours, which makes it ideal for counterterrorism operations in remote locations.7

Earlier, one could have concluded that only three states, namely the United States, the United Kingdom and Israel have been using armed drones under the banner of the so-called ‘war on terror’.8 Nowadays the technology proliferates like wildfire and the number of states conducting drone strikes has been increasing significantly.9 At the same time many European countries are engaged in UAV-related actions.10 The analysis of this paper focuses on the United States’ conduct, since the strikes’ continuous nature and the variety of data which is available concerning these strikes makes the U.S. the ideal choice as subject of the investigation.

One of the biggest challenges with regard to drone strikes is the lack of precise databases which officially measure how many strikes have been conducted in certain areas and what the number of victims is in connection with the attacks. The only method for statistical analysis is the examination of various open-source databases, which base their work on the media and other unofficial information.11

In the beginning, the United States had two drone programs. One belonged to the military, the other to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).12 The military drone program is public and concentrates on the so called ‘hot battlefields’, which are the main areas of armed conflicts such as Afghanistan or Syria. These drones have been used to strike the enemy of the allied forces in defense of the troops deployed there, and therefore they were part of the

1 See Melzer supra note 3 p. 46. or Matthew C. Wiebe: Assassination in Domestic and International Law: The Central Intelligence Agency, State Sponsored Terrorism, and the Right to Self-Defense. Tulsa Journal of Comparative and International Law, Vol. 11, No. 1., 2003. p. 365. or W. Hays Parks: Memorandum of Law, Executive Order 12333 and Assassination, Reproduction Department of the Army. 1989. p. 2. 2 See Melzer supra note 3 p. 47. or Nathan Canestaro: American Law and Policy on Assassinations of Foreign Leaders: The Practicality of Maintaining the Status Quo. Boston College International and Comparative Law Review, Vol. 26. No. 1., 2003. or Michael N. Schmitt: State-Sponsored Assassination in International and Domestic Law. Yale Journal of International Law, Vol. 17. No. 2., 1992. For perfidy see Rule 65 of Customary IHL database, ICRC, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule65 3 See Schmitt supra note 7 pp. 632-642. or Canestaro supra note 7. pp. 7-11. 4 See Palik Mátyás (ed.): Pilóta nélküli repülés profiknak és amatőröknek, second edition, Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem, Budapest, 2013. p. 11 or Csapó Zsuzsanna: Drónok harca- kérdések kereszttüzében, Van-e szükség új nemzetközi szabályozásra. In: Csapó Zsuzsanna (ed.): Emlékkötet Herczegh Géza születésének 85. évfordulójára – A ius in bello fejlődése és mai problémái, Pécsi Tudományegyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar, Pécs, 2013. p. 39. 5 See Palik supra note 9 p. 12. 6 See Palik supra note 9 pp. 25-51. 7 See Palik supra note 9 pp. 48-51. 8 See Harold Hongju Koh, Legal Adviser, U.S. Dep’t of State, Address at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law, p. 14. 9 See Chris Cole: Drone strikes spread as proliferation surges. Drone Wars UK. https://dronewars.net/2016/12/06/drone-strikes-spread-as-proliferation-surges/ 10 See Clay Dillow: All of These Countries Now Have Armed Drones. Fortune, http://fortune.com/2016/02/12/these-countries-have-armed-drones/ 11 See Plaw – Frickers – Colon supra note 1. pp. 28-34. 12 See Chris Woods: CIA's Pakistan drone strikes carried out by regular US air force personnel. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/14/cia-drones-pakistan-us-air-force-documentary


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conventional warfare. On the other hand, the CIA drone program’s goal has been to destroy terrorist objects in states, where no allied forces could be found, for instance in Pakistan, Yemen or Somalia. The U.S. has been conducting its strikes in a manner consistent with the belief that the battlefield ‘follows’ any member of Al-Qaida or associated forces, thus they can be targeted anytime and anywhere on the globe. The Bush-administration was confident that these strikes were compatible with international law and the principles of war on terror. Barack Obama, successor of George W. Bush as president of the United States, did not change any fundamental aspect of the program, but widened its applicability as to its geographical scope and the administration changed its rhetoric from war on terror to ‘armed conflict with Al-Qaida and associated forces’ as well as the responsibility for the strikes being shifted from the C.I.A. to the military.1 Donald J. Trump did not change his heritage, the drone program, but one can observe a sudden increase in the number of strikes conducted, which may or may not have a correlation with the change in presidency.2

III. Targeted killing and the international law of use of force One of the most important cornerstones of the post-1945 international law is the general prohibition on the use

of force, incorporated in the United Nations Charter, which constitutes the jus contra bellum system in international law.3 Thus, any targeted killing via armed drones without justification would be in breach of the Charter and therefore violate the sovereign equality of states and the prohibition on the use of force.4 International law nonetheless knows exceptions to these constrains which may justify forceful measures in certain instances, this is regulated by jus ad bellum, or the exceptional legal basis for the use of force.

Article 2(4) of the UN Charter states that `[a]ll Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.~5

This paragraph must be interpreted in light of the purpose of the United Nations (viz. to maintain international peace and security).6 The general prohibition on the use of force is part of international jus cogens, as articulated in the Nicaragua case by the International Court of Justice.7 However, there are several questions concerning Article 2(4)’s restrictive or extensive understanding. The interpretation is restrictive if one examined the ‘territorial integrity’, ‘political independence’ and ‘any other manner inconsistent with the purposes’ qualifications. In this case it might be lawful to use force against regimes which violate their core human rights obligations or to intervene in others in favor of democracy.8 These arguments are not widely accepted, but nonetheless deserve attention.

The prohibition on the use of force de jure conditio has a defect, namely that it does not define armed attack or any other form of use of force. One can argue that economic aggression is one form of the use of force, thus prohibited under international law. Arguments like this have been laid down by post-socialist states although, in light of the San Francisco Conference, they cannot stand, since use of force is restricted exclusively to armed conflicts.9

The Charter was built on a utopist concept that the post-world war era will be peaceful. Unfortunately, the founding fathers were wrong. There was much debate about the interpretation of the jus contra bellum system, mostly because many states wanted to justify their use of force without respect to the qualification of the conflict (viz. international or non-international) and of course without contesting to the general rule. This led to a continuous erosion of the prohibition on the use of force. To repair these defects, in 1974 the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted Resolution 3314,10 which contained the definition of aggression.1 Although aggression and armed attack are not

1 See Milena Sterio: The United States’ Use of Drone in the War on Terror: The (Il)legality of the targeted killings under international law, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Volume 45, No. 1, 2012. pp. 198-199. 2 See Rupert Stone: Should we be scared of Trump’s drone reforms? Aljazeera, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2017/03/scared-trump-drone-reforms-170319074243420.html 3 See Macolom N. Shaw: International Law, Seventh Edition, Cambridge University Press, 2014, pp. 814-818. 4 UN Charter Article 2(1) ~The Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members.” and Article 2(4) see infra note 21 5 Un Charter Article 2(4) 6 UN Charter Article 1(1) `To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace” 7 See Bruhács János: Nemzetközi jog I., Általános rész, Dialóg-Campus Kiadó, Budapest-Pécs, 2010, 2011, p. 242. and Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America) Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986, par. 190. 8 See Bruhács supra note 24 p. 242. 9 Ibid. pp. 241-242. 10 3314. (XXIX) Definiton of Aggresion, 2319th plenary meeting, 14 December 1974


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not the same terms, Resolution 3314 is a useful tool to identify the different forms of grave use of force. There are several exceptions to the prohibition on the use of force. Firstly, consent to certain actions by a state

can overturn the illegality of said actions in the general law on state responsibility.2 In light of the international law of the use of force, states can only consent to actions which they might conduct themselves on their own territory.3 Secondly the mandate or authorization of the UN Security Council may authorize states to take all necessary measures against anyone who constitutes a threat to international peace and security.4 So far, no UN Security Council resolution authorized expressis verbis any military intervention in case of counterterrorism. However, two resolutions, namely 1368 (2001) and 2249 (2015) offer some interesting insights into the customary law of self-defense. Thirdly the inherent right of self-defense incorporated in Article 51 of the UN Charter may preclude the wrongfulness of the use of force in response to an armed attack against a victim state.5 De lege lata in accordance with the UN Charter’s jus contra bellum norm, international law does not permit states to invoke the right to self-defense directly against non-state actors, like terrorist organizations,6 however the use of force may be justified if the conduct of the non-state actor was attributable to a state.7 Nevertheless, the above-mentioned UN Security Council resolutions and the international community’s acceptance of the United States invasion of Afghanistan points towards self-defense against non-state actors – perhaps in an indirect manner.8 Last but not least, it is not prohibited under the jus contra bellum system to use force in a state which is engaged in a non-international armed conflict9 laid down in the 1949 Geneva Conventions and their additional protocols.10

III.1. Consent It is self-explanatory that if a sovereign state consents to a military campaign on its territory by another state, it

will not violate the prior’s sovereignty.11 Philip Alston, ex-special rapporteur on extrajudicial killings emphasized in this regard that while consent can

preclude the wrongfulness of the use of force, the conduct must be in conformity with other norms, such as international humanitarian law and/or international human rights.12 In broad terms this means that a state can only consent to targeted killings, which are legal under international law, with regards to the existence of an armed conflict. During armed conflicts international humanitarian law applies as lex specialis13 with international human rights law always binding regardless of an ongoing conflict. The conducting state must prove that only lawful targets got into the crosshairs.14

While it is plausible that Yemen and Pakistan have consented to the United States to conduct targeted killings on their territory.15 By the nature of things these consents are highly controversial, even in the consenting states. The Peshawar High Court of Pakistan for example has drawn a picture of illegality with regards to the U.S. drone strikes in

1 ~Aggression is the use of armed force by a State against the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence of another State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Charter of the United Nations, as set out in this Definition.” Article 1 3314. (XXIX) Definiton of Aggresion, 2319th plenary meeting, 14 December 1974 2 See Ademola Abass: Consent Precluding State Responsibility: A Critical Analysis, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly Vol. 53, No. 1. 2004. pp. 211-225. 3 See Mary Ellen O’Connell: Enhancing the Status of Non-State Actors Through a Global War on Terror. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, Volume 43, No. 2, 2005. pp. 436-456. Compare this with invitation and consent Kajtár Gábor: The Use of Force Against ISIL in Iraq and Syria - A Legal Battlefield Wisconsin International Law Journal, Vol. 34, No. 3, 2017, pp. 556-562. 4 UN Charter Article 39 and 41-42 5 UN Charter Article 51 6 See Kajtár Gábor: A nem állami szereplők elleni önvédelem a nemzetközi jogban, ELTE Eötvös Kiadó, Budapest, 2015, pp. 82-83. 7 Ibid. pp. 82-90. 8 See Marko Milanovic: Self-Defense and Non-State Actors: Indeterminacy and the Jus ad Bellum, EJIL: Talk!, 21 February 2010 https://www.ejiltalk.org/self-defense-and-non-state-actors-indeterminacy-and-the-jus-ad-bellum/ 9 ~[Armed conflicts] which take place in the territory of a High Contracting Party between its armed forces and dissident armed forces or other organized armed groups which, under responsible command, exercise such control over a part of its territory as to enable them to carry out sustained and concerted military operations and to implement this Protocol.” Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II), 8 June 1977. 10 There is a difference between the APII and the Common Article 3 definiton of the non-internation armed conflict. 11 Military and Paramilitary Activites in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America,) Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports, 1986, p. 14. par. 246. and Alston supra not 4 p. 12. 12 Ibid. p. 12. 13 See Mohay Ágoston: A humanitárius jog alkalmazási határainak egyes kérdései – európai bírói fórumok szemszögéből. Jura, 2017/2. 14 See Alston supra note 5 p. 12. 15 See Alston supra note 5 p. 12. and Andrew C. Orr: Unmanned, Unprecedented, and Unresolved: The Status of American Drone Strikes in Pakistan Under International Law, Cornell International Law Journal Vol 44. 2011, p. 736.


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the so called ‘F.A.T.A.’ territory of the country.1 It is also disputed whether a state can lawfully consent to military actions on its territory when the consenting

state does not exercise effective control over that territory. It is highly convenient to turn to Pakistan’s F.A.T.A region for an example this time as well. In the opinion of the present author one cannot accept the lawfulness of a state’s consent if its sovereignty does not extend to a certain territory. In this case the state cannot consent to the violation of a non-existing sovereignty over the said territory.

Turning back to the so called ‘drone wars’, if one accepts the above-mentioned thesis, one can conclude that consent has only marginal relevance concerning the use of armed unmanned aerial vehicles. Firstly, the territorial state ideally can only consent to such a magnitude of use of force by the conducting state which would be lawful under international law. In peacetime this means that the conduct is governed solely by international human rights law and the territorial state can only consent to actions which would be legal if the consenting state used the force itself. During armed conflicts, both in case of a non-international and an international armed conflict, international humanitarian law applies.

III.2. UN Security Council Resolution A mandate or an authorization is one of the traditional exceptions to the prohibition on the use of force, which is

incorporated in the UN Charter and it is the cornerstone of the collective security system which has primary responsibility for the lawful use of force in the post-1945 era.

The founding fathers laid down the main rules on how to react to threats to peace, breaches of peace and the acts of aggression in Chapter VII of the Charter. While Article 39 gives permission to the Security Council to determine if a certain situation constituted a threat to, or breach of peace or act of aggression and in that case, it can decide to take measures not involving armed force2 or all necessary measures to cease the existing threat or breach of peace or act of aggression.

The latter is incorporated in Article 42 of the Charter, as follows: `Should the Security Council consider that measures provided for in Article 41 would be inadequate or have

proved to be inadequate, it may take such action by air, sea, or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security. Such action may include demonstrations, blockade, and other operations by air, sea, or land forces of Members of the United Nations.~3

Until this day with regards to combating international terrorism one can find two UN Security Council resolutions which quasi authorize the use of force against armed terrorist groups, i.e. non-state actors. Both resolutions were adopted after major terrorist attacks. Consequently, they can be seen as the after-effect of the ever-growing activity of international terrorist organizations. The first resolution was passed on 12th September 2001, a day after the infamous 9/11 terrorist attack of 11th September 2001 which effected Washington D.C., New York and Pennsylvania.4 The second resolution was adopted on 17th November 2015. Four days earlier ISIL conducted several terrorist attacks in Paris.5

The evaluation of these resolutions is far from clear, they are highly controversial, thus they have to be examined separately. The Security Council in its Resolution 1368 not only condemned the 9/11 attacks on the Twin Towers of the Word Trade Center and the Pentagon but determined that these acts of international terrorism constituted a threat to international peace and security.6 Parallel to this it recognized the United States’ inherent right to self-defense.7 The events of 9/11 shocked the international community. In light of this it is not surprising that the Security Council adopted its resolution unanimously. According to the author of this paper, UN Security Council resolution 1368 (2001) is a quasi-authorization to use of force against the non-state actors responsible for the terror attacks, since it accepted that a terrorist attack could constitute an armed attack, although it did not make it clear whether or not it was a direct or indirect self-defense against al-Qaida.

UN Security Council Resolution 2249 (2015) adopted in November 2015 on an initiative by France8 called upon the Member States of the United Nations to use military force against the ISIL, Al-Nusra Front, Al-Qaida and

1 Peshawar High Court, Peshawar Judicial Department, Writ Petition No. 1551-P/2012. Judgement, (4 November 2013.) 2 UN Charter Article 41 `The Security Council may decide what measures not involving the use of armed force are to be employed to give effect to its decisions, and it may call upon the Members of the United Nations to apply such measures. These may include complete or partial interruption of economic relations and of rail, sea, air, postal, telegraphic, radio, and other means of communication, and the severance of diplomatic relations.” 3 UN Charter Article 42 4 UN SC Resolution 1368. (2001) S/RES/1368 (2001) 12 September 2001 5 UN SC Resolution 2249. (2015) S/RES/2249 (2015) 20 November 2015 6 UN SC Resolution 1368. (2001) S/RES/1368 (2001) 12 September 2001 par. 1. 7 UN SC Resolution 1368. (2001) S/RES/1368 (2001) 12 September 2001 Preamble 8 See Dapo Akande – Marko Milanovic: The Construcitve Ambiguity of the Security Council’s ISIS Resolution, EJIL: Talk! 21 November 2015, https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-constructive-ambiguity-of-the-security-councils-isis-resolution/


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associated forces.1 In the after-meeting of the adoption of the resolution, the French representative made it clear that France viewed these terrorist attacks as armed attacks, thus they are going to rely on the individual and collective right to self-defense to justify their military campaigns against the above-mentioned non-state armed groups.2 One has to highlight that the resolution has significant importance, because it called upon states to coordinate and harmonize their efforts in combating international terrorism which is an ever-lasting threat to international peace and security, although it did not authorize the use of force against these terrorist organizations.3

The Resolution has to be examined in detail, because it might shed light on the legality of self-defense against non-state actors as well. To help with the interpretation, one has to rely on the case law of the International Court of Justice, which states in the Namibia advisory opinion4 that a Security Council resolution does not have to expressis verbis invoke Chapter VII of the Charter to be obligatory for the Member States. It is sufficient to simply authorize or decide something.5 In the case of Resolution 2249 (2015) it is not clear (at least not for the text of the resolution itself) whether the Council wanted to adopt an obligatory or advisory resolution, because it simply calls upon states to use armed force based on existing authorization under international law. This means that the Security Council simply encourages them to do so but does not make it obligatory to comply.6 Bearing in mind the remarks of Mr. Delattre’s, therepresentative of France who argued that France will use military force against ISIL and other terrorist organizations based on its right to individual and collective self-defense in response to an armed attack; one can connect the dots in the resolution to reach certain conclusions about self-defense against non-state armed groups. On the other hand, one can compare this with the content of the record of the meeting where the resolution was adopted, which clearly indicates that it was not intended to be binding.7

It is commonly accepted in scholarly writings, that de lege lata it is restricted to refer to self-defense against non-state actors. According to the wording of the Resolution, the Security Council may accept a specific situation when self-defense against a non-state armed group is lawful. Unfortunately, the Security Council resolutions cannot be viewed as sources of international law, nonetheless some resolutions may have normative characteristics, but the resolution cannot be declared as such. The resolution not even authorizes but only calls upon states to use force against terrorist organizations, thus it was not intended to make it obligatory.8 One cannot simply view this resolution as one, which overwrites the existing practices, but it is extremely important to highlight its significance in relation to the self-defense against non-state actors. While Gábor Kajtár emphasizes that one cannot consider the tacit and implicit content of one resolution or resolutions combined to legitimize an armed attack,9 in the view of the present author although the resolution is not obligatory, one can see a shift in paradigms concerning the debate about self-defense against non-state actors, notwithstanding its direct or indirect nature.

Furthermore, there is another role of the Security Council resolution in connection with the right to self-defense. According to Article 51 of the UN Charter, a state can only exercise its right to self-defense until the Security Council does not take measures on its own to deal with the situation.10

III.3. Right to self-defense The inherent right to self-defense is incorporated in Article 51 of the Charter as follows: ~Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense if an armed

attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. Measures taken by Members in the exercise of this right of self-defense shall be immediately reported to the Security Council and shall not in any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any time such action as it deems necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace and security.~11

1 UN SC Resolution 2249. (2015) S/RES/2249 (2015) 20 November 2015 par. 5. 2 Mr. Delattre’s speech in the Security Council’s 7565th meeting S/PV.7565 20 November 2015 3 UN SC Resolution 2249. (2015) S/RES/2249 (2015) 20 November 2015 par. 5. 4 Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970), Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports, 1971, p 16. 5 See Akande – Milanovic supra note 50 6 UN SC Resolution 2249. (2015) S/RES/2249 (2015) 20 November 2015 par. 5. 7 UN SC Meeting Record, S/PV.7565, 20 November 2015. 8 See Kajtár Gábor: Az Iszlám Állam elleni erőszak-alkalmazás, Iustum Aequum Salutare, 2016/4. pp. 169-171. 9 See Kajtár Gábor: Az általános erőszaktilalom rendszerének értéktartalma és hatékonysága a posztbipoláris rendszerben, in Nemzetközi Jog és Európai Jog: Új Metszéspontok, Ünnepi tanulmányok Valki László 70. születésnapjára (Kajtár Gábor-Kardos Gábor ed.), Saxum Kiadó-ELTE ÁJK, 2011, pp. 65-66. 10 UN Charter Article 51 11 UN Charter Article 51


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To a military action in response to an armed attack be legal one has to prove a very complex and difficult web of specific conditions. These conditions are first and foremost the qualitative and quantitative criteria of the armed attacks. There are other key aspects of the law of self-defense in light of targeted killings, these are the legality of the preemptive strikes and direct or indirect self-defense against non-state armed groups, i.e. terrorist organizations and of course necessity and proportionality.

Before one can argue the merits of the above-mentioned problems, one has to establish some core remarks on the issue at hand. Firstly, exercising the right of self-defense is a secondary option for states under attack, besides the Security Council’s mandate or authorization to use military force to defend themselves from armed attacks.1 Secondly, the right to self-defense exists parallel both in customary international law and in the positive, Charter law, as it was articulated in the Nicaragua case by the International Court of Justice.2 The customary and positive law norm have to be interpreted with respect to each other, where the customary international law rule, might in some cases supplement the imprecise wording of the Charter.3

There is one sine qua non condition of the right to self-defense to be exercised: an armed attack.4 To invoke the right to self-defense it is not sufficient to be a victim of the violation of the general prohibition on the use of force, but this violation has to be grave, thus small scale armed violence or border conflicts will not amount to an armed attack in the sense of Article 51 of the Charter.5

In practice, it is usually a hard, but not impossible task to determine the nature of the use of force. First of all, one has to distinguish between aggression and armed attack. The antagonism in question has its roots in the English text of the Charter6, however, if one examined the equally authoritative French version7 or for example the German,8 Dutch9 or Hungarian texts,10 one can conclude that we are dealing with two different phenomena. Examining Article 2(4) and 51 of the Charter not only grammatically, but logically, teleologically, or systematically one can see that aggression is a much wider concept then armed attack, this is in line with the International Court of Justice’s and states’ practices. Thus, armed attack is not equal to aggression, only a subtype of it.11

Besides the temporal and territorial scope, there are qualitative and quantitative elements of the armed attack as well.12 In case of the quantitative criteria one can only determine an armed attack if the aggression is grave enough. The I.C.J. assessed armed attack as the most-grave form of aggression.13 The qualitative element of the armed attack is usually referred to as attribution. From 1945, the birth of the UN Charter, up until 2001, it was obvious that armed attack can only be committed by a state. Hans Kelsen articulated this position in the ’50’s in relation to the events of the Korean peninsula. There was a common consensus among states and international lawyers alike, however the text of the Charter did not expressly state that nothing, but states can use force amount to the level of an armed attack.14

It is interesting enough in light of the horrible terrorist attacks of the new millennium to elaborate upon whether non-state armed groups can commit armed attacks or not. During the Cold War, the I.C.J. and all bodies of the UN referred to armed attack in connection with non-state actors in the common sense of the phenomenon.15 This is not enough ground to support a hypothesis for direct self-defense against terrorist organizations. Nonetheless the situation is different when a state sends armed bands, groups, irregulars or mercenaries, or they on behalf of the state carry out acts of armed aggression against another state of such gravity as to amount to the acts listed in Resolution 3314 of the

1 See Kajtár supra note 33 pp. 62-72. 2 See Derek Bowett: Self-Defense in International Law, Frederick A. Praeger, 1958, pp. 182-199. or, Hans Kelsen: The Law of the United Nations, Frederick A. Praeger, 1951, pp. 791-792. Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America) Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986, par. 177-181. 3 Ibid. Nicaragua v. United States of America par. 177-181. 4 Ibid. Nicaragua v. United States of America par.195. and 237. 5 Ibid.Nicaragua v. United States of America 63. par. 195 and 237. 6 Aggression – armed attack 7 Acte d'agression – agression armée 8 Angriffshandlung – bewaffneten Angriffs 9 Daad van agressie – gewapende aanval 10 Agresszió – fegyveres támadás 11 See Kajtár supra note 33 p. 73. 12 See Bruno-Otto Bryde: Self Defence in Bernhardt, Rudolf (ed.): Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Vol, 4., Noth- Holland Publishing Co., 1982, p. 213. 13 See Kajtár supra note 33 pp 79-80. and Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America) Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986, par. 191. 14 See Kelsen supra note 61 p. 930. 15 See i.e. Case Concerning United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1980, p 3. In paragraph 64 the Court refers to armed attack in connection with the United States Embassy personnel in Tehran, but the French text refers to attaque armée, which clears the otherwise ambiguous wording of the Judgment, in which the Court used the term ‘armed attack’ in the ordinary meaning of the expression, not under Article 51. See Kajtár supra note 33 p. 189.


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UN General Assembly, or a state has substantial involvement therein.1 In these cases the conduct of the non-state armed group is attributable to the state, which can commit an armed attack, and can activate the right to self-defense. It is extremely important to note that according to lex lata international law, and the relating literature, acts committed by non-state actors can only amount to an armed attack if they were attributable to a state.2

Another significant aspect of the law of self-defense is the requirement of necessity and proportionality. These principles are rooted in customary international law, and one can usually trace back their origins to the Caroline incident, and the relating Webster formula, which permeated the de lege lata international law.3 Necessity and proportionality, as the governing principles of the response to an armed attack, was sanctified by the I.C.J. in the Nicaragua case.4

According to the principle of necessity, military response to an armed attack is lawful under the law of self-defense if the victim state objectively had no other means to stop the armed attack, but to use force against the attacker. Based on this, defensive actions are lawful, as long as they are necessary to stop the ongoing armed attack.5 On the other hand, proportionality as a rule of the law of self-defense precludes any disproportionate use of force in response to an armed attack.6 In other words, the attack and the defensive action must be proportionate to each other.

Article 51 of the UN Charter is straightforward about anticipatory self-defense. The text of the Charter clearly precludes preventive use of force since the right to self-defense is activated if the victim state suffered an armed attack. In state practice and scholarly writings, one can find a specific distortion of the temporal scope of the law of self-defense, in a way which would make defensive, but anticipatory actions legal. Nonetheless, lex lata preemptive strikes are legal only under very strict circumstances. If one looks at the text of the Charter, it will be obvious that the founding fathers were very cautious about the wording of Article 51. The equally authoritative English and French texts read alongside with for example the German or the Hungarian text clearly apply to already finished attacks.7 At the San Francisco Conference in 1945 it became obvious that the founding fathers’ intentions were to end the possibility to use armed force in the name of self-defense before the actual attack would have happened.8

Concerning legality, it is practical to make a distinction of anticipatory self-defense by distinguishing between preemptive and preventive strikes. While the prior is used to stop armed attacks which are ongoing or imminent, the latter focuses only on anticipated attacks, which are not certain in time, magnitude or even in their existence. Preemptive self-defense is usually lawful, this applies to ongoing or announced armed attacks as well, but preventive force would undermine the post-Charter system of jus contra bellum, thus it is illegal.9

Kofi Annan, the 7th Secretary-General of the UN in his 2005 Report (In larger freedom: towards development, security and human rights) argued that imminent threats are incorporated into the body of the Charter via Article 51 next to already occurred armed attacks. But the former Secretary-General also underlined that only the Security Council has the power and competence to deal with latent, or only anticipated threats.10 Ultimately this could mean the use of preventive force to maintain international peace and security, with a multilateral character at its core.11

This paper will not deal with the questions of the use of force inside a state, without an international element. It is usually a law enforcement issue or a non-international armed conflict under the Geneva Conventions and its additional protocols, which by the nature of things belongs to jus in bello, thus it is out of the scope of the present article’s jus ad bellum perspective.

1 Article 3 par. g) 3314. (XXIX) Definition of Aggression, 2319th plenary meeting, 14 December 1974 2 See Kajtár supra note 33. pp. 73-74. 3 See James A. Green: The International Court of Justice and Self-Defence in International Law. Hart Publ. 2009, p. 75. 4 Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America) Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986, par. 176. 5 See Oscar Schachter: The Lawful Resort to Unilateral Use of Force, Yale Journal of International Law, Vol. 10., 1985, p. 292. and Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America) Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986, par. 176. 6 Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America) Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986, par. 176. 7 For the English version see ‘if an armed attack occurs’, for the French see ‘est l’ objet d’une agression armée’, for the German version see ‘im Falle eines bewaffneten Angriffs’ and at last but not least for the Hungarian version see ‘fegyveres támadás esetében’. 8 Josef L. Kunz: Individual and Collective Self-Defense in Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, AJIL, 41. 1947, p. 878. 9 Report of the Secretary-General’s High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change: A More Secure World – Our Shared Responsibilty, 2 December 2004, UN Doc. A/59/565, par. 189. and Kofi Annan: In Larger Freedom- Towards Developement, Security and Human Rights for All, 21 March 2005., UN Doc. A/59/2005, par. 122. See also Green supra note 79 pp. 96-101. 10 Anan supra note 85 par 124-125. 11 By multilateral the present author means that the action is not unilateral regardless of the number of states taking part in the action, but it is conducted under the aegis of the UN Security Council.


23

IV. Expanding the scope of the right to self-defense against non-state actors Since 2001 state practice has been trying to expand the existing exceptions to the general prohibition on the use

of force. De lege lata, international law limits states’ abilities to defend themselves from non-state armed groups by the means of warfare. It is enough to mention the qualitative definition of armed attack, which excludes the possibility of direct self-defense against non-state actors, by the attribution criteria or the ban on preventive self-defense.

These problems became more significant in the light of targeted killings, specifically with the use of armed drones for targeting and killing terrorist suspects in the Middle East. Most scholars agree that drone strikes in this form and targeted killing in general is – to say the least – highly controversial.

To solve this, proponents of the drone program and targeted killing usually intend to extend the scope of the traditional use of force in a manner which makes it plausible to use lawful military force against terrorist organizations. This – in theory – would be possible with more precise and permissive Security Council resolutions, or via a change in customary international law, manifested for instance in a decision by the International Court of Justice.

This paper aims to draw a picture of the current trends in literature, which will examine (il)legality of drone-

strikes and the above-mentioned attempts to widen the scope of the use of force. Firstly, I would like to highlight former legal advisor of the U.S. Department of State, Harold Hongju Koh’s

speech before the American Society of International Law in Washington, March 2010. In this lecture, Mr. Koh responded the first time to those who have been challenging the legality of the Obama Administration’s drone program. Mr. Koh, by the nature of things as legal advisor for the U.S. defended the legality of the drone strikes:

~We live in a time, when, as you know, the United States finds itself engaged in several armed conflicts. As the President has noted, one conflict, in Iraq, is winding down. He also reminded us that the conflict in Afghanistan is a ~conflict that America did not seek, one in which we are joined by forty-three other countries... in an effort to defend ourselves and all nations from further attacks.~ In the conflict occurring in Afghanistan and elsewhere, we continue to fight the perpetrators of 9/11: a nonstate actor, Al Qaeda (as well as the Taliban forces that harbored al Qaeda).~1

From the above-quoted thoughts it is obvious that the Obama Administration changed the former ‘war on terror’ approach, which was designed and used in the Bush era. The notion changed to an armed conflict with al-Qaeda and associated groups. Mr. Koh made it clear alongside other things that the United States is using force on the authorization of Congress (A.U.M.F)2, the rules of international law and of course the Constitution of the U.S.3

~But a state that is engaged in an armed conflict or in legitimate self-defense is not required to provide targets with legal process before the state may use lethal force.~4 (Highlight by the Author.)

This short sentence is crucial to understand the United States’ approach towards to use of force against non-state armed groups. The U.S. divides the legal bases for the use of force in this manner: Either a state is engaged in an armed conflict or, it is exercising its inherent right to self-defense. In the view of the present author this statement is only acceptable if one looks at lawful self-defense, opening the door for engagement into an armed conflict. After this, the conflict separates itself from the law of self-defense, and it will provide legal basis for the use of force until the Tadić conditions5 are met, of course in the case of a non-international armed conflict. It is extremely important to note that this legal basis it not a jus ad bellum but a jus in bello basis.

Reiterating the above-mentioned arguments, many scholars intend to find justification for targeted killings via drone strikes. A significant part of the works dealing with this issue do not take into account that terrorist organizations are not states, they are non-state armed groups. These authors accept the premise of direct self-defense against terrorist organizations based on the 9/11-armed attacks. A subtype of this line of argumentation is the is the Israeli position, which argues that the Charter refers also to non-state actors which can commit armed attack directly since the establishment of the UN. The argument refers to General Assembly and Security Council Resolutions concerning the Palestine issue. In the Resolution 43 and 46 (1948), the Security Council called upon all persons and organizations in Palestine to refrain in particular from brining and from assisting and encouraging the entry into Palestine of armed bands and fighting personnel, groups and individuals, whatever the origin,6 and Resolution 107 (S-1) by the General

1 Koh supra note 13 part III point B 2 Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF) 2001 3 Koh supra note 13 part III point B 4 Ibid. 5 `[…] that an armed conflict exists whenever there is a resort to armed force between States or protracted armed violence between governmental authorities and organized armed groups or between such groups within a State. International Humanitarian law applies from the initation of such conflict end extends beyond the cessation of hostilities until a general conclusion of peace is reahed; or, in case of internal conflicts a peacful settlement is achieved.” 5 Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadić, Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appel on Jurisdiction, 1995, par. 70. 6 UN SC Resolution 46. (1948) S/723, 17 April 1948 par. 1. b)


24

Assembly called upon all governments and peoples to refrain from the threat or use of force pending action by the Assembly.1 It is also argued that the Truman Doctrine2 contains further proof of a direct self-defense possibility against non-state actors, since it refers to the violation of the UN Charter and the existential threat to Greece via terrorist activities of armed bands.3 First of all, the abovementioned Security Council Resolutions do not even implicitly mention that the brining or assisting of armed bands constituted an armed attack, furthermore, even if it did it would not give ground to direct self-defense, since General Assembly Resolution 3314 merely identified and declared an already existing customary international law norm concerning aggression, which is parallel to the call of the Security Council and can be the basis for attribution to a state. Although in this regard, there would had been no state to attribute the armed attack to. Second of all the cited General Assembly Resolution from 1947 in its English uses the Article 2(4) form of ‘threat or use of force’ but the French text again uses a different form ‘recours à le force ou à le menace’ consequently this call cannot be linked to the prohibition on the use of force, more like to the later Tehran Judgment of the I.C.J., in which the court used the term ‘armed attack’ in its casual meaning. Last, but not least the Truman Doctrine indeed refers to armed bands, which may threaten the existence of Greece. President Truman in his speech also highlighted the violation of the UN Charter by coercion and subterfuges as political infiltration. At first glance one can agree with the Israeli position, but if one examined the text closely, it reveals that President Truman mentioned armed groups, led by Communists, and the whole purpose of the speech and his doctrine was to stop the Soviet Union from expansion in Europe and elsewhere, consequently the possible violation of the Charter may or may not occur via the armed groups but under the substantial influence of the Soviet Union, thus one can attribute the actions of such groups to the Soviet Union. This opinion can be reinforced by the coming years of the Cold War.

Other scholars tend to accept that the current practice of the I.C.J. is not permissive towards the direct self-defense against non-state actors, but on the other hand they think that Article 51 of the UN Charter (in its grammatical, logical and teleological understanding) and customary international law are controversial vis-à-vis this specific issue. Article 2(4) and 51 read together do not provide an adequate limitation towards the direct self-defense against terrorist organizations. These authors refer to the travaux préparatoires of the UN Charter and to some separate opinions to a few more recent I.C.J. judgements. Concerning the travaux préparatoires one has to note that Article 2(4) as a general norm and Article 51 as an exception norm to that general rule are at the core of the jus contra bellum system. Since Article 2(4) is obviously refers to inter-state relations, and Article 51 is an exception to that rule, it is evident that the exception cannot gain a different (non-inter-state) character.4

Another critique to these approaches are the arguments concerning the resolving of the geographical limitations of the conflicts, which are usually construed by referencing non-applicable pre-1945 customary international law.5

The controversy in the literature is obvious beyond reasonable doubt if one examines the proponents of illegality concerning drone strikes. Those authors are using exactly the same arguments, but they reach different conclusions about legality and reject the right to direct self-defense against non-state actors, and usually the indirect notion as well.6 A significant scholar, Mary Ellen O’Connell argues against the legality of targeted killing as follows:

~An armed response to a terrorist attack will almost never meet these parameters for the lawful exercise of self-defense.~7

She also criticizes the consent-based approach of the use of force: according to Ms. O’Connell, consenting state can only give permissions to another state to use military force on its territory if it is engaged in a non-international

1 107. (S-1) Threat or use of force, General Assembly Resolution, 15 May 1947. 2 Truman Doctrine, President Harry S. Truman’s Adress Before a Joint Session of Congress, 12 March 1947. 3 The arguments were presented based on Ziv Bohrer’s presentation on the 2nd Young Researchers Workshop on Terrorism and Belligerency at University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel, 4-20 February 2018. Other arguments, such as the Caroline incident, or the Austro-Hungarian Ultimatum to Serbia can be disregarded in light of their pre-Charter nature. 4 For the English version see Àll Members shall refrain in their international relations[...]” for French see `Les Membres de l'Organisation s'abstiennent, dans leurs relations internationales” or for the Hungarian see `[a] Szervezet összes tagjainak nemzetközi érintkezéseik során más Állam […]” Article 2(4) UN Charter 5 Armed Activites on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Judgment, I. C. J. Reports, 2005, p. 168. par. 314. 337. Simma, Koojimans és Higgins separate opinions, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I. C. J. Reports 2004, p. 136., 2004, par. 33., Higgins separate opinion. Comparre with. Russel B. Ruth: A History of the United Nations Charter: The Role of the United States 1940-1945, 1958, p. 698. See also for the customary international law Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Judgment, I. C. J. Reports, 2003, p. 161. par. 76. and Kajtár supra note 33 pp. 96-97. 6 See Ahmed Shah: War on Terrorism: Self-Defense, Operation Enduring Freedom, and the Legality of U.S. Drone Attacks in Pakistan, 9 Washington U. Global Stud. Law Review, 77, 2010, p. 93. 7 See Mary Ellen O’Connell: Unlawful Killing with Combat Drones, A Case Study of Pakistan, 2004-2009, Notre Dame Law School, Legal Studies Research Paper No. 09-43., 2010, p. 14.


25

armed conflict within its own territory. In the lack of this, both the consenting and the intervening party must restrict themselves to use of force in conformity with human rights law.1

Turning back to attribution, based on the Nicaragua-judgement it is self-explanatory that the conduct of contemporary terrorist organizations is not attributable to a state. For example, it is not attributable to Pakistan that it cannot exercise effective control over the F.A.T.A region and the actions of the groups based there. One should stop here for a moment and take a look at Marko Milanovic’s post from EJIL: Talk! from 2010. In light of Mr. Milanovic’s deductive argument, it might be permissible to invoke the right to self-defense against non-state actors.2 Mr. Milanovic argues that the international community accepts the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan as legal, thus there must be a way to use force against terrorist organizations whose conduct – at least in a traditional sense – is not attributable to non-state actors. According to Mr. Milanovic there are two possible explanation to all this. On the one hand, perhaps rules of attribution have changed or a new lex specialis has emerged to react a threat of international terrorism.3 On the other hand, it is plausible that the so called ‘unwilling or unable’ doctrine4 has become a new norm of customary international law. With the new doctrine it would be acceptable to use force against states which are unwilling or unable to cease the activates of terrorist organizations in their territory, and these groups are launching terrorist attack against other states which amount to the magnitude of an armed attack.5 However, the doctrine is not widely accepted,6 some scholars suggest the doctrine has been a part of international law since the Caroline incident,7 but after careful examination of the contemporary state practice, and opinio juris8 one can conclude that yet there is no fully formulated customary international law norm, which enabled states to use force against other states based on their unwillingness or lack of capacity, to deal with armed terrorist groups operating in their territory. But one cannot exclude the possibility either that a norm of such will emerge in some time in response to threats of international peace and security or perhaps the doctrine is present in a statu nascendi form, which can form into a customary international law norm, via a shift in opinio juris of states.9

Despite all this, one can conclude that the current legal regime dealing with international use of force concerning self-defense against non-state actors is not natural nor real. One cannot interpret to UN Charter in a manner, which makes it impossible to combat international terrorism by military means. Perhaps this is not the ideal way to deal with these phenomena, but until other means fail, states must be able to protect themselves from threats which potentially affect the lives of their citizens.

V. Closing remarks As it was established above, lex lata there is no direct right to self-defense against non-state actors, and the

contemporary understanding of the attribution makes it possible to attribute the conduct of non-state armed groups to states. It was also noted, that this approach is untenable in the age of international terrorist organizations, such as ISIL, Boko Harem, or al-Qaida. There are current trends, which marks the shift towards a more permissive international legal regime in light of the horrible events of the past 17 years, but we are certainly not there just yet.

What could be the possible solutions? First and foremost, the amendment of the UN Charter, which is unfortunately unthinkable at this moment. Secondly, a paradigm-changing judgement of the International Court of Justice, by recognizing a new norm of customary international law, either in form of permitting direct self-defense against non-state actors or accepting the emerging ‘unwilling or unable’ doctrine with clear content, what is a sine qua non requirement of every norm in international law.

Only a marginal fragment of the contemporary drone strikes is legal – usually which are conducted on the basis

1 Ibid. p. 17. and O’Connel supra note 30 pp. 436-456. 2 See Milanovic supra note 35 3 Ibid. 4 See Daniel Bethlehem: Self-Defense Against An Imminent or Actual Armed Attack by Nonstate Actors, The American Journal of International Law, 2012/106. p- 776. par. 11-12. or Ashley Deeks: Ùnwilling or Unable”: Toward a Normative Framework for Extraterritorial Self-Defense, Virginia Journal of International Law, 2012/50. 5 See Betlehem supra note 104 p. 766. par. 11-12. 6 See Elena Chacko – Ashley Deeks,: Who is on Board with Ùnwilling or Unable”, Lawfare, 10 October 2016. https://www.lawfareblog.com/who-board-unwilling-or-unable 7 See Deeks supra note 104 p. 491. 8 `The opinio juris, or belief that a state activity is legally obligatory, is the factor which turns usage into a custom and renders it part of the rules of international law.” See Shaw supra note 20 p. 60. For the state practice, see Chacko – Deeks supra note 105 9 If states would argue, that there is a new customary international law norm, currently emerging, which would change the currently existing rule of Article 3. f) of the 3314 General Assembly Resolution, namely if a state allows another state to use its territory for aggression, it also commits aggression, to apply to non-state actors as well. This way it would be possible to argue for the doctrine and staying in the precious framework of the de lege lata jus contra bellum system. For similar line of argumentation see Kajtár Gábor: Vonakodik vagy nem képes? Az önvédelem jogának újabb paradigmaváltó kísérlete, Közjogi Szemle, 2018/1. pp. 7-8.


26

of consent or collective self-defense – jus ad bellum. When a state seeks to combat international terrorism by the means of military power, it has to be cautious in exercising its rights. One has to remember that even the smallest mistake can make the difference between life and death and state practice as it is, in the hand of ‘evil’ can open the Box of Pandora, and possibly end the jus contra bellum system, which lead to relative peace and security in our world.


27

g. lobJaniZe

qarTveli ciceroni, luarsab andronikaSvili

iSviaTad SexvdebiT sauniversiteto ganaTlebis iurists, miTumetes swavluls, romelsac

gavlili ar hqondes romis samarTlis istoria da ar icnobdes ciceronis filosofiur da sa-

marTlebriv Sexedulebebs. ciceroni iyo romael iuristTa Soris is adamiani, romelmac kargad Seaxama Teoriebi praqtikasTan da orive mimarTulebiT did warmatebas miaRwia. cnobili fran-

gi iuristi r. davidi rodesac erTmaneTs adarebda Teoriisa da praqtikis mniSvnelobas, werda: orive erTad idealuri variantiao.1 swored rom idealuri magaliTia ciceroni. amis Tqma SeiZ-

leba cnobil qarTvel iurist luarsab andronikaSvilzec, rogorc did Teoretikossa da war-

matebul praqtikosze. marTalia, mas ciceronTan dro da sivrce aSorebs, magram safuZvliani codna, ganaTleba da praqtika Zalze aaxloebs.

mkvlevarTa azriT, ciceronis biografiis Sesaqmnelad masalebi isev misive TxzulebebSia mocemuli, Tumca mas biografebi ar aklda. sakmarisia ciceronis cxovrebis plutarqeseuli aRweriloba `paralelur biografiaSi~.2 ciceronis biografiul monacemebs vxvdebiT avlus ge-

liusis naSromSi àtikuri Rameebi~ (Noctes Aticae) da istorikos titus liviusis Txzulebis `pe-

riodebSi~. ciceronis mSoblebi SeZlebuli adamianebi iyvnen da Svilebs brwyinvale ganaTleba miaRebines. maTi ocneba iyo, markusi da misi umcrosi Zma kvintusi saxelmwifo moRvaweebad ga-

moezardaT. am miznis misaRwevad maTi ojaxi q. arpiniumidan romSi gadmosaxlda da damkvidreba-

Si problemebi ar Seqmnia. ciceroni mamamisma im periodisaTvis brwyinvale da cnobil berZen maswavleblebs miabara. wyaroebis mixedviT, patara markusi mecnierebaTa mimarT iSviaT niWsa da mondomebas iCenda, magram yvelaze metad literaturiTa da poeziiT iyo gatacebuli, raSic di-

di iyo `filologosebis~, elius stilonisa da avlus licinius arqimias damsaxureba. ciceroni aranakleb iyo dainteresebuli filosofiiTa da oratoruli xelovnebiT. fi-

losofiur ideebs igi aziares fedrosma, romelic epikures ideebis mimdevari iyo, stoelma di-

odotem, axali akademiuri filosofiuri skolis warmomadgenelma filanma. ciceroni male mixvda, rom misi mowodeba iuristoba da advokatis profesia iyo, amitom

imTaviTve daiwyo oratoruli xelovnebis siRrmiseuli Seswavla. kiTxulobda da ecnoboda berZen oratorebs, dadioda centrSi – forumze, usmenda im periodis yvelaze gamoCenil mWer-

metyvelebs, iwerda da swavlobda maT mier warmoTqmul azrebs. Zvel romSi oratoruli xelov-

nebis swavleba erT-erT prioritetul mimarTulebad iTvleboda, mas am xelovnebis daufleba-

Si daexmarnen licinius krakusi da gamoCenili romaeli iuristi kvintus mocius scevola. fi-losofiaSi cicerons amecadinebdnen gamoCenili berZeni filosofiuri skolis warmomadgen-

lebi, romlebmac igi aziares saxelganTqmuli xelovnebaTmcodneebis rosciusisa da epozusis kamaTisa da argumentaciis moZRvrebas `dialeqtikas~, romlis daxmarebiT ciceroni kargad da-

eufla `deklamaciasa~ da `mimikas~, romelic warmoadgenda politikosisaTvis saWiro codnisa da unar-Cvevebis nawils.

Tavisi momzadebisa da ganaTlebis wyalobiT ciceroni politikur asparezze male dawina-

urda, raSic daexmara daxvewili mWermetyveleba da farTo enciklopediuri ganaTleba. Zv.w.aR 76 wels igi daniSnes siciliis kvestorad, romelsac evaleboda finansuri saqmeebis gamgeblo-

ba. Zv.w.aR 66 wels ukve pretorad iniSneba, swored aqedan iwyeba misi politikur oratoriaSi ka-

pitalis gazrda, rac ukavSirdeba ciceronis gamosvlas ganiliusis kanonproeqtis dasacavad senatSi.3

mecnierul literaturaSi ciceronis Teoriuli memkvidreoba Sinaarsis mixedviT ramde-

nime jgufadaa dayofili. pirvel jgufs ganekuTvneba saxelmwifosa da samarTlisadmi miZRvni-

li naSromebi. kerZod `saxelmwifos Sesaxeb~, `kanonebis Sesaxeb~, `valdebulebaTa Sesaxeb~. meo-

1 plutarqe, ciceroni, 1. 2 davidi r., Tanamedroveobis msoflio samarTlebrivi sistemebi, Tb., 1998, gv. 39. 3 maTiaSvili i., Strixebi portretisaTvis, saerTaSoriso samecniero-praqtikuli Jurnali `cxovreba da kanoni~, N2 (18), 2012, gv. 47


28

re jgufis kvlevebSi ciceroni amuSavebs zogadfilosofiur problemebs, rogorebicaa: `Rmer-

Tebis bunebis Sesaxeb~, `sikeTisa da borotebis sazRvrebis Sesaxeb~, `tuskunaluri saubrebi~, àkademikosTa moZRvreba~, `stoelTa hapaloqsebi~, `simamacis Sesaxeb~, `moxucebulobis Sesa-

xeb~, `didebis Sesaxeb~ da `nugeSis~ Taobaze, sadac gaanalizebuli aqvs moralisa da zneobis calkeuli sakiTxebi.1

Tavis TxzulebebSi ciceroni erTmaneTisagan asxvavebs da zogjer erTmaneTs upirispi-

rebs kanons, samarTals da simarTles. uaryofs saxelmwifo Zaladobas kanonebis realizaciis procesSi. Cveni azriT, ciceroni kanonebSi gulisxmobda daweril formalur samarTals, xolo simarTleSi dauwerels. am mosazrebis argumentad moSveliebul iqnas ciceronis mcdeloba, erTmaneTisagan gamijnos da gaarkvios simarTlisa da kanonebis wyaroebi. misi azriT, am sakiT-

xze pasuxi filosofiis siRrmeSi unda veZeboT, kerZod, samarTlis Sinaarsi `saWiroa movnaxoT adamianis bunebaSi~, rac Seexeba kanons, igi aris bunebaSi Canergili umaRlesi moTxovna, rome-

lic gvibrZanebs SevasruloT Sesasrulebeli da gvikrZalavs sawinaaRmdegos.2 misi warmatebuli saadvokato saqmianoba msjelobis calke Temaa. ciceronis Teoriulma

naazrebma misma politikurma moRvaweobam naTeli gza aCvena Semdgom Taobebs da aqtualoba ar daukargavs, ciceroni dResac kargi magaliTia specialistebisaTvis.

luarsab nikolozis Ze andronikaSvili daibada 1872 wlis 26 Tebervals sof. iJioSi, ax-

landeli axmetis raionSi. man wera-kiTxva jer kidev ojaxSi iswavla, Tbilisis klasikuri gimna-

ziis damTavrebis Semdeg, 1892 wels, Cairicxa peterburgis universitetis iuridiuli fakulte-

tis studentad. igi imTaviTve SesamCnevi gaxda profesor-maswavleblebisaTvis, luarsab an-dronikaSvils ar akmayofilebda sauniversiteto ganaTlebis sistema da gadawyvita evropaSi wasuliyo swavlis gasaRrmaveblad, swavlobda filosofias haidelbergSi kuno fiSerTan, xolo Semdeg strasburgis universitetSi ismenda vilhem vindelbergis leqciebs, paralelurad es-wreboda gamoCenili germaneli samarTalmcodneebis — georg elinekis da labandis leqciebs sa-

xelmwifo samarTalSi. rogorc TviTon igonebs, es iyo yvelaze swori gadawyvetileba, radga-

nac bevri ram iswavla saqveynod cnobili filosofosebisa da iuristebisagan. luarsab andronikaSvili 1897 wels dabrunda peterburgSi da 1899 wels warCinebiT daam-

Tavra iuridiuli fakulteti. im periodis ruseTSi gaaqtiurda politikuri procesebi, ewyoboda manifestaciebi, muSa-

Ta da glexTa gamosvlebi, romlebic xSirad SeiaraRebuli ajanyebebiT mTavrdeboda. parale-lurad imata politikuri motivebiT patimarTa raodenobam da aRZrulma sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebma. luarsab andronikaSvilma mtkiced gadawyvita Sesuliyo `politikur damcvelTa~ jgufSi, romelic Camoyalibda ruseTis advokaturis sistemaSi da romlis Seqmnis iniciatori TviTon iyo. saadvokato saqmianobaSi mis warmatebas xels uwyobda oratoruli niWi, masalis Rrma analizis unari da argumentebis logikuri dawyoba-dalagebis meTodebis codna.

advokati luarsab andronikaSvili monawileobda istoriuli mniSvnelobis assze met po-

litikur sasamarTlo procesSi, romlebic gaimarTa rogorc ruseTis qalaqebSi aseve saqarTve-

loSi. amis magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT 1903 wlis baTumis demonstraciis saqme; leitenant Smidtis meTaurobiT ajanyebul Savi zRvis flotis mezRvaurTa sevastopolis procesi; 1908-

1909 wlebis `novorosiis respublikis saqme, revolucioner teroristebis (peterburgis qala-

qis mmarTvelis general launicis mkvlelobis saqme, 1907 wlis saxelmwifo sabWos wevris graf ignatievis mkvlelobis procesi. gazeTis `novaia Jiznis~ da Jurnal `russkoe bogatstvis~ saq-

meebi da a.S. l. andronikaSvili 1921 wels dabrunda saqarTveloSi. misma mravalferovanma moRvaweo-

bam Rrma kvali datova Cveni sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi. igi iyo saqarTve-

loSi iuridiuli ganaTlebis fuZemdebeli da organizatori, STagonebuli leqtori da Tavda-

debuli pedagogi.3 l. andronikaSvilis studenti f. gokieli wers: Zalian saintereso da Taviseburi iyo kompoziciurad b-n luarsabis leqciebi: saleqcio

1 abaSmaZe v., narkvevebi politikur moZRvrebaTa istoriidan, Tb., 1977, gv. 409. 2 lobJaniZe g., samarTlis filosofia, t. I, Tb., 2014, gv. 162. 3 wereTeli T., andronikaSvili l., revolucionerTa da progresul moRvaweTa damcveli, Tb., 1976, gv. 3.


29

sakiTxis saerTo daxasiaTebis Semdeg, – vTqvaT, es iyo iuridiuli piris problema anda samar-

Tlisa da zneobis urTierTobis sakiTxi, – raki studentebi aiTvisebdnen ZiriTads, rac ki unda scodnodaT am sakiTxze, b-ni luarsabi gadadioda ama Tu im iuridiuli kategoriis irgvliv Seq-

mnil koncefciebisa da Teoriebis daxasiaTebaze, maT garCeva-Sefasebaze da aq, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, monologs ukve cvlida dialogi, dialogi warmodgenil mowinaaRmdegesTan, im Teoriis damcvelTan, romelsac b-ni luarsabi ar eTanxmeboda, ewinaaRmdegeboda. Zalian keTilsindisi-

erad mohyavda Cvens leqtors erTi-meoris Semdgom yvela is SesaZlebeli argumenti, rac ki Za-

luZda warmoedgina ama Tu im Teoriis momxmares, vTqvaT, vinme vindSaidsa anda princs, – da brwyinvaled arRvevda am argumentebs sakuTari Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare mosazrebebiT, anda gviCveneebda, Tu ra gamouval logikur rkalSi emwyvdeoda, anda Sinagan winaaRmdegobaSi vardeboda misTvis miuRebel SexedulebaTa avtori.1

im periodSi man aRzarda saqarTveloSi mecnieri da praqtikosi iuristebis pirveli Tao-

ba, xeli Seuwyo qarTuli iuridiuli mecnierebis ganviTarebas. igi iyo umaRlesi saxelmwifo organoebis kompetenturi mrCeveli iuridiul sakiTxebze da ara erTxel gauwevia saxelmwifo-

saTvis samsaxuri, gansakuTrebiT ucxoeTis msxvil sawarmoebTan wamoWrili davebis ganxilvis dros.

luarsab andronikaSvili Rrmad ganaTlebuli adamiani da bunebiT momadlebuli orato-

ruli niWis patroni gaxldaT. igi ara marto samarTlis sxvadasxva dargSi iyo friad ganswav-

luli, aramed SesaniSnavad icoda filosofia, literatura, Teatri... andronikaSvilebis ojaxi TbilisSi erTgvar salons warmoadgenda, sadac Tavs iyrida maSindeli Tbilisis inteligencia. modiodnen cnobili mecnierebi, mwerlebi, Teatralebi...

igi iyo kote marjaniSvilis axlo megobari, didi reJisori, roca TeatrSi speqtaklis ge-

neralur repeticias marTavda da darbazSi luarsab andronikaSvili eguleboda, gansakuTre-

bul mondomebas iCenda, rom misi gemovneba daekmayofilebina. rac Seexeba sandro axmetels, is luarsab andronikaSvils mizanscenebis dadgmis dros xSirad rCevasac ki ekiTxeboda.

yovelive amasTan erTad, luarsab andronikaSvilis pirovnebas erTi didi adamianuri Tvi-

sebac amkobda. Tavis TanamedroveTa Soris igi uaRresad maRali zneobiT gamoirCeoda. luarsab andronikaSvilis zneobrivi avtoriteti imdenad didi iyo, rom es Tviseba misi gardacvalebis Semdegac ki misabaZad da sanimuSod darCa im periodis kulturul wreebSi.2

zemoaRniSnuli masalebis Sepirwineba damWirda imisaTvis, rom gamemarTlebina publika-

ciis saTauri da paraleli gamevlo antikuri epoqis Teoretikossa da praqtikoss, ciceronsa da Cveni Tanamedrove, gamorCeuli mecnieris, l. andronikaSvilis cxovreba-moRvaweobas Soris.


1. abaSmaZe v., narkvevebi politikur moZRvrebaTa istoriidan, Tb., 1977; 2. davidi r., Tanamedroveobis msoflio samarTlebrivi sistemebi, Tb., 1998; 3. gamyreliZe o., `boboqari luarsabi~, Jurnali àdvokati da marTlmsajuleba~, N4; 4. gokieli f., civilisturi Studiebi, mogonebebi, Tb., 2017; 5. lobJaniZe g., samarTlis filosofia, t. I, Tb., 2014; 6. maTiaSvili i., Strixebi portretisaTvis, saerTaSoriso samecniero-praqtikuli Jurnali

`cxovreba da kanoni~, N2 (18), 2012; 7. plutarqe, ciceroni; 8. wereTeli T., andronikaSvili l., revolucionerTa da progresul moRvaweTa damcveli, Tb.,

1976.

1 gokieli f., civilisturi Studiebi, mogonebebi, Tb., 2017, gv. 164. 2 gamyreliZe o., `boboqari luarsabi~, Jurnali àdvokati da marTlmsajuleba~, N4, gv. 21.


30

g. lobJaniZe

qarTveli ciceroni, luarsab andronikaSvili

reziume

publikacia sainteresod gadmogvcems gamoCenili qarTveli moRvawis (iuristisa da fi-

losofosis) – luarsab andronikaSvilis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis amsaxvel momentebs. avto-

ri mas cicerons adarebs Tavisi stiliT, ganaTlebiTa da unariT – kargad Sexamebuli Toeriu-

li da praqtikuli codniT. naSromSi mkafio paralelebia gavlebuli am ori gamoCenili adamianis – luarsab androni-

kaSvilisa da ciceronis cxovrebasa da mogRavweobas Soris, romlebsac aSorebdaT dro da siv-

rce, magram aaxloebdaT filosofiuri da samarTlebrivi msoflmxedveloba, oratoruli niWi da sazogadoebisadmi gaweuli fasdaudebeli Rvawli. G. Lobzhanidze

Georgian Tsitseroni, Luarsab AndronikaShvili

Summary

The given work thoroughly describes the biography and social life of the Georgian public figure –Luarsab Andronikashvili (lawyer and philosopher). He is characterized as Georgian Tsitseroni based on his style, knowledge and the skill to combine theoretical and practical knowledge perfectly.

The author of the work makes vital parallels between these two figures – Luarsab Andronikashvili and Tsitseroni based on their social life, philosophic views and the skill of the public speaker.


31

r. Sengelia, e. Sengelia

savaluto urTierTobaTa samarTlebrivi regulirebis safuZvlebi

valutis cneba gacilebiT ufro farToa, vidre fulisa, Tumca fuli valutis erT–erTi

umniSvnelovanesi nawilia. fulTan erTad masSi Sedis sxva sagadaxdo dokumentebic, romelTa meSveobiTac xorcieldeba saerTaSoriso angariSsworeba. aqedan gamomdinare, valuta aris ama Tu im qveynis fuladi erTeuli, agreTve sxva sagadaxdo dokumentebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba sxva saxelmwifoebTan ekonomikuri urTierTobis uzrunvelsayofad. valutis upirvelesi da-

niSnulebaa gacvliT urTierTobebSi saerTaSoriso angariSsworebis ganxorcieleba. valutad iTvleba, magaliTad, ara marto amerikuli dolari, rusuli rubli an qarTuli lari, aramed sa-

xazino bileTi, banknoti, Ceki, Tamasuqi da sxva fuladi erTeuliT gamoxatuli sagadaxdo fasi-

ani qaRaldebi. valutas warmoadgens agreTve iseTi saerTaSoriso saangariSsworebo fuladi erTeuli, rogoricaa evro (1979 wlidan 2000 wlamde evropuli valutis erTeuli iyo ekiu) an saerTaSoriso da regionuli safinanso organizaciebis mier gamoSvebuli fasiani qaRaldebi. saerTaSoriso angariSsworebaSi sxvadasxva qveynis valutebs sxvadasxva xarisxis monawileobis unari gaaCniaT, es, upirveles yovlisa, ganpirobebulia am valutebis konvertirebulobis sxva-

dasxva reJimiT. erovnuli valutis ucxo valutaSi gacvlis maRali SesaZleblobebis mqone sa-

xelmwifoebi saerTaSoriso angariSsworebis saSualebad iyeneben rogorc sakuTar, ise ucxour valutas. sxva saxelmwifoebi saerTaSoriso angariSsworebas ucxouri valutiT axorcieleben. maT Sorisaa saqarTveloc.

savaluto urTierTobaTa Sinaarsis srulad aRsaqmelad mizanSewonilia maTi organizaci-

uli formis calkeuli elementebis analizi. upirveles yovlisa, erTmaneTisagan unda gaimij-

nos erovnuli da ucxouri valutis cnebebi. erovnuli valuta warmoadgens suverenuli saxel-

mwifos fulad erTeulsa da sxva sagadaxdo fasian qaRaldebs, romlebic gamoiyeneba sxva qvey-

nebTan sakredito, saangariSsworebo da ucxo saxis safinanso–ekonomikur urTierTobaTa uz-

runvelsayofad. ucxouri valuta ki sazRvargareTis saxelmwifoTa fuladi niSnebi da sakre-

dito–sagadaxdo dokumentebia, romlebic gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso sakredito–saangariSswo-

rebo urTierTobebSi. ucxouri valuta yidva–gayidvis mniSvnelovani obieqtia. savaluto ope-

raciebs, Cveulebriv, bankebi an savaluto biuroebi awarmoeben. ama Tu im qveynis erovnuli ban-ki mobilizacias ukeTebs sazRvargareTuli savaWro an sxva ekonomikuri xasiaTis garigebaTa sarealizaciod gamiznuli erovnuli valutis Semadgenel elementebs da uzrunvelyofs maTi sanacvlo ucxouri valutis miRebis SesaZleblobas. am mizniT igi Tavis sazcvargareTul bank–korespondentebs aZlevs miTiTebas inkasoze miiRos sagadaxdo dokumentebi, romlebic Sesaba-

misi garigebis dadebis Semdeg gadaiqceva ucxour valutaSi gamoxatul aqtivad. es SesaZleb-

lobas uqmnis erovnul banks Tavis klients moemsaxuros ucxouri valutiT. ucxouri valutebi erTmaneTisagan msyidvelobiTi unarianobis, stabilurobiTa da zogierTi sxva upiratesobiT gansxvavdeba. es umetesad msoflioSi ekonomikurad da politikurad yvelaze ganviTarebuli da Zlieri saxelmwifoebis valutebia. aseTi valuta gamoiyeneba sxva qveynebis savaluto pari-tetisa da savaluto kursis gansazRvris safuZvlad da asrulebs saerTaSoriso masStabis sa-

rezervo saSualebis funqcias. msyidvelobiTi unaris stabilurobis maRali xarisxis gamo ase-

Ti valuta inaxeba sarezervo naRdi fulis saxiT. igi saerTaSoriso likviduri saxsrebis nair-

saxeobaa. am gagebiT, sarezervo valuta saerTaSoriso fulia. adre bevri qveynis sarezervo va-

luta girvanqa sterlingi iyo. amJamad msoflio fulis funqcias amerikuli dolari asrulebs. gamoyenebis reJimis mixedviT valuta SeiZleba iyos – konvertirebadi da arakonvertire-

badi, anu Caketili. konvertirebadi anu Seuqcevadia iseTi valuta, romelic icvleba nebismier ucxour valutaze da asrulebs saerTaSoriso sagadaxdo saSualebis funqcias – nebismieri operaciis Sesrulebisas. aseTia, magaliTad, amerikis, inglisis da iaponiis valutebi. Tavisuf-

lad konvertirebadi valutisagan gansxvavebiT, nawilobriv konvertirebadi valuta SesaZlebe-

lia zogierTi saxis operaciebSi ar gamoiyenebodes. amitom igi icvleba zogierT qveynebis va-

lutaze. aseTia, magaliTad, kanadis, braziliis da sxva qveynebis valutebi.


32

arakonvertirebadi valuta, romelic Caketilia erTi qveynis teritoriis farglebSi da saerTaSoriso savaluto operaciebSi damoukideblad monawileobis SesaZlebloba SezRuduli aqvs. igi ar icvleba sxva qveynebis valutebze, msoflios mravali ganviTarebadi qveynis msgav-

sad, jerjerobiT arakonvertirebadi valutaa laric. ekonomikis aRmavloba da misi stabilu-

roba, fulad–sakredito sistemis ganmtkiceba da msoflio bazarze saqarTveloSi Seqmnili sa-qonlis konkurentunarianobis ganuxreli zrda unda gaxdes qarTuli valutis konvertirebu-

lad gardaqmnis safuZveli. konvertirebadoba mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli valutis gacvliTi kursis gansazRvras-

Tan. saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierToba da angariSsworeba warmoudgenelia erTi valutis meoreSi gacvlis gareSe. magaliTad, Tu romelime qarTul firmas surs saqoneli SeiZinos ger-

maniaSi, man larebi unda gadacvalos evroze. gayiduli saqonlis Rirebulebis evroTi SeiZleba amerikuli an inglisuri valutis SeZena da a.S. valutebis gacvla, anu erovnuli valutiT uc-

xouri valutis SeZena, SesaZlebelia savaluto bazarze. valutis gacvlis dros, Cveulebriv, kreditoris valuta icvleba movalis valutaze. am

dros unda moxdes valutaTa Soris Tanafardobis gansazRvra, rasac valutis kursis anu gac-

vliTi kursis dadgena ewodeba. gacvliTi kursi gamoxatavs ucxouri valutis erTeulis im mer-

yev sidides, romelic SeiZleba gacvlil iqnes erovnuli valutis erT erTeulSi. aqedan gamom-

dinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom valuta aris erTi qveynis fuladi erTeulis fasi, gamoxatuli me-

ore qveynis fulad erTeulSi. erovnuli fuladi erTeulis kursis gansazRvras ucxour valu-

taSi kotireba ewodeba. SesaZlebelia pirdapiri kotireba, roca ucxouri valutiT ganisaz-

Rvreba erovnuli valutis kursi. magaliTad, 1 amerikuli dolari udris 2 lars da ukukotire-

ba, roca erovnuli valutiT ganisazRvreba ucxouri valutis kursi. magaliTad, 10 lari udris 4 evros. umravles qveynebSi erovnuli valutis kursis dasadgenad gamoiyeneba pirdapiri koti-

reba. inglisSi ukukotirebiT xdeba kursis dadgena, amerikaSi ki kotirebis orive forma gamoi-

yeneba. valutis kursi iyofa gamyidvelisa da myidvelis kursebad. myidvelis kursiT banki yi-

dulobs ucxour valutas erovnuli valutiT, xolo gamyidvelis kursiT igi ucxour valutas yidis erovnul valutaze. pirdapiri kotirebisas gamyidvelis kursi ufro maRalia, vidre myidvelisa. maT Soris sxvaobas ewodeba marJa da igi bankis mogebas Seadgens. arsebobs kros–kursis dadgenis SesaZleblobac, rac ori ucxouri valutis kursis gansazRvras niSnavs erTma-

neTis mimarT. magaliTad, kros–kursis SemTxvevaa, roca saqarTvelos erovnuli banki adgens amerikuli dolaris kurss evros an rusuli rublis mimarT. savaluto gacvliTi kursis gansaz-Rvrisas ZiriTadi mniSvneloba eniWeba savaluto bazarze romelime qveynis erovnuli valutis miwodebisa da moTxovnis Tanafardobas. magaliTad, larze moTxovna sxva qveynis rezidentebs warmoeSobaT maSin, Tu maT surT SeiZinon qarTuli saqoneli an TavianTi kapitali daabandon saqarTveloSi (sesxis saxiT, qonebis SeZenis gziT da sxv.). aseve laris miwodeba ganpirobebulia ucxouri firmebis mier miwodebuli saqonlis – qarTuli firmebis mier SeZenis an sazRvargare-

Tis qveynebSi qarTveli biznesmenebis mier TavianTi kapitalis investirebis surviliT (ucxou-

ri kapitalis SesaZenad saWiro larebis gaReba da sxv.). arsebobs nominaluri da realuri gacvliTi kursebi. nominaluri gacvliTi kursi aris ori qveynis valutis SefardebiTi fasi. magaliTad, am

kursiT 1 amerikuli dolari 2 laris ekvivalentia. es niSnavs imas, rom saqarTvelos savaluto bazarze SesaZlebelia 1 dolaris gacvla 2 larze da piriqiT.

savaluto bazarze sacvleli kursebi ganuwyvetliv meryeobs. es gamowveulia ama Tu im qveynis valutis miwodebisa da moTxovnis Tanafardobis darRveviT. roca romelime qveynis va-

lutis sacvleli kursi maRla iwevs, maSin am valutis Rirebuleba maRldeba. aseTi cvlileba seriozul gavlenas axdens qveynis ekonomikaze. magaliTad, roca qarTuli valutis Rirebule-

ba maRldeba, maSin fasebi maRldeba eqsportze da mcirdeba importze. aqedan gamomdinare, mcirdeba eqsporti da stimuli eZleva imports. amas ki Tan axlavs sagadaxdo balansis gauare-

seba. roca gacvliTi kursi maRalia, maSin ucxouri saqoneli SedarebiT iafia, xolo qveynis SigniT warmoebuli saqoneli SedarebiT Zviria da piriqiT.

realuri gacvliTi kursi ganisazRvreba or qveyanaSi warmoebuli saqonelTa Sefardebi-

Ti fasiT. am kursiT aRiniSneba Tu ra TanafardobiT SeiZleba gaicvalos erTi qveynis saqoneli


33

meore qveynis saqonelze. realuri gacvliTi kursi saerTaSoriso savaWro urTierTobis auci-

lebeli Semadgeneli elementia. saqarTveloSi laris realuri gacvliTi kursis SedarebiT da-

bali done xels uwyobs samamulo saqonlis gaiafebas, eqsportis gazrdasa da importis Semci-

rebas, amitom mizanSewonilia qarTuli valutis gacvliTi kursi atarebdes stabilur xasiaTs da mas hqondes zrdis tendencia. es SesaZlebelia SenarCunebul iqnes mtkice savaluto parite-

tis safuZvelze. savaluto pariteti ewodeba sxvadasxva qveynebis fulad erTeulebs Soris Tanafardobas

maTi msyidvelobiTi unaris mixedviT. oqros demonetizaciamde arsebobda oqros pariteti. igi gamoxatavda fuladi erTeulebis Tanafardobas maTi oqros Semcvelobisa da oqros woniTi ra-

odenobis mixedviT. amJamad oqros pariteti ukve aRar arsebobs. valutis kursis regulirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba fiqsirebuli da mcuravi valutis kurse-

bi. fiqsirebuli valutis kursisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia is, rom erovnuli valutis Tanafardo-ba ucxour valutasTan oficialuradaa dadgenili da misi Secvla sxva faqtorebze ar aris da-

mokidebuli. fiqsirebuli gacvliTi kursis ZiriTadi Tavisebureba isaa, rom ama Tu im qveynis centraluri banki valdebulia oficialurad winaswar gansazRvruli sakurso TanafardobiT iyidos an gayidos valuta. am dros Sida savaluto bazarze moTxovna–miwodebis wonasworoba avtomatur reJimSi xorcieldeba, rac mniSvnelovnad amcirebs savaluto spekulaciis SesaZ-

leblobas. praqtikaSi fiqsirebuli gacvliTi kursis gavrcelebul saxesxvaobad miCneulia kursis e. w. mibma romelime myari valutis mimarT. umetesi qveynebi aseT sarezervo valutad amerikis dolars iyeneben. mcuravi valutis kursi ki saerTaSoriso angariSsworebis iseTi sis-

temaa, romlis drosac calkeul qveynebs ufleba aqvT, Sinagani bazris gawonasworebis mizniT, Secvalon gasacvleli kursi sabazro koniunqturis Sesabamisad. amitom centraluri bankebi periodulad adgenen erovnuli valutis kurss ucxour valutebTan SefardebiT da aqveyneben Sesabamis monacemebs.

valutis kursis dadgena xdeba da savaluto operaciebi xorcieldeba savaluto bazarze da mis calkeul segmentebSi. savaluto bazari aris erovnul da ucxour valutaSi gamoxatuli sagadasaxado dokumentebis yidva–gayidvisgarigebaTa dadebiTa da ganxorcielebis meqanizmi. savaluto garigebebis safuZveli moTxovna–miwodebis TanafardobiT gansazRvruli kursebia. bazris daniSnulebaa, uzrunvelyos sxvadasxva valutis mflobelTa Soris angariSsworebis praqtikuli realizacia. amas bazari akeTebs bankebis, savaluto birJebis, sabrokero firmebisa da specializebuli struqturebis meSveobiT.

msoflio savaluto bazari moicavs sxvadasxva qveynis bankebis sakorespodento kavSirebs da warmoadgens saerTaSoriso angariSsworebis ganxorcielebis meqanizms. SedarebiT SezRudu-

li areali gaaCnia evrovalutis bazars. igi evropis qveynebis valutebiT xorcieldeba. am ope-

raciebSi aqtiurad monawileobs evropis gaerTianebuli valuta – evro. igi warmoadgens evro-

pis qveynebis valutaTa kalaTis saSualo Sewonil maCvenebels. aRniSnuli qveynebisaTvis evro, amerikuli dolaris paralelurad, upirveles sarezervo valutas warmoadgens. savaluto ba-

zari ar aris tradiciuli gagebiT valutis myidvelebisa da gamyidvelebis TavSeyris adgili. savaluto operaciebi xorcieldeba bankebis warmomadgeneli maklerebis mier, romlebic Tavi-

anTi bankebidan erTmaneTs ukavSirdebian kompiuterebiTa da telefonebiT. myidveli banki mis-Tvis sasurveli valutis kursis mqone gamyidvel banks ukavSirdeba da maT Soris ideba savalu-

to garigeba. garigebaTa garkveuli nawili formdeba savaluto birJebze. umetesad savaluto birJaze xdeba ucxouri valutis kotireba. birJaze fiqsirdeba ucxouri valutebis oficialu-

ri kursi, romelic safinanso da statistikuri gaangariSebis sayovelTao masStabad miiCneva da safuZvlad edeba arasabanko seqtoris klienturasTan savaluto saangariSsworebo urTierTo-

bebs. Sidasavaluto birJebis funqcionirebaSi gansakuTrebul rols centraluri bankebi as-

ruleben. isini savaluto kursis gamawonasworeblad gamodian. iseT SemTxvevebSi, roca rome-

lime valutis kursis mniSvnelovani amaRlebis realoba Seiqmneba, banki gazrdis am valutis mi-

wodebas, xolo kursis dacemis tendenciis gamovlenisas centraluri banki yidulobs aseT va-

lutas. orive SemTxvevaSi bankis intervencia mimarTulia erovnuli valutis paritetis Sesa-

narCuneblad. aseTi intervenciebi, upirveles yovlisa, ganpirobebulia valutis oficialuri kursis dawevis aucileblobiT. Tanamedrove pirobebSi calkeul qveynebSi arsebuli Zlieri sa-


34

valuto birJebi ara marto Sidasavaluto operaciebis, aramed saxelmwifoTaSoris urTierTo-

bis ganxorcielebis mniSvnelovan instruments warmoadgenen. am mxriv gamorCeulia germaniis, safrangeTis, belgiis, amerikisa da iaponiis savaluto birJebi. zogierT qveyanaSi savaluto birJa saerTod ar arsebobs. es ar niSnavs imas, rom am qveyanaSi erovnuli valutis kursebis gan-

sazRvra ar xorcieldeba. valutis kotireba yvelgan xdeba, magram amisaTvis sxvadasxva saSua-

lebebi gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, SveicariaSi ucxouri valutis kursebs umsxvilesi bankebi adge-

nen. asea inglisSic, sadac periodulad qveyndeba monacemebi minimaluri da maqsimaluri kurse-

bis Sesaxeb. skandinaviis qveynebSi erovnul da komerciul bankebs Soris winaswar xdeba SeTan-

xmeba amerikuli dolarisa da inglisuri girvanqa sterlingis kursebis Taobaze. zogierT qve-

yanaSi ramdenime savaluto birJa arsebobs kotirebis gansxvavebuli doniT. maTgan saSualo kursi ganisazRvreba centraluri bankebis mier, rac safuZvlad edeba sxva bankebis mier gan-

xorcielebel saangariSsworebo operaciebs. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso savaluto urTierTobebi ganviTarebis xangrZlivi periodis

ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibda. safuZveli ki maSin Caeyara, roca saerTaSoriso sagadaxdo brunvaSi fulis gamoyeneba daiwyo. Semdgom periodSi mravaljer Seicvala msoflio fulis formebi. mniSvnelovnad gaizarda fulis mimoqcevis saerTaSoriso sistemis farglebi. ekonomikur ur-TierTobaTa saerTaSoriso masStabebi mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebda saqonlisa da momsaxure-

bis kapitalisa da samuSao Zalis intensiur moZraobas calkeul qveynebs Soris, rasac logiku-

rad mohyveboda fulis masis brunvaSi gazrdili odenobiT moqceva. yovelive aman gamoiwvia mwyobri savaluto sistemis Seqmnis aucilebloba da saerTaSoriso gacvlebis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis SemuSaveba. msoflio savaluto sistema msoflio meurneobis ekonomikuri siste-

mis organuli nawilia da warmoadgens calkeuli qveynebis Sida fulad–sakredito mimoqcevisa da saerTaSoriso saangariSsworebo urTierTobaTa erTobliobas, savaluto sistemaSi igulis-

xmeba rogorc ekonomikuri (qveynebs Soris fuladi angariSsworeba, saerTaSoriso fuladi sax-

srebis erToblioba, erovnul valutaTa kotireba), ise institucionaluri (savaluto institu-

tebi – savaluto bazrebi, birJebi da sxv.) meqanizmebis urTierTganpirobebuloba. msoflio sa-

valuto sistema Tavdapirvelad stiqiurad Camoyalibda XIX saukuneSi oqros standartis sa-

xiT. iuridiulad igi gaformda parizis saerTaSoriso konferenciaze 1867 wels. konferenciam oqro aRiara msoflio fulis erTaderT formad. am sistemis amosavali principebi iyo: saxel-

mwifos mier oqros fasis fiqsireba da Sesabamisad, misi fuladi erTeulis Rirebulebis oqro-

Ti asaxva; erovnuli valutis kursis dadgena oqroTi; saxelmwifos mier gamoSvebuli fulis ma-

sis sruli uzrunvelyofa oqroTi. oqros standarts gaaCnda ori forma – oqromoneturi da oq-

rozoduri. oqromoneturi standartisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo: oqros monetebis Tavisuf-

lad moWra, Rirebulebis niSnebis SeuzRudavi gadaxurdaveba oqros monetebze da oqros Tavi-

sufali eqsport–importi. valutis konvertirebuloba gulisxmobda misi gacvlis SesaZleblo-

bas ara marto sxva valutaze, aramed oqrozec. igulisxmeba, rom gacvla unda momxdariyo fiq-

sirebuli paritetis mixedviT. centraluri bankebi oqros yidulobdnen da yiddnen mtkice savaluto kursiT. kanoniT

fiqsirebuli oqros fasi imavdroulad mis sabazro fassac aRniSnavda. sabanko bileTebi uz-

runvelyofili iyo oqros sakmarisi maragiT. aqedan gamomdinare, banknotebi faqtobrivad qa-

Raldis fuls ki ar warmoadgenda, aramed oqros mowmobis anu oqros serTifikatis formas iZenda. saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi qveynebs Soris warmoSobili saldo oqroTi ifareboda. amitom oqros meti raodenobiT Semodineba qveyanaSi, mis sagadaxdo balansze dadebiTad moqmedebda. gacvliTi kursi ar SeiZleboda mniSvnelovnad gadaxriliyo oqros paritetisagan. am gagebiT oqros standarti uzrunvelyofda valutaTa Soris wonasworobis dacvas. oqros standartis periodSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda moTxovnileba oqroze. oqros mopoveba CamorCa warmoebis ganviTarebis moculobas. mogvianebiT, ekonomikis swrafma aRmavlobam bevr qveyanaSi SesaZle-

beli gaxada valutis gadacvlis SesaZlebloba oqros zodebSi. es monetebis SemoRebamde arse-

buli wesis aRdgenas niSnavda. daiwyo Rirebulebis niSnebis gadaxurdaveba oqros zodebze, Tumca oqros fondis simciris gamo zogierT ganviTarebad qveyanaSi SemoRebul iqna oqro–de-

vizuri standarti, romelic Rirebulebis niSnebis umetesad ucxour valutaze gacvlas gulis-

xmobda. devizi ucxour valutaSi gamoxatuli sagadaxdo saSualebaa da oqros fondis stabi-


35

luri donis SenarCunebis saSualebad gamoiyeneboda. yovelive es msoflio savaluto sistemis meore etapis Seqmnas moaswavebda. es sistema iuridiulad gaformda guneis saerTaSoriso eko-

nomikur konferenciaze 1922 wels. meore msoflio savaluto sistema daefuZna Semdeg princi-

pebs: axali savaluto sistemis safuZveli gaxda oqro da devizebi, SenarCunda oqros paritete-

bi, aRdgenil iqna Tavisuflad meryevi savaluto kursebi, savaluto regulirebaSi mniSvnelo-

vani adgili daikava aqtiuri savaluto politikis ganxorcielebam. axalma savaluto sistemam Tavisi arsebobis pirveli 10–12 wlis manZilze realurad Seuwyo xeli savaluto stabilizaciis SenarCunebas. magram XX saukunis ocdaaTiani wlebis msoflio ekonomikurma krizisma safuZve-

lo daudo oqro–devizuri standartis gauqmebas. daiwyo ekonomikurad sustad ganviTarebadi qveynebis valutebis gaufasureba, mniSvnelovnad Semcirda maTi savaluto kursebi; oqros re-

zervebis Semcirebam gamoiwvia bankebis gakotreba. jer inglisma da Semdeg amerikam sruliad Sewyvites TavianTi valutebis gacvla oqroze. Semdeg aseve moiqca safrangeTi, holandia, Sve-

deTi da sxva qveynebi. dRis wesrigSi dadga axali savaluto sistemis Seqmna. igi Seiqmna kidec 1944 wels breton–vudsis koncerenciis safuZvelze. mesame msoflio savaluto sistemis Ziri-

Tad principebad ganisazRvra: oqro–devizuri standartis aRdgena, mtkice savaluto kursis damkvidreba da axali saerTaSoriso savaluto–sakredito sistemis SemoReba. oqro–devizuri standartis SemoReba niSnavda imas, rom savaluto rezervi unda Seqmniliyo, erTi mxriv, oqro-

sagan da meore mxriv, wamyvani valutisagan, romlebic SeuzRudavad gadaicvleboda sxva valu-

tebze. breton–vudsis SeTanxmebiT dolaris pariteti dadginda oqros mimarT, xolo yvela sxva valutis pariteti unda dadgeniliyo dolaris mimarT. es pariteti unda yofiliyo mudmivi da misi fiqsacia unda ganxorcielebuliyo axlad Seqmnil saerTaSoriso savaluto fondSi. am Ro-

nisZiebiT fexs ikidebda dolaris standarti, romelic oqrosTan mWidro kavSirSi imyofeboda. dasaSvebad iqna miCneuli savaluto fondis wevri qveynebis valutaTa kursis meryeoba, Tumca TiToeul qveyanas daevala uzrunveleyoT oqros an dolaris mimarT TavianTi valutebis mtki-

ce paritetebi. Cveulebriv, romelime qveynis valutaze moTxovna da miwodeba iSviaTad Seesaba-

meba mtkiced fiqsirebul kurss. realuri kursis meryeoba normalurad CaiTvala 1%–is far-

glebSi. magram, Tu gadaxra ufro meti iqneboda, centralur banks erovnuli da ucxouri valu-

tis – yidva–gayidviT kursi unda moeyvana stabilur mdgomareobaSi. es wesi ar vrceldeboda amerikaze. Tu dolaris kursi daecemoda, maSin amerikis centraluri bankebi maT gankarguleba-

Si arsebuli ucxouri valutiT axerxebdnen dolaris Sesyidvas. es rezervi Tu arasakmarisi iq-

neboda, maSin dolaris kursis dacva xdeboda oqros Tavisufali gayidviT. amerikis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis stabilurobam ganapiroba dolaris gabatonebuli

mdgomareoba saerTaSoriso angariSsworebaSi. dolarze moTxovnileba mniSvnelovnad gaizar-

da, ramac saboloo jamSi, gamoiwvia mravali qveynis savaluto kursis Seusabamoba mis realur SinaarsTan. daiwyo dolarTan mimarTebaSi wamyvani valutebis kursis dacemis procesi. XX sau-kunis meore naxevarSi transnacionaluri kapitalis Camoyalibebam da ekonomikuri urTierTo-bebis farTo integraciam gaaZliera msoflio kapitalisturi meurneobis internacionaliza-

cia. aman kidev ufro Seuwyo xeli dolaris kursis gazrdas, ramac mniSvnelovnad gazarda mas-

Tan SefardebiT sxva valutebis kursebis meryeobis procenti. moqmedi savaluto sistema ukve gamousadegari aRmoCnda da breton–vudsis savaluto sistemam arseboba Sewyvita.

1976 wels safuZveli Caeyara axal msoflio savaluto sistemas. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis wevri qveynebis warmomadgenelTa SeTanxmebiT iamaikis qalaq kingstonSi ganisazRvra meoTxe savaluto sistemis principebi: 1. dasrulda oqros monetizaciis periodi. gauqmda misi oficialuri fasi, oqros pariteti, Sewyda dolaris gadacvla oqroze; 2. oqros maragis nawili gaiyida sabazro fasis mixedviT da miRebuli Semosavali gamoyenebul iqna ganviTarebadi qvey-

nebis dasakrediteblad, nawili ki daubrunda fondis wevr–qveynebs TavianTi kvotis proporci-

ulad Tavdapirveli fasebiT: 1 uncia – 35 dolari; 3. qveynebs miecaT savaluto sasurveli reJi-

mis arCevanis ufleba da sxv. saerTaSoriso angariSsworebidan oqros sabolood gamodevnis Semdeg misi adgili daikava dolarma. mas formalurad CamoerTva sarezervo valutis statusi, magram faqtobrivad igi kvlav darCa saerTaSoriso sagadaxdo da sarezervo saSualebad. dola-

ri Tanamedrove msoflios mTavari valutaa. es ganapiroba amerikis ekonomikis maRalma donem


36

da msoflioSi misma yvelaze didma oqros maragma. amitom Tanamedrove msoflio savaluto sis-

temas dolaris standarti ewodeba. iamaikis savaluto sistemaSi axali savaluto reJimiT dakanonda mcuravi gadasacvleli

kursi. fiqsirebul kursTan SedarebiT mcuravi kursi yalibdeba Tavisuflad moTxovna–miwo-

debis safuZvelze. mcuravi kursi moqmedi savaluto sistemis mTavari ganmsazRvrelia. saerTaSoriso savaluto sistemis Semadgenel elements warmoadgens evropuli savaluto

sistema. igi Seiqmna 1979 wels evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis wevr–qveynebis mier. am qvey-

nebs gaaCniaT saerTo valuta – evro. iamaikis savaluto sistemebisagan gansxvavebiT, evro–savaluto sistema oqros iyenebs re-

alur sarezervo aqtivad. am mizniT misma wevrma qveynebma oqros erToblivi fondi Seqmnes. ev-

ro nawilobriv uzrunvelyofilia oqroTi. oqrosTan erTad sarezervo fondSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia ucxour valutas – dolars.


1. Sengelia r., Sengelia e., sabanko samarTlis safuZvlebi, Tb., 2014; 2. xelaia g., saerTaSoriso savaluto da sakredito urTierTobani, Tb., 2005; 3. Ерпылева Н. Ю., Международное банковское право, М., 2012; 4. Шумилов В. М., Международное финансовое право, М., 2011; 5. Davies N., Green D., Global Financial Regulation, Polity, 2008; 6. Schvintovski Hans-Peter, bankrecht, München, 2004.

r. Sengelia, e. Sengelia

savaluto urTierTobaTa samarTlebrivi regulirebis safuZvlebi

reziume

gamokvlevaSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia savaluto urTierTobaTa Sinaarsze, maT speci-

fikur Taviseburebebze, am urTierTobaTa subietqebis konkretul ufleba-movaleobebze; Ca-

moyalibebulia valutis cneba da saxeebi, konvertacia da valutis gacvlis kursi; daxasiaTebu-

lia savaluto bazrebis daniSnuleba da maTi funqcionirebis samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi; gaana-lizebulia saerTaSoriso savaluto urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis tendenciebi da msoflios sa-

valuto sistemebis Camoyalibebis calkeuli (parizis 1867 wlis, genuis 1922, breton-vudsis 1944 da iamaikis (kingstonis) 1976 wlis saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri konferenciebis SeTanxmebe-

bi) etapebi.

R. Shengelia, E. Shengelia

Fundamentals of legal regulation of currency relations

Summary

The study focuses on the content of currency relations, their specific peculiarities, the specific rights and duties of the subjects of these relations; The currency concept and types, conversion and currency exchange rate are established; The purpose of currency markets and the legal mechanisms for their functioning are characterized; The trends of development of international monetary relations and separate stages of formation of the world's currency systems (Paris 1867, Genoa 1922, Bretton Woods 1944 and Jamaica (Kingston) 1976 International Economic Conferences Agreements) are analyzed.


37

ekonomikis mecnierebebi

g. aladaSvili

samewarmeo ekosistemis Seswavlis aspeqtebi

samewarmeo saqmianobis wamowyebis da funqcionirebis xelSewyoba ekonomikuri zrdis daC-

qarebis erT-erTi gzaa. mewarmeobis ganviTareba is orientiria, romelmac jer kidev dafaruli potenciali unda gamoavlinos. araerTi mecnieri miuTiTebs, rom swored mewarmeobis xelSew-

yobazea damokidebuli ekonomikuri zrdis momavali msoflioSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom swrafad mzardi firmebis warmoSoba ar aris ekonomikuri zrdis sakmarisi piroba da swored mis sapasu-

xod gaCnda samewarmeo ekosistemis midgoma. sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra aris warmatebuli samewarmeo ekosistemis mTavari kompo-

nentebi da ra ZiriTad faqtorebzea damokidebuli misi normaluri funqcionireba, calsaxa pa-

suxi ar arsebobs. samecniero kvlevebis Sedegebis gacnoba gvarwmunebs, rom samewarmeo ekosistemasTan da-

kavSirebiT rogorc cnebis, ise funqcionirebis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb Sexedulebebi mraval-

gvaria, rac sakiTxis Seswavla-gaanalizebis, axali kvlevebisa da sasargeblo daskvnebis gamo-

tanis stimuls iZleva (sakiTxs mivuZRveniT naSromi — Aladashvili, 2018). mocemul naSromSi miznad davisaxeT gavafarTooT samewarmeo ekosistemis komponentebis kvleva da ganvixiloT sakiTxis Seswavlis gamowvevebi.

mewarmeobis mxardaWeraSi mecnierTa umravlesoba saxelmwifos mTavar rols gamoyofs, roca sakiTxi exeba samewarmeo ekosistemis Seqmnas, Tumca rig samecniero kvlevebSi saxelmwi-fo politikis alternatiul an Semavsebel variantebzea msjeloba da saxelmwifos roli kri-

tikuladaa ganxiluli. biznesgaremos xelSemwyobi formaluri instituciuri garemos uzrun-

velyofis garda, rac saxelmwifos fundamenturi funqciaa, mas SeuZlia firmebis pirdapiri da-

finansebis arCevanisgan gansxvavebiT upiratesoba mianiWos grZelvadian orientirebs. msofli-

os sxvadaxva qveynis praqtika aCvenebs, rom saswavlo dawesebulebebisa da biznesinkupatorebis mxardaWera mewarmeobis wasaxaliseblad ufro Sedegiania. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom swavlebis alternatiuli gzis SerCeva, rac samewarmeo unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebazea orientirebuli, xangrZlivi procesia da ar iZleva myisier Sedegs. warmatebis magaliTebis ganxilvisas mniSvne-

lovania fokusireba im adgilobriv Taviseburebebze, rac samewarmeo potencialis gamovlenis, gafarToebis da ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebs Seqmnis.

Tavad samewarmeo ekosistemis arsis Sesaxeb Sexedulebebi araerTgvarovania. amasTan, war-

matebis faqtorebic gansxvavebulia. magaliTad, warmatebuli ekosistemis funqcionirebis sa-

fuZveli erT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gaxdes samrewvelo regionis arseboba qveyanaSi, sxva Sem-

TxvevaSi klasteri an inovaciuri sistema. TiToeul am SemTxvevas Tavsi aqtorebi da samizne orientirebi aqvs.

garkveuli mosazrebiT igi muSaobs maSin, Tu sicocxlisunarian teqnologiur parkebs da inovaciur centrebs eyrdnoba, saxelmwifos Careva ki gamarTlebulia inovaciebis bazris Cav-

rdnebiT; sxva kvlevebi adamianebze, maT ideebsa da niWze, pirad qselebsa da mxardamWerebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas.

mecnierebi mesoni da brauni (Mason&Brown, 2014) samewarmeo ekosistemis gamorCeul maxasa-

Teblebad miiCneven Semdegs: dafuZnebuli didi biznesi qmnis birTvs, romelic moicavs wamyvan mewarmeebsac; xorcieldeba samewarmeo reciklireba, romlis meSveobiTac warmatebuli mewar-

meebi TavianTi drois, fulis da gamocdilebis reinvestirebas axdenen axali samewarmeo saqmia-

nobis mxardasaWerad da aris mdidari sainformacio garemo, sadac es informacia xelmisawvdo-

mi da gaziarebulia. mecnierebi stami da Spigeli (Stam&Spigel, 2016) ekosistemas ganmartaven rogorc urTier-

Tdamokidebeli aqtorebisa da faqtorebis erTobliobas, romlebic koordinirebulia ise, rom


38

konkretuli teritoriis farglebSi produqtiuli mewarmeobis saSualebas iZleva. msoflio ekonomikuri forumi samewarmeo ekosistemis farTomasStabiT warmodgenis sa-

Sualebas iZleva da Semdeg blokebad yofs: xelmisawvdomi bazrebi; adamianuri kapitali — samu-

Sao Zala; dafinanseba da finansebi; sistemis mxardaWera; maregulirebeli CarCo da insfras-

truqtura; ganaTleba da treiningebi; mTavari universitetebi, rogorc katalizatorebi; kul-

turis mxardaWera (Entrepreneurial Ecosystems, WEF, 2013). mizanSewonilad miviCnevT, ufro farTod warmovadginoT aRniSnuli blokebi. isini Semdegi komponentebisgan Sedgeba:

xelmisawvdomi bazrebi: Sida bazari — msxvili kompaniebi, rogorc momxmareblebi; Sida ba-

zari — mcire da saSualo kompaniebi, rogorc momxmareblebi; Sida bazari — mTavrobebi, rogorc momxmareblebi; ucxouri bazari — msxvili kompaniebi, rogorc momxmareblebi; ucxouri bazari

— mcire da saSualo kompaniebi, rogorc momxmareblebi; ucxouri bazari — mTavrobebi, rogorc momxmareblebi.

adamianuri kapitali / samuSao Zala: menejmentis niWi; teqnikuri niWi; samewarmeo kompani-

is gamocdileba; auTsorsingis xelmisawvdomoba; imigrant samuSao Zalaze xelmisawvdomoba. dafinanseba da finansebi: megobrebi da ojaxi; angelozi investorebi; kerZo fondebi; ven-

Curuli kapitali; kreditis xelmisawvdomoba. sistemis mxardaWera: mentorebi, mrCevelebi; profesionaluri momsaxureba; inkupatore-

bi, aqseleratorebi; mewarmeebis qseli. maregulirebeli CarCo da insfrastruqtura: biznesis dawyebis simartive; sagadasaxado

stimulebi; biznesis mxardamWeri kanonmdebloba / politika; ZiriTad infrastruqturaze xel-

misawvdomoba (mag. wyali, eleqtroenergia); telekomunikaciebze xelmisawvdomoba; transpor-

tis xelmisawvdomoba. ganaTleba da treiningebi: xelmisawvdomi samuSao Zala universitetamdeli ganaTlebiT;

xelmisawvdomi samuSao Zala sauniversiteto ganaTlebiT; specifikuri samewarmeo treningi. mTavari universitetebi, rogorc katalizatorebi: ZiriTadi universitetebi — mewarmeo-

bisadmi pativiscemis kulturis xelSemwyobebi; ZiriTadi universitetebi — axali kompaniebis-

Tvis ideis formirebaSi ZiriTadi rolis Semsruleblebi; ZiriTadi universitetebi, romlebic mniSvnelovan rols asruleben axali kompaniebisTvis kursdamTavrebulebis momzadebaSi.

kulturis mxardaWera: riskisa da marcxisadmi damokidebuleba; TviTdasaqmebisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba; warmatebis istoriebi/ modelebis roli; kvlevis kultura; mewarmeobis pozitiuri imiji; inovaciebis aRniSvna.

warmodgenili komponentebidan lokaluri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT sxvadasxva elementebis kombinacia asrulebs SemakavSirebeli birTvis rols. qselebis funqcionirebas ise-

Tive gadamwyveti mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes, rogorc Tavad elementebis arsebobas. magaliTd, mewarmeebis qselebi uzrunvelyofen informaciis gadadinebas, rac uzrunvelyofs codnis, Sro-

misa da kapitalis efeqtur ganawilebas. aRniSnulTa Soris aris rigi sabazo elementebi, romle-

bic efeqturi samewarmeo ekosistemis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Semadgenelia — magaliTad, saTanado niWis mqone da unar-CvevebiT aRWurvili samuSao Zala.

mecnieri stami samewarmeo ekosistemis elementebis urTierTkavSiris Semdeg versias gvTavazobs (nax. 1):


39

Sedegebi erToblivi Rirebulebis Seqmna

gamoSveba samewarmeo aqtivoba

samewarmeo ekosistemis elementebi

sistemuri

pirobebi

qselebi lideroba finansebi niWi codna damxmare mom-

saxureba/ Sua-

mavlebi

CarCo piro-

bebi

formaluri in-

stitutebi

kultura fizikuri in-

frasturuqtu-

ra

moTxovna

nax. 1. samewarmeo ekosistemis elementebi, gamoSveba da Sedegebi (Stam, 2015).

zemoTmotanili midgomebiT Tu vimsjelebT, saxelmwifo samewarmeo ekosistemis kompo-

nentebidan pirdapiri gziT ukavSirdeba (qmnis) formalur institutebs, zogierT SemTxvevaSi fizikur infrastruqturas an arapirdapiri gziT zemoqmedebs sistemis sxva elementebze (maga-

liTad, saTanado codnis Seqmna kvalificiuri samuSao Zalis momzadebiT). saqarTvelos samewarmeo ekosistemaSi saxelmwifo erT-erTi mTavari aqtoria, romelic

cdilobs Seavsos erTi mxriv, sabazro CavardnebiT, xolo meore mxriv finansebze xelmisawvdo-

mobiT gamowveuli sirTuleebi. am mimarTulebiT erT-erTi mTavari aqtoria saagento "awarmoe saqarTveloSi", romelic saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministros daq-

vemdebarebaSi Semaval sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piria. igi samewarmeo garemos gaumjobese-

baze, kerZo seqtoris ganviTarebaze, mcire da saSualo sawarmoebisa da eqsportis xelSewyobaze orientirebuli saxelmwifo programis "awarmoe saqarTveloSi" ganmaxorcielebeli pirveli sa-

xelmwifo uwyebaa (àwarmoe saqarTveloSi~). is saqmianobas sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT axorcie-

lebs: finansebze xelmisawvdomoba, dargobrivi mimarTulebebiT saqmianobis xelSewyoba (sas-

tumro industriis ganviTareba, kinoindustriis ganviTreba), mikro da mcire biznesis xelSew-

yoba, eqsportis xelSewyoba, treningebi da konsultaciebi, biznesis serviscentris momsaxure-

bis SeTavazeba. es ukanaskneli warmoadgens mravalfunqciur biznes sivrces. nebismier dainte-

resebul pirs SeuZlia Semdegi momsaxurebebis Tu informaciis erT sivrceSi miReba: informa-

cia biznes seqtoris saxelmwifo mxardaWeris programebze; saagentos "awarmoe saqarTvelo-

Si" monacemTa bazaSi arsebul potenciur biznes partniorebTan dakavSireba; mcire da saSualo mewarmeebis internacionalizaciis xelSewyoba.

saxelmwifos, rogorc mTavari subieqtis rolze saqarTvelos ekosistemis formirebaSi miuTiTebs is garemoeba, rom aRniSnuli programis farglebSi dafinansda 323 proeqti, romel-

Ta saerTo Rirebulebam Seadgina 406 mln. lari, ganxorcielda 786 mln. laris mTliani investi-

ciebi, Seiqmna 13000 axali samuSao adgili (awarmoe saqarTveloSi, wliuri angariSi, 2017). saqarTvelos samewarmeo ekosistemis formirebaSi mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos 2011 wels da-

fuZnebuli ss `sapartnioro fondis~ saqmianoba. fondi finansur partniorobas uwevs kerZo in-

vestorebs, rac saSualo da grZelvadian Tanadafinansebas gulisxmobs. igi parniorobas uwevs rogorc axal biznesiniciativebs, aseve ukve arsebul biznesSi investiciebis ganxorcielebas. fondis monawileoba Tanadafinansebis procesSi ar unda aRematebodes 50%-s. is exmareba par-

tnior kompanias da mis gunds grZelvadiani mdgradobis miRwevaSi. fondis marTvaSi arsebuli aqtivebis jamurma brunvam 2017 wels 750 mln. aSS dolars gadaaWarba. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom amJamad sapartnioro fondis portfelSia ramdenime proeqti ekonomikis sxvadasxva seqtorSi, romelTa jamuri brunva 2,5 mlrd aSS dolars aRemateba, miuTiTebs aRniSnuli struqturis (da Sesabamisad saxelmwifos) gansakuTrebul rolze (sapartnioro fondis informacia).

ganxiluli magaliTebiT samewarmeo ekosisstemis mxolod erT komponentze gavamaxvileT


40

yuradReba, Tumca naTelia, rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebis saqmianoba SeiZleba Sefasdes ro-

gorc samewarmeo ekosistemis formirebis mTavari aqtoris, romelic iRebs iniciatoris (saqmi-

anobisaTvis, romelic miznad isaxavs adgilobrivi sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganvi-

Tarebis stimulirebas) da nawilobriv administratoris funqcias (ekonomikuri politika, proeqtebi, gegmebi da investiciebi). saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs srulyofili statistika, ram-

denad sicocxlisunariani firmebi Seqmna, rac samewarmeo mimarTulebiT saxelmwifo-kerZo seq-

toris TanamSromlobis efeqtianobis Sefasebis saSualebas mogvcems. mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia saxelmwifos grZelvadiani zemoqmedebis Sedegebis Sefasebac, rac gamoixateba saganmanaTleb-

lo seqtorSi profesiul programebze veqtoris gadatanaSi. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom sistemis calkeuli komponentis mixedviT SesaZlebelia kvlevis Catareba, romelic gamoavlens rogorc misi calkeuli elemetis, ise mTlianad sistemis funqcionirebis dones.


1. awarmoe saqarTveloSi http://enterprisegeorgia.gov.ge/ge/aboutus/Mission--Vission?v=78; 2. awarmoe saqarTveloSi, wliuri angariSi, 2017, http://enterprisegeorgia.gov.ge/files/document/1e6c8aea49def04c0771e6b314b0d08b.pdf ; 3. sapartnioro fondi http://www.fund.ge/who-we-are; 4. Aladashvili G. The Phenomenon of Entrepreneurial Ecosystem, Its Formation and Development Challenges,

Стратегічні імперативи сучасного менеджменту : зб. матеріалів IV Міжнар. наук.-практ. конф. (19–20 квітня 2018 р.). К. : КНЕУ, 2018, pp. 10-16;

5. Mason C., Brown R. Entrepreneurial Ecosystems And Growth Oriented Entrepreneurship, Background paper prepared for the workshop organised by the OECD LEED Programme and the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs on Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and Growth Oriented Entrepreneurship, The Hague, Netherlands, 2014;

6. Stam E. Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and Regional Policy: A Sympathetic Critique, Utrecht University School of Economics, June 2015;

7. Stam E., Spigel B. Entrepreneurial Ecosystems, Utrecht School of Economics, November 2016 http://www.uu.nl/organisatie/utrecht-university-school-of-economics-use/onderzoek/publicaties/discussion-

papers/2016; 8. Entrepreneurial Ecosystems, 2013, Entrepreneurial Ecosystems Around the Globe and Company Growth Dynamics,

World Economic Forum, September 2013.

g. aladaSvili

samewarmeo ekosistemis Seswavlis aspeqtebi

reziume

samewarmeo saqmianobis wamowyebis da funqcionirebis xelSewyoba ekonomikuri zrdis daC-

qarebis erT-erTi gzaa. samewarmeo saqmianobas xels uwyobs saTanado ekosistema. mocemul naS-

romSi warmodgenilia samewarmeo ekosistemis Seswavlis gamowvevebi, rac ukavSirdeba im gare-

moebas, rom sakiTxis Seswavlisadmi midgomebi mravalgvaria da sistemis komponentebis sxvadas-

xva kombinacia gvxvdeba samecniero naSromebsa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis kvlevebSi. me-

warmeobis mxardaWeraSi mecnierTa umravlesoba saxelmwifos mTavar rols gamoyofs, roca sa-

kiTxi exeba samewarmeo ekosistemis Seqmnas, Tumca rig samecniero kvlevebSi saxelmwifo poli-tikis alternatiul an Semavsebel variantebzea msjeloba da saxelmwifos roli kritikuladaa ganxiluli. biznesgaremos xelSemwyobi formaluri instituciuri garemos uzrunvelyofis garda, rac saxelmwifos fundamenturi funqciaa, mas SeuZlia firmebis pirdapiri dafinansebis arCevanisgan gansxvavebiT upiratesoba mianiWos grZelvadian orientirebs.

naSromSi mocemulia sxvadasxva midgomebi, romelTagan kompleqsuria msoflio ekonomi-

kuri forumis mier Camoyalibebuli sistemuri midgoma. statiaSi ganxilulia saqarTvelos ekosistemis funqcionirebis aspeqtebi. avtoris az-


41

riT, aRniSnul sistemaSi saxelmwifos asrulebs wamyvan rols. amasTan, aRniSnulia rom saTana-

do statistikuri monacemebis ararsebobis gamo, ganxiluli komponentebis mixedviT saqarTve-

los ekosistemis kvleva problemuria. G. Aladashvili

Aspects of Studying Entrepreneurship Ecosystem

Summary

Setting up an entrepreneurial activity and supporting its functioning, is the only way to accelerate economic growth. Particular eco-system supports entrepreneurial activity.The work deals with challenges of ecosystem research, this is connected with different types of study approaches and there are various combinations of system components in scientific works and in researches of international organizations. According to majority of scientists, a state plays a crucial role in supporting entrepreneurialism, when the issue deals with setting up entrepreneurial ecosystem, however a number of scientific researches indicate alternative variants and the role of a state is criticized. Besides providing formal institutional assistance, that is a primary role of a state, one is able to consider long-run trends more than direct financing of firms.

The article deals with various approaches, among them is complex systematic approach, formed via the world economic forum.

The work discusses functional aspects of Georgian eco-system. According to the author, in the mentioned system, a state plays the leading role. Due to absence of particular statistical data and according to discussed components, to carry out a research of eco system in Georgia is problematic.


42

d. vekua

siRaribe — saqarTvelos ganviTarebis muxruWi

adamiani ibadeba imisTvis, rom iyos bednieri, xolo siRaribe da duxWiri cxovreba ki mas am gancdis SesaZleblobas ukargavs. siRaribidan Tavis daRwevas uzarmazari Zalisxmeva sWir-

deba da adamianisgan moiTxovs did moralur simtkices da fizikur energias,amitom mniSvnelo-

vania, rom siRaribis daZlevis problemebis regulirebaSi adamiani ar darCes marto da saxem-

lwifom Seasrulos mniSvnelovani funqcia. Cven qveyanaSi moqalaqeebs ekonomikis transformaciis xangrZlivi etapis dasrulebis

Semdeg bunebrivia uCndebaT marTebuli SekiTxva, iyo ki siRaribe ekonomikis transformaciis procesSi gardauvali da maSasadame dauZleveli garemoeba? vfiqrobT, diax, radgan globalu-

ri cvlilebebis sawyisi etapi yovelTvis ukavSirdeba msgavsi tipis recidivebs, Tumca am prob-

lemis damZimebasa da gaxangrZlivebaSi bevrma subieqturma faqtormac (samoqalaqo omebi, Crdi-

lovani ekonomikis zrda da korufciis didi maStabebi, arasworad Catarebuli privetizaciis procesi da sxva.) miiRo monawileoba.am damatebiTi damamZimebeli garemoebebis gamo qveynis isedac mwiri finansuri da materialuri resursebi moxvda e. w.,,axlad gamoCekil biznesmenTa~ mcire nawilis xelSi, ramac gaaCna sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan nawilSi ekonomikuri uTanaswo-

robis gancda da bunebrivia problemac.gaeros mier Catarebul saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ke-

TildReobis kvlevis meoTxe etapis, 2015 welis monacemebiT,,yoveli mexuTe bavSvi saqarTvelo-

Si siRaribis zRvars miRma cxovrobs, xolo yoveli meeqvse bavSvi saarsebo minimumze naklebs moixmars; miuxedavad imisa, rom gaizarda ojaxebis saSualo moxmareba, ar Secvlila maTi Semo-

savali. Rarib bavSvebs kvlav naklebi SesaZlebloba aqvT iswavlon saganmanaTleblo dawesebu-

lebebSi, vidre maT Tanatolebi mdidari ojaxebidan. zogadi siRaribis (zogadi siRaribis zRvaria dReSi 2.5 aSSdolari), done mosaxleobaSi

2013 wlis 24.6 procentidan 18.4 procentamde, xolo bavSvebSi 28.4-dan 21.7 procentamde Semcir-

da. imata adamianTa mier siRaribeSi yofnis subieqturma gancdam. gazrdili fasebi, mZi-

me avadmyofoba da ojaxebisSemosavlis Semcireba dasaxelda ZiriTad problemebad, rasac mo-

saxleoba awydeba. ojaxebis mier jandacvaze gaweuli saSualo xarji 31%iT gaizarda. medikamen-

tebis SeZena jandacvaze gaweuli mTliani xarjebis mTavar komponentad rCeba~.1 siRaribis daZlevis gareSe SeuZlebelia demokratiis mSeneblobis mTavari mizanis samoqa-

laqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba da am gzaze Cndeba mniSvnelovani Semarferxebeli garemoebe-

bi, romlebmac SeiZleba qveyana Rrma polotikur krizisamde miiyvanos. finansurad da politi-kurad Zlieri mcire jgufebis samarTlebrivi dominirebis SesaZlebloba aris is umniSvnelova-

nesi gamowveva rac saqarTvelos umokles vadebSi aqvs mosagvarebeli.liberaluri faseulobe-

bi Tavisufili bazris fundamenti da misi koncefciis organuli qsovilia.am faseulobebis gaTvaliswinebiT Tavisufali bazri unda gaxdes pragmatuli da realisturi.winaaRmdeg Sem-TxvevaSi saxelmwifos administraciuli mmarTveloba yovelTvis iZaladebs ekonomikuri subi-

eqtebis Tavisuflebaze, saxelmwifo moxeleebi ki aqtiurad Caerevian resursebis ganawilebis procesSi. vfiqrobT upriani iqneba gavixsenoT didi germaneli filosofosis imanuel kantis erTi gamonTqvami:,,saxelwifo mniSvnelovnad unda iyos limitirebuli samrTlis normebiT, ra-

Ta ar mivides ganukiTxaobasTan.saxelmwifo unda iyos samoqalaqo sazogadoebis msaxuri da ara batoni.~2

dRes globalur msoflioSi, ekonomikis ganviTareba Rrma socializaciis tendenciiT xa-

siaTdeba, radgan mTavrobebis winaSe Zalzed mwvaved dgas siRaribis daZlevis da resursebis sa-

marTliani ganawilebis umwvavesi problema. msoflios wamyvani finansuri institutebi fiska-

luri da monetaruli politikis gansazRvris dros, ZiriTad aqcentebs akeTeben socialur im-

perativebze, rogorc ekomomikuri stabilurobis umniSvnelovanes mimarTulebaze, radgan mo-

1 http://bit.ly/2fTgqr4 saqarTvelos mosaxleobis keTildReobis kvleva meoTxe etapi, 2015 weli. 2 https://ka.wikiquote.org/wiki/ emanuel kanti


43

saxleobis zrda dedamiwaze da misi gamokveba, klimatis cvalebadoba, socialuri uTanabroba, migracia da sxva globaluri Temebi xdeba Tanamedrove samyarosTvis mZimed mosagvarebeli problemebi. msoflio bankis monacemebiT Tu 1998 wels dedaniwaze cxovrobda 5.9 miliardi ada-

miani, 2018 wels mosaxleobam Seadgina 7.6miliardi. 20 wlis win mosaxleobis 50% cxovrobda soflad, dRes qalaqebSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis wili gaizarda 55%-mde.xolo msoflio bankis prognoziT, es maCvenebeli 2050 wels miaRwevs 66%-s., rac ara marto mosaxleobis gamokvebis, aramed migraciis da umwvavesi umuSevrobis problema xdeba1.

nobelis premiis lauriati, cnobili frangi filosofsi, anri bergsoni wers: ìstoriul-

ma gamocdilebam cxadyo, rom sazogadoebis mxolod teqnokratiuli ganviTareba ver uzrun-

velyofs mis zneborv srulyofas, ufro metic, rig SemTxvevebSi dovlaTis zrda SeiZleba saSi-

Sic ki aRmoCndes,Tu is ar daefuZneba ganawilebis sferoSi samarTlianobas~2. meoce saukunis meore naxevridan dRemde, saerTaSoriso korporaciebi iqcnen msoflio

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis mniSvnelovan elemen-

tad. maTi mdgradi ganviTareba warmoebisa da kapitalis internacionalizaciis, saerTaSoriso sameurneo kavSirebis globalizaciis process asaxavs. dRes korporaciebi msoflio ekonomiku-

ri urTierTbebis mTliani speqtrisgan viTarebas ukavSirdeba da isini SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc msoflio ekonomikis Taviseburi `lokomotivi, romelic gzaze TavisTvis ixveWs da sxvisTvis anadgurebs yvelafers.

aseT porobebSi mimdinareobs sazogadoebis polarizacia da resursebis didi nawili mdi-

darTa xelSi xvdeba, rac iwvevs siRaribis ufskrulis gaRrmavebas da umuSevrobis zrdas. Tana-

medrove adamiani cxovrobs ara bunebriv, aramed kulturul garemoSi da amitomac siRaribe wminda ekonomikuri kategoriidan gadaiqceva moralur problemad.vfiqrobT, saTanado nebe-

lobis pirobebSi saxelmwifos gaaCnia saWiroregulaciis meqanizmebi imisaTvis, rom biznesi ga-

xados sazogadoebis msaxuri da ara masze dominanti. ukanaskneli wlebis warmatebebi nawilobriv marTlac saxezea, rac pozitiurad aisaxa

Cvens urTierTobebze evrokavSiris qveynebTan, gavxdiT evrokavSiris asocirebuli wevri, mivi-

ReT evropasTan uvizo mimosvlis reJimi, gaizrdeba qarTuli produqciis eqsporti, qveyanaSi mniSvnelovnad matulobs turistuli nakadi, stabiluria fiskaluri da monetaruli politi-

ka,infliacia daeqvemdebara marTvas, saxezea sxva ekonomikuri indikatorebis gaumjobesebis

procesi. gansakuTrebiT, sagulisxmoa ucxouri investiciebis zrdis tendencia. statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris winaswari monacemebiT saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli pirdapiri ucxo-

uri investiciebis moculoba 2017 wels 1861,9 milioni aSS dolari Seadgina,rac 16,2 procentiT aRemateba 2016 wlis Sesabamis maCvenebels. amave periodSi umsxvilesi investori qveynebia azer-

baijani-484,1 milioni aSS dolari TurqeTi 279 milioni dolari arabTa gaerTianebuli samefo-

250 milioni dolari. aqve unda avRniSnoT rom am pozitiuri tendenciis miuxedavad, soflis me-

urneobaSi, sadac saqmianobs saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 46 procenti SeiniSneba investiciebis klebis tendencia.3

siRaribis zRvari aris realuri Semosavlebis fiqsirebuli sidide, romelic sakmarisia cxovrebis minimaluri donis uzrunvelsayofad, xolo Semosavali ki individis mier garkveuli periodis manZilze daxarjuli da danazogi Tanxebis jamia. praqtikaSi siRaribis zRvaris mniS-

vnelobas saarsebo minimumi asrulebs, aq mTavar sakiTxs misi marTebulad gaangariSeba warmo-

adgens. moxmarebis donem, unda uzrunvelyos pirovnebis Sromisunarianobis aRdgena. ratom aris soRaribe saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mTavari muxru-

Wi? es aris kiTxva, romelzedac pasuxs ar unda gaveqceT statistikuri indikarorebis calmxri-

vi interpretaciiT, radgan transformaciis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli aradiversificirebuli ekonomikuri sistema aRar tovebs ganviTarebis perspeqtivas, igi midrekilia monopolizmisken, bazris segmentizaciisken da msxvili bezness jgufebSi kapitalis koncentraciisaken.

transformaciis procesSi resursebis arasamarTliani ganawilebis Sedegad cxovrebis pi-

robebi mcire jgufisTvis adamianebisTvis umjobesdeba da didi nawilisTvis uaresdeba. dRe-

1 bankebi da finansebi 2.04.2018w gv.15 2 Мусский И. А.100 великих мыслителй вече-Москва 2000г ст 506 3 bankebi da finansebi 2.04.2018w gv. 9


44

vandeli gadasaxedidan Cndeba bunebrivi kiTxva iyo ki saqarTveloSi siRaribe gardauvali transformaciis procesSi da maSasadame dauZleveli? viqrobT, calsaxa pasuxi aq ar aris, mag-

ram rom ara, subieqturi faqtorebi (samoqalaqo omi, omi afxazeTSi, karastrofulad Catare-

buli privatizaciis procesi, korufcia da Crdilovani ekonomikis maRali done da sxva negati-

uri faqtorebi) Sedegi sxva iqneboda. demonopolizebuli ekonomika aris bazisi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sadac xalxi zrunavs

qveyanaze da qveyana xalxze. vfiqrobT, rom am mimarTulebiT gasuli ocdaaTi weli arasaTanadod analizirdeba. mak-

roekomomiuri analizis dros meti aqcenti keTdeba gare riskebze d gamowvevebze, vidre Sida problemebze. is, rogor xSirad, rodesac vafasebT sxvis cxovrebas da aRmovaCenT, rom sakmari-

sad kargad ara varT Caxeduli sakuTar cxovrebaSi. dRes Tanamedrove msoflioSi makroekono-

mikuri maCveneblebis maRali standarti cxovrebis doniT izomeba, rac sicocxlis zrdas, e.w,, demografiuli xvrelibis amovsebas~, axalgazrda kadrebis gadamzadebas da maT ganaTlebis ma-

Ral standartebs ukavSirdeba. saxemwifos Careva gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad midinareobs socialuri dazRvevis sferoSi,

sadac dazRvevis meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT saxelmwifo monawileobs ekonomikas regulirebaSi, zemoqmedebas axdens kvlavwarmoebis procesze da xels uwyobs kapitalis dagrovebas. aqedan, gamomdinare socialuri dazRveva, rogorc finansuri sistemis mniSvnelovani meqanizmi,asru-lebs romodenime mniSvnelovan funqcias aris socialuri politikis dafinansebis wyaro da biznesisTvis damatebiTi sainvesticio SesaZlebloba.

mosaxleobis socialur mdgomareobaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens mravali riski, mag-

ram am mimarTulebiT gansakuTrebiT sensitiuria politikuri riskebi, radgan isini pirvel rigSi qveynis geopolitikur mdgomareobas ukavSirdeba. am tipis riskebis gavlena saqarTvelo-

Si mwvaved igrZnoboda ruseT-saqarTvelos omis pirobebSi, radgan aseT dros Cndeba srulad axali gamowvevebi, magaliTad mosaxleobis mdgomareoba okupirebul teritoriebze, devnilTa didi nakadebi, romlebic mniSvnelovnad amcirebs biznes aqtiurobas da zrdis pasiuri molodi-

nebis process. siRaribis daZleva da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRleba saxelmwifos pirdapiri mo-

valeobaa. amisaTvis ki aucilebelia mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis analizi, misi raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi Seswavla, rac xelisuflebas efeqtiani socialur-ekonomikuri politikis Se-

muSavebaSi daexmareba. cxovrebis dones ganapirobebs mravali socialuri Tu ekonomikuri faqtori, romelTagan

gansakuTrebuli aqtualurobiT xasiaTdeba cxovrebis donis gamsazRvreli Semdegi indikato-

rebi: infliacia, susti teqnologiuri baza, Sromis porobebi, umuSevroba, siRaribe, mosaxleo-

bis Semosavlebs Soris uTanabroba, jandacva, ganaTleba, cxovrebis stili da sxv. siRaribis daZlevis mravalferovan Tematikidan gamovyofTi umuSevrobis dazRvevis sis-

temis dasanergvis mniSvnelobas, radgan am mniSvnelovan finansuri instituciis Camoyalibeba awydeba bevr problemas, romelTaganac gamovyofdi ramdenimes:

umuSevarTa dazRvevis sferoSi sakanonmedblo da institucionaluri bazis gaumarTa-

oba;

damqiravebelTa dabali pasuxismgebloba daqiravebulebisadmi;

mentaluri da socialuri adaptaciis problemebi;

am sferoSi sadazRvevo tradiciisa da kulturis nakleboba. umuSevrobis dazRveva socialuri dazRvevis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia da amitomac

igi socialur-ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi asrulebs ekonomikaSi ~CaSenebuli stabiliza-

toris~ funqcias. ekonomikis transformaciam dasaqmebis sferoSi Tvisobrivad axali situacia warmoqmna.

qveyanaSi gaCnda dasaqmebis problemaTa mTeli speqtri, romelic saWiroebs maTi mogvarebis gzebis adaptacias sabazro ekonomikis pirobebTan. am mxriv unda Camoyalibdes axleburi mid-

goma iseTi mniSvnelovani mimarTulebis gansazRvraSi, rogoricaa umuSevarTa da samuSaos maZi-

ebelTa aRricxvis sistema, TviTdasaqmebulebisa da axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis stimuli-

reba umuSevarTa Semweobebis gacemis organizacia da a.S.


45

dasaqmebis socialuri politikis sworad warmarTvisaTvis saWiroa imgvari institucio-

naluri sistemis Camoyalibeba, romelic uzrunvelyofs dasaqmebis politikis calkeuli mimar-

Tulebebis sistematizacias, samuSaos maZiebelTa aRricxvis sistemisa da umuSevrebze Semweo-

bis gacemis optimizacias, Tavisufali samuSao adgilebis moZiebas, umuSevarTa dasaqmebas, pro-

fesionalur momzadeba-gadamzadebas. aseTi institucia SeiZleba iyos dasaqmebis fondi an saa-

gento, romelic kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad mzad iqneba organizaciulad aiRos Tavis Tavze am funqciebis Sesruleba. am organos warmatebuli marTvisaTvis aucilebelia misi saqmianobis ramdenime problemaze fokusireba. esenia:

umuSevrobis donis maqsimaluri Semcireba;

umuSevarTa Semweobebis gacemis organizacia da socialuri dacvis uzrunvelyofa;

profesionaluri momzadeba-gadamzadebis efeqturi sistemis Camoyalibeba;

TviTmmarTvelobisa da mmarTvelobis organoebTan, profkavSirebTan da mewarmeTa asociaciebTan aqtiuri TanamSromloba.

imisaTvis, rom marTva warmatebuli iyos, aucilebelia Sromis bazris ara mxolod Suq-

Crdilebis, aramed realuri samuSao Zalis miwodeba-moTxovnilebis balansis warmoCena. aseTi aRricxva mxolod motivaciebis gziTaa SesaZlebeli. kerZod, umuSevari legalur aRricxvis seqtors mimarTavs mxolod garkveuli motivaciis gamo, rac SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos umu-

Sevrobis Semweobis miRebis SesaZleblobiT. amasTan kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad mewarme val-debuli unda iyos informacia vakansiebis Sesaxeb sistematurad miawodos Sesabamis instituci-

ebs: Sromis birJas, dasaqmebis fonds an saagentos. aseT pirobebSi realurad moxdeba SromiT resursebze miwodeba-moTxovnilebis dinamikis gansazRvra, rac saxelmwifos daexmareba bevrad ufro mizanmimarTulad ganaxorcielos profesionaluri momzadeba-gadamzadebis sistemis Ca-

moyalibeba, da dasaqmebis programebis efeqtiani ganxorcieleba.


1. vekua d., vekua i, saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis socialuri dazRvevis makroekonimikuri regu-

lirebis gzebi da mimarTulebebi. Tbilisi 2013w.; 2. balceroviCi l. Tavisufleba da ganviTareba. Tavisufali bazris filosofia. Tbilisi, 2004; 3. iakobiZe d.globaluri dinamizmis qarTuli sinamdvile. Tbilisi, 2011; 4. bankebi da finansebi 2.04.2018 w.; 5. baTiaSvili i, haidegeri m.: sxva gza’’2017w.; 6. 100 великих мыслителй вече-Москва 2000г ст 506; 7. https://ka.wikiquote.org/wiki/ bernard Sou; 8. https://ka.wikiquote.org/wiki/ emanuel kanti; 9. http://bit.ly/2fTgqr4 ; 10. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis keTildReobis kvleva meoTxe etapi, 2015 w.. d. vekua.

siRaribe - saqarTvelos ganviTarebis muxruWi

reziume

statiaSi ganixileba siRaribis gamomwvevi mizezebi da arsebuli problemebi, rogorc sa-

qarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mTavari muxruWi. gamokveTilia saqarTveloSi siRaribeze momqmedi is obieqturi da subieqturi faqtore-

bi, romlebmac gavlena moaxdina ekonomikuri reformebis Tanmimdevrobis logikaze da gaaWia-

nura ekonomikis transformaciis procesi. gaanalizebulia saqarTveloSi siRaribis ganmsazRvreli zogierTi makroekomomikuri in-

dikatori. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom mosaxleobis dasaqmeba aris erT-erTi im mniSvnelovani


46

RonisZiebaTagani, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos siRaribis daZleva. dasaqmebis procesis swo-

rad regulirebisaTvis saWiroa samuSaos maZiebelTa aRricxvis, umuSevrebze Semweobis gacemis, Tavisufali samuSao adgilebis moZiebis da umuSevarTa profesionaluri momzadeba-gadamzade-

bis institucionaluri sistemis Camoyalibeba. D. Vekua

Poverty — as major spoiler of Georgia’s development

Summary

The article reviews the poverty-causing factors and other existing problems as major spoilers of Georgia’s socio-

economic development.The objective and subjective factors that are influencing poverty in Georgia, having impact on the flow of economic reform and slowing down the process of economic transformation are highlighted.Some macro-

economic factors causing poverty in Georgia are analyzed. A proposition is made that employment is one of the most significant factors that has to ensure poverty

alleviation. The development of institutional systems for registration of job seekers, handling employment

allowance, vacancy search and vocational education for the unemployed is necessary for the proper management of the process of employment.


47

s. TevdoraZe

PR strategiebi turistuli produqtis bazarze winwawevis kompleqsSi

sazogadoebasTan urTierToba – PR marketingis mniSvnelovani instrumentia, romlis

mniSvnelobac dRiTidRe izrdeba. turistuli firmebi acnobiereben, rom masobrivi marketingi ukve veRar akmayofilebs maT komunikaciur moTxovnilebas. reklamis Rirebuleba izrdeba, xo-

lo kontaqti auditoriasTan ecema. aseT situaciaSi PR–i SeiZleba iqces ufro efeqtur saSua-

lebad. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom PR–is mniSvneloba udidesia krizisuli situaciebis asacileblad

da Sesarbileblad, misi Sedegebis salikvidacioT. PR–is specialistebma praqtikulad daamtki-

ces unari imisa, rom marTon krizisebi, moxsnan daZabuloba, Seamsubuqon situacia, aRadginon sazogadoebrivi wesebi, daibrunon xalxis ndoba da Tanxmoba mTavrobis saqmianobasa da biznes-

Si. PR aSS-Si XIX-XX saukunis mijnaze damkvidrda, rodesac biznesi ganviTarda da aucilebe-

li gaxda momxmarebelze zrunva da misi interesebis gaTvaliswineba, aseve axali produq-

tis/momsaxurebis gayidva da sazogadoebis ndobis mopoveba. biznesis warmomadgenlebi im das-

kvnamde mividnen, rom Seqmniliyo marTvis iseTi sistema, romelic gavlenas moaxdenda sazoga-

doebriv azrze, kompaniis reputaciaze, sazogadoebis informirebulobaze da grZelvadiani kavSiris damyarebaze.

zusti sazRvris gavleba PR–sa da reklamas Soris rTulia. erTic da meorec uzrunvel-

yofs saqmiani komunikaciis process. zogi Tvlis, rom reklama aris monologi, xolo PR–i dia-

logi, romelSic ori mxare monawileobs. zogis azriT reklama zrdis saqonlisa da momsaxure-

bis realizacias, xolo PR amyarebs urTierTobas momxmarebelsa da gansazRvrul brends Soris. zogierTi darwmunebulia, rom PR–is mTavari amocanaa Camoayalibos da SeunarCunos sawarmos keTilsasurveli azri.[1,202] reklama SesaZlebelia yovelTvis ar iqnes gamoyenebuli organiza-

ciis mier, xolo organizaia yovelTvis iyenebs PR-s. PR moicavs yvelas da yvelafers, im dros, roca reklama Semoifargleba garkveuli amocanebis gaSuqebiT (yidva-gayidva da sxva), PR-is moqmedeba ufro farTo da mravalferovania, vidre reklamisa. amitom PR ar warmoadgens arc reklamis formas da arc reklamis nawils.

PR–i da reklama xSirad erTmaneTSi erevaT, ZiriTadi gansxvaveba imaSia, rom piari qmnis movlenebs, romelic Suqdeba mediaSi. Tumca PR–sa da reklamas erTidaigive mizani aqvs – sazo-

gadoebriv azrze moaxdinos zegavlena. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom sazogadoebasTan urTierTo-

bisa da reklamis amocanebi bevr rameSi emTxveva erTmaneTs, magram maT Soris,,Cinuri kedeli" ar arsebobs, Tumca aqvT gansazRvruli saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli maxasiaTeblebi, romelic warmodgenilia cxrilSi 1 da 2.[2,16]

cxrili1. piaris da reklamis ganmasxvavebeli maxasiaTebeli

wyaro: vera rosi -urTierToba sazogadoebasTan 2015w.

reklama PR

orientirebulia gayidvebis gaz-rdaze

orientirebulia gayidvebis xelmSewyobi imijis Seq-mnaze

iZleva moklevadian efeqts, ro-

melic (morigi) sareklamo tal-RiT Camoirecxeba

aqvs moqmedebis xangZlivi efeqti (naklebad inertu-

lia, magram grZelvadiania)

samomxmareblo moTxovnebze ape-

lirebs da imas yidis, rasac mom-xmarebeli `xeliT Seexeba~

RirebulebiT apelirebs


48

cxrili 2 piaris da reklamis maxasiaTebeli

maxasiaTeblebi reklama piari

masmediis gamoyeneba droisa da sivrcis Ses-yidva

masmediis saSualebebiT gaSuqeba

informaciis kontroli droisa da Sinaarsis mkacri kontroli

SedarebiT susti kontroli

informaciis sandooba SedarebiT dabali SedarebiT maRali

samizne auditoria orientacia bazarze an gayidvebze

orientacia urTierTobaze an si-tuaciaze

drois sazomi (Skala) SedarebiT moklevadia-ni miznebi

mokle da grZelvadiani miznebi

Sefaseba gazomvis dadgenili teqnikis gamoyeneba

Sefasebis SedarebiT SezRuduli meTodebi

saagentos gasamrjelo masmediisgan sakomisios iReben

daxarjuli drois sanacvlod iRe-ben honorars

wyaro: vera rosi -urTierToba sazogadoebasTan 2015w.

reklamisgan gansxvavebiT, PR-i sazogadoebaze zewolas Riad ar axdens, rac, rig SemTxve-

vaSi, mis efeqturobas ganapirobebs. kargad SemuSavebul PR aqciaSi ver naxavT im miznebis pir-

dapir afiSirebas, ris gamoc es aqcia Sedga. PR-is upiratesoba reklamasTan SedarebiT gansxva-

vebul midgomaSia: PR-is mTavari principia `gadavixadoT 2-jer meti, magram ar vTqvaT, rom ga-

davixadeT~. sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis formebi gacilebiT swrafad Seicvala bolo aTi wlis ga-

mavlobaSi, vidre gasuli sami dekadis dros. cvlilebebi umTavresad, internet sivrcisa da so-

cialuri mediis rolis gaZlierebam ganapiroba da Sedegad, komunikaciis sferoSi, axali gamow-

vevebi da SesaZleblobebi gaCnda. nebismieri saxis warmatebul piar kampaniaSi, SemoqmedebiTi midgomebi da xedva erT-erTi mTavari elementia. izrdeba sazogadoebis CarTuloba nebismieri saxis kampaniaSi. aravis daaviwydeba kampania Ice Bucket Challenge da sazogadoebis gamoxmaureba

mTeli msoflios masStabiT. swored, aseTi `virusuli~ fenomeni/kampania gaxda msoflio media sivrcis yuradRebis umTavresi sagani, romelmac sagrZnoblad gazarda xalxis cnobiereba brendebis mimarT.[3]

msoflioSi globalizaciis procesma turizmis piarSic SeaRwia. PR-kampaniis Catareba turizmis sferoSi rTul da amavdroulad saintereso samuSaos warmoadgens. aq gansakuTrebiT aucilebelia SemoqmedebiTi midgomebi, originaluroba da azrovnebis araordinaruloba, ami-

tom, dasvenebis da garTobis mesveurT marTebT konceptualurad axali meTodebis sistematiu-

rad SemuSaveba. swored piarzea damokidebuli nebismieri saqmianobis warmatebaca da waruma-

teblobac. piaris mier sworad warmarTul reklamirebasa da marketings SeuZlia zegavlena mo-

axdinos romelime konkretuli qveynis turistul popularizaciaze. piar samsaxurma sworad unda gansazRvros reklamis saxe da konkretuli segmenti. am

mxriv, Zalze mniSvnelovania ara mxolod pirdapiri reklama, aramed gakveuli Sinaarsis Semec-

nebiTi gadacema. magaliTad SegviZlia moviyvanoT telekompaniis `Travel Channel~- is gadacema `saukeTeso agilebi, sadac ki odesme vyofilvar~. msgavsi gadacemebi saSualebas iZleva popu-

larizacia gaukeTdes konkretul adgilebs ara konkretuli reklamiT, aramed zogadad tele-

gadacemis meSveobiT.[4,311]


49

msoflio masStabiT warmatebuli piarkampaniebs Soris aRsaniSnavia, erT — erTi saukeTe-

so PR kampania `virtualuri kurorti~, romelic savaWro marka Hyatt Resorts-Tvis SemuSavda. aR-

niSnuli PR kampaniis mizani iyo kompaniis, rogorc lideris, poziciis gaumjobeseba da savaWro markis prestiJis gazrda.

kompaniam saagento KWE-s mimarTa, raTa SemuSavebuliyo mravalmxrivi PR-programa kom-

pleqsuri savaWro markiT – Hyatt Resorts – 17 kurortis reklamisaTvis. vinaidan fizikurad Tu ma-

terialurad SeuZlebeli iyo, yvela masobrivi informaciis saSualebis, turistuli saagentosa Tu sabiTumo movaWris warmomadgenelTa miwveva Cvidmetsave dasvenebis adgilas, saagentos mi-

er organizebul iqna saxumaro interaqtiuri ordRiani movlena, kompania Hyatt Resorts-is virtu-

alur kurortze. am virtualuri kurortis wyalobiT moxerxda TiToeuli am 17 kurortis mo-

naxulebis imitireba. warmatebuli PR -kampaniis Sedegad Hyatt Resorts-ma daimkvidra lideris po-

zicia gasarTob da dasasvenebel kurortTa Soris. gaizarda gayidvebi mxolod piar saSualebe-

bis gamoyenebiT zamTris sezonze — 9%-iT, xolo zafxulSi — 10%-iT.[5] aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelo turistuli bazris aqtiuri moTamaSe gaxda. qveynis turis-

tuli potencialis srulyofilad aTvisebis SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba mkveTrad gaumjobesdeba, sadac mniSvnelovani roli sworad dagegmilma reklamam da PR kampaniam unda Seasrulos.

PR-kampaniis Tavisebureba turizmis sferoSi mniSvnelovanwilad dasaxul amocanebzea damokidebuli. PR-strategiis formirebisas mniSvnelovaia gaTvaliswinebul iqnas:

qveynis politikuri stabilurobis done;

turistebisaTvis arsebuli kriminaluri safrTxe, misi xasiaTi da Taviseburebebi;

turistis samarTlebrivi daculoba;

komunikaciebis, satransporto momsaxurebis ganviTarebis done; 5. sastumros servisis done;

momsaxurebis done, xasiaTi da mravalferovneba da sxva. PR strategiis SemuSavebisas, aseve aqcenti unda gakeTdes qveynis, turis unikalurobaze,

siaxleze, momsaxurebis mravalferovnebaze, samzareulos unikalurobaze, personalis profe-

sionalizmsa da momxibvlelobaze da qveynis pozitiuri imijis Seqmnaze.


1. TevdoraZe s., turizmis marketingi Tb. 2014; 2. vera rosi- sazogadoebasTan urTierToba Tb.2015; 3. https://peritusgroup.wordpress.com/2015/01/23/2015; 4. SamiliSvili i. diasamiZe i., — piari da turizmis politika, baTumi.,2012. 5. samecniero portali -DOCTRINA; http://www.old.doctrina.ge/Geo/2013-03-05-11-25-19/2015-09-17-17-44-45/item/84-2013-03-08-06-35-

36#itemCommentsAnchor.

s. TevdoraZe

PR strategiebi turistuli produqtis bazarze winwawevis kompleqsSi

reziume

turizmi momsaxurebaze damyarebuli industriaa da xelSesaxebi produqciisagan gansxva-

vebiT misi marketingi ufro rTulia. amitomac, swored PR-i da sareklamo kampaniis marTebu-

lad SerCeva, romelic mimarTuli iqneba zogadad mosaxleobis, an romelime garkveuli segmen-

tis mimarT, SeiZleba gaxdes turizmis ayvavebis mizezi, rac Cvens qveyanas mniSvnelovan win-

svlas moutans.


50

S.Tevdoradze

PR Strategies for the Tourism Product Promotion in the Market

Summary

Tourism is a service oriented industry and in difference from tangible products, its marketing is more complex. Therefore, right selection of PR strategies and promotion campaign that will be directed towards population in general, or towards some particular segment, may become the reason for tourism flourishment that will bring our country significant progress.


51

T. kurtaniZe

saqveiTo quCebis ganviTarebis tendencia

Sesavali urbanuli centrebis sacalfexo ubnis organizaciis gamocdilebis Seswavla da, pirvel

rigSi, sacalfexo quCebi, farTodaa gavrcelebuli wina saukunidan. XX saukune, axali masalebi da teqnikuri da teqnologiuri SesaZleblobebi (teqnologiuri aspeqti). Tanamedrove teqno-

logiuri sazogadoeba iRebs uaxles masalas da teqnologiebs (informacia, nanoteqnologia, bioinJineringi, ciborgeseini da sxv.) gvaZlevs SesaZleblobas, Camoayalibos mimdebare adamia-

nis subieqturi sivrce garemos xarisxobrivad axal teqnikur doneze, romelic pasuxobs fun-

qciuri, fsiqo-emociuri umaRles moTxovnebis komforts da ergonomikas. amrigad, sazogadoebis ganviTareba postindustriul etapze, erTis mxriv, saWiro iyo

Tvisobrivad axali urbanuli sivrcis saWiroeba komfortis donis TvalsazrisiT, meore mxriv, teqnikuri da teqnologiuri SesaZleblobebi am saWiroebebis realizaciisaTvis. Tumca, am Sem-

TxvevaSi, saWiroa specialuri mecnierulad dafuZnebuli proeqtis instrumenti, romelsac Se-

uZlia ganaxorcielos es transformaciebi. ra Tqma unda, aseTi instrumentari SeiZleba Seiq-mnas mxolod istoriuli gamocdilebis Rrma analizisa da ganzogadebis safuZvelze qalaqis komfortuli subieqturi sivrcis garemos organizebis sferoSi.

Zveli Tbilisi gamoirCeva istoriul-arqeologiur ZeglebiT, arqeologiuri saganZuriT – kulturuli SreebiT; aqedan gamomdinare, am teritorias gaaCnia udidesi potenciali turiz-

mis ganviTarebis kuTxiT; saWiroa siZveleebis aRmoCena geolologiur-arqeologiuri kvleve-

bis Sedegad da TvalsaCinoebisTvis kulturuli Sreebis gamoCena. dRevandeli situaciiT, aR-

niSnul teritoriaze Tavisufali sivrcis problema, romlis mogvareba daexmareboda savali nawilis gaganierebas satransporto saSualebebis uwyveti moZraobisaTvis, rekreaciul adgi-

lebisa da rac mTavaria, saqveiTo quCebis ganviTarebas; varaudoben, aRniSnul teritoriaze ar unda xdebodes Tanamedrove periodis siZvelesTan Serwyma, kerZod: 1. uZveles istoriul nan-

grevebTan parkirebis sadgomebi mowyobilia savali zolis gabaritis Semcirebis xarjze, aqedan

ikveTeba satransporto saSualebebisgan Semdgari Zafi — sacobebi, am problemas kidev ufro am-

Zafrebs gverdulebze gaCerebuli avtomobilebi; 2. Tanamedrove sastumroebi da kafe-barebi istoriuli Zeglebisa da nasaxlarebis gverdiT, romelic Tavis mxriv malavs kulturul em-

kvidreobis amsaxvel SemorCenil frangmentebs. Cemi azriT, Zveli Tbilisis iersaxe esacvlelia am erT-erTi motividan gamomdinare, aR-

niSnuli teritoriis viwro ubnebSi mTlianad avkrZalod satransporto moZraoba garda spec. manqanebisa, centralur ubnebSi ki — SevamciroT; am sakiTxs matematikuri modelis Sedegad da-

vadgenT, romelic qvemod iqneba ganxiluli. saWiroa ganvaviTarod eleqtro-busebiT mimosvla, rogorc es aris evropis uZveles qalaqebSi: romSi, barselonaSi; amasTan Cveni mTavari miznis ganxorcieleba – saqveiTo quCebis mowyoba gagvimartivdeba am istoriuli frangmentebis aRsa-

beWdad; perspeqtivaSi misaRebis sakiTxebis ganxorcieleba qalaqisa da qveynis ekonomikas mniS-

vnelovnad gazrdis turistebis Semodinebis xarjze am teritoriis popularizebiT. Tanamedrove qalaqis dagegmarebis ZiriTadi principia funqcionaluri zonireba; daniS-

nulebis mixedviT qalaqis teritoria gayofilia sacxovrebel, samrewvelo, rekreaciul, kul-

turul-administraciul da a.S. zonebad. kulturul da administraciul zonebisa da rekreaci-

ul zonebisaTvis aucilebeli komponentia saqveiTo quCebi, sadac Tavmoyrilia istoriuli da

mxatruli Rirebulebebis Senobebi, istoriul pirTa Zeglebi, msoflioSi cnobili brendebis

maRaziebi, adgilobrivi warmoebis tradiciuli maRal-xarisxovani saqoneli da samaxsovro niv-

Tebis maRaziebi; aseT quCebSi Tavs iyris adgilobrivi da turistebis didi raodenoba, romle-

bic ecnobian qveynis istorias da kulturas, qveynis strategiul miRwevebs da a.S. zemoT CamoTvlili procesi danawilebulia adgilobrivi da ucxouri valutis intensiur

xarjvasTan turistebis mier; rac aris qveynis ekonomikisTvis udidesi mastimulirebeli faq-

tori, Sesabamisad saqveiTo quCebisagan Semdgari ubnebis arseboba gamarTlebulia ekonomiku-


52

rad, kulturul ganviTarebis donis saCveneblad da qveynisadmi keTilganwyobis mosapoveblad; rekreaciul da kulturuli zonebis gamrTuli funqcionirebisaTvis naTelia zemoT CamoT-

vlili quCebis qselis arseboba. moTxovnebi saqveiTo quCebisadmi saqveiTo quCebi unda akmayofilebdes Semdeg moTxovnebs: 1. maT unda hqondes Sesabamisi

sigane qveiTTa intensiuri nakadebis komfortuli gadaadgilebisaTvis; aseT quCebze trotua-

rebi ar ewyoba, fenili unda iyos maRalxarisxovani mozaikuri tipis qvafeniliT, naturalur

qvis filebiT, an ukidures SemTxvevaSi qviSovani asfaltbetoniT, es ukanaskneli miuRebelia

samxreTis qalaqebSi, zafxulis an wlis cxel peroidSi. 2. grZivi da ganivi qanobebi unda iyos mi-

nimaluri, uzrunvelyofdes zedapiruli wylebis acilebas da xels uwyobdes qveiTebis kom-

fortul gadaadgilebas; sasurvelia saqveiTo quCa orientirebuli iyos romelime istoriuli

Zeglis mimarTulebiT an qalaqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli landSaftis xedTan, mag: Tbilisis mTaw-

mindis xedi, nariyala, metexi, samebis taZari, kavkasionis panorama, parizSi — eifelis koSki an

monmartis mTa, cnobili samonastro kompleqsi barselonaSi — mTavari saqveiTo quCa — rambla, orientirebuli mTa ~mon juiki~ — isaken; zogierT SemTxvevaSi saqveiTo quCas mniSvnelovnad

didi grZivi qanobi aqvs, Tu es gamowveulia istoriul-mxatruli obieqtebis TaviseburebebiT, mag: kalas ubnidan -- nariyalaze asasvleli gza, parizSi ~mon mart~ — is mTaze amsvleli saqvei-

To quCebi; romSi cnobili Sadrevnidan monastrisaken mimavali kibe; TbilisSi — beTlemis ekle-

siisaken mimavali quCakibe, lado asaTianis quCidan; zogierT SemTxvevaSi saqveiTo quCebi mow-

yobilia adreul Suasaukuneebis periodSi, aSenebul nagebobebis gaSenebul ubnebSi Tavisufali

sqemis dagegmarebis sqemis mqone quCebi; mag: xorvatiaSi, qalaqi — dubrovniki, TbilisSi — avle-

vis quCa. saqveiTo quCebis ganviTareba unda moxdes iseTi parametrebiT, rom maT ar gamoiwvios mim-

debare individualuri da sazogadoebrivi satransporto gadaadgilebisaTvis gankuTvnili qu-

Cebis satransporto da saeqspluatacio Tvisebebis gauareseba, maTi gadatvirTva gazrdili

satransporto nakadebiT, saWiroa garkveuli kanonzomierebis dadgena, romlebic gviCveneben

konkretuli qalaqis teritoriis, mosaxleobis raodenobis arsebuli da perspeqtiuli donis qalaqebis reliefis da quCebis ricxobriv maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswinebiT saqveiTo quCebis-

gan Semdgari ubnis farTobs, ubnis moxazulobas da maT geometriul parametrebs, am saqveiTo ubnebis wili gzebisa da quCebis teritoriidan ubnebis gadamkveTi komunaluri transportis

samoZrao quCebze satransporto saSualebebis SerCeva, maTi gadaadgilebisaTvis optimaluri pirobebis Seqmna moZraobis organizaciis usafrTxoebis meTodebiTa da saSualebebiT, qalaqe-bis Zvel centrSi umravles SemTxvevaSi praqtikulad SeuZlebelia satransporto infrastruq-

turis ganviTareba; metic, iseT mWidro dasaxlebaSi, rogorebicaa metexis zemoT mimdebare qu-

Cebi, saWiroa kidec satransporto saSualebebi aikrZalos da mTlianad quCas saqveiTo mimos-

vlis funqcia daekisros, es did sargebels moutans qveynis ekonomikas, gazrdis turistul mim-

zidvelobas, sadac ufro meti turisti moiyris Tavs konkretul adgilebSi, met fulsac daxar-

javs da qveynis ekonomikas amiT met sargebels moutans; amasTanave, qalaqSi Semcirdeba avtomo-

bilebisgan mavne nivTierebaTa gamonabolqvebi, avtomobilTa xmauri da a.S. aRniSnuli Temis gansaviTareblad mizanSewonilia CavataroT kvleva Tbilisis ramodeni-

me mniSvnelivan ubnebze, rogoricaa: vercxlis quCa, kalas ubani, abanos ubani da a.S. (mocemulia

nax. 1-Si,) metad mniSvnelovani obieqti avirCieT sakvlevad: reliefis, Senoba-nagebobebis gan-

lagebidan, am teritoriis siZvelidan da turistuli potencialidan gamomdinare; saWiroa dav-

saxoT samomavlo perspeqtivaSi analogiuri reliefis, mosaxleobis simWidrovis, masobriv sat-ransporto qselis mqone qalaqebidan movaxdinoT maRal ganviTarebul qveynebSi saqveiTo quCe-

bis Teoriuli daproeqtebis safuZveli normativebis modeli danergva qalaq TbilisSi.


53

nax.1

Tavdapirvelad, movaxdinoT am ubnebze realuri suraTis aRqma da prevenciuli RonisZie-

bebi mkacrad gansazRrul usafrTxoebis dacviT davgegmoT. arsebuli situaciiT, am teritoriebze transportis gadaadgileba xdeba Semdeg quCebze :

metexi — Tavisuflebis moedani, kote afxazis quCis gavliT, calmxrivad;

kote afxazis quCidan aleqsandre puSkinis quCamde, vercxlis quCis gavliT, calmxri-

vad;

amaRlebis quCidan kote afxazis quCamde, lado asaTianis da ierosalimis quCebis gav-

liT, calmxrivad;

ovanes Tumanianis quCidan kote afxazis quCis dasawyisamde, calmxrivad;

abo Tbilelis quCidan Tavisuflebis moednamde, lermontovis da Salva dadianis quCis

gavliT, calmxrivad;

aleqsandre diumas quCa vercxlis quCamde, calmxrivad;

SoTa yavlaSvilis da SoTa niSnianiZis quCaze, calmxrivad;

vaxtang gorgaslis moedanze, samRebrosa da abanos quCebze, Tavdapirvelad davniSnoT iseTi marSutebi, romelic Seferxebis gareSe gaatarebs sat-

ransporto saSualebas da rac mTavaria, samomavlod asaTvisebel saqveiTo quCebs mounaxavs

gansaviTarebel teritoriebs, farTobebs. SegviZlia davareguliroT mimdebare quCebis gamtarunarianoba da Semdeg mivceT quCas

saqveiTo statusi ; sadac A gzis gamtarunarianobaa, N — satransporto nakadebis inten-

sivoba. yovel konkretul quCas Tavisi datvirTvis done. mag. 0,6 Tu am quCebis nawils ga-

movyofT saqveiTod maSin sxva quCebze datvirTva gadanawildeba da gaizrdeba datvirtvis do-

ne, P, P1 = ; P2 = ; P3 = ; P1+P2+P3+…PN=1;

axlad miRebuli P- s mniSvnelobebi Tu normis farglebSia anu P P<0.75; maSin gadawyveti-

lebebi am quCaze saqveiTo moZraobis Sesaxeb misaRebia; Tu ara maSin aucilebelia A1,A2, A3 — Se-

sabamisi gazrda; Tu rogor gaizardos gviCvenebs konkretuli quCis analizi. mocemul sakvlev teritoriebze Catarebuli kvlevidan SegviZlia analizis safuZvelze

miviRoT gadawyvetilebebi, romelic samomavloT saqveiTo quCebis ganviTarebis Semdgom safe-

xurebs davadgebiT. daskvna rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, saqveiTo quCebis ukeT gasaviTareblad saWiroa Seiqmnas maTe-

matikuri modeli, romelic daukavSirebs erTmaneTs: saqveiTo quCebis raodenobas, jamur sig-

rZes, dakavebul farTobs, qalaqis maxasiaTeblebs: (mcxovrebTa raodenoba). turistuli rei-

tingi: dabali- (zestafoni, rusTavi, kemerovi, Celabinki...) saSualo — (Tbilisi,siRnaRi, mestia); maRali — (vena, venecia,barseloba, berni, ) ; rac metia turistuli reitingi, miT metia saqveiTo


54

quCebi; satransporto saSualebebis done: qalaqis saerTo farTi, gzebisa da quCebis qselis farTobi da konfiguracia.

saWiroa moxdes saqveiTo quCebis mowyoba-gaformeba, Ria kafe-barebis ganviTareba; saqve-iT quCebis Sesasvlel-gasasvlelis izolireba saavtomobilo quCebTan specialuri distanciu-

ri zRudarebiT unda moxdes, (maTi gamoyeneba SeeZlebaT dasufTavebis samsaxurebs, saswrafo

daxmarebebs, distribuciis manqanebs, saxanZro saxanZro samsaxurebs, sapatrulo da krimina-

lur policias, da kidev saWiro SemTxvevebSi mcire gabaritebis mqone samSeneblo manqanebs, isic SezRuduli muSaobis saaTebiT, radgan ar SeizRudos qveiTTa gadaadgileba da maTi usaf-

rTxoeba daculi iyos.

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi 1. beriZe g. arqiteqturisa da qalaqTmSeneblobis problemebi, Tbilisi 2001 w. gv54-gv56; 2. niniZe d. da sxvebi,Tbilisis urbanuli reabilitaciis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 2001 w.

gv77-gv91; 3. d.abulaZe. `rodis eqneba Tbiliss strategiuli ganviTarebis gegma?~ saqarTvelos arqiteq-

turuli katalogi №1, 2005 w. gv15-gv18; 4. afciauri v. da sxvebi, Tbilisis qalaqTmSeneblobiTi ganviTarebis meTodologiuri prob-

lemebi, Tbilisi, 2004 w. gv 157- gv 158; 5. Кудрявцев О.К. Федутинов Ю.А. Чуверин И.И., Транспорт Городских Центров, Москва, 1978 г. ст 144 — ст

148. T. kurtaniZe

saqveiTo quCebis ganviTarebis tendencia

reziume

samuSaos mizania saqveiTo quCebze kvlevebis xelSewyoba da ganviTareba, parkirebis moed-

nebisa da saavtomobilo gzis savali nawilis gamijvna; wamoyenebulia Sesabamisi moTxovnebi saq-

veiTo quCebisadmi, romelic uzrunvelyofs qveiTTa intensiuri nakadebis komfortul gadaad-

gilebas. T.Kurtanidze

Pedestrian Street Development Tendencies

Summary

The goal of the work is to promote and develop researches on the streets of pedestrians, separation of parking grounds and motorway road; the relevant requirements are applied to the street of pedestrians, that provide comfortable movement of pedestrians intensive streams.


55

z. laoSvili, a. iremaSvili, s. kviJinaZe, l. grigolia

gis monacemTa organizebis principebi

sivrciTi informaciis srulyofili SeswavlisaTvis aucilebelia maTi organizeba, kla-

sificireba da daxarisxeba [nikolaiSvili d, 2004]. gis-Si monacemTa organizeba es aris sxvadsxva saxis monacemebis SemdgomSi efeqtu-

rad marTvisa da analizis mizniT erTian logikur modelad warmodgenis procesi. unda iTqvas, rom monacemTa organizebis sakiTxi, maT Soris, monacmTa modelebi, struq-

tura da formati, gis-Si erT-erTi yvelaze rTuli da amave dros yvelaze mniSvnelovani Temaa. misi roli gacilebiT mniSvnelovania vidre konkretuli programuli paketis an kompiuteruli plaformis SerCeva.

mopovebuli informacia SeiZleba inaxebodes nakrebis an failebis saxiT. garda amisa, Seg-

rovebis procesSi maTi organizeba SeiZleba moxdes dakavSirebul erTobliobaSi, romelsac mo-

dels uwodeben. imisaTvis, rom gansxvavebuli monacemebi da modelebi erTian sistemaSi damu-

Savdes, isini erTian informaciul modelSi unda mowesrigdes da dalagdes, romelSic erTma-

neTs Seavseben. monacemTa organizebis Sedegs warmoadgens iseTi informaciuli modelis Seq-

mna, romelic informaciis monacemTa bazebSi efeqturi Senaxvis da sxvadasxva sainformacio teqnologiebSi maTi Semdgomi marTvis (Zieba, vizualizacia, analizi) saSualebas mogvcems. or-

ganizacia monacemebs aniWebs xarisxobrivad axal Tvisebebs. swored es procesi aZlevs geogra-

fiul monacemebs farTo diapazonis sivrciTi amocanebis (marTva, analizi, logistika, dagegma-

reba, proeqtireba, prognozireba, resursebis gamoyeneba, monitoringi) gadaWris saSualebas [laoSvili z., 2018].

sawyisi da winaswar damuSavebuli informacia mraval parametrs Seicavs, romelTagan zo-

gierTi SeiZleba dublirebulic ki iyos. obieqtebis Sesaxeb monacemTa raodenobis Semcireba modelebis gamoyenebiT aris SesaZlebeli, romlebic mxolod mTavar Tvisebas inaxavs.

geoinformatikaSi monacmebis Segrovebis erT-erTi Tavisebureba ara mxolod is aris, rom sawyisi monacemebs SeiZleba gansxvavebuli ganzomilebebi qondeT, aramed is, rom isini gan-

sxvavebuli SkaliT SeiZleba izomebodes. monacemTa organizeba maT erTian garemoSi moaqcevs. swored es iZleva kompleqsuri analizis saSualebas [laoSvili z., 2018].

monacemTa organizebis procesSi sawyisi monacemebis mTeli mravalferovneba (sivrciTi obieqtebis forma, maxasiaTeblebi, urTierTkavSirebi, aRmweri informacia da sxv.) gardaiqmne-

ba informaciul modelad, romelsac iyenebs geoinformaciuli sistema. ase magaliTad, nakve-

Tis Sesaxeb Cven SeiZleba qvqondes sxvadasxva saxis informacia: txt an dwg formatSi GPS werti-

lebi nakveTis mdebareobis (wveroebis koordinatebis) Sesaxeb; nakveTis aRmweri informacia (mdebareoba, mflobeli, funqcia, sakuTrebis dokumenti da sxv.) qaRaldis an eleqtronuli (docx) dokumentebis saxiT; niadagis maxasiaTeblebi eletronuli cxrilebis (xlsx) saxiT; foto-

suraTebi rastruli (jpg) formatis saxiT. es yvelaferi SeiZleba erT veqtoruli modelSi – Se-

if-failSi (shp) dabinavdes. cxadia, maTi Semdgomi gamoyeneba gacilebiT advili iqneba. integrirebuli informaciuli modelebi warmoadgens SedarebiT ubralo modelebis er-

Tobliobas. monacemTa efeqturi damuSavebisTvis es erToblioba optimizirebul unda iqnas. es amocanac monacemTa organizebis procesSi unda mogvardes.

gis-Si monacemTa organizebis ama Tu im xerxis (pirvel rigSi ama Tu im modelisTvis) Ser-

Cevas arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs. monacemTa modelis SerCeva pirdapir gansazRvravs gis-is mra-

val funqcionalur SesaZleblobebs. zogierTi funqcia SeuZlebelia gamoviyenoT monacemTa organizebis garkveuli tipisTvis an isini mxolod rTuli manipulaciebis gziT Tu miiRweva. garda amisa, monacemTa organizacia pirdapir gansazRvravs informaciis Seyvanis teqnologi-

ebs. imave mizeziT masze aris damokidebuli miRebuli informaciis grafikuli nawilis sivrci-

Ti sizuste, xarisxiani kartografiuli monacemebi da rukebis xarisxis kontrolis organizeba. garkveulwilad gis sistemis moqmedebis siswrafesac (mag., monacemTa Zieba, moTxovna, vizuali-

zacia) monacemebis organizebis tipi gansazRvravs.


56

didi moculobis an vrcel teritoriaze ganTavsebul zust monacemebTan muSaobis SesaZ-

leblobebic monacemTa organizebis tipzea damokidebuli, iseve, rogorc monacemTa redaqti-

rebis da ganaxlebis optimaluroba. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gamovyoT monacemTa sistemuri organizebis Semdegi

amocanebi: − informaciis, rogorc modelSi aRmweri monacemis gardaqmna. − mravalricxovani sivrciTi informaciis erT integrirebul modelSi Tavmoyra. − integrirebul modelSi gardaqmnisas sabaziso monacemebis da modelebis klasificire-

ba. − integrirebul modelSi informaciis gardaqmnisas im monacemebis identifikacia, riTic

is individuluribas inarCunebs. − geomonacemebs Soris maTi integraciis safuZvelze damatebiTi kavSirebis sxvadasxva

SkalebiT gazomili da sxvadasxva parametrebis sabaziso monacemebis erT sistemaSi unifikacia, maTi Semdgomi damuSavebisa da analizisTvis SesaZleblobebis Seqmna.

− gis-is mTavari amocanisTvis (sivrciTi analizisTvis), obieqtebis, movlenebisa da maTi maxasiaTeblebisaTvis sivrciTi urTierTkavSirebis bazis Seqmna.

gis-is organizaciis doneebi gis-Si sivrciTi monacemebis organizebis process realuri samyaros obieqtebis Sesaxeb

informaciis Taviseburebani gansazRvraven. aseTi informacia nawilobriv individualizire-

bul obieqtebs, nawilobriv ki sivrceSi uwyvetad gavrcelebul Tvisebas ganekuTvneba. monacemTa organizeba aseve damokidebulia imaze Tu momxmarebeli rogor aRiqvams rea-

lur samyaros. mis mier monacemTa struqturis aRqma (gonebrivi modeli) ganaTlebaze, erudi-

ciaze, pasuxismgeblobaze, organizaciis miznebze da sxv. aris damokidebuli. monacemTa organizebaSi gamoiyofa Semdegi doneebi: − konceptualuri done − I logikuri done − II logikuri done − fizikuri done konceptualuri done am etapze muSavdeba konceptualuri modeli, analizdeba sakvlevi obieqtis an procesis

zogadi da unikaluri Tvisebebi, SeirCeva monacemebis wyaroebi, tipebi, gamosaxvis saukeTeso xerxebi, bazis Seqmnis vadebi da sxva mravali. igi ar ukavSirdeba programul-aparatul kompo-

nents. monacemebis organizeba iwyeba momxmareblis mier modelSi realuri samyaros struqtu-

ris warmodgenis aRqmiT da gaazrebiT. amisaTvis saWiroa Semdegi RonisZiebebi: − sagnobrivi sferos da misi informaciuli struqturis Seswavla. − yvela fragmentis gamovlena, romelTagan TiToeuli xasiaTdeba samomxmareblo warmo-

saxviT, informaciuli obieqtebiT da maT Soris urTierTkavSirebiT. − yvela warmosaxvis modelireba da integracia. amasTan gansazRvarven: romeli geografiuli obieqtebi warmoadgenen kvlevis sferos,

rogori damokidebulebaa maT Soris da romel procesebSi monawileoben isini. monacemTa organizebis am doneze miiReba monacemTa konceptualuri modeli, romelic

orientirebulia monacemTa bazebis struqturaze. xSirad igi warmodgenilia ~arsi-kavSiris~ modelis saxiT1.

monacemTa models aRwers sivrciTi masaxiaTeblebi da atributebi, maTi urTierTkavSi-

rebi, maTi gamoyeneba, procesebi, romlebic maTi marTvisTvis aris saWiro.

1 ~arsi-kavSiris” modeli zogadia da monacemTa bazebis proeqtirebis etapze gamoiyeneba. es aris monace-mebis modelirebis teqnologia, romelic informaciuli sistemis SigniT qmnis ~arsebis” grafikul war-modgenas da maT Soris kavSirebs. es modeli dafuZnebulia realuri samyaros romelime mniSvnelovan se-mantikur (niSnobriv) informaciaze, romelic gankuTvnilia monacemebis logikuri warmodgenisTvis. is monacemebis mniSvnelobebs gansazRvravs maTi sxva monacemebTan urTierTkavSirebis konteqstSi. ~arsi-kavSiris” modeli SemoTavazebul iqna 1976 wels amerikeli mecnieris piter pin-Sin Cenis mier.


57

monacemTa modeli Seicavs: − ̀ sivrciTi arsi~, romelic warmoadgens sivrciTi obieqtebis kompiuterul wardgenas

struqturis aRqmiT (mag: tba, turistuli marSruti, sastumro da sxv.) − ̀ sivrciTi arsis~ aRmwer monacemebs Cveulebriv atributebs uwodeben. àrsis~ urTier-

Tdamokidebuleba gamoisaxeba kavSirebiT (Relationships). ganasxvaveben kavSirebis klasebs, egzem-

plarebs. am dones miekuTvneba cnebebi: Sre (fena), Tema, poligoni, xazi, rkali, cxrili, identifika-

tori, indeqsirebis xerxi da sxv. am donesTan ufro metad Sexeba aqvs momxmarebels da monacem-

Ta bazebis administrators. aseve sistemis dammuSavebels. arsebobs logikuri donec, romelic gulisxmobs monacemTa bazis Sinaarsis da struqtu-

ris gansazRvras proeqtisTvis gamiznuli konkretuli gis programuli produqtis da monacem-

Ta bazis teqnikuri specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT. igi dakavSirebulia programul uzrunvelyo-

fasTan da Tavis mxriv or doned iyofa: I logikuri done monacemTa organizebis ufro detalur – logikur doneze konkretuli monacemTa bazebis

marTvis sistemis monacemTa struqtururebSi xdeba informaciisadmi moTxovnebis gardaqmna. monacemTa struqturis warmodgenisas gamoiyeneba Canawerebi, monacemTa elementebi, Canawe-

rebs Soris kavSirebi da sxva. aq ukve Cndeba maTematikuri da programirebis cnebebi: matrica, sia, kavSiris sistemebi, maniSnebeli, informaciis SekumSvis meqanizmebi da sxva. am etapze Ziri-

Tadad ganixileba monacemTa Senaxvis adgilis da swrafadmoqmedebis optimizaciis (Sidakompi-

uteruli) sakiTxebi. I logikuri done – es aris programistis Tema. II logikuri done monacemTa organizaebis detalizaciis meore logikur doneze Cven saqme gvaqvs failebis

struqturasTan da maT formatebTan, romelic konkretuli monacemTa bazebis marTvis siste-

misaTvis gamoiyeneba. es aris failSi informaciis ganTavseba – rac gamotanilia mis saTaurSi, Tu ra TanmimdevrobiT da ra formebiT aris sistemuri ricxvebi organizebuli am failebSi. es done aseve programistis Temas warmoadgens. rigiTma momxmarebelma sasargebloa icodes mona-

cemTa gansazRvrul struqturaSi konkretuli failebis daniSnuleba, maTi SesaZleblobebi da SezRudvebi da konkretuli failis formatis gamoyeneba. magaliTad, unda icodes Seiffailis (Shapefile), personaluri (Personal Geodatabase), failuri (File Geodatabase) da qseluri (Database Conection) geomonacemTa bazebis an rastruli modelis formatebis maxasiaTeblebi (daniSnule-

ba, SesaZleblobebi, SezRudvebi) da maTi gamoyenebis sakiTxebi. fizikuri done ukavSirdeba aparatul-teqnikur saSualebebs. monacemTa organizebis fizikur doneze iq-

mneba konkretuli gis-is monacemTa bazebis struqtura. aq ganisazRvreba monacemTa Senaxvis Taviseburebani, wvdomis meTodebi, romeli obieqtebi Sedis monacemTa bazebSi, rogor ariani isini ganawilebuli Tematur Sreebs Soris, romel klasifikatorebs iyenebs da a.S. struqturis aRwerisaTvis monacemTa jgufebs, indeqsebs da wvdomis meTodebs mimarTaven. konkretuli mo-nacemTa bazis struqturis organizaciis done unikaluria TiToeuli konkretuli proeqti-

saTvis. sagnobrivi sferos geomonacemTa bazebis logikuri modelebis asagebad gamoiyeneba

ArcGIS-is SemadgenlobaSi Semavali Case Tools, logkuri modeli aigeba UML diagramis saxiT Visio™ programuli paketis daxmarebiTac. amasTan, gamoiyeneba ESRI-is modificirebuli Sablo-

nebi. UML modeli erTi mxriv warmoadgens momavali geomonacemTa bazebis dokumentirebul da TvalsaCino warmodgenas, xolo meore mxriv – sawyis monacemebs monacemTa bazebis struqturis XML enaze aRwerisaTvis [laoSvili z., 2018].

geomonacemTa bazebis fizikuri struqtura generirdeba da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi modi-

ficirdeba XML aRweridan ArcCatalog instrumentebsi daxmarebiT. geografiuli obieqtebis warmosadgenad arsebobs monacemTa mravali struqtura, romel-

Ta SerCevac maT saWiroebaze da Semdgom gamoyenebazea damokidebuli. yvelaze meti gavrceleba sivrciTi monacemebis organizaciis orma sayovelTaod gavrcelebulma principma hpova:

− Tematuri Sreebis organizebis principi.


58

− obieqtur-orientirebuli principi. Tematuri Sreebis organizebis principi realuri samyaro mravalicxovani sivrciTi obieqtebisagan Sedgeba. misi dekompozicia Se-

saZlebelia stratifikaciis gziT. es aris procedura, romelic mravalricxovan geografiul obieqtebs damuSavebisa da analizisTvis mosaxerxebel Tematur Sreebad yofs. Sedegad mivi-

RebT, rom realuri samyaros Sesaswavli sivrce warmogvidgeba urTierTdakavSirebuli monace-

mebis Sreebis nakrebis saxiT [Ананьев Ю. С., 2023]. is kargad da TvalsaCinod Seesatyviseba klasikuri kartografiis principebs, rac imaSi

mdgomareobs, rom gamoiyeneba obieqtebis dayofa Tematur Sreebad. erT fenas mikuTvnebuli obieqtebi qmnian monacemTa erT logikur (zogjer fizikur) erTeuls. es principi realizdeba Semdegnairad: yvela mravlobiTi obieqtebi iyofa qvesimravleebad. TiToeuli maTgani warmo-

adgens erTi tipis da erTgvarovani monacemebis simravles, romelic warmoqmnis monacemTa Te-

matur Sres. monacemTa Sreebrivi organizacia uSvebs, rom: − Sres sivrceSi ar aqvs wyveta. − yvelgan arsebobs raime saxis informacia, maT Soris ~obieqtis ar arseboba~ an ~obieqtis

Sesaxeb monacemebis ar arseboba~. − Sreebi yovelTvis zustad ar Seesatyvisebian Tematur dayofas (mag., ramdenime Sre dro-

iTi Skalis sxvadasxva periodidan erTsa da imave Temas SeiZleba ekuTvnodes). kartografiul Sreebs Soris informaciis ganawilebis ori kriteriumi SeiZleba gamoi-

yos: 1. sivrciTi obieqtis sabaziso tipi, romelSic warmodgenilia sivrciTi monacemebi da 2. sivrciTi obieqtebis atributuli monacemebi.

gis informaciis srulfasovnad warmosadgenad friad mniSvnelovania Sreebis erTmaneTis mimarT ganawilebis struqturuli midgoma.

sabaziso monacemis tipidan gamomdinare yvela Sre SeiZleba pirobiTad daiyos jgufebad: Sreebi, romlebic Seicaven warwerebs (mag., anotaciuri klasebi); Sreebi, romlebic Seicaven wertilovan obieqtebs; Sreebi, romlebic Seicaven xazovan obieqtebs; Sreebi, romlebic Seica-

ven poligonur obieqtebs. aseTi dayofis SemTxvevaSi informaciis srulyofilad gadmocemis mizniT aucilebelia Sreebi qvemodan Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT dalagdes:

pirvel rigSi gamoisaxos farTobuli obieqtebis Semcveli Sreebis jgufi. Semdeg gamoisaxos xazovani obieqtebis Semcveli Sereebis jgufi. Semdeg – wertilovani obieqtebis Semcveli Sereebis jgufi.

Semdeg – Tu gvaqvs Tematuri Sreebi, romlebic Seica-

ven sxvadasxva saxis zomiT simboloebs, diagramebs da a.S. sul bolos gamoisaxos sxvadasxva tipi warwerebis

Semcveli Sreebis jgufi. aseTi Tanmimdevrobis dacva Zalian mosaxerxebelia

ArcGIS-is geomonacemTa bazebSi (GeoDataBase), sadac farTo-

buli, xazovani da poligonuri Sreebis (Feature Class) daj-

gufeba SesaZlebelia obieqtTa nakrebebis (Feature Dataset) saxiT (sur. 1).

sur. 1. ArcGIS--is geomonacemTa bazebSi (GeoDataBase) orga-nizebuli Tematuri Sreebi


59

TiToeuli jgufis SigniT Sreebis urTierTganlagebis Tanmimdevrobis gansazRvris miz-

niT aseve unda SemuSavdes prioritetebis sistema. es ZiriTadad farTobul Sreebs exeba. buneb-riv prioritets gansazRvravs am Sris sivrciTi obieqtebis saSalo farTobi da geometriuli faqtori. Sreebis Tanmimdevroba qvemodan zemoT saSualo farTobis Semcirebis mixedviT gani-

sazRvreba (mag., tbis Sre tyis zemoT unda ganvaTavsoT, xolo kunZuli – tbis Sris zemoT). Tu am wess ar davicavT. SeiZleba informaciis vizualur dakargvasTan gvqondes saqme (mag., tba tyis qveS daimalos da a.S.).

rac Seexeba xazovan da wertilovan Sreebs aq informaciis dakargvis saSiSroeba naklebia, Tumca gamoricxuli ar aris. maTi urTierTganlagebisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT Tu realur sam-

yaroSi maT rogori mdebareoba ukaviaT. xazovani obieqtebis SemTxvevaSi qvemoT pirvelad gan-

Tavsdeba miwisqveSa obieqtebi (mag., milsadeni), mis zemoT miwispira obieqtebi (mag., gzebi), xo-

lo sul bolos – miwis zeda obieqtebi (mag., sahaero eleqtrogadamcemi). arsebobs gamonaklisebic, rodesac xazovani Sreebis urTierTganlagebisas geometriuli

faqtoris gverdiT semantikuric did rols TamaSobs. atributuli informaciidan gamomdinare Sre SeiZleba ganvaTvsoT sxva sabaziso monacemebTan erTad. amis kargi magaliTia horizonta-

lebi. isini SeiZleba moeqces im poligonur obieqtebis Soris, romelsac horizontali realur samyaroSi ver gadakveTavs (mag., Senoba-nagebobebi) da, romelsac gadakveTavs (mag., miwis nakve-

Ti). wertilovani Sreebis SemTxvevaSi urTierTganlagebis zogadi kriteriumebi ar arsebobs,

radgan Tanmimdevrobis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi informaciis dakargva naklebad mosalodnelia. Tumca ara yovelTvis da amitom, umjobesia geometriuli ganlagebis principi aqac davicvaT. mag., wyalmomaragebis sistemaSi Wa da urduli erT vertikalur sibrtyeSi arian ganTavsebuli. da radgan urduli WaSi mdebareobs, cxadia es ukanaskneli Wis Sris zemoT unda iyos ganTavse-

buli. obieqtur-orientirebuli principi aqcents akeTebs ara imdenad obieqtis zogad Tvisebaze, aramed romelime rTul saklasi-

fikacio sqemaSi mis mdebareobaze da maT urTierTkavSirebze. am SemTxvevaSi advilad aisaxeba obieqtebs Soris sxvadasxva saxis naTesauri, genetikuri an funqcionaluri urTierTkavSirebi [Ананьев Ю. С., 2023] (sur. 2).

sur. 2. POI (Point Of Interest)-is organizebis obieqtur-orientirebuli midgomis sqema

GIS-is programuli uzrunvelyofis wina Taobebisgan gansxvavebiT, obieqtze orientire-

buli sistemebi warmoaCens obieqts analizis erTeulad da ara mis moxazulobad. am paradigmis cvlilebis Sedegi isaa, rom adgilmdebareoba da dro ganixileba obieqtis gamorCeul Tvisebe-

bad, rac sivrce-droiTi atributebis xSiri ganaxlebis saSualebas iZleva.[ David J. Maguire. 2005] sivrciTi da atributuli monacemebis kavSirebis organizacia gis-Si monacemTa nebismier models pirvel rigSi kavSiri unda qondes elementarul siv-

rciT obieqtebTan. TiTeul maTganSi sul cota 3 tipis informacia unda inaxebodes: identifikatori (ID – xSirad formaluri). obieqtis Sesaxeb sivrciTi monacemebi. obieqtis Sesaxeb atributuli monacemebi.


60

arsebobs sivrciT da atributul monacemebs Soris kavSiris 3 principi. erTi kia samives-

Tvis damakavSirebelia ID informacia. pirveli principi – georelaciuri, imaze miuTiTebs, rom sivrciTi da atributuli mona-

cemebi gansxvavebulad organizdeba. maT Soris kavSri indikatoris (ID) meSveobiT myardeba. siv-

rciTi monacemebi atributulisgan calke – Tavis (sistemur) failebSi inaxeba. atributuli mo-nacemebi aseT SemTxvevaSi inaxeba monacemTa relaciur modelSi cxrilebis saxiT da imarTeba relaciuri mbms-iT [Ананьев Ю. С., 2023] (sur. 3).

sur. 3. sivrciT da atributul monacemebs Soris georelaciuri kavSiri

meore principi – orive tipis monacemebis integrirebuli Senaxvaa. am SemTxvevaSi gaTva-

liswinebulia relaciuri monacemTa bazebis marTvis sistemis gamoyeneba, rogorc atributu-

li, ise sivrciTi monacemebis SenaxvisTvis [Ананьев Ю. С., 2023] (sur. 4).

sur. 4. sivrciTi (X,Y)da atributuli (Point, AU) monacemebis erToblivi Senaxva

es varianti mTeli rigi upiratesobebiT sargeblobs, gansakuTrebiT didi moculobis mo-

nacemebisaTvis, romlebic mravalmomxmarebliani redaqtirebis reJimSi arian CarTuli. aq mona-

cemTa erTianoba principulad mniSvnelovania. mesame principi – obieqturi midgomis gamoyenebaa. igi mraval momxibvlel mxares moicavs.

gansakuTrebiT masSi monacemTa rTuli struqturis SedarebiT iolad aRwera, obieqtebs Soris urTierTkavSirebi, monacemebis ierarqia da gis-is garemoSi sainJinro modelirebis mraval-

ricxovani amocanebis gadaWra.


1. nikolaiSvili.d. `geoinformaciuli da eqspertuli sistemebi~. Tbilisi, `Tbilisis univer-

sitetis gamomcemloba~, 2004;

2. laoSili.z. geografiuli informaciuli sistemebis safuZvlebi, Tbilisi, ~klio~, 2018;

3. Kuba P. Data Structures for Spatial Data Mining, Brno, 2001; 4. David J. Maguire, Michael B. Michael F.Goodchild, ~GIS, Spatial Analysis and Modeling~. Redlands 2005.

5. Ананьев Ю. С., Геоинформационные Системы, Томск, 2003.


61

z. laoSvili, a. iremaSvili, s. kviJinaZe, l. grigolia

gis monacemTa organizebis principebi

reziume

sivrciTi informaciis srulyofili SeswavlisaTvis aucilebelia maTi organizeba, kla-

sificireba da daxarisxeba. gis-Si monacemTa organizeba es aris sxvadsxva saxis monacemebis SemdgomSi efeqturad marTvisa da analizis mizniT erTian logikur modelad warmodgenis pro-

cesi. monacemTa organizebaSi gamoiyofa konceptualuri done, I logikuri, II logikuri done, fizikuri done. geografiuli obieqtebis warmosadgenad arsebobs monacemTa mravali struq-

tura, romelTagan yvelaze metad iyeneben Tematuri Sreebis organizebis da obieqtur-orien-

tirebul principebs. monacemTa organizebisas Zalian mniSvnelovania sivrciTi da atributuli monacemebis kavSirebi.

Z.Laoshvili, A.Iremashvili, S. Kvizhinadze, L.Grigolia

GIS Data Organizing Principles

Summary

Arranging, classifying and sorting are necessary attributes for thoroughly researching spatial data. Organizing

data in GIS is a process of presenting unified logical model, aiming to manage and analyze various types of data. There are several levels of data organizing: conceptual, 1-st logical, 2-nd logical and physical. We have many principles to represent geographic objects. Most used ones are organizing thematic layers and object-oriented principles. Connection between spatial and attribute data is extremely important while organizing data.


62

T. Jvania, S. kapanaZe

Rrublovani teqnologiebis gamoyenebis perspeqtivebi turizmSi

sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze informatizacia gulisxmobs internetze

dafuZnebuli informaciuli da komunikaciis teqnologiebis ganviTarebas. mniSvnelovania in-

formatizaciis: monacemTa gadacemis arxebis, monacemTa damuSavebis mowyobilobebis, kavSiris saSualebebis, informaciasTan wvdomis, programuli uzrunvelyofis, monacemTa Senaxvisa da gadacemis infrastruqturis ganviTareba

internetze dafuZnebuli Tanamedrove sainformacio sistemebis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebe-

lia nebismieri operaciis ganxorcieleba, damoukideblad imisa, Tu sad mdebareobs informaci-

is wyaro da misi mimRebi. bunebrivia, es upiratesoba gavlenas axdens komerciuli saqmianobis informaciul Semadgenelze ekonomikis praqtikulad yvela sferoSi da maT Soris — turistul biznesSic.

onlain momsxurebis aranaxuli siswrafiT ganviTarebis pirobebSi, roca èrTi daklike-

biT~ SesaZlebelia, dagegmoT da organizacia gaukeToT msoflios nebismier qveyanaSi mogzau-

robas, dajavSnoT nebismieri mimarTulebiT bileTebi, sastumroebi, SeiZinoT TqvenTvis sasur-

veli sanaxaobebis bileTebi da a.S., mcire turistuli sawarmoebis (turoperatorebis, turis-

tuli firmebis) erT-erT umniSvnelovanes amocanas warmoadgens, dinamikur reJimSi uzrunvel-

yon momxmareblisaTvis sruli turistuli paketis SeTavazeba. msgavsi turistuli paketebis formirebasa da realizacias safuZvlad udevs onlain reJimSi aviakompaniebTan, sastumroeb-

Tan da sxvadasxva tipis turistul sawarmoebTan pirdapiri wvdoma. garda amisa, iseve rogorc nebismier sferoSi, turistul biznesSic momuSave nebismieri

sawarmosaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki — mcire sawarmoebisTvis, umniSvnelovanesia marTvis sisteme-

bis gamoyenebiT iseTi sakiTxebis gadawyveta, rogoricaa: dagegmva, sabuRaltro da mmarTvelo-

biTi aRricxvis warmarTva, ekonomikuri maCveneblebisa da finansuri riskebis analizi da sxva. bunebrivia, am amocanebis gadawyveta moiTxovs ganviTarebul infrastruqturas, rogorc

aparaturuli, ise programuli uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT, aseve — maRalkvalificiur per-

sonals, rac, gansakuTrebiT — mcire sawarmoebisaTvis, xSirad xelmisawvdomi ar aris. Tanamedrove etapze erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli Rrublovani teqnologiis gamoyene-

ba, informaciuli teqnologiebis infraqstruqturis asawyobad, kompaniebs saSualebas aZlevs, efeqturad gamoiyenon TavianTi resursebi.

Rrublovani gamoTvlebi (cloud computing) warmoadgens monacemTa ganawilebuli damuSave-

bis teqnologias, sadac kompiuteruli resursebi da simZlavreebi momxmarebels miewodeba qse-

luri servisis saxiT. qseluri servisi SeiZleba xorcieldebodes, rogorc internetiT, ise —

lokaluri qseliT, vebteqnologiebis gamoyenebiT. Rrublovan gamoTvlebze dafuZnebuli Ta-

namedrove sistemebis (Google, Amazon, Microsoft, Oracle da sxva) Seqmna ganapiroba teqnikurma prog-

resma: mravalbirTviani procesorebis ganviTarebam, imave zomebis mowyobilobebis mwarmoeb-

lobis mniSvnelovanma zrdam, mowyobilobebis gaiafebam, Rrublovani sistemebis energomoT-

xovnebis Semcirebam, mravalnakadiani daprogramebisa da virtualizaciis teqnologiebis gan-

viTarebam, sakomunikacio arxebis gamtarunarianobis mniSvnelovanma zrdam, informaciis mata-

reblebis moculobis gazrdam da gaiafebam. termins — `Rrublovani gamoTvlebi~ — aqvs mravali ganmarteba. vakerom TanaavtorebTan

erTad [1] ganixila mravali maTgani da SemogvTavaza Semdegi formulireba: Rrubeli (Cloud) — es aris xelmisawvdomi da advilad gamoyenebadi virtualuri resursebis (rogoricaa: mowyobilo-

bebi, daproeqtebis platformebi da/an servisebi) didi gaerTianeba. datvirTvis cvlilebis (masStabirebis) Sesabamisad SesaZlebelia am resursebis dinamikuri rekonfiguracia, rac iZle-

va gamoyenebuli resursebis optimizaciis saSualebas. aseTi gaerTianebis eqspluatacia, ro-

gorc wesi, efuZneba models — `gadaixade mxolod imisTvis, rasac iyeneb!~ am modelis fargleb-

Si provaideris mier momsaxurebis garantiebi ganisazRvreba yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi, servisis donis SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad.

ganawilebuli infrastruqturuli mowyobilobebisTvis arsebobs Rrublovani gamoTvle-


63

bis servisis sami ZiriTadi kategoria (nax.1). qveda doneze moTavsebulia infrastruqtura, ro-

gorc servisi — IaaS (serverebi, monacemTa sacavebi, qseluri mowyobilobebi da sxva). Semdeg do-

nezea platformebi, rogorc servisi — PaaS (daproeqtebis sxvadasxva garemo, obieqtebis bibli-

oTekebi, monacemTa bazebi da sxva). am doneze developerebs SesaZlebloba eZlevaT, daweron ga-

moyenebiTi programebi. zeda doneze moTavsebulia Rrublovani gamoTvlebis gamoyenebiTi programebi, rogorc servisi — SaaS (el. fosta, kalendari da sxva), romlebic warmoadgens RrublebSi moTavsebul gamoyenebiT programebs.

nax. 1.

am servisebze wvdoma SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva mowyobilobebidan (kompiuterebi, mobilu-

rebi, Txeli klientebi, terminaluri emulatorebi da sxva) mxolod vebbrauzeris meSveobiT. RrublebSi ara mxolod monacemebis, aramed gamoyenebiTi programebis Senaxvam Secvala gamoT-

vliTi paradigmebi tradiciuli klient-serveruli modelis sasargeblod, romlis Tanaxmadac, momxmareblis mxares minimaluri funqciebia darCenili. amitom iseTi funqciebi, rogorebicaa: programuli uzrunvelyofis ganaxlebebi, virusebze Semowmeba da sxva momsaxureba, ekisreba Rrublovani servisis provaiders. radgan sistema ganlagebulia qselSi da masze wvdoma SesaZ-

lebelia mxolod internetiT, amitom gacilebiT martivia saerTo wvdoma, versiebis marTva da erToblivi redaqtireba, vidre maSin, roca programebi da monacemebi ganlagebulia momxmareb-

lis kompiuterebze. garda amisa, developers SesaZlebloba eZleva, programa ganaTavsos mis-

Tvis mosaxerxebel nebismier platformaze. Rrublovani servisebis gamoyenebis ZiriTad upiratesobebs warmoadgens: − siiafe. Rrublovani provaiderebis resursebis gamoyeneba gacilebiT ufro iafia,

vidre am servisebis Tavad Seqmna. faqtobrivad xarjebi aRar aris saWiro korporatiuli mowyo-

bilobebisa da programuli produqtebis SesaZenad da maTi momsaxurebisaTvis, rac ganskuTre-

biT mniSvnelovania mcire da sezonuri sawarmoebisTvis, aseve startakompaniebisTvis. − masStabireba. Rrublovani gamoTvlebi ganusazRvreli masStabirebis saSualebas iZ-

leva, rac kompanias SesaZleblobas aZlevs, xanmokle periodiT swrafad gazardos gamoTvlebis simZlavre. ZiriTadi idea mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Rrublebs SesaZlebloba aqvs, moTxovnebis sxvadasxva serverze gadanawilebiT gaumklavdes moulodneli datvirTvis pikebs. organizaci-

gamოყენებიTი პrოgramები, rოgოrც სეrვისი - SaaS (ელ. ფოსტa, კaლენდarი, ვიrტuaლurი სamuშaო magიდa ...)

პლaტფოrmები, rოgოrც სეrვისი - PaaS (დaპrოექტების სხვaდaსხვa garეmო, ობიექტების

ბიბლიოTეკები, mონaცეmTa ბaზები ...)

ინფraსტruქტura, rოgოrც სეrვისი -IaaS (სეrვეrები, mონaცეmTa სaცaვები, ქსელurი

mოწყობილობები ...)


64

ebs, romlebic iyeneben Rrublovan servisebs, TavianTi saqmianobidan gamomdinare, aqtivobebis zrdis an Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi aRar sWirdebaT serverebis mosalodneli datvirTvis donis zrdis an Semcirebis dagegmva. isini ubralod ixdian gamoyenebuli gamoTvliTi simZlavreebis Sesabamisad.

− saimedooba. Rrublovani infrastruqturis saimedooba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom isi-

ni, rogorc wesi, ganlagebulia maRalteqnologiur specialurad mowyobil monacemTa damuSa-

vebis centrebSi. aseTi centrebi aRWurvilia denis wyaros sarezervo mowyobilobebiT, mona-

cemTa regularuli rezervirebiT, specializirebuli dacviT, maRali gamtarunarianobis in-

ternetarxebiT, DDOS da sxva hakeruli Setevebis mimarT maRali mdgradobiT da dakompleqte-

bulia maRalkvalificiuri profesionali TanamSromlebiT. − wvdomadoba. Rrublovani servisi xelmisawvdomia yvela im wertilidan, sadac aris in-

ternetSi CarTuli kompiuteri. amitom kompanias aRar sWirdeba maRali warmadobis ZviradRi-

rebuli kompiuterebis SeZena. amasTan, kompaniis TanamSromlebi xdebian ufro mobilurebi, radgan maT SeuZliaT, mimarTon TavianT samuSao adgils dedamiwis nebismieri wertilidan no-

uTbukiT, neTbukiT, smartfoniT da sxva mowyobilobebiT. am servisis gamosayeneblad saWiro ar aris licenzirebuli programuli uzrunvelyofis SeZena, misi gamarTva da ganaxleba xdeba mxolod faqtobrivad moxmarebuli servisis anazRaurebiT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom Rrublovan servisze gadasvla dakavSirebulia garkveul riskebTan, kerZod:

- damokidebuleba servisebis erT konkretul momwodebelze. Tumca riski imisa, rom ise-

Ti kompaniebi, rogorebicaa: Google da Microsoft, axlo momavalSi gakotrdebian da klientebs da-

toveben servisis gareSe, Zalian dabalia; - servisebis muSaobaSi mniSvnelovanma cvlilebebma kompaniebSi SeiZleba gamoiwvios di-

di danaxarjebi, vinaidan maT xeli ar miuwvdebaT servisebis Sesabamis programuli uzrunvel-

yofis kodTan da uares SemTxvevaSi — RrubelSi ganTavsebul monacemebze; - monacemebis Senaxvis usafrTxoebisa da konfidencialurobasTan dakavSirebuli ris-

kebi. Tumca, magaliTad, Google acxadebs, rom monacemebi Senaxul iqneba evropuli kanonebis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. yvela Rrublovani servisis momwodebel kompanias aqvs konfidencia-lurobis politika — ar agrovebs kerZo pirebisa da kompaniebis Sesaxeb informacias da monace-

mebs ar gadascems mesame mxares; - sxvadasxva saxis SetevebiT gamowveuli Seferxebebi muSaobaSi; - riski, romelic gamowveulia erTi kompaniis mier Rrublovani gamoTvlebis servisebis

marTviT; - axal teqnologiaze gadasvliT gamowveuli teqnikuri problemebi. ra SeiZleba misces turistul bizness `Rrublovanma gamoTvlebma~ da sad xdeba efeqtu-

rad misi gamoyeneba ? Rrublovani teqnologiis iseTi SesaZleblobebi, rogoricaa: virtualur sivrceSi mona-

cemTa damuSaveba, Senaxva, saimedod dacva da sxvadasva tipis mowyobilobebis saSualebiT maTi gadacema, bunebrivia, xelsayrel pirobebs qmnis biznessaqmianobis efeqtiani warmarTvisTvis, amasTan, amcirebs informaciuli teqnologiebis infrastruqturis Seqmnisa da mxardaWerisaT-

vis saWiro materialur danaxarjebs. monacemTa damuSavebisa da gadacemis virtualuri garemos gamoyeneba gansakuTrebiT

efeqturia turistul biznesSi mcire da sezonuri sawarmoebisTvis, romlebic sawyis etapze iyeneben saofise aplikaciebs, informaciis Senaxvisa da arqivizaciisaTvis — eleqtronul fos-

tas. mniSvnelovania iseTi aplikaciebis arendis SesaZleblobebi, rogoricaa: buRaltruli programebi, eleqtronuli ofisi, aseve programebi, romlebic moiTxoven mZlavr resursebs, ma-

galiTad, rogoricaa biznes-analizis sistemebi didi zomis monacemTa masivebis dasamuSaveb-

lad da sxva. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTulenovani am tipis aplikaciebi jerjerobiT Rrublovan sivrceSi ar aris ganTavsebuli.

Rrublovani gamoTvlebis komerciuli perspeqtivebi sul ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba tu-

ristuli biznesisTvis, rasac ganapirobebs am teqnologiebze dafuZnebuli iseTi sistemebi, rogoricaa: Amadeus — msoflioSi erT-erT yvelaze popularuli sistema turistul da sastum-


65

ro industriaSi, NEWhotel Clous PMS — sistema, romelic saerTaSoriso bazarze warmoadgens erT-erT yvelaze srulfasovan Rrublovan gadawyvetas sastumroebis biznesSi da sxva. msgavsi sistemebis arsebobis gareSe warmoudgenelia Tanamedrove turistuli industriis arseboba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom Rrublovani gadawyvetebis gamoyenebiT turoperatorebi, momsaxurebis momwodeblebTan urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT, iReben gansakuTrebul upretesobebs, radgan onlain moTxovniT, konkretuli momsaxurebis misaRebad saWiroa Zalian mcire dro. amasTan, inaxeba moTxovnebis sruli istoria. turoperatorebs onlain bronirebis sistemaze gadasvliT SesaZlebloba eZlevaT, isargeblon aqtualuri monacemTa bazebiT, rac, bunebrivia, aumjobe-

sebs momsaxurebis xarisxs. garkveul upiratesobebs iReben klientebic. magaliTisaTvis, tu-ristis pirad monacemebSi SeiZleba inaxebodes turistul saagentosTan urTierTobis istoria da aseve — sagzuris gaformebisaTvis saWiro maTi piradi dokumentacia.

amrigad, Tanamedrove tenedenciebidan gamomdinare, turistuli sawarmoebis konkuren-tunarianobis zrdisa da misi saqmianobis efeqtianad warmarTvisaTvis mniSvnelovania Rrublo-van teqnologiebze dafuZnebuli informaciuli teqnologiebis infrastruqturis ganviTare-

ba, rac gulisxmobs rogorc infrastruqturul servisebs, aseve — mza programuli produqte-

bis gamoyenebas.


1. Vaquero Luis M., Luis Rodero-Merino, Caceres Juan, Lindner Maik, A break in the clouds: towards a cloud definition, Computer Communication Review, v39 i1, January 2009,

http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1496091.1496100; 2. Jvania, T. kapanaZe,d. kaiSauri,T. Rrublovani teqnologiebis perspeqtivebi startakompani-

ebSi, mesame saerTaSoriso-samecniero konferencia: kompiutingi/informatika, ganaTlebis mecnierebebi, maswavleblebis ganaTleba., SromaTa krebuli, 2014.

T. Jvania, S. kapanaZe

Rrublovani teqnologiebis gamoyenebis perspeqtivebi turizmSi

reziume

Tanamedrove turistul kompaniebSi biznes procesebis efetiani warmarTva warmoudgene-

lia internetze dafuZnebuli informaciuli teqnologiebis gamoyenebis gareSe, romlis axal trendad dReisaTvis gvevlineba e.w. `Rrublovani teqnologiebi~.

naSromSi Camoyalibebulai kompaniebisTvis Rrublovani teqnologiebis gamoyenebis upi-

ratesobebi da SesaZlo riskebi, maTi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mcire da sezonuri turis-

tuli sawarmoebisTvis. Rrublovani teqnologiebis gamoyenebisas aRaraa saWiro investiciebi aparaturisa da programuli uzrunvelyofis SesaZenad; mtyunebamedegobis, teqnologiuri mxardaWerisa da momsaxurebaze zrunvis rTuli da ZviradRirebuli problema wydeba provaide-

ruli kompaniis mier, amasTan biznes saqmianobis gafarToebis SemTxvevaSi mosxsnilia masStabi-

rebis problema, aseve mniSvnelovania am teqnologiebiT sargeblobiT gadaxdis principi `pay as you go~. T. Zhvania, Sh. Kapanadze

Prospects of Cloud Technologies in Tourism

Summary

In modern touristic companies, it is inconceivable to perform business processes effectively without using informational technologies, based on internet, the new, today’s trend of which are so – called ~cloud technologies~.


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The study highlights advantages and possible risks of applying ~cloud technologies~ by companies, their importance for small and seasonal touristic companies. When applying the cloud technologies, investments for obtaining hardware and software are not necessary any more; difficult and expensive problems of fault-resilience, technological support and service, is solved by provider company, in addition, in case of expanding business activities, the problem of zooming is removed, and it is also important to use the principle of payment "pay as you go" while using these technologies.


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Л.ТАБАТАДЗЕ

УПРАВЛЕНИЕ И УСПЕХ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСТВА

Несмотря на то что в условиях глобализации общемировой рынок играет по единым правилам,

особенности локальных рынков при этом только усилились. В этой связи международным компаниям и предпринимателям нельзя недооценивать различия между национальными рынками и игнорировать потенциальные барьеры, возникающие на пути компании к завоеванию доверия национального потребителя. Для эффективного предпринимателя и бизнесменеджера существование понятий глобальности и локальности рынков, восприятие мира единым рынком или представление его мозаикой из национальных экономик требует понимания специфики подходов к международному бизнесу.Термин «Глобальная компания» до настоящего времени активно обсуждается экономистами, бизнесменами и предпринимателями. Названия компанийс развитием процессов глобализации менялись на всемирные, иностранные, мегакорпорации, транснациональные компании и т.п. Сейчас используются термины «международная» или «глобальная» компания. Однако назвать компанию «международной» недостаточно для того, чтобы она ею стала.

Кристофер Бартлет, профессор Гарвардского университета, определяет международную компанию как организацию, которая переносит на новые рынки опыт, знания и умения головной компании, адаптируя их под местные особенности [3, 9]. Примером для этого определения являются компании, которые завоевали своими товарами или услугами национальный рынок, а затем развивают свою деятельность за границей, перенося в другие страны производство. Бизнес в новой стране позволяет не только адаптировать существующие продукты и услуги под новый рынок, но и внедрять новые инновационные продукты [1,3]. Однако инновации на локальных рынках зачастую продвигаются достаточно медленно, что вызвано внутрикорпоративной бюрократией и неготовностью материнской компании в полной мере учитывать национальные особенности. Принципиальное отличие международных компаний от других типов хозяйствующих субъектов заключается в том, что они изначально рассчитывают на адаптацию своих продуктов и услуг под требования и финансовые возможности иностранных потребителей, но при этом объединяют свои действия единой глобальной корпоративной стратегией. Рассматривая мировой рынок как единое целое, в предпринимательской деятельности необходимо учитывать, что существуют экономические факторы, на которые не могут повлиять процессы глобализации или инновационные процессы. В качестве примера можно назвать предпочтения потенциальных покупателей, их поведенческие особенности, распределение доходов, климатические условия или менталитет населения региона. В первую очередь, предпринимателю следует развивать многоаспектный взгляд на вещи, что позволяет ему быть не только гибким в своих решениях, но и осознавать свою ограниченную компетентность впонимании местной культуры и деловых обычаев. Помочь здесь могут местные сотрудники, являясь культурными наставниками и, в какойто мере, бизнеспровайдерами.[1,5]

Кроме различий в культуре и профессиональных традициях, нельзя упускать из внимания действия правительств иностранных государств. Новые правила, новое торговое законодательство, патентное законодательство, изменения в политике местного правительства все это значительным образом влияет на деятельность предпринимателя и подходы управлению компанией. Глобальное мышление со стороны компании означает, в том числе, и умение выстраивать отношения с правительствами иностранных государств, а не жаловаться на тяжести законодательства или несправедливость государственного регулирования экономики и бизнеса. Определенным препятствием могут служить языковые барьеры. Даже если бизнес ведется обеими сторонами на английском языке, речевые тонкости иногда требуют усиленного внимания и терпения. Одно только использование сторонами фразеологизмов или сленговых выражений, пусть даже случайное, может завести деловые переговоры в тупик по причине простого недопонимания сторонами друг друга. Использование нескольких языков арабский, китайский, английский, русский, французский и испанский в международном общении стало тенденцией последних нескольких лет. Именно поэтому менеджеры, обладающие знанием нескольких языков, а кроме этого, имеющие опыт работы в разных странах и в разных отраслях, пользуются особенно высоким спросом со стороны международных корпораций. [3,7]

Выход на новый рынок требует ответа на три глобальных вопроса: «Как?»(покупка бизнеса, партнерство, работа «с нуля»), «Где?» (развитый или развивающийся рынок), «Что?» (все продукты, отдельные сегменты, только новые продукты и услуги). От ответов на эти вопросы будет зависеть процесс принятия решений на всех уровнях компании. Если при ответе на вопрос «Что?» предприниматель вправе воспользоваться собственным опытом или бэнчмаркингом, а на вопрос «Где?» – осознавать причины выбора той или иной страны, то вопрос «Как?» не предполагает готового ответа. Это связано с тем, что в разных странах, несмотря процессы


68

глобализации, отношение к иностранным компаниям разное. В одних странах местное законодательство затрудняет открытие иностранными организациями бизнеса «с нуля». Сначала может потребоваться поиск местной компании партнера, а только потом будет разрешено производство готовой продукции или оказание услуг. Если же в качестве варианта выхода на рынок рассматривать покупку местной компании, то здесь также существуют подводные камни, в частности, риск переплаты и преодоление сопротивления покупателям (инвесторам) со стороны акционеров.На завершающем этапе формирования стратегии перед менеджментом встает дилемма выбора скорости выхода на новый рынок действовать напрямую «здесь и сейчас» или выждать. В данном случае выбор целевой страны будет играть ключевую роль.

Таблица 1 1 — Глобальный рынок мобильной связи, 2009-2017 г.

Таблица 2 2 — Статистика продажи компании i-Phone, 2007-2018 г.

К примеру, www.Amazon.com, желая быстро войти на рынок Китая, рассчитал, что бюрократическая волокита при открытии компании с нуля займет слишком много времени, а прогнозирование восприятия американской интернет-компании в Китае не представлялось возможным. В этой связи было принято решение о покупке местной компании (Joyo). После покупки, Amazon не менял наименование компании, желая укрепить свои позиции на рынке. Только спустя три года китайский филиал получил название Joyo Amazon. В данном случае стратегия, выбранная компанией Amazon, была комбинированной: с одной стороны быстрый выход на рынок путем приобретения местной компании, но с другой стороны – три года ожиданияи терпеливого изучения рынка и локальных традиций предпринимательства, прежде чем открыто выводить на рынок свой брэнд.

1 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/The_EU_in_the_world; 2 https://www.statista.com/statistics/271496/global-market-share-held-by-smartphone-vendors-since-4th-quarter-2009/;


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Заключение Современные тенденции развития мирового бизнеса отчетливо демонстрируют желание все большего

числа компаний добиться успеха на мировой арене. Такие понятия, как «бедные» и «богатые» страны становятся все более туманными, а границы между ними все менее отчетливыми. Таким образом, современный менеджер все чаще будет сталкиваться с дилеммой, как ему воспринимать современный мир: как рынок без границ или как совокупность ограниченных локальных рынков? Именно то, как современный предприниматель решает для себя эту дилемму, будет являться основой для принятия сбалансированных управленческих решений.

Литература 1. Paul J. Hermel, P.,,Entrepreneurial intentions – theory and evidence from Asia, America, and Europe~ 2014; 2. Pisani M.J. Guzman J.M.,,Towards a conceptual multilayered framework of entrepreneurship, 2016; 3. Bartlett, C.A., and Beamish P.W,,Transnational Management: Text Cases and Readings in Cross Border

Management. 6th ed. Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2011; 4. https://www.statista.com/statistics/271496/global-market-share-held-by-smartphone-vendors-since-4th-quarter-

2009/; 5. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/The–EU–in–the–world; Л. Табатадзе

Управление и успех международного предпринимательство

Аннотация

В статье рассматриваются вопросы выбора стратегий развития международного предпринимательства в

условиях мировой экономики с оценкой отдельных решений при создании предпринимателями международных компаний. L. Tabatadze

Management and Success of International Entrepreneurship Summary

Issues about choosing development strategies for international entrepreneurship, taking under consideration the

word economic environment, are overviewed in the article. There are estimated decisions referring to establishing new international companies.


70

m. ukleba

spa turizmi — mniSvnelovani trendi saqarTvelos

rekreaciuli turizmisTvis

adamianis mravalferovan moTxovnilebaTa Soris arsebiTi adgili uWiravs rekreaciul

moTxovnilebas, rac mas rekreaciuli aqtivobebisaken ubiZgebs, xolo turizmis industrias —

Seqmnas pirobebi rekreaciuli saqmianobisaTvis. rekreaciul saqmianobas mravalmxrivi samedicino-biologiuri, socialuri da ekonomi-

kuri funqcia aqvs da Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is Tanamedrove sazogadoebis dakveTas war-

moadgens. rekreacia, romlis safuZveli dasveneba, gajansaReba da mkurnalobaa, xels uwyobs yovel-

mxriv da harmoniulad ganviTarebuli pirovnebis formirebis sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebis realizacias. rekreaciuli turizmi ki qmnis mosaxleobisTvis sasiamovno da konstruqciuli dasvenebis, Zalebis aRdgenis da gajansaRebis SesaZleblobebs maTi asakis, sqesisa da socialu-ri mdgomareobis miuxedavad da mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs sazogadoebis cxovrebis xarisxis gaumjobesebaSi. didi wvlili Seaqvs adamianis personaluri fizikuri, socialuri, emociuri, inteleqtualuri da sulieri ganviTarebisa da keTildReobis zrdis saqmeSi.

rekreaciuli turizms udidesi socialuri datvirTva aqvs, radgan is xels uwyobs fizi-

kuri garemos ganviTarebas ara mxolod rekreantTaTvis, aramed adgilobrivi sazogadoebis-

Tvisac, qmnis bunebrivi parkebis da Ria sivrceebis qsels, sareakreacio atraqciebs, axdens maT integrirebas urbanul garemoSi da mimzidvels xdis sacxovrebel garemos.

Tavisufali drois antisocialuri miznebiT gamoyenebis prevencia Tanamedrove rekrea-

ciis Zalze mniSvnelovani funqciaa. rogorc cnobilia, Tavisufal dros ganxorcielebuli yve-

la saqmianoba ar iZleva adamianis harmoniul pirovnebad Camoyalibebis SesaZleblobas. xSirad es dro fuWad ikargeba, zogjer ki Tavad adamianisa da garSemo myofTaTvis zianis momtania, rac saboloo jamSi zarals ayenebs sazogadoebriv interesebs. Tavisufali drois antisocia-

luri miznebiT gamoyenebis prevenciis mizniT iqmneba sasiamovno da, amave dros, sasargeblo rekreaciuli programebi.

rekreaciuli mogzaurobebis procesSi urTierToben gansxvavebuli eTnikuri warmomav-

lobis, religiuri mrwamsis, kulturis, asakis rekreantebi da rezidentebi; xdeba rekreaciuli da kulturuli gamocdilebis gaziareba, didi yuradReba eTmoba specialuri saWiroebebis pir-

Ta moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas. rekreacia xSirad warmoadgens adgilobrivi sazogadoebisTvis ZiriTad `resurss~da iq-

ceva biznesis ganviTarebis motivatorad, adgilobrivi da regionuli Semosavlebis zrdis da dasaqmebis wyarod. amdenad, is ekonomikuri mdgradobisa da adgilobrivi sazogadoebis stabi-

lurobis uzrunvelyofis mniSvnelovan ekonomikur funqcias asrulebs. amdenad, migvaCnia, rom swored rekreaciuli turizmi SeiZleba iqces saqarTvelos turi-

zis industriis wamyvan dargad, xolo mis ganviTarebas realisturi baza da safuZveli aqvs rek-

reaciuli resursebisa da potencialis saxiT, rac saTanado analizs da adekvatur Sefasebas moiTxovs. samwuxarod qarTul akademiur sivrceSi sakmaod mwiria rekreaciul turizmTan da-

kavSirebuli kvlevebi, iseve rogorc saganmanaTleblo programebi. aRniSnuli xarvezi Tavis mxriv ganapirobebs am sferos da misi struqturisadmi gansxvavebul midgomebs, rac ara mxo-

lod Teoriuli saxis problemaa, aramed arTulebs Sesadarisobas dasvenebis saerTaSoriso ba-

zarTan da gansaxorcielebel praqtikul aqtivobebs. rekreaciuli turizmis struqturis dasazusteblad, Cveni azriT, mTavari kriteriumi

unda iyos rekreaciuli turizmis miznebi, romelTac vyofT or ZiriTad da damatebiT miznebad da subkategoriebad. miviCnevT, rom rekreaciuli turizmis ZiriTadi miznebia gajansaReba da mkurnaloba.

gajansaRebis miznebis ganxorcielebis ZiriTad amocanebs warmoadgens rekreaciuli das-

veneba (ar igulisxmeba fiziologiuri dasveneba), gamajansaRebeli da sareabilitacio saqmia-

noba. xolo, rekreaciuli turizmis meore ZiriTadi mizani, sacxovrebeli adgilis farglebs


71

gareT mkurnaloba, xorcieldeba mkurnalobis xerxebis da samedicino manipulaciebis nebayof-

lobiTi gamoyenebiT. rac Seexeba damatebiTi miznebsa da amocanebs, am kategoriaSi ganvixilavT SemecnebiT, sportul da kulturul-gasarTob saqmianobas romelTa dozirebuli (!) CarTva Se-

saZlebelia rekreaciis orive miznis ganxorcielebis procesSi. rekreaciuli turizmis subkategoriebad ganvixilavT rekreaciul dasvenebas, velnes tu-

rizms, spa-turizms, sakurorto-samkurnalo turizms da samedicino turizms. winamdebare statiaSi gvinda SevexoT spa-turizms, rogorc gamajansaRebeli rekreaciu-

li turizmis subkategorias. rogorc cnobilia, termini SPA momdinareobs laTinuridan, aris ~Sanitas per Aquam~

(laT.:janmrTeloba wylis meSveobiT) abreviatura da warmoadgens velnes-koncefciis teqno-

logiebis realizaciis wyaros. meore mosazrebiT, SPA belgiis patara dasaxlebis saxelwode-

baa, sadac jer kidev me-10 saukuneSi iqna aRmoCenili samkurnalo Tvisebebis wyali. am definiciebis muxedavad termins Tan sdevs erTgvari gaurkvevloba. is xan modur ku-

rortad moixseneba, xan sastumrod, xan klinikad, zog SemTxvevaSi ki kosmetologiadac. dReis-

Tvis ar moiZebneba spa-turizmis erTiani gansazRvreba, rac imiT aris gamowveuli, rom aRniSnu-

li dargis damoukideblad pozicionireba mxolod XX saukunis bolodan iwyeba. dargis warmo-

madgenlebi gansxvavebul koncefciebs aJRereben, rac Tavis mxriv msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi sakurorto biznesis istoriuli TaviseburebebiT aris ganpirobebuli.

am sferoSi erTiani terminologiis SemuSavebis gadawyvetileba miRebul iqna 2010 wels stambulSi (TurqeTi) gamarTul msoflio spa samitze (GSS 2010). Semdeg wels ki (GSS 2011), sami-

ti mieZRvna spa turizmis adgils samedicino da velnes turizms Soris, sloganiT: "Wellness Tourism and Medical Tourism: Where Do Spas Fit?~.

samitis rezoluciaSi naTqvamia: `spa turizmi velnes-turizmis mniSvnelovani nawilia, magram velnesi TavisTavad gacilebiT metia vidre ubralod spa~.

spas mzardi roli aqvs samedicino turizmSi, Tumca ufro mizanSewonilia misi gamoyeneba samedicino procedurebis wina da Semdgom periodebSi reabilitaciis, regeneraciis, movlis miznebisTvis~

juli gerous (spa industriis kvlevis avtoritetuli organizaciis — Intelligent Spas dam-

fuZnebeli, rekreaciuli turizmis mkvlevari; singapuri) gansazRvrebiT, spa aris ~biznesi spa-

procedurebis SeTavazebiT, dafuZnebuli wyliT mkurnalobis meTodebze, romlebic kvalifi-ciuri personalis mier profesiul da momadunebel garemoSi xorcieldeba~ (http://www.intelligentspas.com). rogorc gansazRvrebidan Cans, is gamohyofs or ZiriTad elements —

wylis procedurebsa da profesiul, specializebul garemos. misi azriT, es elementebi auci-

lebelia, raTa spa-biznesis sferodan amoRebul iqnes aTasobiT silamazis saloni, masaJis cen-

trebi da samedicino dawesebulebebi. saerTaSoriso spa-asociacia (ISPA) spas ase gansazRvravs: ~adgili zogadi keTildReobis

amaRlebisTvis, sadac sxvadasxva profesiuli momsaxurebis saSualebiT xdeba sxeulis, gonebi-

sa da sulis ganaxlebis xelSewyoba.~ sxvadasxva publikaciebis ganzogadebidan da arsebuli saerTaSoriso gamocdilebidan ga-

momdinare, spa SeiZleba Semdegnairad Camoyalibdes: spa aris sulieri da fizikuri gajansaRe-

bis koncefcia, mimarTuli garemosadmi adamianis damokidebulebis harmonizaciisken, rac da-

fuZnebulia bunebrivi da xelovnuri faqtorebis erTobliv gamoyenebaze, romelSic wamyvania wylis procedurebi, jansaRi kveba, aqtiuri moZraoba.

spa turizmi, romelsac xSirad ixsenieben rogorc fufunebiT dasvenebas (~Luxury Leisure~), dRes globalur trendadaa aRiarebuli da momavalze orientirebul `top-biznesad~ iTvleba. spa-centrebSi turebze didi moTxovnis tendencia SeimCneva mTel evropaSi. TUI AG (Touristic Union International) monacemebiT, germaniis mosaxleobis 40% dainteresebulia spa-turebiT. maTi mesamedi sargeblobs avstriis spa-velnes centrebiT, rac avstriis kurortebs (700-ze meti spa-

velnes sastumro) 17-19 miliard evros Semosavals aZlevs. evropis spa asociaciis ESPA-s (European Spas Association) monacemebiT, 20 milionamde evropeli weliwadSi erTxel mainc sargeb-

lobs spa-kurortiT. spa produqtze moTxovnis gamo gansakuTrebiT gaizarda im kurortTa popularoba, rom-


72

lebic sxvadasxva bunebriv samkurnalo-gamajansaRebel faqtorebs floben da damsveneblebs spa momsaxurebas sTavazoben. am tipis kurortebze spa-sastumroebis mSeneblobis realuri bu-

mia! spa-sastumroebi, romlebic momxmarebels sTavazobs gamajansaRebel da sarelaqsacio ser-

visebs, funqcionirebs da viTardeba ara mxolod kurortebze, aramed msxvil megapolisebSic. bevr kurortze arsebul sastumroSi moqmedebs spa-velnes kompleqsuri programebi (gamajansa-

Rebeli, antistresuli, kosmetologiuri), sazRvao kurortebze ki TalasoTerapiuli progra-

mebi. am centrebSi izrdeba aRmosavluri medicinis meTodebis CarTvis tendencia, rac cxovre-

bis jansaRi wesis moyvarulTa Soris didi popularobiT sargeblobs. organizmisTvis sasargeblo spa programebi didi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva, magali-

Tad gaxdoma, mSobiarobis Semdgomi reabilitacia, celulitis profilaqtika, organizmis gaa-

xalgazrdaveba da gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi plastikuri operaciebic ki (rac velnes da spa kon-

cefciebs ar esadageba!). rogor unda iqces spa centri, kurorti, sastumro da spa momsaxureba brendad, moTxovna-

di da dinamikurad ganviTarebadi bazrisa da maRali konkurenciis pirobebSi? ra principebiT unda ixelmZRvanelon am centrebma?

xarisxis sayovelTao menejmentis 14 principis avtori e. demingi, romlis Sromebi Semdgom safuZvlad daedo produqtis xarisxis menejmentis cnobil koncepts TQM, amtkicebda: ~momxma-

rebelma unda miiRos is, rac surs, roca surs da im formiT, rogoriTac mas surs. mTavari sa-

kiTxia, risken unda iswrafvodes kompania. kompania unda iswrafvodes aRafrTovanos momxmare-

beli da miawodos mas meti, vidre eloda.~ am modelis mTavari principia turistuli produqtis gamdidreba iseTi SeTavazebebiT,

romlebic gaaocebs da aRafrTovanebs momxmarebels. amdenad, spa warmoadgens velnes-saku-

rorto dasvenebis moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis qvekuTxeds, amasTan Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom SeTavazebuli iyos iseTi momsaxureba, romelic gadaaWarbebs miznobrivi jgufis (rogoradac ufro metad qalebi iTvlebian) moTxovnebs da daakmayofilebs sxvebsac, rac gasaTvaliswinebe-

lia spa rekreaciis menejerebis mier. rogor unda SearCios potenciurma klientma spa-centri imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ba-

zarze am centrebis didi arCevania? xarisxis niSanze orientireba is gzaa, romelsac spa cen-

trebis lideri qveynebi mimarTaven (mag., «Best Health Austria»-s xarisxis niSani da sxva); qveyanaTa garkveuli kategoria (mag., Sveicaria) did mniSvnelobas aniWebs winaswari gamokvlevebis Cata-

rebas da eqimis kontrols, rac Sveicariis ~maRali xarisxis velnes-otelebis asociaciciis

(~Wellfeeling~) mier SemuSavebuli spa centrebis funqcionirebis erT-erTi kriteriumia. evropis bevr qveyanaSi spa-otelis statusi SeiZleba mopovos mxolod im sastumrom, romelmac daakma-

yofila nacionaluri asociaciebis kriteriumebi, vinaidan yvelasTvis gasagebia, rom sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi am trends SeiZleba bevri araprofesionali ~miekedlos~, rac mTel mimar-

Tulebas dartymis qveS daayenebs. spa turizmis ganviTarebis saqmeSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba spa momsaxurebis formebis

standartizacias, romlis kargi magaliTia saerTaSoriso spa asociaciis (ISPA) mier gansaz-

Rvruli spa momsaxurebis rva mimarTuleba, kerZod: spa dietebi (spa da fitnes-centrebisa da silamazis salonebis momsaxureba); saklubo spa (fitnes-centrebis momsaxureba); sakruizo spa (spa momsaxureba sakruizo gemebze); spa sastumroebi (spa momsaxureba, fitnesi, aseve, saganma-

naTleblo programebi sastumroebSi); spa-centrebi ( dafuZnebuli mineraluri, Termuli wya-

roebis an zRvis wyalze); spa-kurortebi ( spa centrebi kurortebze da/an sakurorto sastum-

roebis bazaze); medi-spa (samedicino mimarTulebis kurorti); dei-spa (erTdRiani spa kurorti qalaqis garemoSi).

spa turizmis ganviTarebas axlavs garkveuli problemebi, romelTa Soris erT-erTi mniS-

vnelovania informaciis nakleboba, maT Soris, mineralur da Termul wylebsa da maT Tvisebeb-

Tan dakavSirebiT, romelTa roli mkveTrad Semcirda XIX saukunis bolodan, Tumca dReisTvis kvlav popularuli xdeba da ibrunebs dakargul poziciebs.

saqarTvelos mravalferovani da calkeul SemTxvevaSi unikaluri (mag. wyaltubos rado-

niani wylebi) SesaZleblobebi aqvs spa industriis ganviTarebisaTvis, romelic Tavis mxriv, sa-

erTaSoriso mniSvnelobis spa-destinaciad Camoyalibebis perspeqtivas Seqmnis.


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dReisaTvis qarTul spa-bazarze ramdenime msxvili moTamaSea (mag. `wyaltubo spa rezor-

ti~, Tbilisis balneologiuri kurorti, balneologiuri kurorti,,sairme~, `jino velnes raba-

Ti~, `lopota spa rezorti~, `sam raan spa centri~, es ukanaskneli aRmosavleT evropis regionis gamarjvebuli spa-centri gaxda da sxva), romelTa saqmianoba gaazrebul spa koncefcias da sak-

maod mravalferovan produqts efuZneba, Tumca maTi wvlili saerTaSoriso spa turistebis mo-

zidvaSi jer-jerobiT umniSvneloa. arsebobs aseve aTeulobiT spa-centri da saloni (umravlesoba TbilisSia), romelTa na-

wils saintereso produqtis SeTavazeba SeuZlia turistebisaTvis, nawilis saqmianobas ki, sa-

xelwodebis miuxedavad, spa koncefciasTan saerTo araferi aqvs. mravali naSromi mieZRvna ama Tu im qveynis an regionisTvis spa turizmis did socialur-

ekonomikur mniSvnelobasa da sargebels (maTi analizi amjerad Cven miznebSi ar Sedis), Sesaba-

misad vTvliT, rom spa turizmze uaRresad maRali moTxovnis pirobebSi, saqarTvelo ar SeiZ-

leba procesebisagan ganze darCes. uaRresad maRali konkurenciis pirobebSi spa destinaciad Camoyalibebis potencialis

mqone saqarTvelos, ara erTi infrastruqturuli, sakadro, sainformacio, marketinguli amo-

cana eqneba gadasaWreli, Tumca gadaudebel aucileblobad migvaCnia spa turizmis ganviTare-

bis erTiani saxelmwifo strategiis SemuSaveba. vinaidan nebismieri spa saqmianoba (procedura) dakavSirebulia adamianis janmrTelobasTan, upirveles yovlisa, unda ganisazRvros am saqmia-

nobaTa (proceduraTa) sandoobis da zogadad spa seqtoris xarisxis standartebi, romelic mi-

sadagebuli iqneba saerTaSoriso standartebTan; unda moxdes sabazro segmentebis identifika-

cia, raTa SemuSavdes Sesabamisi spa mimarTulebebi da meTodebi.


1. Todd., Maria. K. MHA PhD Health Tourism Marketing Trends for 2017: Refocusing the Lens http://medicaltourismstrategy.com/health-tourism-marketing-trends-2017/; 2. Padilla-Meléndez. A. Del-Águila-Obra. A.R. Tourism & Management Studies, 12(1) (2016), 86-96;

3. 8 Wellness Trends for 2017 – and Beyond. As identified at the Global Wellness Summit. pdf www.globalwellnesssummit.com/.../8WellnessTrends—20...

M. Ukleba

SPA Tourism –Significant Trend for Georgian Recreational Tourism

Summary

Considering rich, diverse and in some cases, unique resources, there are many possibilities and advantages of developing Spa Tourism in Georgia. Furthermore, Georgia has realistic potential to be an attractive SPA destination for international tourists. In this regard and taking in account the biggest competitiveness within SPA sector, urgent task for Georgia is to create SPA tourism developing strategy. Besides infrastructural, human resources, information and marketing issues, strategy has to be focused on credibility to spa proceedings and to spa sector in general, by establishment international quality standards, identifying the market segments for setting the working principles and methods.


74

m.ukleba

spa turizmi — mniSvnelovani trendi saqarTvelos rekreaciuli turizmisTvis

reziume

mdidari, mravalferovani da zogierT SemTxvevaSi, unikaluri resursebis gaTvaliswine-

biT, saqarTvelo flobs bevr SesaZleblobas da upiratesobas spa turizmis ganviTarebisTvis. ufro metic, saqarTvelos gaaCnia realuri poteanciali, gaxdes mimzidveli spa destinacia sa-

erTaSoriso turizmisaTvis. am TvalsazrisiT, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT spa seqtorSi arsebul did konkurencias, saqarTvelosTvis mTavari amocanaa, Seiqmnas spa turizmis ganviTarebis strategia. infrastruqturul, adamianuri resursebis, sainformacio da marketingul sakiT-

xebTan erTad, spa turizmis ganviTarebis strategia yuradRebas unda amaxvilebdes spa saqmia-

nobis da zogadad spa seqtoris sandoobaze, rac SesaZlebelia xarisxis saerTaSoriso standar-

tebis danergviT da Sesabamisi sabazro segmentis identifikaciiT, raTa marTebulad ganisaz-

Rvros Sesabamisi samuSao principebi da meTodologia.


75

n. jerenaSvili

agrobiznesis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi

dRevandel saqarTveloSi agrobiznesi umTavresia. igi odiTganve warmoadgens mosaxleo-

bis ZiriTad saqmianobas. laTinurad `georgia~ − TviT sityvac ki migvaniSnebs, rom Cveni qveyana miwaTmoqmedi qveyana gaxldaT. agrobiznesis mniSvneloba odiTganve yoveli qveynisTvis mniS-

vnelovani iyo. igi warmoadgens upirveles dargs msoflio ekonomikis istoriaSi. Tavdapirve-

lad iyo barteri agro produqtebiT, Semdgom wamovida ekonomikis sxva dargebis ganviTareba, rogorebicaa: vaWroba, industria, warmoebis sxva sferoebi da sxv.

saqarTvelosTvis sabWoTa periodSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda agraruli seqtori. 1990 wlisTvis qarTuli ekonomikis mesameds swored agraruli seqtori Seadgenda. amasTan, ag-

raruli seqtori saqarTvelosTvis mxolod ekonomikuri faqtoris rols ar TamaSobs – is uSua-

lod ukavSirdeba saqarTveloSi arsebul daaxloebiT 3500-ze met sofels. sofeli, rogorc is-

toriulad Camoyalibebuli teritoriuli erTeuli, saqarTvelosTvis damaxasiaTebel, garkve-

uli kulturuli da socialuri fenomenis rols asrulebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom sabWoTa peri-odSi mimdinare urbanizaciis politikam da soflad koleqtivizaciam mniSvnelovani cvlilebe-

bi ganapiroba qarTul soflebSi, is kvlav inarCunebs ZiriTadi sociokulturuli erTeulis funqcias saqarTvelos teritoriis udides nawilze da maTSi mosaxleobis TiTqmis naxevari cxovrobs.

realurad dRes saqarTvelo moixmars met importirebul kvebis produqcias, vidre awar-

moebs. am fonze Cndeba kiTxvebi, Tu ra adgils ikavebs es sfero saqarTvelos dargobriv struq-

turaSi, Rirs Tu ara masze politikis aqcentireba, soflis meurneobis prioritetul dargad aRiareba, xels Suwyobs Tu ara damatebiTi investireba ekonomikur zrdas, efeqturad imoqme-

debs Tu ara siRaribis Semcirebaze, arsebobs Tu ara Sesabamisi resursebi da sxv. dResdReobiT, soflis meurneoba neli tempiT viTardeba da mcire zomis fermebi ver uz-

runvelyofs maRalefeqtianobas. qarTveli fermerebi waawydnen sruliad gansxvavebul winaaR-

mdegobebs, dawyebuli bazarze importiorebis mier dabalfasiani produqciis SemotaniT, dam-

Tavrebuli soflis meurneobis ganuviTarebeli infrastruqturiT, dabali kvalifikaciiT, teqnologiebisa da sxvadasxva resursebis naklebobiT, kerZo da saxelmwifo struqturebis mo-

uwyoblobiT da im gaurkvevlobiT, rac soflis meurneobis rols ukavSirdeba saqarTvelos strategiul ganviTarebaSi. damoukideblobis 20 weli 7 am dargis Cavardna qmnis skepticizmis safuZvels, SeuZlia Tu ara soflis meurneobas, Seasrulos siRaribis daZlevis mTavari roli da gaxdes Sinameurneobebis Semosavlebis zrdis wyaro. am skepticizmis Sedegad Seiqmna misi ganviTarebis arasaxarbielo pirobebi da mxolod mizeruli investiciebi ideba soflis meurne-

obis fizikur, instituciur da adamianur resursebSi. soflis meurneobisadmi yovelive pozi-

tiur Tu negatiur damokidebulebas aqvs Tavisi Teoriuli da ideologiuri safuZvlebi, rom-lebic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi garemos struqturul cvlilebebTan erTad Zireulad icvle-

boda. klasikuri Teoriis warmomadgenlebi (adam smiti) ekonomikuri ganviTarebis zrdas ganixi-

lavdnen, rogorc process, romelic moiTxovda warmoebis faqtorebis gadanawilebas dabali Sromis mwarmoeblurobiT gamorCeuli tradiciuli soflis meurneobis seqtoridan maRalteq-

nologiur seqtorebSi1. am periodSi soflis meurneobas ekisreboda pasiuri roli da ganixile-

boda, rogorc mosaxleobis sakvebiT uzrunvelyofis da dasaqmebis dargi. garda amisa, arsebob-

da imis molodini, rom soflis meurneobis, rogorc ganviTarebis tradiciuli dargis, mniSvne-

loba arsebiTad Semcirdeboda imis mixedviT, Tu rogor warimarTeboda qveynis transformacia sawyisi tradiciuli ekonomikidan Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi.

samecniero literaturaSi soflis meurneoba ganixileba, rogorc industrializaciis winapiroba, ramdenadac am seqtoridan istoriulad xdeboda samuSao Zalis gadadena mrewvelo-

baSi, igi awvdis kvebis produqtebs, iyenebs sxva dargebSi warmoebul resursebs da produqcias da aris dasaqmebis erT-erTi didi sfero. igi amcirebs qveynis damokidebulebas importze da


76

damokidebulia rogorc msxvili fermeruli meurneobis ganviTarebaze, ise mcire mewarmeobis efeqtianobaze. dRes ar arsebobs samecniero literatura (Tumca aris calkeuli eqspertebis mosazrebebi8 ), romelic daamtkicebs saqarTveloSi msxvili meurneobis strategiul mniSvne-

lobas da SesTavazebs politikosebs samuSao Zalis qalaqad gadinebis aucileblobas. Tumca arc imis piriqiT mtkiceba SeiZleba, rom mcire meurneobebis ganviTareba SeiZleba gaxdes pana-cea soflis meurneobis ganviTarebaSi meurneobebis integraciisa da Rirebulebis zrdis erTi-

an jaWvSi konsolidaciis gareSe. soflis meurneobis ganviTareba SesaZlebelia mxolod masTan dakavSirebuli sxva dargebis ganviTarebasTan erTad. mcire fermebi SeiZleba gaxdes efeqtiani im qveynebSi, sadac Warbia samuSao Zala, magram miwisa da kapitalis SezRuduloba aZvirebs mis produqcias. rodesac strategiuli politika mimarTulia sabazro ganviTarebisaTvis Sesabami-

si garemos formirebisaken, agraruli potencialis mqone mcire fermebi siRaribis daZlevidan TandaTanobiT iZenen komerciul mniSvnelobas. soflis meurneobis ganviTarebiT miRebuli sargebeli, Tu igi socialur miznebze agebuli siRaribis winaaRmdeg politikis ganxorciele-

bis Sedegia, soflis meurneobis mxolod pasiuri rolis aRiarebaa, xolo Tu saxelmwifosTan erTad kerZo kapitaldabandebebisa da infrastruqturis zrdiT soflis meurneoba socialur datvirTvasTan erTad komerciul mniSvnelobasac iZens, maSin izrdeba fermerTa konkurentu-

narianoba da agraruli biznesgaremo. aRniSnuli dargi xdeba ekonomikis mamoZravebeli Zala. oficialuri statistikiT, saqar-

TveloSi soflis meurneobaSi samuSao Zalis daaxloebiT 54%-ia dakavebuli. agraruli seqto-ris teqnologiuri CamorCenilobis da dekapitalizaciis pirobebSi uaRresad dabalia Sromis nayofiereba, mosavlianoba da mwarmoeblurobis sxva maCveneblebi, rac, saboloo jamSi, am seq-

toris produqciis dabal konkurentunarianobaSi aisaxeba. agrarul seqtorSi teqnologiuri cvlilebebis da fizikur infrastruqturaSi investi-

ciebis Sedegad savaraudod Semcirdeba am moculobiT samuSao Zalis saWiroeba, ramac, SesaZ-

loa, qarTuli soflebi depopulaciis winaSe daayenos. 1992 wlidan mecnierebaTa akademiaSi arsebobda specialuri institutebi, romelic uz-

runvelyofda saqarTveloSi arsebul soflis meurneobis problemaTa mogvarebas, Tumca 2006 wels, saqarTvelos mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT, es instituti SeuerTes ganaTlebis saminis-

tros da Camoayalibes agraruli universitetis bazaze. swored es gaxlavT mizezi imisa, rom sa-

qarTveloSi, am mimarTulebiT ganaTlebis done arc Tu ise maRalia. 2010 wels, saqarTvelos ga-

naTlebis saministros dadgenilebiT es instituti agrarul universitets SeuerTda. Tumca aRsaniSnavia isic, rom glexebis ganwyoba soflis meurneobaSi katastrofulad da-

balia. yovelive es saxelmwifo politikis nayofia. glexebs ar hqondaT saSualeba daemuSavebi-

naT miwa, ar gaaCndaT teqnika, Tanxa, romelsac saxelmwifo maT iafi sesxis saxiT miscemda. am yvelafers ki dominos principiT mohyva sxva mravali problema. glexebma datoves maRalmTiani regionebi da Camovidnen dedaqalaqSi rasac mohyva siRaribis, satransporto gadatvirTvis, qa-

osuri mSeneblobebis da dacarielebuli soflebis masStaburi problemebi. soflis meurneobas rac Seexeba, dacarielebul sofels mohyva daumuSavebeli miwa heqtrobiT, rac Sesabamisad ai-

saxa saqarTvelos SigniT warmoebuli sasoflo sameurneo produqze. iklo eqsportirebuli produqtis raodenobam da gaizarda importi. saqarTvelos aRar Seswevs Zala, rom daamuSaos imdeni miwa, rac saWiro iqneba mosaxleobis gamosakvebad da saeqsportod.

aseve gvinda aRvniSnoT rom, iaponiaSi rogorc agraruli sferos erT-erT lider saxel-

mwifoSi arsebobs aseTi programa romelsac SegviZlia paternalizmi vuwodoT. paternalizmi gulisxmobs Semdgom movlenas: mosaxleoba aZlevs saxelmwifos rekomendacias qcevis normis Sesaxeb xolo saxelmwifo amis pasuxad ki maT aZlevs rekomendacias swori biznes proeqtis Se-

muSavebis Sesaxeb. msgavsi proeqti saqarTveloSi iqneba warmatebuli vinaidan saqarTvelos mo-

saxleobis ZiriTad nawils ar aqvs sakmarisi ganaTleba, agrarul sferoSi. warmatebuli iqnebo-

da saqarTveloSi aseve mecnierebaTa akademiis xelSewyoba am mimarTulebiT, sasurvelia mTav-

robis mier iqnes gatarebuli glexebis xelSemwyobi finansuri politika, rac mdgoamreobs ima-

Si, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobam gauwios Suamavloba glexebs bankebTan, romlebic gascemen iaf agro sesxs. gasaazrebelia isic, rom saqarTveloSi yvelaze potenciur sferod iTvleba tu-

rizmi. aqedan gamomdinare, SesaZloa turizmis ganviTarebidan miRebuli Semosavlis wyalobiT,


77

Seiqmnas iseTi garemo, romelic ucxoel biznesmenebs gauCens survils saqarTveloSi, agrosfe-

roSi Cados didi raodenobiT investicia. es investicia ukeTesi iqneba Tu daixarjeba mTlianad sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikis SeZenaSi, romelic funqciurad Seesabameba saqarTveloSi arse-

bul Tanamedrove strandartebs. biologiuri sasuqebi da qimiuri Sesawamli saSualeba, romli-

Tac uzrunvelyofili iqneba mosavali mwerebis, qvewarmavlebisa da mavneblebisgan. mTavrobis roli aseve SeiZleba gamoikveTos aRebuli mosavlis gayidvaSic. saxelmwifo

valdebulia glexTa survilebis Sesabamisad uzrunvelyos mosavlis gayidva.


1. andRulaZe r. kvirikaZe l. gogotiSvili m. saxelmwifo intervencionizmi soflis meureoba-

Si. agraruli ekonomikis s/k institutis saiubileo Sromebis krebuli. Tb. 1999; 2. burduli v. saqarTveloSi qmediTunariani safinansosakredito sistemis Camoyalibebis gze-

bi. p.guguSvilis sax. ekonomikis institutis samecniero SromaTa krebuli; 3. vaSakiZe o. giorgaZe h. smeds-is Sromebis krebuli. t. 12. Tb. 1996; 4. kunWulia T. saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis sabazro ekonomikaze gadayvanis problemebi.

`meciereba~. Tb. 1997. t. I. `mecniereba~. Tb. 2000; 5. qeSelaSvili o. saqarTvelos agrosamrewvelo seqtoris potenciali. `codna~. Tb. 1984; 6. http://geworld.ge/ge/4966/; 7. http://www.ei-lat.ge/images/doc/20%20Years%20of%20IndependenceTransformation%

20of%20Georgian%20Agricultural%20System.pdf.

n. jerenaSvili

agrobiznesis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi

reziume

resursebis efeqtur gamoyenebas didi mniSvneloba aqvs biznesis warmarTvisaTvis. agro biznesmenis xelSi imyofeba miwis, kapitalis, fuladi da adamianuri resursebis garkveuli zRvruli raodenoba da maragi. amitom, maT winaSe yovelTvis dgeba ekonomikuri arCevanis problema, mudmivad warmoiqmneba alternatiuli arCevanis SesaZlebloba.

amdenad, biznesis warmateba damokidebulia SezRuduli resursebis pirobebSi swori ar-

Cevanis gakeTebaze. SezRudul resursebTan erTad, sabazro ekonomikis erT-erTi safuZveli konkurenciaa. konkurenciuli garemo xdeba motivatori momxmareblebis mier gadawyvetilebis miRebis TvalsazrisiT. N. Jerenashvili

Development of Agrobusiness in Georgia

Summary

Effective use of resources is important for business management. In Agro businessman hands is the land, capital, money and human resources, a certain amount of limit, stock. Therefore, the problem of economic choice is always faced before them, and the possibility of alternative choice is constantly generated.

The success of the business depends on the right choice for limited resources. Along with the limited resources, one of the foundations of the market economy is competition. Competitive environment is made by the motivator users in terms of decision-making.


78

socialuri da humanitaruli mecnierebebi

i. gersamia

pirovnebaTSorisi urTierTobis roli

bavSvis socialuri adaptaciis procesSi

socialuri adaptacia — esaa adamianis, pirovnebis Segueba pirobebisadmi, qcevis wesebi-

sadmi, principebisadmi, etiketisadmi sazogadoebaSi, am sazogadoebis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad, agreTve, pirovnebis individualuri Tvisebebis, fsiqikis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. sxva sityvebiT, esaa urTierTkontaqti, individis komunikacia garSemomyof adamianebTan, misi aqtiuri moqmedeba adamianTa Soris. mas ori aspeqti gaaCnia. pirveli — pirovnebis miCvevis pro-

cesi misTvis axal socialur garemosTan; Zveli stereotipis ngrevis procesi da axlis Tanda-

TanobiTi awyobis procesi, adamianisa da misi garemos harmonizacia. meore — pirovnebis socia-

lizaciis, misi aRzrdisa da TviTganviTarebis Sedegia. garSemomyof adamianebTan urTierTobis moTxovnileba, romlis meSveobiT bavSvi eufle-

ba socialur gamocdilebas, adre iqceva mis ZiriTad moTxovnilebad. urTierTobis moTxovni-

lebis bunebaze sxvadasxva Sexeduleba arsebobs. l.vigotski da a.n. leontievi ayeneben debule-

bas imis Sesaxeb, rom bavSvi maqsimalurad socialuri arsebaa da miiswrafis urTierTobisken mozrdilebTan, radganac mas sWirdeba mozrdilis daxmareba, pirvel rigSi misi biologiuri moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad.

mkvlevarTa azriT, arsebobs bavSvis mSoblebTan urTierTobis sxvadasxva tipi (Lynette C. Magaña with Judith A. Myers-Walls and Dee Love) isini gamoyofen urTierTobis 4 kategorias:

1. usafrTxo urTierToba. am kategoriis urTierTobaSi bavSvi grZnobs mSoblis mxarda-

Weras. mSoblebi uzrunvelyofen bavSvis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas, iziareben mis gan-

cdebs. bavSvi grZnobs mSoblis siyvaruls da zrunvas. amgvari urTierTobis Sedegad bavSvi kar-

gad urTierTobs TanatolebTan. Tu mSobeli midis SeiZleba daedevnos, itiros, magram swara-

fadve mSviddeba Tu keTilganwyobili mozrdili imyofeba mis gverdiT da amSvidebs mas; 2. ganridebiTi urTierToba (avoidant relationships). am SemTxvevaSi bavSvi ar elodeba mSob-

lisgan mxardaWeras, zrunvas da cdilobs damoukideblad imoqmedos. TanatolebTan urTier-

Tobisas is xSirad avlens agresias, Znelad midis SeTanxmebaze TamaSis procesSi. mSobelis was-

vlaze aranairad ar reagirebs. aseTi bavSvi iSviaTad mimarTavs daxmarebisTvis sxvas; 3. ambivalenturi urTierTobebi. bavSvi ver grZnobs Tavs stabilur pirobebSi (misi moT-

xovnileba xan kmayofildeba xan ara). bavSvi afiqsirebs, Tu romeli misi qmedeba iwvevs mSoblis dadebiT damokidebulebas da cdilobs amgvarad moiqces. aseT bavSvs axasiaTebs maRali emoci-

uroba da mijaWvuloba. mas uZneldeba mSoblis gareSe darCena da didxans tiris. aseT bavSvs uy-

vars yuradRebis centrSi yofna da xSirad avlenen asakiT ufro patara bavSvis Tvisebebs, raTa miipyron mozrdilis yuradReba.

4. araoragnizebuli urTierTobebi. amgvar urTierTobebSi bavSvma ar icis ras SeiZleba elodos mSoblisgan. sasurvelis misaRebad cdilobs mSoblis qmedebebis prognozirebas.Tana-

tolrbTan urTierTobisas xSirad `mSoblis~ an ` bosis~ pozicias ikavebs. mas uZneldeba sxva adamianis grZnobebSi garkveva.

gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom bavSvebs, romlebsac ufro axlo urTierToba aqvT dedebTan da mamebTan kognitur, socialur da emociur ganviTarebaSi aqvT upiratesoba (Raikes,1996).

kvlevaTa rigi eZRvneba skolamdeli bavSvebis urTierTobas erTmaneTTan. ucxoeli avto-

rebidan v.hertupma h.deivim, a.jeraldma Seiswavles bavSvebis urTierToba erTmaneTTan TamaSi-

sas, am dros warmoqmnili konfliqtebi, SejibrebiTi momentebis roli da megobruli urTier-

Tobebi. skolamdeli bavSvebis erTmaneTis mimarT agresiul qcevas ikvlevdnen a.bandura da r. uoltersi (Ньюкомб, 2003).


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fsiqologebis kvlevebiT dadgenilia mozrdilis bavSvTan urTierTobis roli misi srul-

fasovani fsiqikuri ganviTarebisTvis. bavSvs uzrunvelyofili unda qondes misi mozrdilTan urTierTobis genetikurad aucilebeli yvela fazis gavla (Леонтьев 1974).

sicocxlis pirveli wlis pirvel naxevarSi srulfasovani emociur urTierTobas moz-

rdilTan (piradad misken mimarTuli keTilganwyobili yuradReba, alersi da sinaze) mosdevs afeqtur-pirovnuli kavSirebis gaCena masTan, mijaWvuloba, mindobili mgrZnobiaroba misi ze-

moqmedebis mimarT. es ki, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens bavSvis SemecnebiTi ganviTarebis, pirovnebis Camoyalibebis, samyarosTvis Riaobis safuZvels.

asakTan erTad ucxo adamianebTan kontaqtebis xasiaTi, iseTebi, rogorc molodini da da-

debiTi emociuri damokidebuleba, icvleba iniciativiani da aqtiuri qmedebebiT, romlebic mi-

marTulia mozrdilis yuradRebis mosazidad da gamoxatul keTilganwyobaze misdami. rac uf-

ro pataraa bavSvi, miT ufro metadaa damokidebuli misi mozrdilTan urTierTobis iniciativa am ukanasknelis aqtivobaze.

umcrosi skolamdelebi (3-4 wlis) eZieben mozrdilis daxmarebas TamaSis organizebaSi da praqtikuli amocanebis SesrulebaSi; maT axasiaTebT saqmiani interesi sxva adamianisadmi. saSu-

alo skolamdelebis (4-5 wlis) SemecnebiTi interesebi kargaven TavianT viwrosituaciur xasi-

aTs da gamodian im konkretuli pirobebis CarCoebidan, romelSic xorcieldeboda mozrdlTan TanamSromloba; SemecnebiTi interesebi iZenen bavSvebis farTo cnobismoyvareobis xasiaTs. ufrosi skolamdelebisTvis arsebiT mniSvnelobas iZens piradi kontaqtebi ufrosebTan, ro-melTa dros bavSvi ikmayofilebs Tavis moTxovnilebas gaugos adamianebs da maT urTierTo-

bebs, miiRos mozrdilisgan Tavisi miRwevebisa da mTliani pirovnebis Sefaseba. aRmzrdelebi, pedagogebi TamaSoben mniSvnelovan rols prosocialuri unar-Cvevebis

ganviTarebis xelSewyobaSi. `maswavlebeli-bavSvi warmoadgens gagrZelebas pirveladi urTier-

Tobisa mSobeli-bavSvi~ (Edwards &Raikes, 2002.) TanatolebTan kontaqtebi ufro gvian aewyoba, vidre mozrdilebTan urTierToba. pirve-

li wlis ganmavlobaSi bavSvis yuradReba koncentrirdeba mozrdilze, Semdeg sagnebze. magram TandaTan sasicocxlo gamocdileba farTovdeba. urTierTobis moTxovnileba ubiZgebs bavSvs eZebos emociuri kontaqti ara mxolod mozrdilTan, aramed TanatolebTan, sxva adamianebTan.

Tavidan interesi gamoixateba RimilSi, axali adamianis qmedebebze dakvirvebiT, masTan mi-

axloebis, xelis mokidebis surviliT.ukve meore wels bavSvebs Soris Cndeba mravalnairi kon-

taqtebi, romlebic moicaven rogorc dadebiT, ise uaryofiT urTierTobebs. mozrdilis rolia mocemul etapze — gadaitanos interesi Tanatolisadmi obieqturidan subieqtur Tvisebebze. mozrdilis yuradReba, alersiani damokidebuleba — pirovnuli kontaqtebis, dadebiTi urTi-

erTmimarTebis damyarebis erT-erTi magaliTia. am mxriv sasargebloa erToblivi TamaSebi —

mozrdili da ramdenime bavSvi. TamaSiT xelmZRvanelobisas mozrdili ayalibebs erTad TamaSis unar-Cvevas.

r.sandleri aRniSnavs meore wlis bavSvebis urTierT-kontaqtebis gansxvavebul saxeebs Soris emociurad damuxtul urTierTobis formas, romelic warmoadgens Tanatolis Tanato-

lis mimarT simpatiis gamovlenis yvelaze adreul formas. es araa arc TamaSi da arc erTobli-

vi saqmianoba, aramed qcevaa, romelSic vlindeba bavSvebis erTmaneTisadmi damokidebuleba, rac warmoiqmneba bavSvis emociuri mdgomareobis gavleniT. bavSvi TvalSisacemi mizezis gareSe midis meore bavSvTan, efereba mas (Сандлер, 1950).

asakTan erTad urTierTobis moTxovnileba farTovdeba da Rrmavdeba rogorc formiT, ise SinaarsiT. meore wlis bolo, mesame wlis dasawyisi — urTierTobis ganviTarebis axali eta-

pia. am momentisTvis Tanatoli sul ufro izidavs bavSvs rogorc partniori TamaSSi. Tumca es TamaSi Tavidanve gansxvavdeba ufrosTan urTierTobisgan. bavSvebis urTierTinteresi pou-

lobs gamovlenas gansakuTrebul urTierTqmedebaSi, romelic gaifurCqneba mesame wels. pirve-

li SexedviT urTierToba am periodSi umiznoa: sirbili, xtoma, goraoba, aRtacebuli yiJina. TiTqos yvela moqmedeba atarebs erTmaneTisTvis TavianTi unarebis demonstraciis xasiaTs. magram, msgavsi kontaqtebi, upirveles yovlisa, uyalibeben bavSvebs qcevis sxvebTan SeTanxme-

bis unars. Tavdapirveli interesi sxva bavSvisadmi, rogorc saintereso saTamaSosadmi, icvleba pirovnulad-orientirebuli damokidebulebiT. dadebiTi emociebi iwveven dakmayofilebas da


80

siamovnebis gawelvis survils. Tu 3-4 wlis bavSvi jer kidev kmayofildeba saTamaSoebiT, 5 wli-

sas sWirdeba amxanagi Tanatolebi. es urTierTobis moTxovnileba swored bavSvebTan mkafiod gamoxata 6 wlis pataram. roca ekamaTeboda dedas, romelic sTavazobda sakuTar Tavs armosu-

li megobris sanacvlod, man uTxra `me bavSvebi mWirdeba, Sen ki ara xar bavSvi~. cnobilia, rom dawyebuli 4-5 wlidan bavSvebis izolacia — dasjis erT-erTi umZimesi formaa (Коломинский, 1984).

TanatolebTan urTierTobis moTxovnilebis zrdas moyveba is, rom skolamdelebis jgufi

— es ukve rTuli socialur-fsiqologiuri erTeulia. bavSvis mosvla sabavSvo baRSi — Zalian mniSvnelovani momentia mis cxovrebaSi: icvleba

misi fsiqikuri ganviTarebis socialuri situacia. im momentidan, roca bavSvi xvdeba Tanatol-

Ta jgufSi, misi individualuri ganviTareba ukve ver ganixileba, ver Seiswavleba jgufSi sxva bavSvebTan urTierTqmedebis gareSe. swored jgufSi, TanatolebTan urTierTobis niadagze ey-

reba safuZveli pirovnebis ZiriTad zneobriv Tvisebebs. zogierTi socialuri Cvevebi yalibdeba TamaSis procesSi: saerTo miznisTvis erToblivi

muSaobis unari, TanamSromloba TanatolebTan, saubris iniciireba da gagrZeleba. msgavsi inte-

resebi SeiZleba megobrobaSi gadaizardos. megobroba SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc urTi-

erTobebi azrTa, grZnobaTa gacvliT, erTmaneTis nugeSi aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi (berki, 2010).

TanatolebTan urTierTobis procesSi bavSvi Seicnobs sakuTar Tavs Sedarebis gziT. Tu mozrdilebTad urTierToba SeiZleba SevadaroT daxril sibrtyes, Tanabar partniorTan ur-

TierToba xorcieldeba, ase vTqvaT, horizontalur sibrtyeSi, romelic aCens TviTSemecnebis axal rakurss. erTmaneTTan Tavisufali, arareglamentirebuli formiT urTierTobisas, bav-

Svebi Taviseburad Seimecneben sakuTar Tavebsac da sxvebsac. TanasworTan urTierToba — es TviTgamoxatvis saSualebaa. maSasadame, drouli kontaqtebi Seuqmnian bavSvs TanatolTa jguf-

Si yofnis, maTTan urTierTobis survils. gansakuTebul problemas warmoadgenen komunikaciuri siZneleebi, romlebic warmoiqmne-

ba ojaxis gareT — negativizmidan, agresiidan da sijiutidan, SiSis, daurwmuneblobis da aR-

mzrdelis winaSe simorcxvis gamoxatul formebamde. komunikaciuri unar-Cvevebi, sxva adamia-

nis gagebis unari, misi miswrafebebis sakuTar gegmebTan da miznebTan Sefardebis, sxvisi moT-

xovnilebebis, grZnobebis, gancdebis warmodgenis unari, moiTxovs pirovnebaTSorisi urTier-

Tobis sakmaris gamocdilebas. Tu bavSvi urTierTobs mxolod ramdenime axlobel adamianTan, maSin, rogorc wesi, is siZneleebs ganicdis am viwro wridan gadasvlisas bavSvTa jufze skolam-

del dawesebulebaSi. skolamdelebTan agresiis gamovlena bavSvebis dacinvis sapasuxod, sxva adamianebTan kon-

fliqtebi (bavSvebTan da mozrdilebTan) da sxva travmuli situaciebi — sakmaod gavrcelebuli movlenaa. sijiutes da agresiulobas SeiZleba qondeT gansxvavebuli mizezebi — sirTuleebi mSoblebTan (agresiuli mSoblebi, an maT mier bavSvis ugulebelyofa, an, piriqiT, zedmeti daT-

moba). qcevis darRvevebis safuZvlad afeqturi pirovnulad mniSvnelovani gancdebis mTeli kompleqsi devs. es SeiZleba iyos wyenasTan, Selaxul TavmoyvareobasTan, axloblebTan kon-

fliqtTan (pirvel rigSi, dedasTan) dakavSirebuli gancdebi. aseTi tipis reaqciebi yovelTvis SerCeviTi mimarTulobisaa: pirvelad isini yovelTvis Cndeba im situaciaSi, romelic fsiqot-

ravmulia, da mimarTulia imaT winaaRmdeg, visac bavSvi Tvlis usiamovno gancdebisa da kon-

fliqtebis mizezad. ojaxSi es SeiZleba iyos konfliqtebi mSoblebTan, eWvianoba gaCenili um-

crosi bavSvis mimarT, xSiri usamarTlo an bavSvisTvis gaugebari dasja, bavSvis Seuracxmyofe-

li moqmedebebi an qceva. sabavSvo baRSi es yvelaze xSirad aris aRmzrdelTan, sxva bavSvebTan

verawyobili urTierToba, socialuri izolacia, adaptaciis darRveva. zemoT CamoTvlili situaciebis warmoqmnisas aucilebelia maTi zedmiwevniTi analizi,

bavSvis siZneleebis gamovlena, mizezebis dadgena da, SesaZleblobisdagvar, maTi gamosworeba, Semdeg bavSvSi saWiro unar-Cvevebis, agreTve sxva adamianebisadmi adeqvaturi ganwyobebis Camo-

yalibeba. mozrdilis yuradReba da uzarmazari moTmineba — warmatebis aucilebeli pirobebia. mTlianobaSi skolamdel bavSvTa agresiuli qcevis wyaroebi ganpirobebulia, erTi mxriv,

maTi biologiuri qaraqterologiuri TaviseburebebiT, temperamentiT, emociuri agznebado-


81

biT, meore mxriv — socialuri mizezebiT: ojaxSi an farTo socialur garemoSi mdgomareobiT, am mdgomareobiT dakmayofilebis xarisxiT, TanatolebTan urTierTobis unariT, TamaSis unar-

Cvevis ganviTarebiT da saqmianobis sxva saxeebis flobis doniT. bavSvisadmi yuradReba,misi qcevis marjve xelmZRvaneloba, sijiutis da Wirveulobis wi-

naswar arideba, romelTa safuZvelze SemdgomSi SeiZleba ganviTardes agresiuli qceva, bavSvSi urTierTobis Cvevebis gamomuSaveba, misTvis sxva bavSvebTan urTierTobis pirobebis Seqmna, mi-

si socialuri gamocdilebis organizeba ojaxSi Tbili, Tanabari emociuri klimatis fonze — yvelaferi es SeZlebs skolamdelebTan agresiis gamovlenis acilebas da misi Semdgomi ganviTa-

rebis ardaSvebas. arsebiT rols TamaSobs agreTve sakuTari qcevis nebelobiTi regulaciis Camoyalibebu-

lobisaTvis skolamdeli dawesebulebisadmi adaptaciebis dinamika da agreTve, aRmzrdelebis profesiuli kvalifikacia da pirovnuli Tvisebebi.

TanatolebTan araadekvaturi urTierTobebi SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos socialuri motivebis arasakmaris ganviTarebasTan, aucilebeli komunikaciuri unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebis dabal donesTan, qcevis im formebis CamouyalibeblobasTan, romlebSic bavSvebi damoukidebel aqtiur urTierTobas amyareben.

qcevis yvelaze adekvatur formas aRniSnuli problemebis gadasaWrelad warmoadgens ko-

leqtiuri TamaSi. Tu sawyis etapze bavSvis TamaSebis iniciatori mozrdilia, SemdgomSi bavSvi TiTon iRebs iniciativas sakuTar xelSi. TamaSisadmi interesi skolamdel asakSi imdenad didia, rom igi eZebs partniorebs ara mxolod nacnob, aramed ucnob bavSvebs Sorisac.

bevri mSobeli Tvlis, rom Tu bavSvebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi eurTierTebian sxva bav-

Svebs, isini SeiZenen socialur unar-Cvevebs. magram socializacia — es ubralod urTierToba araa, esaa imis swavlis procesi, Tu rogor unda aawyo urTierToba sxva adamianebTan. xSirad, TanatolebTan urTierToba ar niSnavs TanamSromlobis unar-Cvevebis SeZenis saSualebas. Tana-

tolebisgan gansxvavebiT, moyvaruli da mgrZnobiare mSoblebi, bavSvebTan urTierTqmedebisas eyrdnobian emociur resursebs. maT SeuZliaT:

gaigon emociaTa mizezebi da Sedegebi;

sxva adamianTa emociebis gageba;

emociis aRwera sityvierad;

sakuTari emociebi regulireba; CamoTvlili maCveneblebi, rogorc cnobilia, iTvleba e.w. èmociuri inteleqtis~ ganvi-

Tarebis kriteriumad (Mayer, J., and all, 2004). skolamdelis ZiriTadi socialuri unar-Cvevebi — empaTia, emociuri TviTkontroli da

verbaluri komunikacia — saukeTesod viTardeba mSoblebis damsaxurebiT (Dewar,G., 2006-2009). bavSvis socialuri unar-Cvevebisa da emociuri kompetenciis gasaviTareblad aucilebe-

lia bavSvTan mis grZnobebze laparaki. msjeloba, ra situaciebSi bavSvi grZnobs Tavs cudad da raSi kargad. roca mSoblebi uxsnian emociebs da maT mizezebs, bavSvebi swavloben TavianTi emo-

ciebis regulacias (Denham and all, 1992). bavSvebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT mSoblebze dayrdnoba da grZnoben maT mxardaWeras, emoci-

urad ufro gawonasworebulebi arian. maTTvis ufro advilia axal socialur situacebTan adaptacia (Dewar,G., 2006-2009).

maSasadame, axali pirobebisadmi SedarebiT swrafi adaptacia, misi warmateba damokidebu-

lia bavSvebSi aucilebeli Cvevebis, komunikaciuri unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebaze, romlebic xels uwyoben mozrdilebTan da TanatolebTan kontaqtebis damyarebas. TamaSis unar-Cvevebi, sxva bavSvebTan urTierTobis unari xels uwyobs bavSvis adaptacias axali socialuri garemos pirobebTan.


1. Denham, Susanne A., Mary Cook, and Daniel Zoller. "‘Baby Looks Very Sad’: Implications of Conversations about Feelings between Mother and Preschooler." British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 1992, 301-15;

2. Dewar Gwen. Preschool social skills: A guide for the science-minded parent © 2006-2009 See more at:


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http://www.parentingscience.com/preschool-social-skills.html; 3. Edwards, C., & Raikes, H. (2002). Extending the dance: Relationship-based approaches to infant/toddler care and

education. Young Children, 57 (4), 10-17; 4. Lynette C. Magaña with Judith A. Myers-Walls and Dee Love. Different Types of Parent-Child Relationships.See

more at: https://www.extension.purdue.edu/providerparent/familychild%20relationships/differenttypesp-c.htm; 5. Mayer, J.D., Salovey,P., & Caruso, D.R. (2004). Emotional intelligence: Theory, findings, and implications.

Psychological Inquiry, 15, p. 197-215; 6. Raikes, H. (1996). A secure base for babies: Applying attachment concepts to the infant care setting. Young

Children, 51 (5), 59-67; 7. berki, l.,bavSvis ganviTareba, ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba. Tbilisi.2010; 8. Коломинский Я.Л. Психология детского коллектива. Минск, 1984; 9. Ньюкомб Н. Развитие личности ребенка. СПб.:Питер, 2003; 10. Сандлер Р.Я.Взаимоотношения детей на втором году жизни. Москва,Медгиз.1950. 52с. i. gersamia

pirovnebaTSorisi urTierTobis roli bavSvis socialuri adaptaciis procesSi

reziume

statiaSi ganxilulia skolamdeli asakis bavSvis ufrosebTan da TanatolebTan bavSvis

urTierTobaTa sxvadasxva formebi: emociuri, saqmiani da pirovnuli. sadac wamyvan rols saqmi-

ani kontaqtebis awyoba- gamarTvas akuTvneben. aseTi kontaqtebi xels uwyobs sagnobriv sinam-

dvilesTan miaxloebas, rac skolamdeli asakis bavSvis aqtivobis wamyvani formis- TamaSis rea-

luri safuZvelia. bavSvis axal socialur pirobebisadmi momzadebis warmatebuloba damokidebulia imaze,

Tu ramdenad aris masSi gamomuSavebuli komunikaciis da TamaSis unarebi, romlebsac emyareba bavSvis Semdgomi ganviTareba da socialuri adaptacia axal socialur garemosadmi. I. Gersamia

The Role of Interpersonal Relations in the Process of Child’s Social Adaptation

Summary

The article considers various forms of contacts of a pre-school child with adults and peers: emotional, personal and functional where leading role comes to establishing functional contacts. Such contacts contribute to coming closer to factual reality that is the base of the leading form of the pre-school child’s activity – game.

The child’s preparedness to new social conditions depends on the level of his communicative and gaming abilities, being the basis of the child’s further development and social adaptation to new social environment.


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n. gogiCaSvili

selfi — diagnozi, TviTprezentacia Tu kulturis atributi?

Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ganviTareba sainformacio da sakomunikacio TvalsazrisiT,

dResdReobiT, upiratesad xdeba aRqmis vizualizaciiT, rasac Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs teqno-

logiebis aqtiuri ganviTareba da adamianis Sinagani moTxovnileba, romelic mimarTulia pi-

rovnul zrdasa da garemo pirobebis cvlilebebze. aRniSnuli faqtorebi iZens maprovocire-

bel mniSvnelobas Sidapirovnuli konfliqtebis TvalsazrisiT da Sedegad, adamians uWirs saz-

Rvrebis dacva iluzorul da realur samyaros Soris. pirovneba erTveba axali tipis realoba-

Si, romelic xdeba e.w. `fsiqikuri sarke~ da pirovnebas sTavazobs farTo SesaZleblobas, rom man sazogaodebas sakuTari persona virtualuri saxiT SesTavazos misTvis sasurveli da misa-

Rebi formiT. swored am TvalsazrisiT sakmaod saintereso funqciebi SeiTavsa iseTma, TiTqosda uwyi-

narma qceviTma aqtivobam, rogoric sakuTari TavisTvis fotos gadaRebaa. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare Cven davsvamT ramdenime kiTxvas da vecdebiT maTze amomwuravi

pasuxebis gacemas. kerZod: ra aris selfi? vin, rodis da ra mizniT gadaiRo igi pirvelad da ra paralelebis gavleba SeiZleba avtoportretebsa da dRevandel selfebs Soris? selfi TviT-

prezentaciaa, fsiqiuri daavadeba Tu Tanamedrove socialuri kulturis atributi, romelic axdens ara marto adamianis pirovnuli Taviseburebebis ilustrirebas, aramed aRwers mTeli mi-

si cxovrebis, interesebis, Rirebulebebis,,istorias~, ganvixilavT selfis dadebiT da uaryo-

fiT mxareebs da bolos, mecnierTa prognozebs selfTan mimarTebaSi. selfi (ingl. Selfie, self — sakuTari Tavi) — avtoportretuli fotosuraTia, romelic ro-

gorc wesi, gadaRebulia xelSi moTavsebuli cifruli an mobiluri telefonis kameriT. aseTi suraTebi xSirad erTmaneTs hgavs — avtors kamera ukavia win gamoSverili xeliT da fotos uRebs sakuTar Tavs, xSirad — sarkis win.

terminma Tavi daimkvidra daaxloebiT 2000 wlidan, 2012 wels Jurnal `Time~-is mixedviT, sityva `selfi~ Sevida moduri sityvebis top-aTeulSi, xolo 2013 wlis bolosTvis igi imdenad popularuli gaxda, rom oqsfordis inglisuri enis leqsikonis onlain versiaSi iqna Setanili, 2013 wlis noemberSi ki, leqsikonis redaqtorebis mier, `selfi~ dasaxelad wlis sityvad.

yvelaze Zvel selfad iTvleba filadelfieli fotografis robert korneliusis mier ga-

daRebuli foto, romelic Sesrulebulia daaxloebiT 175 wlis win. miuxedavad imisa, rom sit-

yva `selfi~ arc Tu didi xnis win damkvidrda metyvelebaSi, msgavsi fotoebis gadaReba Cvens dabadebamde gacilebiT adrec xdeboda. fotos ukana mxares avtorma miawera:msoflioSi Suqze gadaRebuli pirveli foto. 1839 weli.

miuxedavad robert korneliusis gadaRebuli fotos TariRisa, pirvel self-fotod(igu-

lisxmeba selfis gadaRebis principebi, rac niSnavs, rom aparati damagrebulia ara Stativze, aramed gadaRebulia win gawvdili xeliT) mainc iTvleba niu-iorkis muzeumis TanamSromlebis mier moZiebuli foto, romelic daTariRebulia 1920 wlis dekembriT da romelzec asaxulia xuTi mamakaci fotografis mier gadaRebuli self-foto, rodesac isini pozioroben marsos fotostudiis terasaze (jozef baironi, pirie makdonaldi, teodor marso, pop kori da ben folki). kamera ukavia jozef bairons win gawvdili marjvena xeliT, xolo ben folks marcxena xeliT.


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avtoportreti anu selfi popularuli iyo saimperatoro ojaxSic. anastasia romanova 13 wlis asakSi, erT-erTi pirveli mozardi iyo, romelmac sakuTar Tavs sarkeSi fotosuraTi ga-

dauRo da megobars gaugzavna 1914 wels. Tanmxleb werilSi ewera: `sakuTar Tavs sarkeSi es su-

raTi gadavuRe. Zalian rTuli iyo, radgan xelebi mikankalebda.~

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom avtoportretebisadmi interesi, ukve me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi Sei-

niSneboda, Sesabamisad, dRevandeli selfi samarTlianad SeiZleba CaiTvalos avtoportretis memkvidred. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom 21-e saukunis dasawyisidan, cifruli fotoaparatebisa da kamerebiani mobiluri telefonebis gamoCenam, msgavs fotosuraTebs gansakuTrebuli mniSvne-

loba mianiWa. kerZod, Tanamedrove teqnologiebma selfis tipis fotoebs, demokratiuloba da sayovelTaoba SesZines. maTi gadaReba ar iTxovs gansakuTrebul unarebs da codnas, sakuTar avtoportrets amis gareSec asrulebs adamiani da marTlac, adamianebis garkveuli raodenoba xelidan ar uSvebs SesaZleblobas, rom sakuTar gamosaxulebas dReSi ramdenjerme Seavlos Tvali.

ukanaskneli wlis ganmavlobaSi socialur qselebSi ganTavsebuli selfebis raodenobam (daaxloebiT 39 mlrd), romlebsac socialur qselSi aTavseben ara marto mozardebi, aramed zrdasrulebic(dawyebuli holivudis msaxiobebiTa da popvarskvlavebiT, damTavrebuli kos-

monavtebiT, romis papiT da prezidentebiT), specialistebis yuradReba miiqcia da selfis kri-

tikosebi alaparakdnen sxvadasxva tipis darRvevebze.


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dResdReobiT seriozuli kvleva selfomaniasTan dakavSirebiT, namdvilad ar arsebobs, Tumca, faqtebi, romlebic adastureben, rom es fenomeni arsebobs da am adamianebis garkveuli nawilisaTvis, fsiqikis sijansaRe darRvevis zRvarzea (Tu ukve darRveuli ar aris), sakmaod bevria.

arsebobs ramdenime Sokismomgvreli faqti selfis Sesaxeb(msgavsi SemTxvevebi sakmaod bevria, Tumca, aq mxolod ramdenime maTgans moviyvanT). kerZod:

2014 wels kolorados StatSi aviakatastrofa ganicada msubuqwonianma TviTmfrinavma, ris mizezadac dasaxelda 29 wlis pilotis mier afrenidan 4 wuTis Semdeg selfis gadaReba. TviTmfrinavma marTva dakarga da Camovarda. Sedegad daiRupnen, rogor piloti, ise mgzavrebi.

2014 wels portugaliis sakurorto zonaSi daiRupa poloneli col-qmari, romlebic cdilobdnen lamazi fotos gadaRebas kldis pirze. tragedia moxda sakuTari Svilebis Tval-

win; sanqt-peterburgSi gogona avida maRali xidis zeda nawilze sasurveli fotos gadasa-

Rebad. mcdeloba saSineli tragediiT damTavrda. gogonam balansi ver SeinarCuna, Camovarda da gardaicvala.

msgavsi SemTxveva moxda espaneTSic, rodesac 23 wlis silvia reiCeli cdilobda cnobi-

li xidis — puente de trianas fonze fotos gadaRebas. es mcdelobac tragediiT dasrulda. go-

gona oTxnaxevari metris simaRlidan vardnis Sedegad betonis sayrdens daeca da gardaicvala; unikaluri fotos gadaRebis surviliT Sepyrobili 18 wlis anna ursu, aseve gardaic-

vala selfis gadaRebisas, rodesac matareblis saxuravze is akrobatul nomers akeTebda da SemTxveviT Seexo eleqtrosadens. sikvdili dafiqsirda myisierad.

msoflio masStabiT, arsebobs adamianebis garkveuli raodenoba, romlebic daiRupnen sxvadasxva tipis iaraRTan suraTis gadaRebisas.

selfis gamo daRupul adamianTa statistikam ukve seriozul maCvenebels miaRwia. 2014 wels amerikis karnegi-melonis universitetis specialistebisa da indoeli mkvlevarebis mier dafiqsirda selfis gadaRebis 127 faqti, romlebic fatalurad dasrulda. amave kvlevis Tanam-

xmad, tragediaTa raodenobiT, liderebi indoelebi arian. gardacvalebis mizezi ki, rogorc


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wesi, simaRlidan vardnaa. reitingSi meore adgils pakistani, mesames ki — aSS ikavebs. garda ami-

sa, sainteresoa, rom daRupulTa 76% 20-dan 24 wlamde mamakacebi iyvnen. albaT, swored aseTi SemTxvevebis arsebobis gamo, amerikis fsiqiatriulma asociaciam

(afa) selfi 2015 wels aRiara fsiqiur aSlilobad da oficialurad daadastura is faqti, rasac manamde fsiqologebi varaudobdnen:sakuTari Tavis mudmivi fotografireba warmoadgens fsi-

qikuri aSlilobis formas, romelsac ewodeba `selfitisi~ da igi ganisazRvreba rogorc ob-scesiur-kompulsiuri arakontrolirebadi survili ganaTavson sakuTari fotosuraTebi so-cialur qselSi dabali TviTSefasebis da realuri komunikaciis deficitis kompensaciis miz-

niT. arsebobs aSlilobis sami forma: 1. zRvruli selfitisi, rodesac adamiani iRebs dReSi 3 selfs, magram ar ganaTavsebs maT

socialur qselSi. 2. mkveTri selfitisi, rodesac adamiani iRebs 3 selfs da TiToeul maTgans ganaTavsebs

socialur qselSi. 3. qronikuli selfitisi, rodesac adamiani ver akontrolebs sakuTar Tavs, iRebs didi

raodenobiT fotoebs da ganaTavsebs maT socialur qselSi, minimum, 6-jer dReSi. amerikis fsiqiatrTa asociaciis(afa) Tanaxmad, daavadebis Sesabamisi mkurnaloba jerje-

robiT ar arsebobs, Tumca, simptomebis droebiTi Semsubuqeba SesaZlebelia kognitur-qceviTi fsiqoTerapiis saSualebiT. seriozulobis ra xarisxiT Sexedaven momxmarebelebi aRniSnul in-

formacias, mainc sadao sakiTxia, Tumca, sakiTxis problemuroba bolo wlebSi gansakuTrebu-

lad aqtualuri xdeba fsiqologebisa da fsiqiatrebis TvalsazrisiT. SedarebiT gasagebia e.w. varskvlavebisa Tu cnobadi saxeebis qceva. rodesac isini pozio-

roben, isini, TiTqosda angariSs abareben msmenels Tu mayurebels sakmaod pragmatuli Tval-

sazrisiT. Tanac, es aris sakmaod efeqturi saSualeba sazogadoebis yuradRebis SenarCunebi-

saTvis. ar aris saWiro muSaoba, wignebis kiTxva, rame sasargeblos keTeba, rolis repetireba, aramed erTi Cveulebrivi `wkap~ da sazogadoebis didi nawili gebulobs rodis, sad da visTan iyavi, ra miirTvi sauzmeze, romel saaTze daiZine an romeli wigni `gekava~ bolos xelSi da a.S.

tendenciac sakmaod sainteresoa im TvalsazrisiT, rom socialuri qselis auditoria ukacravad, magram SedarebiT primitiuli xdeba im TvalsazrisiT, rom xSirad logikas mokle-

buli uSinaarso fotoebi gacilebiT met mowonebas da komentars imsaxurebs, vidre saintereso SemecnebiTi informacia, romelic inteleqtualur aqtivobas da gacnobierebas moiTxovs. es faqti advilad asaxsnelia mozardebTan, romelTa mTavari amocana Tavis damkvidreba da aRia-

rebis mopovebaa, magram sakamaToa igive moTxovnilebis arseboba zrdasrul adamianebSi. Sesaba-

misad, SeiZleba vivarudoT, rom zrdasrulma adamianebma, mozardobis asakSi ver moaxerxes im problemebis da moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba da aRniSnuli procesi inerciiT grZeldeba yuradRebis deficitis Sevsebisa da Tavis damkvidrebis mizniT. didi albaTobiT, am asakis ada-mianebma ar ician rogor daikmayofilon aRniSnuli moTxovnilebebi da miiRon siamovneba sain-

tereso samsaxuridan, seriozuli da Rrma urTierTobebidan, saintereso STabeWdilebebidan da ara moCvenebiTi da iluzoruli faqtebidan. faqtia, rom zrdasruli adamianebis garkveuli na-

wili msgavsi qmedebebiT afiqsirebis infantilizmis maRal xarisxs. selfze damokidebulebas xSirad araprognozirebad Sedegebamdec SeuZlia miiyvanos ada-

miani. amis sailustraciod SegviZlia moviyvanoT ingliseli mozardis, deni boumenis istoria, romelic dRis ganmavlobaSi daaxloebiT 200 fotos uRebda sakuTar Tavs. pirveli selfi mo-

zardma socialur qselSi ganaTavsa 15 wlis asakSi. namdvili damokidebulebis CamoyalibebisaT-

vis gadamwyveti momenti gaxda samodelo kastingze misi warumatebeli gamosvla 2011 wels. man daiwyo mxolod dilis ganmavlobaSi, daxloebiT 80-100 fotos gadaReba, gamodioda sagakveTi-lo procesebidan da sami saaTis ganmavlobaSi pozirebda skolis sapirfareSoSi sarkis win mo-

sawoni fotos molodinSi. igi suraTebs uRebda sakuTar Tavs yvelgan — sawolSi, abazanaSi, sam-

zareuloSi, quCaSi, varcxnilobis keTebisas, sxvadasxva rakursiT da ganaTebis xarisxiT da a.S. igi saocari ZalisxmeviT cdilobda damsagavseboda holivudis varskvlavs leonardo di kapri-

os da akopirebda mis pozebs sxvadasxva fotoebidan. TiToeul fotos is Tvlida warumateb-

lad. man wonis koreqciis mizniT Secvala kvebis racioni, Tumca, verc aman ver daakmayofila. male man swavlas daane Tavi, gamoiketa saxlSi da gaxda ukiduresad agresiuli mSoblebTan mi-


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marTebaSi. bolosdabolos, morigi `warumatebeli~ selfis gadaRebis Semdeg, man gadawyvita, rom verasodes ver gadauRebs sakuTar Tavs idealur fotos da gadawyvita TviTmkvleloba sa-

Zile abebis saSualebiT, Tumca, sabednierod, dedam droulad SeZlo misTvis daxmarebis aRmo-

Cena. Sedegad, mozards dasWirda seriozuli Terapiuli kursis gavla erT-erT samedicino cen-

trSi, sadac is Tavidan cdilobda cxovrebis swavlas kameriani telefonis gareSe.,,me mudmivad da ganuwyvetliv vcxovrobdi idealuri selfis gadaRebis molodinsa da ZiebaSi da roca miv-

xvdi, rom me es ar gamomividoda, gadavwyvite sikvdili. me davkarge megobrebi, ganaTleba, jan-

mrTeloba. faqtiurad, me davkarge cxovreba~ — ambobda wlebis Semdeg deni boumeni. saintereso mosazreba gaaCnia selfis Sesaxeb fsiqoTerapevt mark sandomirskis, romelic

Tvlis, rom selfizmi anu selfiT gataceba, SeiZleba CaiTvalos socialuri mediis narcisizmad da virtualur qselSi eqsgibicionizmis gamovlinebad. masSi aseve vlindeba qcevisTvis damaxa-

siaTebeli bavSvuri Tvisebebi — egocentrizmi da sakuTari Tavis siyvaruli. igi aseve Tvlis, rom socialur qselSi aRniSnuli qcevebiT adamianebi `vardebian~ bavSvobaSi, Tumca, amave dros, avtori Tvlis, rom selfis safrTxeebi cota gazviadebulad aris warmodgenili. avtori ambobs, rom selfizmis riskis jgufSi gansakuTrebiT xvdebian is adamianebi, romlebic zogadad arian damokidebulebebisken midrekili da Tu isini ar dakavdebian iseTi SedarebiT usafrTxo aqtivobiT, rogoric sakuTari personis fotografirebaa, isini aucileblad dakavdebian iseTi gacilebiT destruqciuli qcevebiT, rogoricaa azartuli TamaSebi, alkoholizmi an narkoda-

mokidebuleba. koreqciis mizniT avtori selfze damokidebul pirebs sTavazobs suraTebis ganTavsebas

e.w. `laiqebis~ anu mowonebebis garkveul raodenobamde(mag.20 an 30 da ara 1000) da Semdeg am su-

raTebis waSlas, Semdeg suraTebis ganTavsebas da waSlas ise, rom ar daelodos komentarebs da `mowonebebs~, Semdeg sarkeSi sakuTari personiT tkbobas da a.S. anu etapobrivi desensibiliza-ciis saSualebiT mgrZnobelobis Sesustebas gare gamRizianebelze damokidebulebis mosaxsne-

lad. msgavsi mosazreba aqvs aseve socialur fsiqologs natalia varskaias, romelic fiqrobs,

rom `viRacam daiwyo da sxvebi ayvnen da rom es yvelaferi, male dakargavs xibls da raodenob-

rivadac Semcirdeba~. am SemTxvevaSic, avtori inarCunebs igive pozicias da rekomendacias iZ-

leva, rom adamianebi unda gaTavisufldnen ara konkretulad selfze damokidebulebisagan, aramed im mizezisagan, romelic zogadad iwvevs ama Tu im saxis damokidebulebebs.

selfze damokidebuleba msoflio jandacvis seqtoris SeSfoTebis mizezicaa. `gamoqvey-

nebul fotoebze Zalian didi yuradRebis gamaxvileba, imis kontroli, vin xedavs maT an ver xe-

davs da mowonebebis didi raodenobiT dagrovebis imedi, miuTiTebs, rom selfebi seriozul problemebs iwvevs~, – ganacxada britanelma profesorma fsiqiatriis dargSi.

selfze damokidebulebis xarisxiT aseve SeSfoTebuli arian tailandis janmrTelobis dacvis specialistebi. `yuradRebis maRali xarisxi sakuTari fotoebisadmi, imis kontroli vin rodis daaTvaliera da ramdeni `like~ da komentari gaqvs ganTavsebul suraTze, aris swored imis winapiroba, rom adamians aqvs fsiqikis sijansaRis problema~.- ambobs tailandis fsiqikuri janmrTelobis departamentis specialisti.

britaneTis sazogadoebrivi jandacvis warmomadgenlebis TqmiT, socialur qselebze da-

mokidebuleba, (facebook, twitter, instagram) miiCneva fsiqikur daavadebad, romlisgan gankurnebasac weliwadSi, minimum, 100 pacienti cdilobs.

`selfebi xSirad aRiqmeba, rogorc TviTwaqezebisa da yuradRebis miqcevis socialuri sa-

Sualeba, romelic an narcisizmSi gadaizrdeba-xolme, andac saSinlad dabal TviTSefasebas iw-

vevs~. – acxadebs fsiqologi pamela ruTleji. mkvlevarebis nawili(veila-kornelis universitetis samedicino kolejis specialistebi)

pamela ruTlejis msgavsad, miiCnevs, rom selfi, rogorc narcisizmis onlaingamovlineba, aris sakuTari Tavis demonstrirebis kompensacia im adamianebisTvis, romlebsac arasrulfasovne-bis gancda an dabali TviTSefaseba aqvT da rodesac maTi Zalisxmeva sxvebis mier dadebiTad fasdeba, realobis aRqma samudamod maxinjdeba da xdeba narcisuli iluziebis waxaliseba, Tum-

ca, texasis universitetis mecnierebis mier Catarebulma kvlevebma aCvena, rom es, yovelTvis ase ar aris. am adamianebs sxva motivic SeiZleba amoZravebdeT. specialistebma gamoyves selfis


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moyvarulTa sami kategoria: pirveli kategoria aris e.w. `komunikatorebi~, romlebic selfs iReben sakuTar megobrebTan, naTesavebTan, axloblebTan, TayvanismcemlebTan komunikaciis dros; meore kategoria — e.w. àvtobiografebi~, romlebic sakuTar fotoebs iReben cxovrebis mniSvnelovani movlenebis dasafiqsireblad da samaxsovrod. isini uziareben sakuTar fotoebs sxvebs, Tumca, pirveli jgufisgan gansxvavebiT, maT ar sWirdebaT ukukavSiri da bolos, mesame kategoria — adamianebi, romelTac selfi TviTreklamirebisTvis sWirdebaT. isini afiqsireben mTel TavianT cxovrebas da maTTvis umniSvnelovanesia, rom sxvebi maT uyurebdenen mxolod dadebiT WrilSi.

narcisuli fotosuraTebi bolo wlebSi sul ufro popularuli gaxda: selfs ara mxo-

lod cnobili adamianebi iReben, aramed maRali Tanamdebobis Cinovnikebi, inteleqtualebi da cxovelebic ki. TviTgamoxatvisa da piaris aseTi martivi gza ki, rogorc mecnierebi miiCneven, sakmaod sazianoa. medicinis mecnierebaTa doqtori f. kondratievi amtkicebs, rom selfi nar-

cisizmis erT-erTi nairsaxeobaa, amiT zedmetad gatacebas ki didi problemebis Seqmna SeuZlia samsaxursa Tu ojaxSi, radgan sakuTari personis fotografireba, xSir SemTxvevaSi, namdvil damokidebulebad gadaiqceva.

cifruli narcisizmis yvelaze didi problema isaa, rom utopiuri miznebis miRwevis sur-

vili gviCndeba. amis moTxovnileba ki droTa ganmavlobaSi gviZlierdeba. adamianebis survili, gamoiyurebodnen namdvili varskvlavebiviT, dRiTi dRe Zlierdeba. es ki, bunebrivia, rTulia. adamianisTvis Zalian cota ram aris gadametebul TviTSefasebasa da araeTikurobaze metad damRupveli.

selfisadmi vnebas yvela ar ganicdis, amiT mxolod garkveuli tipis adamianebi avaddebi-

an. bavSvTa fsiqologiis asociaciis prezidenti amtkicebs: `selfis zemoqmedebis qveS adamian-

Ta is kategoria xvdeba, romelTac gamokveTili isteriuli buneba da demonstraciuli qcevi-

sadmi midrekileba aqvT. rac Seexeba demonstraciulobas, es ufro qalebs axasiaTebT, vidre Zlieri sqesis warmomadgenlebs~.

msgavsi qceviT anu sakuTari fotoebis demonstrirebiT adamiani TiTqos kiTxulobs: ada-

mianebo mogwonvarT? aRiarebis xarisxidan gamomdinare, is ukve Tavis Tavsac uyalibebs axal Rirebulebas da ambobs: Tu sxvebs ase movwonvar, SemiZlia mec momewonos Cemi Tavi. ase rom, selfs namdvilad SeuZlia TviTSefasebis amaRleba, rac erTis mxriv, udaod misasalmebelia. ubralod dasaregulirebelia drois reglamenti da suraTebis raodenoba da sixSire.

rac Seexeba gansxvavebul da originalur selfebs, cnobilia SemTxveva, rodesac cnobil-ma fotoJurnalistma eleazar langmanma sakuTar gamosaxulebas foto gadauRo nikelirebuli Caidnis zedapirze da socialur qselSi ganaTavsa igi.

aseve saintereso SemTxveva dafiqsirda 2011 wels, rodesac britaneli naturalisti fo-

tografi, devid sleiteri sulavesis junglebSi mogzaurobisas fotoebs uRebda veluri samya-

ros cxovelebs. am dros, moulodnelad erT-erTma makakam, saxelad narutom, xelSi Caigdo ka-

mera da ramdenime foto gadauRo sakuTar Tavs. SemTxvevam damatebiTi gamoxmaureba hpova im mizeziT, rom organizacia retas (PETA) warmomadgenlebma (cxovelebisadmi eTikuri damokide-

bulebis maregulirebeli organizacia) imave makakasaTvis moiTxoves inteleqtualuri sakuT-

rebis ufleba im fotoebze, romlebic reportiorma gamoiyena Tavis wignSi,,gareuli samyaros pirovnebebi~.


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gacilebiT mkveTri protesti gamoxates cxovelTa dacvis organizaciis warmomadgenleb-

ma im faqtTan dakavSirebiT, rom argentinis sanapiroze gamoriyuli patara delfini manamde ar daabrunes wyalSi, sanam selfebi ar gadaiRes masTan. amasobaSi delfini daiRupa. msgavsi Sem-

Txveva dafiqsirda CineTSic, sadac ojaxma imdeni selfi gadaiRo farSevangTan, rom frinveli daiRupa.

bunebrivia, msgavsi fotoebis gadaRebis mizani aris cxovelebisadmi siyvarulis fsevdode-

monstrireba, sxvanairad ar aixsneba is faqti, rom sikvdilamde miiyvano cxoveli an frinveli. arsebobs agreTve adamianebis kategoria, romlebsac aqvT cnobadobis arakontrolirebadi

survili da aqedan gamomdinare, safrTxeSic ki igdeben Tavs. mag. avstralielma axalgazrdam se-

riozuli safrTxis miuxedavad, moaxerxa fotos gadaReba tornados fonze, xolo kanadelma eq-stremalma telewamyvanma jorj kouronisma gadaiRo msoflioSi yvelaze maRali riskis Semcvel fotod aRiarebuli saSiSi foto moqmedi vulkanis(vulkani ambrimi vanuatuSi) fonze da ganaTav-

sa igi socialur qselSi warweriT `roca Cveulebrivi foto arasakmarisad eqstremaluria~.

da bolos, mokled SevexoT selfis dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebs. selfis dadebiTi mxa-

reebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos:

sakuTari Tavis gansxvavebul konteqstSi aRqma da pirovnuli zrdis stimulacia; mra-

valferovani interesebis formireba da sakuTar TavSi axali unarebis aRmoCena;

modis sferoSi rogorc brenduli nawarmis, ise axali trenduli mimdinareobebis rek-

lamirebisaTvis, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu amiT dakavebuli arian ara pativmoyvare da yuradRe-

bis deficitis mqone adamianebi, aramed namdvili profesionalebi;

cnobadi saxeebisTvis (msaxiobebi, politikosebi, Semoqmedi adamianebi) sakuTar Tayva-

nismcemlebTan kontaqti.

silamazis Tanamedrove standartebis damkvidrebis xelSewyoba(mag. fotoebi makiaJam-

de da Semdeg);

selfebi sportuli darbazidan xels uwobs motivaciis zrdas;

selfis gamoyeneba dakvirvebis da analizis saSualebad, vinaidan es aris cvlilebebisa da ganviTarebis istoria, romelic kavSirs amyarebs awmyosa da warsuls Soris, icavs adamians Zveli Secdomebisagan. mag. rogor mixdeba wiTuri Tma; zedmeti kilogramebi aSkarad ar mixdeba; plastikuri operaciebi aRar mWirdeba da a.S.

selfis uaryofiTi mxareebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos:

virtualur urTierTobebze orientireba da realuri urTierTobebis Semcireba;

narcisizmis xarisxis zrda da damokidulebis formireba;

sakuTari cxovrebis zedmetad afiSireba;

negatiuri gavlena Sidaojaxur urTierTobebze, konfliqtebis zrda da sxv.

SfoTvis donis mateba da nervozuli mdgomareobebis formireba (sasurveli fotos vergadaReba da e.w. mowonebebis da komentarebis simcire socialur qselSi);

fsiqiur aSlilobaSi gadazrdis albaToba. uarResad saintereso mosazrebas gamoTqvams selfTan mimarTebaSi ruseTis mTavari fsi-


90

qiatri zurab kekeliZe, romelic ambobs, rom selfi warmoiSva maSin, rodesac pirvelma qalma wylian TasSi Caixeda da sakuTari Tavis Tvaliereba daiwyo. kamaTi imaze selfi daavadebaa Tu damokidebuleba, fsiqiatri ase ganmartavs: rodesac nasvami adamiani barbaciT dadis quCaSi, Cven ar vTvliT, rom aramyari siaruli aris daavadeba. daavadeba am SemTxvevaSi aris alkoho-

lizmi, xolo barbaciT siaruli, misi gamovlineba. asea am SemTxvevaSic. arakontrolirebadi selfi aris ara axali daavadeba, aramed iseTi Zveli daavadebis erT-erTi gamovlineba, rofo-

ricaa fsiqiuri aSliloba. sakuTari personis aRiarebis dauokebeli survili, erTdroulad Se-

iZleba or daavadebas moicavdes: pirovnebis disociaciur aSlilobas da dismorfofobias. dis-

morfofobia aris sakuTari sxeuliT ukmayofileba da Sesabamisad, adamiani rodesac ganicdis msgavs emocias, mudmivad cdilobs sarkesTan trials da sxeulis im nakvTebis da nawilebis Tva-

lierebas, romlebic Tavad ar moswons. dRes, sarke Caanacvla selfma da msgavsi tipis adamiane-

bi, sakuTar Tavs akvirdebian ukve selfis saSualebiT. Tumca, selfis Tayvanismcemlebs Soris, sWarbobs pirovnebis disociaciuri aSlilobis mqone adamianebi, romlebic yvela saSualebiT cdiloben misTvis mniSvnelovani adamianis an sociumis yuradRebis velSi moqcevas. aqedan ga-

momdinare, is iRebs bevr fotos, sxvadasxva rakursiT da ganaTebis xarisxiT. amave dros xdeba misi adgilmdebareobis demonstrirebac. narcisizmic swored disociaciuri aSlilobis erT-

erTi gamovlinebaa. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom selfi TavisTavad ar SeiZleba Ca-

iTvalos daavadebad, Tumca, igi yvela SemTxvevaSi, seriozuli informaciis matarebelia im konkretuli pirovnebis fsiqiuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. Tu v.visockis leqssac gavixsenebT mTebis Sesaxeb ìq gaigeb,vin rogoria~( "Там поймешь, кто такой".), asevea aqac, selfi gvamcnobs ama Tu im daavadebis arsebobas da xarisxs.

amrigad, Tu yovelive zemoTqmulis Sejerebas SevecdebiT, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom sel-

fi, rogorc fenomeni namdvilad arsebobs da misi raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi maCvenebeli pirdapir kavSirSia adamianis fsiqikis sijansaRis xarisxTan. amave dros, selfs gaaCnia, rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi maxasiaTeblebi.

miipyro yuradReba, moaxdino TviTreklama, Seiqmna esa Tu is imiji selfis saSualebiT, sakmaod advilia, Tumca, sul unda gvaxsovdes rom virtualuri samyaros da socialuri qsele-

bis `Tavze xelis gadasma da mofereba~, mainc droebiTia da miuxedavad yvelafrisa, adamians ma-inc mouwevs sakuTar TavTan garkveuli sisusteebis aRiareba da sakuTari adgilis realuarad damkvidreba sazogadoebaSi da im saqmianobis moZieba, romelic realurad moutans mas, aramar-

to finansur keTildReobas, aramed profesionalur da sulier kmayofilebas, rameTu sakuTa-

ri Tavis WeSmariti Secnoba da stabiluroba, modis mxolod am samyaroSi sakuTari adgilis povniT, sakuTari Tavis miRebiT da im dadebiTi da uaryofiTi pirovnuli Tvisebebis gacnobie-

rebiT da aRiarebiT,, romlebic realurad gaaCnia adamians. swored msgavs SemTxvevaSi, selfi kargavs aqtualobas da rogorc garTobis forma, gadadis ukana planze.


1. Ученые рассказали новые факты о соцсетях, которые будет полезно знать каждому пользователю Источник: https://www.adme.ru/zhizn-nauka/8-nauchnyh-faktov-kotorye-sleduet-znat-lyubitelyamsocsetej-i-selfi-1644715/; 2. Селфи: положительное и отрицательное влияние http://lifehacker.ru/2014/08/07/selfies/; 3. Селфи: болезнь общества или психики? https://zdravoe.com/101/p15040/index.html; 4. Селфи как симптом https://ru.tsn.ua/blogi/themes/psihology/selfi-kak-simptom-628696.html 28.05.2018; 5. Селфимания и психология селфи – болезнь 21 века http://story-woman.ru/psihologia/psixologiya-selfi-selfi-eto-bolezn-21-veka/; 6. Увлеченность селфи – признак психического расстройства https://www.infoniac.ru/news/Uvlechennost-selfi-priznak-psihicheskogo-rasstroistva.html Источник: Dailymail

Перевод: Филипенко Л. В.


91

n. gogiCaSvili

selfi — diagnozi, TviTprezentacia Tu kulturis atributi?

reziume

naSromSi ganxilulia selfis, rogorc pirovnebis TviTprezentaciis fsiqologiuri as-

peqtebi da dasmulia ramdenime kiTxva:ra aris selfi? vin, rodis da ra mizniT gadaiRo igi da ra paralelebis gavleba SeiZleba avtoportretebsa da dRevandel selfebs Soris? selfi TviT-

prezentaciaa, fsiqiuri daavadeba Tu Tanamedrove socialuri kulturis atributi, romelic axdens ara marto adamianis pirovnuli Taviseburebebis ilustrirebas, aramed aRwers mTeli mi-

si cxovrebis, interesebis da Rirebulebebis,,istorias~. naSromSi agreTve ganxilulia Tanamedrove fsiqologebisa da fsiqiatrebis mosazrebebi

selfTan damokidebulebaSi, selfis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi da bolos, mecnierTa prognozebi im adamianebis fsiqikur sijansaResTan mimarTebaSi, visTvis selfis gadaReba da mi-

si ganTavseba socialur qselSi dRis ganmavlobaSi ramdenimejer, warmoadgens arakontroli-

rebad da dauokebel survils. N. Gogichashvili

Selfie-diagnosis, self-presentation or the attribute of social culture?

Summary

In the thesis there is discussed the selfie, as the psychological aspects of the self-presentation of an individual,

and enquired the following questions: What is a selfie, what are the purposes of taking a selfie, when was it taken and who took it. What are the connections between the auto-portraits and selfies. Is selfie a self-presentation, psychological disorder or the attribute of modern social culture that reflect not only the characteristics of an individual but also describes the story of his/her life, interests and qualities. The thesis also includes the opinions of modern psychologists and psychiatrists relating to selfie, the advantages and disadvantages of selfie, and finally the predictions of scientists towards the mental health of the individuals who tend to have obsession of taking and posting selfies on social media on regular bases.


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I. DIAKONIDZE

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF INTERCULTURAL INTERVENTIONS FOR THE INTERNATIONALLY MOBILE STUDENTS

In modern Era of globalization, Internationalization of HEI has become strategic priority for the majority of the

countries and HEI in particular throughout the world. The fact is that Internationalization is the central theme for HIE research and practice in Georgia. Number of student and staff International mobility has been increasing during the recent decades. Moreover, it has become serious motivation for the student to raise the level of their academic success. Thus, It can be considered a very positive tendency, per se and its significance is indisputable, however, rich expertise already gathered in this sphere, shows that besides great deal of benefit students get from International mobility programs, there are some, not insignificant ‘side effects’, that must be ‘treated’ and taken care of.

In this article we are touching upon those ‘side effects’ that is, issues that some (if not the majority) of International exchange students face during their period of academic mobility to another country.

While discussing International exchange student issues, the first thing that comes into our mind is the communication problem, i.e. the level of proficiency in international language. It undoubtedly can be considered one of the most important factors and issues, the exchange student can face, but, unfortunately, it is not the only one. Being an exchange student means close contact with another culture, which itself includes different social environment, understandings, customs and habits. Sustained intercultural contact that requires total immersion in another culture may produce the phenomenon that is called culture shock. Culture shock is said to occur when people must deal with a barrage of new perceptual stimuli that are difficult to interpret because the cultural context has changed. Things taken for granted at home require virtually constant monitoring in the new culture to assure some degree of understanding. The loss of predictability, coupled with the fatigue that results from the need to stay consciously focused on what would normally be taken for granted, produces the negative responses associated with culture shock [1, 318-319].

The definition offered by Myron W. Lasting et al., can be considered among perfect ones to describe the possible condition of an exchange student. Certainly, we must not ignore individual factor as well. We mean individual difference in psychological and mental stability that is equally important. Nevertheless, all of them have to go through the several stages that are characteristic to the culture shock. The length of each stage varies depending on the individual. You may find that it is easier and quicker to move through some stages than others do. Several factors can affect how fast you move through the stages, including:

Mental health; Personality type; Previous experiences with other cultures; How familiar you are with the language; Support systems you have in place; Education level [2]. However, the questions can be the following: What is the way out from this situation? What can HEIs do to prevent or resolve the issues mentioned above? What are the steps to be taken or intercultural interventions to be carried out? HEIs of Georgia are still ‘newcomers’ to this giant world space of International exchange expertise gathered

through decades. Therefore, in this article, first, we decided to look into the procedure and the ways of dealing with problematic issues offered by the HEIs of the leading countries in this field and then compare the approaches to intercultural interventions carried out by Georgian HEIs for different type of study abroad programs.

Below we will deal with the expertise of US and China. The case analysis cited [3, 457-459] selects Chinese students participating in study abroad program in the University of Minnesota to complete the designed questionnaires to examine the intercultural interventions taken before, during and after this program in Chinese universities. In addition, email communication is made to analyze the underlying reasons for their choices when they complete the questionnaires.

The research questions particularly focus on the intercultural interventions taken by Chinese universities for Chinese students who are participating in study abroad program in the University of Minnesota and aim to answer the following questions:

(1) What intercultural interventions are taken before students leave to take part in this program? (2) What intercultural interventions are taken while students are studying in this program in America?


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(3) What intercultural interventions are taken after students come back to China after this program? (4) What intercultural interventions are expected by students participating in this program? The study is a combination of quantitative and qualitative research by carrying out questionnaires among

Chinese students and email communications with these students. The questionnaire is designed by the author and is composed of four sections to address the research questions. It

was sent out by Survey Monkey in October, 2016 to Chinese students participating in the study abroad program with the help of one Chinese intern in Study Abroad Center of the University of Minnesota. Altogether 187 questionnaires were sent out and the number of valid questionnaires used in this study is 102.

The background information provided by the author reveals that all participants come from key universities in China. Specially, 28 students are from Beijing, 18 from Qingdao, and 12 from Shanghai. The higher level of internationalization of higher education in the top two cities (Beijing and Shanghai) in China may explain the larger percentage of the subjects in the study.

The subsequent email communication reveals that there is a regular exchange student program of taking around 20 students run every year between Qingdao University and the University of Minnesota. Additionally, because of the long-term corporation between institute in China Politics and Law University, Nankai University, Sun Yat- Sen University and Law school and Carson Management School in the University of Minnesota, the number of students from these universities is also comparatively big. In terms of what kind of diploma students are pursuing, bachelor degree accounted for over 80%, and the remaining students are studying for master degree. Almost half of the students choose to transfer to the university to continue their bachelor or master degree study after taking part in the study abroad program, which means they will not go back to their home universities in China.

The author points out that the Intercultural interventions before departure are very important for smooth transition to a new cultural setting and is the first step for the success of intercultural learning because they can help students prepare for new cultural settings, either in a social or academic context [4, 59-71].

There are various ways to develop students’ readiness to transit to a new cultural setting. The statistics reveal that none of the students have taken the self-examination test of Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI). This tool is highly reliable, valid, and used widely between international higher education and intercultural communication [5,474-

487]. However, the participants in the study did not get the test of it from their mother schools in China. The author offers that the reasons could be there is no qualified assessor of IDI in these universities, and intercultural learning is not included in their curriculum.

The results of the case analysis conducted by author show these universities in China assume that study abroad programs can automatically develop students’ intercultural competence without proper pre-departure intercultural training. A further examination of Study abroad program self-study materials mentioned by all participants’ shows that these materials generally provide knowledge-based information about target universities in America such as what courses they can choose and what type of accommodation they can apply for. Safety issues of study abroad training cover information about how to stay safe and provide lists of can do and cannot do.

The author of the cited research points out that the lack of pre-departure intercultural interventions in the aspect of adapting to American academic and social culture obviously contrasts with students’ expectation of receiving such training.

Subsequent email responses from these students find that a majority of courses they take in the university require them to write academic essays. All essays are required to be written in an academic style and are submitted online to check plagiarism. Because of the lack of critical thinking training in many Chinese universities and the differences between Chinese essay writing and American essay writing, many participants undergo a difficult transition to academic culture in the university. In addition, because of no training about American daily life culture, most participants mention that in the first few weeks, they encounter many difficulties like taking the bus and doing grocery shopping in their daily life. They also could not understand the jokes and some daily topics American teachers and their classmates talk about.

The study reveals that Chinese universities generally provide pre-departure guidance by supplying students with knowledge-based materials and general instruction of applying for passport and visa and advice of staying safe in America. Since knowledge-based information can be easily accessed online, this guidance cannot actually prepare students to smoothly transit to a new academic and social culture, which is not dynamic and interactive.

After students are enrolled in the University of Minnesota, all participants receive various types of intercultural interventions from the university, but their home universities in China offer no relevant intercultural interventions.

University of Minnesota offers diversified support for international students to adapt to new cultural setting and prepares them to achieve success in academic study. These supporting programs are classified as compulsory and optional, free and fee-paying. All the international students must attend one-week free intercultural adaptation program


94

guidance for international newcomers. All 102 participants in the study attended this compulsory course and the feedback from their emails suggests that they benefit a lot from the program because it covers the gap between their pre-departure intercultural interventions and their expectations. They mention that the program specifically show them the detailed requirements of their courses, offer them opportunities to learn from former international students, understand the challenges they are going to meet in their future study, etc.

The author finalizes his experiment analyzing after mobility period. He points out that after mobility period, getting back home, all the students are ready to report study abroad story, to prepare presentations, share their experience with other students, to make their sojourn period more comfortable and efficient that he considers equally important for upcoming exchange students.

If we go through the results revealed through the case study cited above, we notice similarities, as well as differences between intercultural intervention experience of Chinese HEIs and those of Georgia. I am going to share my expertise as a Head of International Relation Department of Guram Tavartkilaze Tbilisi Teaching University. Our university has been carrying out Erasmus+ mobility project since 2016. Hence, we have small, but still interesting experience of dealing with exchange students (8 in total). Making first steps were really challenging, but now, when we look back, we can already speak of some results and draw certain conclusions.

Similarly to many HEI in Georgia [6], carrying out study abroad programs and in difference from Chinese University participating in the case study cited above, our university used to arrange:

PDO for exchange students, informing them about cultural, social aspects of the host country (The Netherlands), as well as academic and social culture of receiving University (Inholland University of Applied Sciences). Our Dutch partners used to do the same.

We have never applied IDI test that now seems to me quite efficient tool for cross-cultural assessment of intercultural competence. Thousands of individuals and organizations use it to build intercultural competence, to achieve international and domestic diversity and inclusion goals and outcomes.

We constantly used to communicate with our exchange students via e-mails and video conferences, used to help them to resolve the issues arising during their sojourn period. It is noteworthy that the problems were almost the same as in case of Chinese students, who were mobile students to the US. In particular:

Contrast between the academic and social culture of their sending and receiving institutions; Confusing difference in assessment system and especially essay writing style. However, Georgian students do not seem to have the problems in understanding jokes or adapting to daily

lifestyle of the foreign country. Nevertheless, in some cases, several factors caused stress in acculturation process: Culture shock; Difficulties in communication; New academic and social environment, and disappointment caused by failure academic success. Difference in daily diet; The feeling of loneliness; For the following cohort of exchange students we added one more activity: The exchange students from the

previous cohort shared their ‘study abroad story’ to the following ones. It was really effective and useful not only for those students who were going to start their studies abroad, but for the sharers of their mobility period stories as well. As far as, second wave of culture shock, which is similar to the first and has been called re-entry shock, may occur when the individual returns home and must readapt to the once taken-for-granted practices that can no longer be followed without question. Some have difficulties with the pace of life, the relative affluence around them, and the seemingly superficial values espoused by the mass media. Others are frustrated when their colleagues and friends seem uninterested in their intercultural experiences, which may have changed them profoundly, but instead want simply to fill them in on ‘what they missed’[1,319-320].

Judging from all, mentioned above, we believe that reaction to any kind of obstacles encountered on the different stages of the adaptation and acculturation is individual. However, in order to help our mobile students to get maximum benefit from their study abroad program, intercultural interventions at all three stages — before, during and after mobility period is essential and strongly recommended.

References

1. Myron W, Lustig, Jolene Koester— Intercultural Competence— Interpersonal Communications across Cultures. 6th ed, Pearson Education. Inc., 2010


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2. Williams Yalanda — Culture shock, definition, stages and examples, anthropology 101: General Anthropology / Social Science Courses, www.study.com retrieved on 27.05.2018.

3. WANG Ju-lan (Colleen) — A Case Study of Intercultural Interventions for Chinese University Students During Study Abroad Program in the University of Minnesota, Journal of Literature and Art Studies, March 2018, Vol. 8, No. 3, 457-464 doi: 10.17265/2159-5836/2018.03.015, retrieved on 30.04.2018.

4. Jackson, J. Intercultural learning on short-term sojourns. International Journal of Intercultural Education, (Special Issue), 2009, retrieved on 27.05.2018.

5. Hammer, M. R. Additional cross-cultural validity testing of the Intercultural Development Inventory. International Journal of International Relations, 35(4), 2011.

6. Marine Chitashvili — Health Problems of Mobile students (seminar materials), 18.05.2018. National Erasmus+ Office Georgia, http://erasmusplus.org.ge/en/news-events/seminari-mobiluri-studentebis-djanmrtelobis-problemebis-shesakheb/344, retrieved on 28. 05.2018.

I. Diakonidze

Significance of Intercultural Interventions for the Internationally Mobile Students

Summary

The article deals with the role and significance of Intercultural Interventions for the Internationally Mobile Students.

In recent decades, the interest towards exchange programs has been increasing in Georgia. However, the researches show that besides great deal of benefit students get from International mobility programs, there are some challenges they face during acculturation and adaptation process.

In this article we are touching upon those ‘side effects’ that is, issues that some (if not the majority) of International exchange students face during their period of academic mobility to another country.

We believes that in order to solve these issues, intercultural interventions at all three stages — before, during and after mobility period is essential and strongly recommended. i. diakoniZe

interkulturuli intervenciis mniSvneloba saerTaSoriso mobilobis studentisaTvis

reziume

statiaSi ganxilulia interkulturuli intervenciis mniSvneloba saerTaSoriso mobilo-

bis programis studentisaTvis. saqarTveloSi bolo ramodenime aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi sagrZnoblad gaizarda stu-

dentTa interesi saerTaSoriso mobilobisadmi. Tumca, kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom did sargebel-

Tan erTad, saerTaSoriso mobilobis programa studentebisaTvis garkveuli gamowvevebis mom-

tanicaa. akulturaciisa da adaptaciis procesSi isini dgebian rigi problemebis winaSe. winamdebare statiaSi Cven SevexebiT im problemebs, romlis winaSec dgeba saerTaSoriso

mobilobaSi monawile studentTa didi nawili ucxo qveyanaSi swavlis dros. migvaCnia, rom am problemebis mosagvareblad saWiro da aucilebelia interkulturuli

intervencia mobilobis yvela etapze: mobilobis dawyebamde, mobilobis ganmavlobaSi da misi dasrulebis Semdeg.


96

m. kldiaSvili

autizmis neirobiologiuri meqanizmebi

autizms uwodes 21-e saukunis epidemia. gavrcelebis done izrdeba katastrofulad —

14%iT weliwadSi. aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi daavadebuli bavSvebis raodenoba gaizarda 10-jer. literaturuli monacemebiT, daavadebuli biWebis raodenoba gogoebTan SedarebiT 3-4 metia. autizms uwodes civilizaciis axali daavadeba.

statistikuri monacemebiT, msoflioSi aRiricxeba 10 mln SemTxveva. mecnierebis progno-

ziT,2020 wlisaTvis daavaddeba planetis yoveli 30 -e macxovrebeli, Semdeg xuT weliwadSi ki- yoveli meore(1).

autizmi sakmaod farTo cnebaa. daavadebaTa am speqtrs,sakuTriv autizmis garda, ekuT-

vnis aspergeris sindromi, cnobili rogorc autizmis maRalfunqciuri damzogveli da SeRweva-

di ganviTarebis aSliloba. zogierTi Tvlis, rom autizmi ar aris daavadeba, mas gaaCnia garkveuli biologiuri bune-

ba. autizmiT ar SeiZleba daavadde da is ar ikurneba. aseTi ganviTarebiT adamiani ibadeba da cxovrobs siberemde. zogierTi maTgani gamoirCeva gansakuTrebuli niWiT,sxvas ki gaaCnia mkveTrad gamoxatuli siZneleebi da swavlis procesSi. mecnierebebis azriT arsebobs aSlilo-

bebis mTeli jgufi, romelsac uwodes-~austikuri speqtris aSlilobebi~. saerTaSoriso klasifikaciis mixedviT ~austikuri speqtris aSlilobebSi~-MKB-10 arCe-

ven Semdeg saxeobebs: 1. F84.0- bavSTa autizmi (autistikuri aSliloba, infantiluri autizmi, infantiluri

fsiqozi, kaneris sindromi); 2. F84.1-atipiuri autizmi; 3. F84.2-retis sindromi; 4. F84.5-aspergeris sindromi, autisturi fsiqopatia. autizmis gamovlenebis mravali saxeoba arsebobs, romelTa Soris yvelaze gavrcelebu-

lia adamianebTan kontaqtis damyarebis SeuZlebloba, gare samyarodan ukiduresi gamijvna da gamRizianeblebze susti reagireba, stereotipuli da interesebis sakmaod gamoxatuli SezRu-

duloba. gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, droulad dasmuli diagnozi mniSvnelovnad zrdis bavSvis Sem-

dgomi adaptaciis unars. dResdReobiT ar arsebobs mdgomareobis paTogenezis saerTo koncefcia, Tumca gamomwve-

vis mizezad SeiZleba CaiTvalos-genetikuri faqtori, paTologiuri fexmZimoba da mSobiaroba, Tavis qalas travmebi da garemo faqtorebi.

cnobilia autizmis simptomebis an midrekilebis gamomwvevi daaxloebiT 100 geni. 2014 wels Svedma mecnierebma (2) warmoadgines autizmis genetikuri modeli, romlis mi-

xedviT, TiTqmis naxevari autizmis gamomwvevi genebi farTod gavrcelebulia adamianebSi. axa-

li mutaciebi umniSvnelod zrdian SenTxvevebis raodenobas. aqedan gamomdinare,autizmis mi-

marT midrekileba da riski ganisazRvreba, uamravi adamianebisaTvis, saerTo genetikuri kodis variaciebiT. umetes SemTxvevaSi memkvidreobs ara autizmi, aramed midrekileba mis mimarT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom autizmTan dakavSirebuli genebi akodireben sinafsuri funqcionirebis maregulirebel cilebs: NLGN4X, NLGN3, NRXN1, ONTNAP2, SXANK3, SHANK2, kadgerinebis da kontaqtinis genebi. savaraudod, genuri anomaliebis xSiri Sedegia- sinafsuri gzebis gawyveta rac ganapirobebs autizms (3). aqve SeiZleba aRiniSnos amgznebi da Semakavebeli sinafsTa formi-

rebis monawile cilebi -neirolingvinebis jgufi. maTi kodireba mimdinareobs gen NLGN4X, rom-

lis Xp22.1 regionis deleciis dros adgili aqvs Semakavebeli sinafsebis ganviTarebas. rac See-

xeba CNNNAP2, mis poliformizms ukavSireben ganviTarebis raodenobriv maCvenebelTan -anu

bavSvis pirveli sityvis TqmasTan da autizmis gamovlenasTan. genebis SHANK2-3 regionSi mniS-

vnelovania mutaciebi ujredSorisi urTierTqmedebis, sinafsuri plastiurobis da dendritu-

li struqturis CamoyalibebisaTvis.


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interesmoklebuli ar aris naSromebi, sadac gamovlenilia ganviTarebis anomaliebi da simsuqne me- 16 qromosomaSi, deleciis dros (16p11.2) (4). igive qromosomaSi sawinaaRmdego sce-

nariT viTardeba movlenebi Sesabamisi genebis duplikaciis dros ( sxeulis masis daqveiTebis maRali riski). zogierTi monacemiT, didi delecia me-11 qromosomaSi asocirdeba autizmTan, yuradRebis deficitis sindromTan, hiperaqtiobasTan,simsuqnesTan. didi delecia me-15 qromo-

somaSi iwvevs prader-vilis sindroms, damaxasiaTebel gonivrul CamorCenas, zogjer-autizms. zogierTi monacemis Tanaxmad (5) saxifaToa virusuli dasneuleba, rogoricaa Herpes, ci-

tomegalovirusi da sx. genitaluri virusis magaliTze naCvenebia, rom bavSvis centralur ner-

vul sistemas azianebs ara infeqcia, aramed anTebiTi procesi-sapasuxo imunuri reaqcia. agreT-

ve dadginda analogiuri kavSiri autizmsa da grips Soris. autistebs gaaCniaT T-limfocitebis disbalansi, rac ganawyobs maTSi alergiebis da au-

toimunur aSlilobebisaken, agreTve aqveiTebs virusTa da sokovani infeqciis mimarT mdgra-dobas.rig SemTxvevaSi gaaCniaT mielinagresiuli antisxeulebi,rac iwvevs seriozul daavade-

bebs, rogoricaa gafantuli sklerozi. Rerovani ujredebis safuZvelze M.C.Marchetto TanamSromlebTan erTad Seqmna autizmis

modeli(6). aRsaniSnavia, rom bavSobis asakSi mimdinareobs autizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Ta-

vis tvinis swrafi zrda. specialuri meTodis gamoyenebiT, pluripotenturi Rerovani stadiis gavliT, gazardes neironTa populacia. aRmoCnda, rom maT gaaCniaT Zlieri gamravlebis unari normasTan SedarebiT. naCvenebia sinafsuri genebis da Sesabamisi cilebis eqspresiis daqveiTe-

ba. sinTezi. aqedan gamomdinare qveiTdeba neironTa impulsuri aqtivoba. praqtikulad yovel autists moSlili aqvs agzneba-Sekavebis balansi, rac iwvevs tvinis zeagznebas.

balansis darRveva, varaudoben dakavSirebulia molekulur procesebTan. nebismieri au-

tisti unikaluria, mas gaaCnia unikaluri bioqimia. cnobilia glutamatis roli nervuli sistemis ganviTarebaSi, kerZod diferencirebaSi,

citoarqiteqtonikaSi da TviTarsebobaSi. glutamatis koncentraciis momateba amJRavnebs toqsikur efeqts da moqmedebs nervuli boWkoebis mielinizaciis procesze. glutamatis kon-centraciis umvniSnelo cvlilebebic ki iwvevs kritikul movlenebs ganviTarebadi tvinis fun-

qcionirebaSi: qcevis da daswavlis umniSvnelo cvlilebebidan -autizmamde, yuradRebis defi-

citamde da arakontrolirebad agresiamde. glutamatis gavlena qcevaze mimdinareobs hipoTa-

lamusis da limburi sistemis meSveobiT. William Walsh-is( 7 ) monacemebiT autistebs darRveuli aqvT spilenZis da TuTiis Tanafar-

doba: aRiniSneba spilenZis Zalian didi da TuTiis Zalian dabali done. organizmSi am elemente-

bis kontrols axorcieleben metaloioninebi, e.i. vlindeba maTi ukmarisoba. autistis tvini mravali aspeqtiT gansxvavdeba ~neirotipiurisagan~. SesaZlebelia, mizezi iyos TeTri nivTie-

rebis didi raodenoba. cnobilia, 6dan-14 Tvemde bavSvebSi mimdinareobs sinafsebis swrafi zrda, SemdgomSi arasaWiro kavSirebi iSleba. iTvleba, rom aq irRveva ~daSlis~ procesi rac in-

formaciis gavrcelebis xelSemSvleli faqtoria. mizezad SeiZleba CavTvalod autofagiis darRveva, rac gamoiwvevs gadaWarbebuli sinafsebis SenarCunebas, ujredebSi Zveli da daziane-

buli nawilebiT gadatvirTvas (8). savaraudod, embriogenezis dros prefrontaluri qerqSi mimdinareobs neironTa gamrav-

leba. iTvleba, rom mokle monakveTebze daSorebul tvinis ubnebTan SedarebiT mravali neiron-

TaSorisi kavSiria. aRniSnuli monacemebi warmodgenen ~intensiuri samyaros~ Teoriis safuZ-

vels. Teoriis Tanaxmad, tvinis garkveul ubnebSi lokaluri hiperkavSirebi iwvevs gadaWarbul funqcionirebas, romelic, Tavis mxvriv-informaciis hiperaRqmas da Sesabamisad yuradRebis,da SegZnebis gadamuSavebis eqstremumis tolfasia. didi albaTobaa, rom geniosebis SesaZleblobe-

bi aixsneba am versiis mixedviT. Soreuli ubnebis susti kavSiri arTulebs Semosuli informaci-

is Semecnebas – Sesabamisad informaciis prioritetuli wyaros arCevas, rac swrafad gadatvir-

Tavs cnobierebas. amis gamo adamianebi cdiloben daeuflon sensorul gadatvirTvas, Sordebi-

an sociums an Rrmavdebian ganmeorebad qmedebaSi. ukanaskvneli exmareba stabilurobis Seg-

rZnebis SeqmnaSi da iWers garkveul CarCoebSi zedmetad ~gaferadebul~ samyaros mimarT. Teo-

ria warmoadgens garkveul interess, magram saWiroebs damatebiT Seswavlas. socialuri urTierTqmedebis darRveva warmoadgens autizmis ZiriTad Tvisebas. iqmneba


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STabeWdileba, rom autistebs ar ainteresebT socialuri miniSnebebi, an ar SeuZliaT maTi gage-

ba. mdgomareobis simZimis mixedvid ansxvaveben: sxva adamianTa saxis gamometyvelebis gaugeb-

lobas; agreTve autistebisTvis gaugebaria sarkazmi, ironia, sxvisi grZnobebi da TvalTaxedva. cnobilia saxeebis gamocnobis Tandayolili unari. iTvleba, rom nuSi, limburi sistemis

erT-erTi nawili, ToTo bavSvebSi aZlierebs am unars. amis Sedegad, vRebulobT farTo gamoc-

dilebas sxvadasxva saxeebis daTvalierebis dros. Tvalebis moZraobis dafiqsirebam gvaCvena, rom autistebs gaaCniaT daTvalierebis garkveuli sqema(9). isini nakleb dros andomeben saxee-

bis Seswavlas, an ZiriTadad aTvaliereben pirs da ara Tvalebs, janmrTelebTan SedarebiT. au-

tistebi arideben mzeras sxva adamianebis mzerisagan. asakis matebasTan erTad autistebis nuSi mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba(8). garkveul rols asrulebs aqtivobis daqveiTeba qveda frontalur xveulSi. sartyelisebri da kunZulis ubnebis disfunqciam SesaZloa gamoiwvios TanagrZnobis uunaroba, kuTxis xveulis sistemis aSlilobam ki -metyvelebis defeqtebi. autistebs aReniSne-

baT naTxemis da tvinis Reros struqturuli cvlilebebi. mikroskopuli monacemebis Tanaxmad, neironTa zomebi mkveTrad Semcirebulia hipokampSi, entoriul qerqSi, mamilarul sxeulebSi, nuSSi, kerZod naTxemSi Semcirebulia purkinies ujredebis raodenoba. tomografili monaceme-

biT vlindeba Sublis da safeTqlis wilebis Semcireba, liqvoris sivrceebis gafarToebasTan erTad gansakuTrebiT marcxena wilSi.

zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom mexsierebis formirebis problemebi, umaRlesi kognitu-ri finqciebis da socialuri komunikaciis unarebi nawilobrivad SeiZleba aixsnas ujredSiga receftorebis aqtivobiT (9).

zedapirul receptorebs SeaqvT garkveuli wili autizmis problemebSi.sainteresoa Sig-

niTa receftorebis mniSvneloba aRniSnuli mdgomareobis dros, Tanac maTi raodenoba mniSvne-

lovnad aRemateba analogiur gareT ganlagebul receptors.. SigniTa receptorebi cnobilia rogorc mGu-5-receptorebi. maTi aqtivacia mimdinareobs glutaminis mJavasTan dakavSirebis dros. es ukanaskneli Tavis tvinis yvelaze gavrcelebadi receptoria.igi erT-erTi pirvelia, romelic Rebulobs monawileobas mexsierebis da daswavlis procesebSi. dadgenilia Sinagani receftorebis didi cvalebadoba.maTi raodenobis kritikuli done gansazRvravas axali una-

rebis miRebas, mexsierebas. autistebis receptorebis done zezRurblovania. gamokvlevebis mi-

xedviT, es faqti mniSvnelovnad aqveiTebs ujredSoris komunikacias. zogierTi mkvlevari (10) autizmis mizezs xedavs ujredis energetikis disfunqciaSi. Tu

dafiqsirda mitoqondriebis disfunqcia mTel organizmSi, SesaZloa aRiniSvnos: ganviTarebis SezRudva, krunCxvebi, Sakiki,motorikis aSlilobebi, kunTovani sisuste da tkivilebi, ylapvis da saWmlis monelebis aSlilobebi, mxedvelobis da smenis aSlilobebi, midrekileba infeqcie-

bis mimarT, respiratoruli garTulebebi, agreTve autizmis niSnebi. zogierTis azriT autizmis mizezad SesaZloa CaiTvalos sensoruli sistemebis aSlilo-

bebi (11). autistebi gansxvavebulad amuSaveben informacias, e.i. sxvanairad aRiqvamen samyaros. maT gaaCniaT mTavari da aramniSvnelovani informaciis garCevis aspeqtSi- geStalt aRqmaSi problemebi. mraval adamians ar SeuZlia mTavarisa da aramniSvnelovanis gansxvaveba (12). am droulad maTTvis SeuZlebelia sxvadasxva grZnobaTa organoebidan mosuli informaciis ga-

filtvra da fragmenturi aRqma, Senelebuli gadamuSaveba, hipo- da hipermgrZnobeloba, senso-

ruli gadatvirTva. tvinis skanirebiT aRmoCnda anomaliebi TeTr nivTierebaSi. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani cvlilebebia ukana nawilebSi, romlebic dakavSirebulia smeniT, mxedvelobiT da somatosensorul aRqmasTan; aqve igulisxmeva hemisferoTa kavSirebi. TeTri nivTierebis anoma-

luri mikrostruqtura sensorul traqtebSi, SesaZloa, iwvevdes sensoruli informaciis wvdomis cvlilebas drois mixedviT: miRebuli informaciis gadamuSaveba da sxvadasxva grZno-

baTa organodan misi integracia rTuldeba an SeuZlebeli xdeba (13). autistebi SedarebiT ~mwvaved~ aRiqvamen zogierT bgeras da surnels. zogierT maTgans aRniSnuli Tviseba aZlevs warmatebul TviTrealizaciis unars xelovnebaSi an sxva dargSi.

bolo wlebSi mecnierebebis yuradRebas iwvevs ~sarkiseburi~ neironebis fenomeni, rom-

lebic reagireben mxolod garkveul qmedebaze stimulis modalobis gareSe : roca subieqti TviTon moqmedebs, roca xedavs qmedebas an esmis qmedebis Sesaxeb. G. Rizzolatti-s azriT (14) ~sar-

kiseburi~ sistemebi arsebobs Tavis tvinis yvela ganyofilebaSi. isini ganicdian aqtivacias qme-


99

debis winaswar prognozirebis dros, emociuri TanagrZnobisa an mogonebisas. eleqtroencefalografiuli gamokvlevebiT dadginda (15), rom adamianis nebiTi qmedebis

dros an Tu igive qmedebas asrulebs sxva pirovneba aRiniSneba miu-riTmis daTrgunva autistSi es movlena ar vlindeba. ramaCandranis da altSuleris azriT aRniSnuli movlena SesaZloa gax-

des ~sarkiseburi~ neironebis aqtivobis martivi, sarwmuno da sando meTodi. garkveul interess iwvevs ~audiovizualuri sarkiseburi neironebi~. jgufi ganlagebu-

lia tvinis F5 zonaSi, romelic kavSirSia brokas centrTan. maTi agzneba fiqsirdeba moZraobiTi qmedebis dakvirvebis dros, romelic bgerTa SesabamisobaSia. gamokvlevebiT naCvenebia, rom mosmenili saubris paralelurad ~sarkiseburi~ neironebis meSeobiT mimdinareobs brokas cen-

tris CarTva. monacemebi miRebulia eleqtroencefalografiis da funqciuri magnitorezonan-

suli tomografiis saSualebiT. 2003-2009 wlebSi aSS jamrTelobis nacionaluri institutis mier programa CHARGE-is

farglebSi Catarebuli gamokvleviT gamovlinda

autizmis riskis ganviTarebis albaToba, Tu fexmZime qali cxovrobs Cqarosnul trasas-

Tan axlos;

aRiniSneba kavSiri autizmsa da haeris satransporto gamonabolqvs Soris;

ar gamovlinda kavSiri autizmsa da sisxliSi vercxliswylis dones Soris;

autizmis done izrdeba 7jer, Tu garkveuli genebis mflobeli deda ar Rebulobs prena-

talur vitaminebs,

SesaZloa, rom foliumis mJavis miRebam fexmZimobis dros Seamciros autizmis ganviTa-

rebis albaToba;

fexmZime qalis maRalsicxiani daavadebebi zrdian autizmis risks. miuxedavad Catarebuli msoflios gamokvlevebis, sakiTxi iTxovs Rrmad Cawvdomas aRniS-

nuli problemis mimarT. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom ase farTod gavrcelebuli autizmi warmoadgens evoluciuri

ganviTarebis axal gzas an involucias. ukanaskvneli friad mniSvnelovania mciredricxovani erebisaTvis.

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi 1. Flsabbah M. et al. Global prevalence of autism and other pervasive divelopmental disorders./Autism Res. 2012;

5(3): 169-79; 2. Trent Gaugler et al. Population-Based Autism Genetics and Environment Study (PaGES) Consortium, report on

their findings in a unique Swedish sample // Nature Genetics, July 20. 2014; 3. Freitag C.M. The genetics of autistic disorders and its clinical relevance: a reviev of the literature//Mol.

Psychiatry.2007. Vol.12. N1. P2-22/; 4. Carrie Arnold// Weighing up autism s obesity criss//https://www.spectrum news. Org./features/deep-dive; 5. Pardo C. et al.//immunity, neuroglia and neuroinflammation in autism//Int. Rev. Psychiatry. 2005 Dec; 17(6); 485-

95; 6. Marchetto M.C.,et al.//Altered proliferation and networcs in neural cells derived from idiopatic autistic

individuals//Molecular Psychiatry 22, 820-835 (2017)-9.05-2018; 7. Walsh W.The Biochemistry of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Kenote address: Arms Global Autism Conference.

Brisbane, Australia 2006; 8. Marco E. et al.//Abnormal white matter microstructure in children with sensory processing disordess//

Neuolmage::Clinical,2:844-853; 9. Amaral D.G. et al./Neuroanatomy of autism./Trends Neurosci., 2008,31, 137-1459; 10. Carolyn A. Purget et ai.//Intracellular mGluR5 can Mediate Synaptic Plasticity in the Hippocampus//Jornal of

Neuroscience 26 March 2014 34 (13) 4589-4598; 11. Kazuhide Hayakava et al.// Transfer of mitohondria from astrocytes no neurons after stroke// Nature 535 551-

555,28 July 2016; 12. Bogdashina o./Sensory perceptual issues in autism and Asperger syndrome.Different sensory experiences-

different perceptual word.N.Y.: Jessika Kingsley.2003; 13. Baron-Cohen S., et al.//The amygdala theory of autism//Neuroscience and Biohavioral Rev.//2000, 24:355-361;


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14. Paula Krakowiak et al.//Understanding environmental contributions to autism: Causal concepts and the state of science/ Autism Res., 2018 Apr 23,11(4): 534-581;

15. Rizzolatti G. et al.:Mirrors in the Mind. Scientific American Band 295,N5, November 2006, 30-37.

m. kldiaSvili

autizmis neirobiologiuri meqanizmebi

reziume

autizmiT daavadebul individebs axasiaTebT socialuri intereqciis, verbaluri da ara-

verbaluri komunikaciis deficiti. maT aReniSnebaT SezRudvebi qcevis stereotipul modelSi. aseve, SeiZleba axasiaTebdeT Tanamdevi aSlilobebi, gonebrivi defeqtebis, Setevebis da mRel-

varebis CaTvliT. autopsiis da struqturul magneturi rezonansis Sedegebze warmoebulma kvlevam cxadyo frontaluri wilebis nuSisebri jirkvlis da naTxemis paTologia autizmiT da-

avadebul individebSi. M. Kldiashvili

Neurobiological Mechanisms of Autism

Summary

Autism spectrum disorder is a heterogenious behaviorally defined. Individuals with autism have deficites in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and have restricted of stereotyped patterns of behavior. They might also have co-morbid disorders including intellectual impairment, seuzures and anxiety. Postmortem and structural magnetic resonanse imaging studies have highlighted the frontal lobes, amygdala and cerebellum as pathological in autism.


101

N. LOMSADZE, N. BOCHORISHVILI

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE THE NEW INTERFACE IN LANGUAGE TEACHING

More people learn English through technology than by any other means. Out of 1.5 billion English language learners across the globe, only a fraction has the resources or access to learn the language through formal teaching. Just as the global reach of English has been accelerated by online services, so has its effect on learning. Most of this is informal learning, which in practice is how most of us learn most things.

One of the most important aspects of technology in education is its ability to level the field of opportunity for students. [4]

Technology can be a powerful tool for transforming learning. It can help affirm and advance relationships between educators and students, reinvent our approaches to learning and collaboration, shrink long-standing equity and accessibility gaps, and adapt learning experiences to meet the needs of all learners.

Our schools, community colleges, adult learning centers and universities should be incubators of exploration and invention. Educators should be collaborators in learning, seeking new knowledge and constantly acquiring new skills alongside their students. Education leaders should set a vision for creating learning experiences that provide the right tools and supports for all learners to thrive.

However, to realize fully the benefits of technology in our education system and provide authentic learning experiences, educators need to use technology effectively in their practice. Furthermore, education stakeholders should commit to working together to use technology to improve our education. These stakeholders include leaders; teachers, faculty, and other educators; researchers; policymakers; funders; technology developers; community members and organizations; and learners and their families.

To remain globally competitive and develop engaged citizens, our schools should contribute 21st century competencies and expertise throughout the learning experience. These include the development of critical thinking, complex problem solving, collaboration, and adding multimedia communication into the teaching of traditional academic subjects. In addition, learners should have the opportunity to develop a sense of agency in their learning and the belief that they are capable of succeeding in school.[2]

AI (artificial intelligence) is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. These processes include learning (the acquisition of information and rules for using the information), reasoning (using the rules to reach approximate or definite conclusions) and self-correction. Particular applications of AI include expert systems, speech recognition and machine vision. Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science that aims to create intelligent machines. It has become an essential part of the technology industry.

Research associated with artificial intelligence is highly technical and specialized. The core problems of artificial intelligence include programming computers for certain traits such as: Knowledge, Reasoning, Problem solving, Perception, Learning, Planning, and Ability to manipulate and move objects.

Knowledge engineering is a core part of AI research. Machines can often act and react like humans only if they have abundant information relating to the world. Artificial intelligence must have access to objects, categories, properties and relations between all of them to implement knowledge engineering. Initiating common sense, reasoning and problem-solving power in machines is a difficult and tedious task. Machine learning is also a core part of AI. Learning without any kind of supervision requires an ability to identify patterns in streams of inputs, whereas learning with adequate supervision involves classification and numerical regressions. Classification determines the category an object belongs to and regression deals with obtaining a set of numerical input or output examples, thereby discovering functions enabling the generation of suitable outputs from respective inputs. Machine perception deals with the capability to use sensory inputs to deduce the different aspects of the world, while computer vision is the power to analyze visual inputs with a few sub-problems such as facial, object and gesture recognition. [6]

Today, millions of people study second languages yet fail to achieve speaking proficiency, mainly due to a lack of comprehensible input, proper orientation or both. We believe that AI can play a profound role in delivering these two critical components. AI is a powerful technology has begun to engage an entire generation of new language learners.

A new kid on the online block, that promises to revolutionise the online teaching of English, is Artificial Intelligence (AI). Advances in Natural Language Processing (NLP) mean that learners can have a frictionless interface with language content through voice. Amazon Alexa and Google Home are consumer devices that you can speak to and that speak back.

"Artificial Intelligence systems will start to become virtually invisible, as we rely on AI for more and more tasks, they will rapidly become as familiar as all the other technologies we interact with every day. This growing reliance on


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AI will lead to artificial intelligence being accepted as natural," said Dr. Joseph Reger, Fujitsu Fellow, and Chief Technical Officer EMEIA. [1]

Glossika, a linguistics company, says it’s using artificial intelligence (AI) to speed up language learning by increasing or decreasing the learner's exposure to patterns depending on their feedback. In this approach, the language learning process is based on repetition of phrase patterns that show the relationships between words which eliminates the traditional method of vocabulary and grammar repetition. And in early December 2017, two AI systems were able to teach themselves any language known to man.

A linguistics company is using AI to shorten the time it takes to learn a new language. It takes about 200 hours, using traditional methods, to gain basic proficiency in a new language. This AI-powered platform claims it can teach from beginner to fluency in just a few months – through once-daily 20 minute lessons.

Learning a new language is hard. Some people seem to pick up new dialects with ease, but for the rest of us it’s a trudge through rote memorization. A never-ending stream of flashcards and nouns might not be the optimum learning experience for everyone.

According to Glossika CEO Michael Campbell, there’s a better way. He says Glossika’s proprietary machine learning algorithms mean there’s ~no need for language experts to figure out what to teach in what order – our AI figures out the complexity and sorting of any language automatically.~

The platform, which works in-browser on computer or mobile, features customizable lessons that take around 10 to 20 minutes. Users are advised to get a full night’s rest inbetween lessons — there’s no powering through a week’s worth of material to ‘level up’ or anything like that.

Glossika gets you speaking in patterns right from the beginning. When familiar with Glossika, users find that acquiring any language is so much easier and intuitive. This is just like how immigrant children show up in a classroom and end up speaking the language in a few months.

Encourage your learners to download AI-powered apps that adapt their teaching based on each learner’s progress. For example, they can practise and improve their pronunciation with the English Language Speech Assistant.

Turn vocabulary learning into a game that adapts based on your learners’ actions. Create adaptive exercises for your older learners (13+) with ~Memrise~, or choose from dozens of existing exercises.

Keep learners motivated with their revision. Create a study set on Quizlet or get learners to create their own sets. When your learners access the set and add the date of the exam, Quiz let builds an adaptive study plan and adjusts the questions to make sessions harder or easier based on each learner’s study patterns. Currently available on iOS; Beta testing on Android.

The Google Translate mobile app uses your phone’s camera to translate posters and signs all around you. Get learners to download the app, and then send them around the school to see how it translates signs into English! Have a feedback session to discuss what the correct language for the signs should be. [3]

The world is becoming smaller thanks to technology at-large. And while innovative gadgets that translate for you in real time are great, there’s nothing quite like being able to carry on a conversation in a different language with confidence.

AI can create as it destroys, however. We may be able to learn faster and more efficiently at scale, for the one non-scalable component in learning is the warm-bodied, human teacher. Technology has already provided the media and context for language learning without teachers. AI is also likely to provide teaching technology that is always on and finely tuned to the needs of every individual learner on a massive and unlimited scale. Technology may, at some point, even obviate the need to ‘learn’ a new language. It may be simply and quickly acquired as a skill. Resistance, as they say, is futile.

Our take here at The Digital Teacher is that teaching is certainly changing in the world of AI, but that the future is in our own hands. It is up to teachers themselves to learn how to weave technology into their profession.

References

1. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jenniferhicks/2017/12/30/the-role-of-artificial-intelligence-and-language/#40e712c9530b;

2. 2017, u.s. Department Of Education http://tech.ed.go; 3. https://thedigitalteacher.com/blog/how-ai-will-reboot-language-learning#profile. Donald Clark; 4. (John King, U.S. Secretary of Education); 5. www.wikipedia.org; 6. https://www.techopedia.com/definition/190/artificial-intelligence-ai.


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N. Lomsadze, N. Bochorishvili

Artificial Intelligence the New Interface in Language Teaching

Summary

The article deals with the use of Artificial Intelligence as the New Interface in Language Teaching. Modern technologies can be a powerful tool for transforming learning. More people learn English through technology than by any other means. To remain globally competitive and develop citizens, our schools, universities should weave 21st century competencies and expertise throughout the learning experience. These include the development of critical thinking, complex problem solving, collaboration, and adding multimedia communication into the teaching of traditional academic subjects. Today, hundreds of millions of people study second languages yet fail to achieve speaking proficiency, mainly due to a lack of comprehensible input, proper orientation or both. We believe that AI can play a profound role in delivering these two critical components. AI is a powerful technology has begun to engage an entire generation of new language learners.

n. lomsaZe, n. boWoriSvili

xelovnuri inteleqti, axali interfeisi enis swavlebaSi

reziume

statiaSi ganxilulia xelovnuri inteleqtis gamoyeneba enis swavlebis procesSi. Tana-

medrove teqnologiebi SeiZleba iyos Zlieri instrumenti swavlis transformirebisaTvis. ga-cilebiT meti adamini swavlobs inglisur enas teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT vidre nebismieri sxva saSualebiT. Tu gvinda viyoT konkurentunariani Tanamedrove globalizaciis pirobebSi, xeli unda SeuwyoT Cveni moqalaqeebis kvalifikaciis amaRlebas da amasTan, universitetebma da skolebma Tavi unda gaarTvan 21 saaukunis gamowvevebs da Sesabamisad dagegmon da gamoiyenon mTeli rigi saswavlo meTodebi. maT Sorisaa kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTareba, kompleqsuri problemis gadawyveta, TanamSromloba da multimediuri komunikacis CarTuloba tradiciul akademiuri sagnebis swavlebisas. dRes milionobiT adamiani cdilobs ucxo enebis Seswavlas, magram ver axerxebs saubris aTvisebas, radgan ar arsebobs saTanado praqtika saubris srulyo-

fisaTvis. Cven gvjera, rom xelovnuri inteleqts SeuZlia didi roli Seasrulos am or kritikul

komponentSi. xelovnuri inteleqti aris Zlieri teqnologia, romelsac arsebiTad dadebiTi

zegavlena eqneba enis Seswavlis procesSi.


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N. LOMSADZE, N. BOCHORISHVILI

EDMODO A SOCIAL NETWORKING TEACHING WEBSITE

WITHIN TRADITIONAL APPROACH

Teaching today’s generation calls for a change in education approach from conventional to a more comprehensive, communicative and technological way. In the past, learning simply meant face-to-face lectures, reading books or printed handouts. It was considered impossible without classrooms, books and chalkboards. Today, technology has played a major role in the field of education especially with the emergence of the World-Wide Web. The Internet has become an increasingly important feature of the learning environment for student.

One of the emerging trends in Distance Learning is the use of Computer Assisted Language Learning(CALL) where the learners are taught using software programmes.It is believed that the CALL environment creates situations that stimulate interest, allows dialogue and communication, enhances reactivity, fosters a sense of personal worth, facilitates collaboration among students working together, permits rich learning experiences for all students and strengthens communication skills.[1] Web technologies are known to become an indispensable constituent of learning the process. Teachers, children, and parents use a wide range of applications to develop a diverse learning environment and improve participation, feedback, and interactivity.

One of the newest applications which are currently used in learning foreign languages is Edmodo. It is a network platform which enables students and teachers to share educational applications and content, connect and collaborate with each other, and access notifications, grades, homework, and class discussions [4]. Although Edmodo has several limitations and raises some relevant issues, it is still regarded as a useful tool in learning English. Edmodo is a social networking website similar to Face book, however exclusively designed with a specific didactic purpose and for exclusive users. The teacher is the administrative head of the group whereas the students and parents are the members. Like Facebook Teachers can invite students into private groups, and can post assignments, quizzes and polls for the students. The students can thus, solve the tasks given by the teacher and parents can view their wards’ performance.[3] Edmodo offers a wide array of advantages to its users. It is the greatest challenge for a teacher to meet the varied needs of learners in a classroom. Edmodo seems to solve this problem by allowing tutors to post homework online, thus helping to differentiate it. Differentiation of the tasks helps students to study effectively whereas the teachers can monitor their progress through testing, quizzes, and polls. Edmodo poll is a tool which is used by the teachers to examine what skills should be developed – reading, writing, listening, or speaking. [2] This knowledge allows planning homework assignments regarding students` needs. [5]

This application is free to use. The teachers have to register and create a domain for their university. The site is beneficial as the administrators are empowered to send links, alerts, notes, and polls to the school, class, teachers, and parents. The events and reminders can be added to the calendar that can be viewed by both students and educators. [7] Edmodo is an application which has been designed for Windows, IOS, and Android and can be easily downloaded from Apple or Google store. It increases the mobility of the learning process as students and teachers get an opportunity to participate in activities, regardless of the location.

Benefits Safe, closed network: students don't have to include personal information in profile It's free! Sharing digital media such as blogs, links, videos, documents, notes, presentations etc.. Students can participate in online discussions Teachers can expand their PLN (Personal Learning Network) Friendly to the environment. Saves paper! Students have a real audience for their work The calendar keeps all homework organized for teachers and students Can create connections with other students from different schools, states, or cultures Teachers can differentiate instruction by creating subgroups of students After posting their work, students can receive feedback and suggestions There are text alerts to remind students of big assignments Teachers can give students positive reinforcement privately Parents can stay connected by viewing their child's work and grades


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Parents and teachers can message one another Can conduct online polls Students can upload homework assignments Teachers can give feedback and post grades [8] Finally, Edmodo aims at involving the community in the learning process. For this reason, it ensures that parents

can become a part of educational process. It is possible for them to create parent accounts and get access to assignments and grades of their children. They are also allowed to communicate directly with the teachers. The tutors also get an opportunity to inform the parents about the forthcoming events, missed assignments, and students` progress. The online platform has archives which allow reviewing the materials later if it is necessary. [6]

Edmodo as an intervention has the potential to produce promising results on students’ self � efficacy. We need to look into all options available for the students of today because 21st century skills need to be cultivated in shaping future world citizens. Participants manifested their support after experiencing first � hand what Edmodo can do.

Edmodo is a great tool, very simple to use and with huge amounts of potential. It enables learners in context where English isn’t much-used to use English between classes and consolidate learning done in class in interactive, hopefully motivating ways. [9]

Presence of technology does not ensure equity and accessibility in learning; it has the power to lower barriers to both in ways previously impossible. No matter their perceived abilities or geographic locations, all learners can access resources, experiences, planning tools, and information that can set them on a path to acquiring expertise unimaginable a generation ago. Technology allows greater communication, resource sharing, and improved practice so that the vision is owned by all and dedicated to helping every individual in the system improve learning for students. It is a time of great possibility and progress for the use of technology to support learning.[11]

Having only traditional face to face teaching interaction is not enough for students in learning English especially for EFL learners. Teachers should think another learning platform which enables teachers and students to have another learning instruction outside classroom. Edmodo, as proved by many researchers, can be an alternative online learning platform to be used in the classroom. Many researches showed that Edmodo can be one of effective solutions for blended learning. By utilizing Edmodo, teachers can post supporting materials, assignment, and quizzes online without having face to face interaction. These activities will help both teachers and students to maximize the quality of classroom instruction. While the students can benefit from the personal communication brought in by classroom and face-to- face interaction, the collaborative environment provided by Edmodo ensures that knowledge is no longer contained in places defined by geography and can be shared and viewed transparently (Kathiri, 2015). To sum up, Edmodo, as the alternative solution of blended learning can be used effectively if university, teachers, students, and parents work together to achieve goals in learning.

References 1. (Borras 1993; Pennington 1995, 1996; Cameron 1999; Hardisty et al. 1989; Inoue 1999; Kohn et al. 1997; Powell

1998); 2. KhatunaKumelashvili, ~Teaching Foreign Language by Using Technology – Virtual Classroom Edmodo,~ Online

Journal of Humanities 1, no. 1 (2016); 3. Mrs.Shraddha.A.Deshpande Assistant Professor and Head Department of English Dharampeth M.P.Deo Memorial

Science College, Nagpur,33.; 4. Teresa Fernández-Ulloa, ~Teaching with Social Networks: Facebook, Twitter and,~California State University,

2013: 46.; 5. Journal of technology for elt Volume 7 — Number 2 (April — June 2017) ISSN (Online): 2231-4431; 6. Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center, ~Collaborative Learning with Edmodo: An Effective

Language Teacher Training Tool,~ DLIFLC, 2011; 7. Tran Ngoc Giang and Nguyen van Minh, ~Edmodo – a New Effective Blended Learning; 8. https://edmodo-in-the-classroom.wikispaces.com/Benefits; 9. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311571022–edmodo–an–effective–solution–to–blended–learning–for–

efl–learners; 10. Solution,~ Leadership and Management in Higher Education for Sustainable Development, 2014:

https://sites.google.com/site/journaloftechnologyforelt/archive/v7-n2/4; 11. Reimaginig the Role of technology in Education: 2017 National Education Technology plan Update. U.S.

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION. http://tech.ed.gov.


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N. Lomsadze, N. Bochorishvili

Edmodo a social networking teaching website within traditional approach

Summary

The rapid development of science and technology such as multimedia technology has offered a better tool to

explore the new teaching method. In fact, multimedia technology has played an important role in English language teaching, especially, in the non-native speaking English situations. The paper has focused on the use of Edmodo- a social networking website as a complimentary ICT tool for traditional learning. Edmodo can be a good pedagogical devise which can arouse curiosity, enhance motivation and improve the learning process. Edmodo increases the mobility of the learning process as students and teachers get an opportunity to participate in activities, regardless of the location.

n. lomsaZe, n. boWoriSvili

edmodo socialuri qseli tradiciuli swavlebis WrilSi

reziume

mecnierebis da teqnologiis swrafma ganviTarebam, rogoricaa multimediuri teqnolo-

giebi, SemogvTavaza enis swavlebaSi axali midgoma. statiaSi ganxilulia (Edmodo) ~edmodo~ socialuri qselis vebsaiti, sakomunikacio teq-

nologiebis tradiciuli swavlebis procesSi gamoyenebiis specifika. edmodo SeiZleba iyos kargi pedagogiuri saswavlo instrumenti, romelsac SeuZlia gamoiwvios daintereseba, gaaZli-

eros motivacia da gaaumjobesos saswavlo procesi. edmodo zrdis swavlis procesis mobilo-

bas, radgan studentebs da pedagogebs saSualeba aqvT monawileoba miiRon aqtivobebSi, miuxe-

davad adgilmdebareobisa CaerTon da miiRon Sesabamisi ukukavSiri, rac aucilebel faqtors warmoadgens enis Seswavlis procesSi.


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T. MERABISHVILI, I. IOSELIANI

FIGURATIVE PARADIGMS IN CONTEMPORARY SPEECHMAKING

While studies suggest that figurative, or non-literal, meanings are automatically activated in single language users, little is known about how language proficiency may influence the automaticity of non-literal meaning activation. An interference paradigm (Glucksberg, Gildea & Bookin, 1982)

was used in which participants were to judge the literal truth or falsity of statements of the form Some Xs are Ys. Judgments on this task are typically slower to statements that, though literally false, are metaphorically true (e.g., Some lawyers are sharks, Politicians are wolves ), suggesting that metaphorical meanings are non-optionally activated (at least in single language users).

For inspiring, for motivation we should use figurative language. Figures of speech make messages more vivid, memorable, and emotional interesting. We don’t always use figures of speech in our everyday language because they require thought and planning. In fact, at times, using a rhetorical tool may even seen repetitive or some what awkward when written. However, when speaking, figurative language can make the difference between capturing the attention of your audience and putting them to sleep. Perhaps most importantly, figures of speech can help you to make the emotional connection you need to inspire a skeptical audience embraced a new idea. They’re a powerful persuasive tool to get your audience to act on your call to action. Moreover, speech is the effective form of communication between human and environment. Speech also has potential of being important mode of interaction with computer. Normally speaker recognition consists of speaker verification and speaker identification. Speaker identification is the process of determining which registered speaker provides a given input sample. Speakers verification is the process of accepting or rejecting the identity claim of a speaker. On the other hand, the speech recognition system deals with the following challenges such as speech representation, feature extraction techniques, speech classifiers, databases and performance evaluation.

In this article, we'll highlight the main branches of the tree, or "the big five." In truth, this is only scratching the surface. There are waves of other literary devices that color our writing, (speech) including alliteration, onomatopoeia, idioms, irony, oxymorons, puns, synecdoche, and more. As a starting point, let's have some fun with the ones you're most likely to come across in your daily readings.

Types of figurate language are: metaphor metaphors, simile, metonym personification, symbol. She's drowning in a sea of grief. (Metaphor) Drain the swamp (Metaphor) I move fast like a cheetah on the Serengeti. (Simile) The sky misses the sun at night. (Personification) I’ve told you a million times to clean your room! (Hyperbole) She was living her life in chains. (Symbolism — Chains are a symbol of oppression of entrapment.) Contemporary research on figurative language has claimed that understanding metaphor is essentially identical

to understanding literal Cognitive Linguistics (8-3 (1997), Walter de Gruyter Brought). The conceptual metaphor view claims that linguistic meaning is based on embodied experience (Lakoff &

Johnson, 1980; Lakoff & Turner, 1989). In this view, embodied experience (e.g., seeing our body as a container) shapes language and thought and, through conceptual metaphors, meanings of words and phrases are constrained, which allows for the immediate understanding of linguistic expressions (Gibbs, 2003). Thus, embodied experience is the groundwork on which the conceptual metaphor view is built. Gibbs (2003) reviews some of the cognitive linguistic work on embodiment that illustrates how metaphor characterizes how we think. Via the embodied experience of containment and the conceptual metaphor ANGER IS HEATED FLUID UNDER PRESSURE, for example, it is possible to understand figurative expressions such as blowing his stack, exploding, flipped her lid, or making someone’s blood boil as characterizations of anger. One drawback of this model is that there is no direct empirical evidence that knowledge structures in the form of conceptual metaphors are, in fact, accessed prior to arriving at a figurative interpretation (Gibbs, 2003). Let’s see simile as a sample:

Simile- the comparison of two elements, where each maintains its own identity. For example : ~ My love is like a red, red rose’. Here a person compared to a flower in a way that suggests they have certain features in common.

Metonym — the use of a part to represent a whole, or the use one item for another with which it has become associated. For example, in the news headline ~ Palace Shocked by Secret Photos~, The palace stands for the royal family and their aids.


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Personification – the description of a nonhuman force or object in terms of a person or living thing. For example, ~The gnarled branches clawed at the clouds.~ Here, the tree branches are given the characteristics of grasping hands.

Symbol – The substitution of one element for another as a matter of convention rather than similarity. For example, in the biblical story of Adam and Eve, the serpent is used as a symbol of temptation. In the ceremonies of the modern Olympics, white doves symbolizes peace and freedom. language, since words and meanings are associated purely by convention.

Figurative language refers to words, and groups of words, that exaggerate or alter the usual meanings of the component words. Figurative language may involve analogy to similar concepts or other contexts, and may involve exaggerations. These alternations result in figurating of speech. For example, the sentence ~ The ground is thirsty~ is partly figurative: ~Ground~ has a literal meaning, but the ground is not alive and therefore neither need to drink not feels thirsty. Listener immediately rejects a literal interpretation and confidently interpret the words to mean ~ the ground is dry~, an analogy to the condition that would trigger thirst in an animal.

We are continually using language to express unique meanings, about unique states of affairs and relationships, in unique ways. While language has a range of ‘ready made’ schemas, or linguistic units which can be combined to express a certain range of scenarios we may wish to refer to and describe, these necessarily underdetermine the mutability of human experience. As Langacker puts it, ~linguistic convention cannot provide a fixed, unitary expression for every conceivable situation that a speaker might wish to describe~ (1987: 278). Accordingly, the linguistic units employed by language users can only ever partially sanction (in Langacker’s e.g., 2000 terms) the situated way in which they are used. Language use involves solving a co-ordination problem, in which language users must employ non-

conventional co-ordination strategies and devices (Croft 2000). Language users employ the conventional repertoire of linguistic units, including patterns of assembling linguistic units (such as 10 word order conventions, which are themselves linguistic units), in non-conventional ways.

Empirical studies of figurative language processing have been characterized by two different theoretical positions with respect to the role of figurative language in linguistic expression or conceptualization. An early prevailing view regarded literal forms of language as central, with non-literal forms serving essentially stylistic or pragmatic functions (Grice, 1975).In contrast, an alternative view (e.g., Lakoff & Turner, 1980; Gibbs, 1994) claims that non-literal forms of language are central to linguistic expression and thought and regards these forms as autonomous, i.e., non-derivative from literal meaning. In the former view, figurative language is characterized as an additional layer of meaning that embellishes the literal level (Billow, 1977) but is not crucial to conveying the central meaning, which was thought to be sufficiently represented by a literal level. Consistent with this view of figurative language as peripheral, early models of figurative language comprehension, such as the standard pragmatic model (Grice, 1975; Searle, 1979), posited that each utterance is initially analyzed for its literal meaning and that only when a literal meaning is unavailable or otherwise inappropriate contextually is a non-literal meaning sought. In the standard view, then, figurative language comprehension occurs only after an interlocutor has considered (and rejected) a possible literal interpretation. Another implication of the standard pragmatic model is that the processing of figurative meaning is thought to be optional, rather than obligatory.

Students can capture and remember figurative language more easily in natural language settings as they relate the figurative language to their real life (Devet, 1988). Hammerberg (2004) recommends teachers help students identify what resources or knowledge they already possess to understand the figurative text.

Figurative language is a world or phrase that cannot be taken literally. Figurative language is used to describe things, people, or ideas

Common reasons to use figurative language: for comparison for emphasis or stress to make something clear to say something in a new way to help the reader/listener form a picture in their mind to make a story or poem exciting Regardless of the type of word we use, figurative language can make you look at the world differently, it can

higher your sense, add expression and emphasis. With each brush stroke across the canvas a painter adds depth to their masterpiece. Figurative language isn’t mean to convey literal meanings, and often it compares one concept with another in order to make the first concept easier to catch. However, it links the two ideas or concepts with the goal of influencing the audience to understand the link, even if does not exist.


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References

1. Ariel, M. (2002). The demise of a unique concept of literal meaning. Journal of Pragmatics, 34(4), 361-402; 2. Billow, R. M. (1977). Metaphor: A review of the psychological literature. Psychological, Bulletin, 84(1), 81-92; 3. Devet, B. (1988). Stressing figures of speech in freshman composition. College Composition and Communication,

39, 67-69. ERIC EJ 371897; 4. Grice, P. H. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole and J. Morgan (Eds.), Speech acts. syntax and semantics

(Vol. 3, pp. 41-58). New York: Academic Press; 5. Glucksberg, S., Gildea, P., & Bookin, H. B. (1982). On understanding nonliteral speech: Can people ignore

metaphors. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 21, 85-98; 6. Gibbs, R. W., Jr., (2003). Embodied experience and linguistic meaning. Brain and Language, 84,1-15; 7. Hammerberg, D. D. (2004). Comprehension instruction for socioculturally diverse classrooms: A review of what

we know. The Reading Teacher, 57, 648-658; 8. Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 9. Searle, J. (1979). Expression and meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. T. Merabishvili, I. Ioseliani

Figurative Paradigms in Contemporary Speechmaking

Summary

Figurative language refers to words, and groups of words, that exaggerate or alter the usual meanings of the component words. Figurative language may involve analogy to similar concepts or other contexts, and may involve exaggerations. These alternation result in figurating of speech. For example, the sentence ~The ground is thirsty~ is partly figurative: ~Ground~ has a literal meaning, but the ground is not alive and therefore neither needs to drink not feels thirsty. For inspiration, for motivation we should use figurative language. Figures of speech make messages more vivid, memorable, and emotionally interesting. We don’t always use figures of speech in our everyday language because they require thought and planning. In fact, at times, using a rhetorical tool may even seen repetitive or some what awkward when written. Students can capture and remember figurative language more easily in natural language settings as they relate the figurative language to their real life (Devet, 1988). T. merabiSvili, i. ioseliani

Tanamedrove metyvelebis figuraluri paradigmebi

reziume

meoreuli nominacia exeba sityvebs an sityvaTSeTanxmebebs, romelic figuralurad cvlis

leqsikur erTeulebs.es procesi analogiur konceptebsa da konteqstebs moicavs da sityvaTa mniSvnelobebs met mxatvrulobas aniWebs.figuraluri ena inspiraciisa da motivaciis saukeTe-

so saSualebaa.tropuli metyveleba metad cocxali, STambeWdavi da emociuria. mxatvruli sa-

Sualebebi sasaubro enaSi naklebad gamoiyeneba,radgan igi azrovnebisa da intenciis Sede-

gia.faqtobrivad,ritorikuli metyveleba zogjer araoriginaluri da trafaretulic ki aris werilobiT teqstebSi.studentebisTvis ufro martivad gamosayenebelia realuri cxovrebas-

Tan dakavSirebuli mxatvruli saSualebebi.


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T. MERABISHVILI, I. IOSELIANI

CONTEMPORARY CHANGES OF EDUCATION IN MODERN SOCIETY

Niko Nikoladze as our enlightener, requested that the teaching and training process as a mutual one should be

based on the unity of theory and practice. Before getting particular education, young generation should receive general education in order not to become ~ a simple blind executioner~. Young generation (girls and boys) should be brought up according to this principal.

The initial concept for a human beings is to educate and to be educated. The primary aim of education is to sustain individual and societal improvement. This process contains both tangible and intangible moral dimensions. Educational programs and policies play a pivotal role in these social and individual progress. Social progress clearly indicates a general development in the community in terms of economic, social and cultural aspects. In sociological terminology, social development is used for a concept displaying all positive developments in the social construction. To put it differently, to consider it seperately this is to state a society which is considered to be progressing and changing from a fairly less decent situation to favorably better conditions with respect to economic, social and political issues. The main difference between the living and the non-living is that the former always renews itself. One of the mechanisms which provides and maintain this renewal is education. Thus, the comprehension and explanation of the role of education in this social development is of paramount importance so as to understand the previously stated progress and change. There have been a great number of changes in education systems worldwide recently. However, in Europe a great change with the expansion of the European Union and its consequences have been experienced. The European Union has published several papers on the future of education, both at compulsory and higher education levels. In this article we are intending to explain the influence of the changes and its consequences of teaching in compulsory education.

The ways and rules are changed in education system. Society became widely demanding to new approaches. The old and unnecessary methods don’t fit to our society. The foundation of the society is based on education since it brings economic and social prosperity. Gaining education enhances an individual to lead a respectful life in the society. This is because education offers a setting in which culture and values of a society are developed. In this respect, education in modern society provides a forum where the society examines its issues and identifies solutions. The advancement of a society both economically and socially is by gaining education which consequently enables them to run a modern society. The current advancement in technology has been enhanced largely by education, as individuals are able to apply the skills acquired in real life leading to innovations. Employment in the contemporary world is based on education, as employees must possess the required skills that correspond with the current technology to perform their tasks. Prospective employees must be equipped with a skill for them to cope with ever advancing technology in all industrial and agricultural sectors. Therefore, education has become a basic principle to measure the labor market on the basis of essential skills and the ability to appropriate them through suitable communication.

Different methods and ways were used for improving and sophisticating method of education to reach the modern teaching structures. Today we have not only books for teaching but also the technology is widely used: Presentation software (such as PowerPoint) Course management tools, Clickers and smartphones, Lecture-capture tools.. Ken Kay, CEO of Ed Leader21, remarked, ~Today’s students need critical thinking and problem-solving skills not just to solve the problems of their current jobs, but to meet the challenges of adapting to our constantly changing workforce. ~Life today is exponentially more complicated and complex than it was 50 years ago. This is true for civic life as much as it is for work life. In the 21st century, citizenship requires levels of information and technological literacy that go far beyond the basic knowledge that was sufficient in the past.

A knowledge based society implies a large demand of overly-qualified workforce, forcing the population to learn how to operate with information and knowledge. Therefore, the development of the knowledge based society is dependent on the creation of knowledge, on its spreading via education and tuition and on its dissemination via communication and on its involvement in technological innovation. The outlook of the societies supporting knowledge-

based economies is shaped by the human creative potential, which increases the importance of the innovative process and knowledge dissemination process in the modern economy. The link between the knowledge-based society and society itself is made by combining four interlaced elements: the build-up of knowledge, its transmission via education and training, its dissemination as information via media and its utilization in technological innovation. The 21st century knowledge based on society tends to expand to a global proportion. Acknowledging the rapid moral depreciation of knowledge and abilities, the modern society prepares to adopt a new approach to education in order for it to function as a life-long institution of learning. In the knowledge based economy, people need to learn before entering the labor


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market, while in higher education, passing through several levels of education, as well as afterwards, adapting through various sub-systems specific to the permanent education to the increasingly complex demands of the world’s dynamics. Education as an essential activity in the development of society, has seen major transformations, from which the new methods and models of the modern educational system have resulted. Furthermore, the innovative and development activities depend on the ability of the social partners to make sure that education, motivation and creativity are factors that stimulate and promote the activities carried out by the individual. The mission of the educational system becomes a key component of a change. The change is induced by several factors, the first of which must be the capability to innovate, the willingness to cooperate, to interconnect activities that are both competitive and high-performance oriented, in the sphere of knowledge, in industry and services, in the community life. The human intelligence and creativity need to be regarded as inexhaustible resources of learning and as means of integrating the human being in the labyrinth and paradox of the future world.

In the past, Americans perceived creativity and innovation as secondary in their national curriculum. Today, creativity and innovation are key drivers in the global economy. Arthor Daniel Pink remarked, ~The future belongs to a very different kind of a person with a very different kind of mind- creators and empathizers, pattern recognizers and meaning makers. These people… will now reap society richest rewards and share its greatest joys~. If students leave school without knowing how to continuously create and innovate, they will be underprepared for the challenges of society and workforce. In today’s world of global competition and task automation, innovative capacity and a creative spirit are fast becoming requirements for personal and professional success. Preparing the 21st century students for a global society is the main goal for educators. We believe that every student should strong content mastery, as well as the ~Four Cs~- critical thinking, communication, collaboration, and creativity.Individuals are those who hold these skills, to produce a vision for how they intend to make the world a better place for everyone. All educators want to help their students succeed in life. What was considered a good education 50 years ago, however, in no longer enough for success in universities for, career, and citizenship in the 21stcentury? Most teachers in the 21st century are technology savvy, to effectively engage and teach generation Z students, pre-service teachers will help the education system meet the today’s requirement.

To conclude the article, throughout the world, the roles of education and of its multiple benefits to the economic and social environment are well known, as education is recognized as being ~the single most important path to development and to limiting poverty~. Besides this smart social networking requires critical – thinking and metacognitive skills and ability to integrate and evaluate real-world scenarios and authentic learning skills for validation. Not only new approaches but also technology in the 21st century serve as an extraordinary tool to shape and enhance the learning environment. The main component of economic and social development knowledge becomes. In other words, the basis of the future society is education (perpetual, life-long learning process) and knowledge and information represent the key variable in the development of society. During the evolvement process, the contribution of education and professional training are essential, their funding needs to be recognized as being of maximum importance. In the knowledge- based society the mission of the education system becomes a key component of change, change that always turns into a challenge as a crucial factor of evolvement. Education is not just preparation for life, education is life itself.

References

1. Brown, P. & Lauder, F.L. (1996) Education, globalisation and economic development, Journal of Education Policy, 11, pp. 1-26;

2. Pink, Daniel. A Whole New Mind. New York: Riverhead, 2006. Print; 3. Dennis Van Roekel- Preparing 21st Century Students for a Global Society –An Educator Guide to the ~Four Cs~; 4. Project Based Learning for the 21st Century Starter Kit http://www.bigg e.org/store/item/pbl—starter—kit. T. Merabishvili, I. Ioseliani

Contemporary changes of education in modern society

Summary

The ways and rules are changed in educational system. Society became widely demanding to new approaches. The old and unnecessary methods don’t meet our society’s needs. The foundation of the society is based on education since it brings economic and social prosperity. Gaining education enhances an individual to live a respectful life in the


112

society. Preparing the 21st century students for a global society is the main goal for educators. We believe that every student should hold strong content of mastery, as well as the ~Four Cs~-of pedagogy — critical thinking, communication, collaboration and creativity. Individuals are those who have these skill, to produce a vision for how they intend to make the world a better place for everyone. All educators want to assist their students succeed in life. Good education envisaged 50 years ago, however, is no longer relevant for obtaining success in higher education, career and citizenship in the 21st century. T. merabiSvili, i. ioseliani

cvlilebebi ganaTlebis sistemaSi Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi

reziume

saganmanaTleblo sistemiosadmi didia sazogadoebis moTxovna da daintereseba. Zveli

meTodebi aRar Seesabameba Tanamedrove sazogadoebis moTxovnebs. saswavlo kurikuliumSi we-

sebi da regulaciebi sistematiurad icvleba. ganaTleba prioritetia im sazogadoebisTvis romlisTvisac mniSvenelovania ekonomikuri da socialuri mdgomareoba. 21-e saukuneSi Tana-

medrove sazogadoebis mTavar mizans studentis srulyofilad momzadeba warmoadgens. amis-Tvis ki arsebobs garkveuli unarebi,romelic unda akmayofilebdes saswavlo sistemis Tanamed-

rove moTxovnebs. esenia pedagogiuri midgomebi zogadad swavlis unarebisadmi: kritikuli az-

rovneba, komunikacia, TanamSromloba da kriatiuloba. am Tvisebebis mqone Tanamedrove axalgazrdebis gansxvavebuli xedva saSvalebas iZleva,msoflio sxva TvaliT davinaxoT. isini cdiloban gvaCvenon, rom warmatebis miRweva SesaZlebelia nebismier sferoSi, Tu arsebobs Se-

sabamisi motivacia. es ormxrivi procesia da pedagogis roli erT- erTi mniSvnelovani faqto-

ria maTi winsvlisTvis. 50 wlis winandeli saganmanaTleblo sistema, ganaTlebisa da profesiu-

li zrdis TvalsazrisiT aRar akmayofilebs 21-e saukunis moTxovnebs. yoveli pedagogis saqmia-

noba, unda Seesabamebodes Tanamedrove saganmanaTleblio gamowvevas da prioritetebs.


113

T. merabiSvili

arasrulfasovnebis gancda, danaSaulis gancda

da TviTSefasebis problema

TviTSefasebis problematika mniSvnelovnad aris dakavSirebuli danaSaulis gancdasTan

da arasrulfasovnebis kompleqsTan, rac fsiqikuri aSlilobis dros yvela SemTxvevaSi arsebu-

li problemaa. misi gamowveva da Camoyalibeba mraval risk-faqtorTan aris dakavSirebuli. risk-faqtori is maprovocirebeli agentia, romelsac Sesatyvis situaciaSi daavadebis gamow-

veva SeuZlia. misi amoqmedebis saSiSroeba 6 wlamde asakSia mosalodneli. bavSvi Zalian mgrZno-

biarea imis mimarT, rac misi moTxovnilebebis, funqciebis SezRudvasTan, safrTxis aRmocene-

basTan aris dakavSirebuli. am mxriv yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani risk-faqtorebi Semdegia: 1. Wamis, moSardvis, kuWSi gasvlis Sekaveba sityviT an qmedebiT akrZalvisas. 2. dabanvisas tkivilis miyeneba. 3. ojaxSi umcrosi da-Zmis gaCena. 4. ZuZusagan mowyveta. 5. mSoblebis seqsualuri aqtis xilva. 6. kastraciiT damuqreba. 7. dedis dakargvis gancda. 8. ded-mamis Cxubi. 9. sxvadasxva akrZalva da damsjelobiTi RonisZieba da a.S. CamonaTvaliT risk-faqtorebi TiTqos ar aris bevri, magram TiToeuls imdeni niuansi

aqvs, rom sabolood adgili aqvs uamrav saSiS movlenas (#1, gv. 23). es movlenebi pirobiTad SeiZ-

leba or kategoriad gavyoT — kontrilirebadi da arakontrolirebadi. pirvels miekuTvneba movlenebi, romelTa akrZalvas axorcileben mSoblebi da aRmzrdelebi. meores iwvevs situaci-

uri saSiSroebebi. magaliTad, dedis dakargvis saSiSroeba SeiZleba aRmocendes yovelTvis, ro-

ca bavSvi ver xedavs mis saxes. es SeiZleba moxdes sawolSi gamoRviZebisas an quCaSi Seirnobisas. bavSvi uaRresad mtkivneulad ganicdis, roca deda emuqreba mitovebiT, aseve roca mas xedavs mtirals an ganerviulebuls. magaliTebSi Cans orive saxis risk-faqtori. kontrolirebadis na-

Teli magaliTia, roca deda bavSvs mitovebiT emuqreba, mas SeeZlo es ar gaekeTebina. arakon-

trolirebadia, roca bavSvi quCaSi seirnobisas uceb ver dainaxavs dedis saxes da ifiqrebs, rom daikarga. msgavsi viTareba SeiZleba Seiqmnas Wamis drosac: SemTxveviT saWmeli aRmoCndeba cxe-

li an civi, mware an mlaSe, SeiZleba Wama SeuRldes Zlier Weqa-quxilTan an yvirilTan da a.S. sazogadod uaryofiTad miiCneva yovelgvari, damuqreba, akrZalva, rac dakavSirebulia

garkveuli moTxovnilebis, sasicocxlo funqciis moqmedebasTan. moTxovnilebis dakmayofile-

ba, funqciis amoqmedeba bavSvTan yovelTvis siamovnebis miRebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, misi Cax-

Soba ki — did usiamovnebasTan, saSiSroebasTan. bavSvi saSinlad itanjeba SiSisagan, roca fiqrobs, rom mSoblebs ar uyvarT. dauSvebelia

bavSvs mitovebiT davemuqroT. es arc xumrobiT da arc seriozulad ar SeiZleba. SeiZleba bavSvs imisac ki SeeSindes, roca sawolSi gaeRviZeba da dedas ver dainaxavs, SeiZleba gaifiq-

ros: ìqneb mimatoves?~ bavSvi roca saTamaSoebiT erToba an sxva bavSvebTan TamaSobs, drodadro garbis im adgili-

saken, sadac deda eguleba, Sexedavs mas da ukan gamorbis isev kmayofili saxiT. kidev ukeTesia, Tu am dros deda gauRimebs da moefereba. Tu bavSvma dainaxa, rom deda Sewuxebulia an tiris, es mas Zalian aSinebs. man SeiZleba TviTonac daiwyos tirili da dedas xelSi ayvana mosTxovos.

Tu mainc Seiqmna iseTi cxovrebiseuli situacia, rom mSobeli iZulebulia Svili droebiT datovos, am ganSorebisaTvis igi winaswar unda Seamzados. roca es ar ician da garTulebebs eridebian, mSoblebi bavSvis daZinebis Semdeg an misi aryofnisas midian saxlidan da axsnas bebi-

as an ZiZas avaleben. bavSvi aucilebel ganSorebas ukeT itans, Tuki adreve Semzadebulia ami-

saTvis. ganSorebis viTareba umjobesia mxolod sityvebiT ki ara, bavSvisTvis cnobili TamaSis eniTac avuxsnaT (#1, gv. 27)


114

Tu bavSvs deda mitovebiT emuqreba an uneblied gauCnda mitovebulobis gancda, mas uC-

ndeba Zlieri SiSi, xolo Semdgom danaSaulisa da arasrulfasovnebis gancdebi, rom is namdvi-

lad `cudia~ da `damnaSave~, radgan deda mis mitovebas gegmavs. sabolood ki msgavsi gancdebis arseboba adreul bavSvobaSi, SemdgomSi TviTSefasebis problemaze migviTiTebs.

mSoblebs Soris kinklaobam SesaZloa pataraSi gamoiwvios SeSfoTeba da sindisis qenjna. SeSfoTebas iwvevs imis SiSi, rom mSoblebs raRac emarTebaT, e.i. mas TviTon emarTeba raRac cu-

di. sindisis qenjnis mizezi ki misi realuri an xSir SemTxvevaSi gamogonili danaSauli gaxlavT. bavSvebs xSirad hgoniaT, rom ojaxuri ayal-mayalis mizezi maTi saqcieli an TviT maTi arsebo-

bacaa. ufrosebisTvisac ki sikvdili xSirad tragediaa. bevrs masze fiqric ki aSinebs da gamouc-

nob movlenadac ki miaCnia. amis gamo bevri mSobeli cdilobs bavSvs Tavidan aacilos sikvdil-

Tan dakavSirebuli tkivili da mwuxareba: Tu pataras sayvareli Tevzi an knuti moukvda, maSinve Cumad axals uyidian im imediT, rom bavSvi am cvlilebas ver SeniSnavs. amiT arTmeven bavSvs glovis, emociis gamoxatvis uflebas. mniSvnelovania, roca bavSvebi CvenTan erTad iziareben ojaxis sixaruls da mwuxarebasac. Tuki bavSvs umalaven axloblis gardacvalebas, is sakuTar TavSi eZebs aforiaqebis mizezs, romelsac saxels ver uZebnis. amis gamo SeiZleba sakuTar Tavs daabralos momxdari.

yovelgvari akrZalva bavSvisaTvis saSiSroebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. kargad unda ga-

vacnobieroT, xSirad xom ar vambobT frazas àr SeiZleba!~ am frazis yoveli warmoTqma bavSvs yurSi gamayrueblad Caesmis. amitom isini brazdebian, tirian, yvirian, protests gamoTqvamen da xSirad ufro jiutoben. pirvel rigSi unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom bavSvi mTlianad Tavisi moT-

xovnilebebis tyveobaSia. mas uWirs moTxovnilebis Sekaveba an Tundac mcire xniT gadavadeba. amis marTvas wlebi esaWiroeba. akrZalva amuxruWebs qcevas da ara moTxovnilebas. Tu bavSvi ak-

rZaluls aRar akeTebs, mSobels es kargi hgonia, arada SesaZloa Camoyalibdes kompleqsi `minda

— ar SeiZleba~, rac fsiqologiuri problemebis sawyisia. sasurvelia, àra~, àr SeiZlebas~ nacvlad pozitiuris gamomxatveli sityvebis gamoyene-

ba, bavSvisaTvis situaciis axsna, gacvla, alternativis SeTavazeba. mniSvnelovania, rom garkve-

uli qcevis winaaRmdeg iseTi formiT wavideT, rom bavSvs Rirseba ar SevulaxoT, ar gamoviwvi-

oT, ar gavawbiloT. vaRiaroT, rom gvesmis misi survilebis da es bunebrivia, vexmarebiT bavSvs, gamoxatos ukmayofileba konkretuli situaciis gamo.

mSobels, ra Tqma unda, uyvars Tavisi Svili, magram yovelTvis ise rodis gamoxatavs amas, rom bavSvs eWvi ar Seeparos. magaliTad, roca deda bavSvs tans bans, SeiZleba zedmeti gulmod-

ginebiT mowmindos cxviri. aman SeiZleba bavSvSi usiamovno grZnoba gamoiwvios da dedis Zala-

dobad aRiqvas. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom bavSvi xSirad mSobelSi siyvarulTan erTad imedgacruebas da sa-

sowarkveTasac aRZravs. mSobeli ki siyvarulze naklebad arc am emociebs gamoxatavs Svilis mi-

marT. zog mSobels wesad aqvs imoqmedos mkacri kanonebis principiT — `Svili mtrulad gazar-

de, rom moyvared gamogadgeso~. am dros ki bavSvi mSobelSi xedavs despots, romelic ewinaaR-

mdegeba mas survilebis dakmayofilebaSi, normalurad cxovrebaSi. es aucileblad gamoiwvevs masSi gaborotebas, agresias. bavSvma SesaZloa pirdapir mSoblisadmi mimarTos es agresia an Si-

Sis gamo es ver gamoavlinos da sakuTari Tavisaken mimarTos. roca bavSvi agresias mSoblebi-

sadmi aSkarad gamoxatavs, SemdgomSi amas nanobs. mSoblebi misTvis Zlierebi, avtoritetulebi arian da Tu maTgan muqara da dasjac miuRia, am SemTxvevaSi agresiis gamoxatva bavSvisaTvis sa-

SiSi xdeba. mas eSinia, erTi mxriv, dasjis da, meore mxriv, mSoblebis mxridan siyvarulis dakar-

gvis. amis gamo agresia mimarTulebas icvlis da gadadis an sxva obieqtze an sakuTar Tavze. ram-

denadac sxva obieqtebze agresiis gamovlenasac uSlian, bavSvs erTi gamosavaliRa rCeba — daa-

danaSaulos sakuTari Tavi da mTeli sibraze masze mimarTos. SigniT mimarTuli agresia, danaSa-

ulis gancda ki TviTSefasebis mTavari mteria (#1, gv.36) bavSvi saSinlad Riziandeba, roca deda da mama erTmaneTs eferebian, mas ki ara. aseTive

gancdas iwvevs ded-mamis mier misi patara dis an an Zmis mialerseba. eWvianoba, Suri, jibri sa-

Sinlad tanjavs bavSvs. mas hgonia, rom is aRar uyvarT. aseve Zalian mtanjvelia bavSvisaTvis araswori sqesobrivi aRzrda. yvela bavSvi akeTebs


115

masturbacias da es bunebrivicaa. jer erTi, amiT igi ecnoba sakuTari sxeulis mgrZnobiare na-

wils, romelsac Semdeg gamoiyenebs yvelaze didi siamovnebis misaRebad. meore, rom es qmedeba im momentSi sasiamovnoa. mcdaria azri, rom amas bavSvis ganviTarebisTvis moaqvs fizikuri, fsi-

qikuri da moraluri ziani. samwuxarod, sasqeso organoebisadmi sazogadoebis arajansaRi da-

mokidebulebis gamo, uaryofiTad iTvleba masze manipulacia da laparakic ki. am viTarebas xSi-rad mivyavarT seqsualur arasrulfasovnebasTan da zogjer seriozul barierad iqceva moma-

valSi seqsualuri aqtis CatarebisaTvis. roca bavSvi sasqeso organoze manipulirebisas miiRebs siamovnebas, es ar aris uaryofiTi

movlena. arc amis gamo dasja SeiZleba. umjobesia iseTi saxe miviRoT, TiTqos amas verc vam-

CnevT. kidev ukeTesia, Tu bavSvs eqneba SesaZlebloba am Temaze Tavisuflad esaubros mSob-

lebs. masturbacia sagangaSo xdeba maSin, roca bavSvi ufrosebTan da TanatolebTan kontaqtis

dakargvis gamo veRar axorcielebs sxva sasiamovno moqmedebas da gandgomili mxolod sasqeso organoebze manipulaciiTaa dakavebuli. am SemTxvevaSi saxifaTo autisturi gamovlinebaa da ara masturbacia.

aRsaniSnavia, rom sakuTari sxeulisadmi, siSiSvlisadmi sworia damokidebuleba, roca sasqeso da analuri organoebi ar iTvleba binZurad da sasircxvilod, ramdenadac maTi saSua-

lebiT xorcieldeba ori umniSvnelovanesi funqcia — sqesobrivi da gamwmendi. Znelia miiRo si-

amovneba imisgan, risic grcxvenia. amitom bavSvebs unda vaswavloT miiRon siamovneba sakuTari sxeulisagan ise, rogorc Wamis, TamaSis, Tu musikisagan.

bavSvisaTvis dasawyisSi ar unda iyos sasircxvilo sisSiSvle. es ar unda iwvevdes danaSau-

lis gancdas. metic, Cven unda wavaxalisoT amis mimarT interesi da unda vupasuxoT mravalric-

xovan SekiTxvebs. asakis matebasTan erTad bunebrivia unda vaswavloT siSiSvlis dafarvis au-

cileblobac normis farglebSi. danaSaulisa da arasrulfasovnebis gancdebi udides satanjvels uqmnis adamianebs. maT

Camoyalibebas, rogorc ukve avRniSneT, bevri niuansi, risk-faqtori uwyobs xels da maT formi-

rebas safuZveli bavSvobidanve eyreba. Tavdapirvelad bavSvs warmodgenac ki ar aqvs `kargze~ da `cudze~, maT Sesaxeb codnas is sxvebTan urTierTobaSi iZens da ase yalibdeba civilizebul adamianad. mas uyalibdeba sindisi.

adamiani, Cveulebriv, grZnobs pasuxismgeblobas garSemomyofTa winaSe. roca vacnobie-

rebT, rom am mimarTebiT raime Secdoma davuSviT, vgrZnobT sindisis qenjnas. gamwvavebis Sem-

TxvevaSi igi iseTive mtanjveli xdeba, rogorc dasja. es aris danaSaulis gancda, rac sindisis emociuri gamZafrebaa. igi SeiZleba aRmocendes ara marto mas Semdeg, roca adamianma raime di-

di codva Caidina, aramed maSinac ki, rodesac ganzraxvis ganxorcieleba ar momxdara. vTqvaT, bavSvi gabrazebulia mSoblebze da surs samagiero gadauxados, magram realurad arafers sCa-

dis. TviT amis gafiqrebam SeiZleba warmoSvas danaSaulis gancda. ufro metic, sulieri aSli-

lobis dros danaSaulis gancda imdenadaa gaZlierebuli, rom adamiani Tavis Tavs abralebs stiqiur ubedurebasac, vinmes gardacvalebas da a.S. sakuTari Tavis ase mkacrad gansja igivea, rom Tavi miiCnio cud adamianad.

roca mSoblebi bavSvis mimarT xSirad iCenen simkacres, avlenen ukmayofilebas, mas uCnde-

ba siyvarulis ukmarisobis gancda. roca mas vkicxavT, vsayvedurobT, bavSvs uCndeba agresia Cvens mimarT, romlis gamovlenisas kidev ufro mkacrad vsjiT. amiT SeSinebuli bavSvi daSvebas iwyebs, iqneb marTla aseTi damnaSavea. igi TandaTan iwyebs sakuTari Tavisadmi naklebi pativis-

cemiT mopyrobas. xdeba sakuTar TavSi daeWvebuli, gaubedavi. igi ganicdis SiSs raime iniciati-

vis gamoxatvis mimarT, iCens gadametebul sifrTxiles da grZnobs imis aucileblobas, rom yo-

vel fexis nabijze ixados bodiSi da imarTlos Tavi. danaSaulis gancda mas aiZulebs bevr rame-

ze Tavi Seikavos, ramdenadac aqvs SesaZlo warumateblobis SiSi. am procesis kidev ufro gaZ-

lierebaa arasrulfasovnebis gancda, roca adamiani Tavs sxvebze naklovanad ganicdis fiziku-

radac, inteleqtualuradac da zneobrivadac. axasiaTebs sakuTari miRwevis Seufasebloba, Za-

lebSi daurwmunebloba. aRsaniSnavia, rom fsiqoanalizis mixedviT, fsiqikuri aSlilobis mizezad miCneuli iqna

winaaRmdegoba cnobiersa da aracnobiers Soris, moralsa da realobas Soris, ris gamoc ver


116

xerxdeba bunebrivi, sasicocxlo moTxovnilebebis realizeba. aseTad ganxilulia sami ZiriTa-

di ltolva: agresia, incesti da biseqsualoba. froidis azriT, isini adamians dabadebiT Tan dahyveba, Tavs iCens 6 wlamde asakSi da am dros zneobis zegavleniT, romelic krZalavs maT dak-

mayofilebas, ganidevneba aracnobierSi. isini Semdgom simptomebis saxiT amodis. moraluri mi-

uReblobis gamo iwyeba maTTan brZola, rac sulier aSlilobaSi gamoixateba. adamianis normebi, eTika da aseve es dapirispireba yalibdeba fsiqoanalizis struqturuli modelis enaze supere-

gos (ze-mes) formirebiT. is warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi normebisa da qcevis standartebis ga-

Sinagnebul versias. superego Cndeba maSin, roca bavSvi swavlobs `sworisa~ da àrasworis~ gar-

Cevas, ra aris kargi da ra — cudi. superego SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc sociumis `koleqtiu-

ri sindisis~ individualizebuli gamoxatuleba (#2, gv. 35). froidma gayo superego or qvesistemad: sindisi da ego-ideali. sindisi Sedgeba mSoble-

bis dasjis gamoxatulebebisagan. sindisi moiazrebs kritikuli TviTSefasebis SesaZleblobas, danaSaulis gancdas bavSvSi. super-egos pozitiuri, damajildoebeli nawilia ego-ideali. is iqmneba imisagan, rasac mSoblebi aqeben da maRal doneze afaseben. mas miyavs adamiani sakuTari TavisaTvis maRali standartebis dawesebisaken. Tu mizani miRweulia es iwvevs TviTkmayofile-

basa da siamayis grZnobas da piriqiT. Tumca superegos TviTkontrolis miznebi ar emsaxureba realobis principis miznebs. is yovelTvis cdilobs daamuxruWos idis impulsebi da cdilobs daarwmunos ego, rom realisturze umjobesia idealisturi miznebi. am dapirispirebas mivya-

varT winaaRmdegobamde, rac gadaWras moiTxovs (#4, gv. 115) adleric Tvlida, rom arasrulfasovnebis gancda sawyiss iRebs bavSvobaSi. is amas Semdeg-

nairad xsnida: bavSvi gadis damokidebulebis Zalian did periods, roca is srulebiT daucve-

lia da rom gadarCes, unda daeqvemdebaros mSoblebs. es gamocdileba bavSvSi iwvevs Rrma aras-

rulfasovnebis gancdas sxva adamianebTan SedarebiT ojaxur garemoSi, romlebic arian ufro Zlierebi. am adreuli arasrulfasovnebis gancdis gaCena gulisxmobs garSemomyofebis mimarT grZeli brZolis dawyebas upiratesobis miRwevisaTvis. adleri amtkicebda, rom upiratesobisa-

ken swrafva aris adamianis cxovrebaSi ZiriTadi motivaciuri Zala. adleris Tanaxmad, faqtiu-

rad yvelaferi, rasac adamianebi akeTeben, atarebs sakuTari arasrulfasovnebis gancdis gada-

laxvis mizans da upiratesobis gancdis mopovebas (#4, gv. 167). Tumca arasrulfasovnebis gancda sxvadasxva mizezis gamo SeiZleba zogierT adamianSi

gaxdes gadametebuli. Sedegad vlindeba arasrulfasovnebis kompleqsi — sakuTari sisustis gazviadebuli, gadametebuli gancda. adlerma gamoyo tanjvis 3 forma, risi adamianisaTvis bav-

SvobaSi gancdac aviTarebs arasrulfasovnebis kompleqss: 1) organoebis arasrulfasovneba; 2) gadaWarbebuli mzrunveloba (ze-mzrulveloba); 3) mSoblebis mxridan gariyuloba (frustra-

cia) (#4, gv. 169) bavSvebs garkveuli Tandayolili fizikuri arasrulfasovnebiT SeiZleba ganuviTardeT

fsiqologiuri arasrulfasovnebis grZnoba. meore mxriv, bavSvebi, romelTa mSoblebic maT ma-

givrad asruleben yvelafers, izrdebian daurwmuneblebi sakuTar SesaZleblobebSi. maT awu-

xebT Rrmad CaZiruli arasrulfasovnebis gancda, radgan darwmunebulebi arian, rom Tavad ar SeuZliaT cxovrebiseuli sakiTxebis gadalaxva. sabolood ki, mSoblebis mxridan bavSvis gariy-

vam SeiZleba gamoiwvios maTSi arasrulfasovnebis kompleqsi im mizeziT, rom gariyuli bavSvebi yovelTvis grZnoben Tavs arasasurvelad. isini cxovrebas gadian daurwmuneblebi sakuTar Se-

saZleblobebSi, rom iqnebian vinmesTvis sasurveli, sayvareli da Sesatyvisad dafasebuli. aR-

niSnul 3 faqtors aqvs gadamwyveti roli zrdasrul asakSi nevrozebis warmoqmnisaTvis. adamians arasrulfasovnebis gancdis pasuxad SesaZloa gamouvlindes hiperkompensacia

da amgvarad adleris mixedviT viTardeba upiratesobis kompleqsi. es kompleqsi gamoxatulia im tendenciaSi, rom gadaametos (gaazviados) sakuTari fizikuri, inteleqtualuri Tu socia-

luri SesaZleblobebi. aseTi adamiani akeTebs yvelafers, iyenebs yvela xelsayrel SemTxvevas, raTa mudmivad amtkicos, rom man yvelaze meti icis, an raRac yvelaze kargad gamosdis. adamia-

ni, romelic atareb upiratesobis kompleqss, gamoiyureba rogorc mkvexara, trabaxa, qedmaRa-

li, egocentruli da sarkastuli. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom es adamiani ar aris sakuTari Tavis miRebis mdgomareobaSi (aqvs dabali Sexeduleba sakuTar Tavze, dabali TviTSefaseba).

karen hornis mixedviT, bavSvobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ori moTxovnileba: dakmayofi-


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lebis da usafrTxoebis moTxovnilebebi. dakmayofileba moicavs yvela ZiriTad biologiur sa-

Wiroebas: Wamis, Zilis da a.S. Tumca horni mniSvnelobas aniWebda moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofi-

lebas fizikuri gadarCenisTvis, is ar Tvlida, rom isini TamaSobda gansakuTrebul rols pi-

rovnebis CamoyalibebaSi. mTavari bavSvis ganviTarebaSi iyo usafrTxoebis moTxovnileba. bav-

Svis ZiriTadi motivia, iyos sayvareli, sasurveli da daculi saSiSroebisgan an mtruli samya-

rosgan. horni Tvlida, rom am usafrTxoebis moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba bavSvisTvis mTlia-

nad damokidebulia mSoblebze. Tu mSoblebi avlenen WeSmarit siyvarulsa da siTbos bavSvTan urTierTobaSi, amiT kmayofildeba misi usafrTxoebis moTxovnileba. amis wyalobiT xdeba jan-

mrTeli, swori TviTSefasebis mqone pirovnebis Camoyalibeba. da piriqiT, Tu mSobelTa qceva ewinaaRmdegeba usafrTxoebis moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas, xdeba pirovnebis paTologiuri ganviTareba. mSobelTa qcevis bevr moments SeuZlia bavSvis usafrTxoebis moTxovnilebis frustrireba: aramdgradi, ugunuri qceva, dacinva, dapirebis arSesruleba, ze-mzrunveloba, aseve Zmebisa da debisTvis upiratesibis miniWeba, bavSvebis Sedareba da a.S. mSoblebis mxridan msgavsi uaryofiTi mopyrobis Sedegia bazaluri mtrobis ganwyobis Camoyalibeba. am SemTxveva-

Si bavSvi or cecxls Sua aRmoCndeba: is damokidebulia mSoblebze da amasTanave, maTTan urTi-

erTobaSi ganicdis wyenas da guliswyromas. am konfliqts mivyavarT iseTi dacviTi meqanizme-

bisken, rogoricaa gandevna. Sedegad, bavSvis qceva, romelic ver grZnobs usafrTxoebas mSob-

liur ojaxSi, miemarTeba daucvelobis, SiSis, danaSaulis gancdebisaken, rac asrulebs fsiqo-

logiuri dacvis funqcias, romlis mizania, daaqveiTos mtruli gancdebi mSoblebis mimarT, ra-

Ta gadarCes (#4, gv. 256) samwuxarod, CaxSobili mtruli gancdebi, romelTa warmoqmnis mizezi mSoblebi arian, ar

arsebobs TavisTavad calke: isini vlindeba sxva adamianebis mimarT bavSvis yvela urTierToba-

Si rogorc awmyoSi, ise momavalSi. aq bavSvs uyalibdeba bazaluri SfoTva, romelic warmoad-gens martoobisa da daucvelobis yovlismomcvel gancdas potenciurad saSiSi samyaros mi-

marT. hornis mixedviT, bazaluri SfoTva aris swored intensiuri usafrTxoebis ararsebobis gancda, romelsac mivyavarT warumateblobisken, arastabiluri TviTSefasebisa da nevrozis formirebamde mozrdilebSi.

erik bernis transaqciuli analizis mixedviT, adamiani sakuTari cxovrebis scenars adre-

ul asakSi ayalibebs, romelsac mTeli cxovrebis manZilze gadaaTamaSebs. cxovrebis scenari aris àracnobieri cxovrebiseuli gegma,~ adamianis xedva, misi warmodgena sakuTar Tavsa da samyaroze, misi TviTSefasebidan gadmoxedva.

adamianis scenaris daweraSi gansakuTrebuli roli mSoblebs uWiravT da maT miTiTebeb-

zea mniSvnelovnad damokidebuli bavSvis scenaris Sinaarsi, misi momavali, warmateba — waruma-

tebloba da saerTod mTeli cxovreba. Tumca mSoblebi ver aiZuleben bavSvebs miiRon garkveuli gadawyvetilebebi, isini mainc

did gavlenas axdenen maTze. pirvelive dReebidan mSoblebi agzavnian maTken iseT signalebs, romelTa safuZvelzec bavSvebi ayalibeben TavianT warmodgenebs sakuTar Tavze, sxva xalxze da cxovrebaze. scenaruli gzavnilebi SesaZloa iyos rogorc verbaluri, aseve araverbaluri. swored es gzavnilebi warmoadgens seriozul risk-faqtors SemdgomSi ara-gamarjvebuli, wa-

rumatebeli, damarcxebuli scenaris dawerisaTvis. mSobelTa miTiTebebsa da midgomebs rom mniSvnelovani roli aqvs bavSvis scenaris Camo-

yalibebisTvis, amas mowmobs ta-Si arsebuli `12 miTiTebis~ fenomeni, romlebsac mudmivad aqvs adgili xalxis adreul negatiur gadawyvetilebebSi (#3 gv. 143). esenia:

1. ar icocxlo (mokvdi); 2. ar iyo sakuTari Tavi; 3. ar iyo bavSvi; 4. ar gaizardo (darCi patara); 5. ar miaRwio warmatebas; 6. ar gaakeTo (ar gaakeTo araferi); 7. ar iyo pirveli (ar iyo lideri); 8. ar miekuTvnebode; 9. ar iyo axlos; 10. ar igrZno Tavi kagrad (ar iyo janmrTeli); 11. ar ifiqro; 12. ar igrZno

aRniSnul risk-faqtorebs, sabolood, mivyavarT cxovrebiseuli poziciisa da saerTod, scenaris Camoyalibebamde (#3, gv. 125). es poziciebi SesaZloa Semdegi saxis iyos:

1. me OK var, Sen OK xar; 2. me ar var, OK, Sen OK xar; 3. me OK var, Sen OK ar xar;


118

4. me OK ar var, Sen OK ar xar. aqedan mxolod pirveli pozicia gulisxmobs jansaR, stabilur TviTSefasebasa da xedvas,

xolo danarCenebi ara-gamarjvebul da damarcxebul scenarebs moiazrebs, sadac aSkarad mkveT-

radaa gamoxatuli danaSaulis gancda, arasrulfasovnebis kompleqsi, araadekvaturi TviTSe-

faseba. zrdasrul asakSi adamiani sakuTari scenaris tipidan gamomdinare iyenebs rekets, agro-

vebs markebs, TamaSobs fsiqologiur TamaSebs, rasac ZiriTadSi warumatebloba moaqvs misTvis cxovrebaSi, magram Tavs verafers uxerxebs, radgan am yvelafers is gaucnobiereblad, zrdas-

rulis cnobierebis gareSe axorcielebs. humanisturi mimdinareobis Rirseul avtors, karl rojerss hqonda Rrma, daaxloebiT re-

ligiuri pativiscema adamianis bunebisadmi. igi Tvlida, rom kacobrioba miiswrafvis damouki-

deblobisken, socialuri pasuxismgeblobisken, kreatiulobisken da momwifebisaken. rojersis azriT, adamianis yvela moqmedeba regulirdeba gamaerTianebeli motiviT, romelsac man aqtua-

lizaciis tendencia uwoda. rojersis azriT, garegani SezRudvebis gareSe es tendencia gamom-

JRavndeba qcevis sxvadasxva formebis meSveobiT. rojersisaTvis aqtualizaciis tendencia aris sakuTari potencialis realizacia mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi srulfasovnad funqci-

onirebadi pirovnebis Camoyalibebis mizniT. es swrafva bunebrivia (#4, gv. 533) rojersis TeoriaSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi punqtia adamianis `me-koncefciis~ Camo-

yalibeba, rac yvelaze metad aris TviTSefasebasTan dakavSirebuli. `me-koncefcia~ aris adami-

anis Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, rasac TviTon warmoadgens. is agreTve asaxavs imas, Tu rogor aR-

viqvamT Cvens Tavs sxvadasxva cxovrebiseul rolSi — mSoblis, studentis, xelmZRvanelis da a.S. me-koncefcia moicavs ara marto imis aRqmas, Tu rogorebi varT, aramed imasac, rogori gvsurs, rom viyoT. `mes~ es komponenti iwodeba `me-idealurad~. es aris `me~, romelsac adamiani yvelaze metad afasebs da romliskenac miiswrafvis (#4, gv. 539)

roca `me~ iwyebs formirebas bavSvi yovel axal gancdas afasebs im poziciidan, es gancda xels uwyobs Tu xels uSlis TviTaqtualizaciis Tandayolil tendencias. mag., SimSili, wyurvi-

li, tkivili da moulodneli xmauri fasdeba negatiurad, xolo sakvebi, wyali, usafrTxoeba da siyvaruli fasdeba pozitiurad, ramdenadac isini xels uwyobs organizmis zrda-ganviTarebas. `mes~ struqtura formirdeba garemosTan urTierTobiT, mniSvnelobis mqone sxvebTan (mSoble-

bi, da-Zmebi, sxva naTesavebi, a.S.). nebismieri adamianisTvis mniSvnelovania, rom is uyvardeT sxvebs. Tavdapirvelad is vlindeba Cvilis siyvarulisa da movlis moTxovnilebaSi, SemdgomSi ki gamoixateba adamianis kmayofilebaSi, roca mas aqeben an frustraciaSi, roca misiT ukmayo-

filoni arian. rojersiss azriT, bavSvi yvelafers akeTebs, rom daikmayofilos pozitiuri yu-

radRebis moTxovnileba. mag., roca mSobeli bavSvs aiZulebs, iyos kargi (kargad moiqces), To-

rem igi ar eyvarebaT, igi Seecdeba, moiqces mSoblis poziciis mixedviT. es viTareba rojerss miaCnia yvelaze seriozul winaaRmdegobad fsiqologiuri simwifis ganviTarebis gzaze. Tu bav-

Svi moqmedebs sasurvelad sxvebisTvis (mSoblebisTvis), mas uCndeba pozitiuri yuradRebis ga-

mocdileba. `me meyvarebi da pativs gcem mxolod maSin, Tu Sen iqnebi iseTi, rogorsac me msurs gxedavde~. pozitiuri yuradRebis magaliTebia, roca mSobeli fuls aZlevs Svils, maswavlebe-

li maRal niSans uwers an samkerde niSniT ajildoebs bavSvs, firmis xelmZRvaneli awinaurebs TanamSromels. rojersi amtkicebs, rom es viTareba zarals ayenebs bavSvs, rom igi Camoyalib-

des savsebiT funqcionirebad adamianad, ramdenadac is cdilobs Seesabamebodes sxvebis stan-

dartebs imis sapirispirod, rom ganaxorcielos misTvis misaRebi qceva. es gamocdileba ar war-

moadgens janmrTeli adamianis ganviTarebis safuZvels. amis fonze rojerss Semoaqvs upirobo pozitiuri yuradRebis cneba, roca dedas uyvars Svili ara imitom, rom igi amarTlebs mis mo-

lodins, aramed imitom, rom is misi Svilia. es niSnavs, gviyvardes da miviRoT bavSvi kritikis ga-

reSe. SeiZleba mSobelma gamoxatos ukmayofileba bavSvis garkveuli qcevebis gamo, magram am dros saukeTeso strategiaa: `me Sen Zalian miyvarxar, magram akeTeb iseT rames, rac sawyenia, amitom jobia, rom es ar gaakeTo~. upirobo pozitiuri mimRebloba xsnis sakuTari Tavisadmi TviTaqtualizaciis bunebriv tendencias da xels uwyobs srulfasovani, stabiluri TviTSefa-

sebis mqone pirovnebis Camoyalibebas.


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1. merabiSvili g., bavSvTa fsiqoprofilaqtika, Tbilisi, saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba `codna~, 1999, gv. 23-36

2. merabiSvili g., fsiqikuri sijansaRis formula — anTropoanalizi, Tbilisi, ilia WavWavaZis saxelobis saerTaSoriso kulturul-saganmanaTleblo kavSiri `sazogadoeba codna~, 2005, gv. 35

3. Стюарт Ян, Джойнс Венн, Современный тразактный анализ, Санкт-Петербург, Социально-

психологический центр, 1996, стр. 125-143 4. Хьелл Л. Зиглер Д., Теории личности, Санкт-петербург, Питер, 1999, стр. 115-256; 533-539

T. merabiSvili

arasrulfasovnebis gancda, danaSaulis gancda da TviTSefasebis problema

reziume

TviTSefaseba aris adamianis mier sakuTari pirovnebis Sefasebis unari, misi damokidebu-

leba sakuTari Tavisadmi. Cveni qceva ZiriTadad Cvenive TviTSefasebiT aris nakarnaxevi. is, Tu rogori pirovneba dadgeba ama Tu im bavSvisgan momavalSi, mniSvnelovanwilad aris

damokidebuli imaze, rogori TviTSefaseba gamoumuSavdeba mas. bavSvebs jer kidev adreul asakSi uyalibdebaT sakuTari SesaZleblobebisa da Tvisebebis Sefasebis unari, amitom misi swo-

rad Camoyalibebis SemTxvevaSi bevri sirTulis Tavidan acileba SeiZleba. TviTSefasebis for-mirebaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba bavSvisTvis mravali risk-faqtoris acilebas da fsi-

qoprofilaqtikas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa miviRoT danaSaulis gancdisa da arasrul-

fasovnebis konpleqsis mqone, araadekvturad maRali an dabali TviTSefasebis adamiani.

T.Merabishvili

Complex of Inferiority, feeling of guilt and self-esteem problem

Summary

Self-esteem is an ability of a human being to evaluate his personality, his attitude towards himself. Our behaviour is mainly dictated by our self-esteem.

What kind of peson comes from a child in future, is largely depended on how self-esteem will be developed. Children develope evaluating their capabilities and properties at an early age, so in case of its correct formation, many difficulties can be avoided. In the case of self-assessment formation, it is crucial to eliminate and prevent from many risk-factors and children psychoprophilaxis. Otherwise, we may get a person with a feeling of guilt and inferiority complex, a person with inadequate high or low self-esteem.


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n. parinosi

meomari qalebi — amerikuli da qarTuli sinamdvile

(me-18 saukunidan dRemde)

Sesavali dRevandel msoflioSic aqtualuria kiTxva Tu ramdenad mosawonia qalis CarTuloba sam-

xedro samsaxurSi. sazogadoebrivi azri orad iyofa: erTni Tvlian, rom qalis yofna saWiro da aucilebelia SeiaraRebul ZalebSi, radgan misi mentaluri SesaZleblobebi da unarebi ar Camo-

uvardeba mamakacisas da misi yofna kacebiT dakompleqtebul qvedanayofebSi saWiroc ki aris, xolo meoreni Tvlian, rom àraqalur~ poziciaze da pirobebSi, metic ~zedmetad mamakacur~ sferoSi qali ar unda muSaobdes, radgan es sfero mTlianad maskulinuri mxaris warmomadgen-

lebiTaa dakompleqtebuli. sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilisaTvis samxedro samsaxuri, gansakuTrebiT ki SeiaraRebu-

li Zalebi im maskulinur struqturas warmoadgens, romelSic igi qalis adgils ver xedavs. es ki akninebs im qalebis Rvawls, romelTac umsaxuriaT SeiaraRebul ZalebSi da qveynisaTvis sa-

sikeTo saqme gaukeTebiaT. qalis yofnas brZolis velze sxvadasxvagvari datvirTva hqonda. platoni amtkicebda,

rom mSvenieri qmnilebebi brZolis velze meomrebis fsiqologiuri mxardaWeris rolis Sesas-

ruleblad Seucvlelebi iyvnen: maT Tvalwin mamakaci ukan ver ixevda da ar gamoxatavda SiSs. Sesabamisad, igi askvnida, rom qalisa da mamakacis erTad samxedro samsaxuri ara marto SesaZ-

lebeli, aramed aucilebelic ki iyo (unda aRiniSnos, rom etyoba qalebi Zveli droidan ara marto fsiqologiur mxardaWeras axorcielebdnen, vinaidan aseve cnobilia, rom scipion afri-

kelma erTxel Tavisi jarebidan 2000-mde msubuqi yofaqcevis qali gayara, karl IV-is armiaSi 4000-mde, xolo hercog albas jarebSi 400 cxenosani da 800-ze meti igive kategoriis qalbatons iTvlidnen). Jana d’arkis Sesaxeb yvelam icis, magram cotas Tu gaugia, rom ingliselebis winaaR-

mdeg uiliam uolesis Sotlandiel meomrebTan erTad 1297 wels brZolis velze gmirulad ib-

rZoda grafinia rosi Tavisi piradi razmiT 1. legendad qceuli cnobili feministi mwerali, JorJ sandi, romelic mamakacis saxeliTa

da gvariT aqveynebda romanebs, sinamdvileSi qalbatoni iyo, saxelad avrora diupeni. misi Se-

moqmedeba ZiriTadad eZRvneba qalebs, maT problemebs, urTierTobebs. sandi arasodes eride-

boda Tavis wignebSi Riad ganexila im periodis tabudadebuli Temebi. amitom misi yoveli roma-

nis gamosvlas xmauris gareSe ar Cauvlia [8]. `gazeTebma xotba Seasxes vinme baton sands da amasTanave, ostaturad Seapares mkiTxvels, rom ìndianas~ SeqmnaSi susti sqesic Caeria, raTa avtorisaTvis ukeT gaendo qalis gulis saidumloebebi (...), Tumca, yvelani erTmniSvnelovnad acxadebdnen, romanis stili, msjelobis yaida da sazogadoebis balzakiseuli, siRrmiseuli kritika mamakacuri siZlieriTa da Seuvali logikiT gamoirCeva amitomac, SeuZlebelia, es ro-

mani qals daewerao~. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sandma imisTvis Seiyvana romanSi mTxrobeli mama-

kaci, raTa misi piriT esaubra seriozul socialur, politikur da ekonomikur sakiTxebze, rad-

gan im epoqaSi iTvleboda, rom aseT sakiTxebze msjeloba qalis saqme ar iyo2. Tuki qalisagan msgavs sakiTxebze saubaric ki ar aRiqmeboda seriozulad, masebisaTvis

warmoudgenelia, Tu rogor unda emsaxura qals samxedro samsaxurSi da absoluturad àraqa-

luri~ saqmeebi ekeTebina. Tumca, es yovelive xdeba me-19 saukuneSi, Sexeduleba am sakiTxisadmi arsebiTad ar Secvlila.

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi damokidebuleba qalisa, misi movaleobebisa da unarebisadmi sxvadas-

xvagvaria. Sesabamisad, yvela qveyanas Tavis tradiciebze, kulturaze da politikur viTareba-

ze morgebuli wesi da kanoni aqvs. metad sainteresoa pakistanis SemTxveva. pakistani erTaderTi islamuri saxelmwifoa,

1 kapanaZe.v, qali da samxedro samsaxuri, http://presa.ge/new/?m=military&AID=16058 16.05.2018 2 Coreau, A., Whatever George Sand Wants, https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/20/books/whatever-george-sand-wants.html, 07/07/2018


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sadac qalebi samxedro samsaxurSi arian CarTuli. maT es ufleba 1947 wlidan aqvT. dRes pa-

kistanis SeiaraRebul samsaxurSi qalebs sakmaod mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravT. 2006 wels pirvelad daiwyo brZanebebis Sesruleba qali moieriSe mfrinavebis jgufma. amave wels sab-

rZolo misiebisTvis gawvrTnili iqna pakistanis armiis qali jariskacebi, maT Soris snaipe-

rebi, desantebi da qveiTebi. dReisTvis sazRvao Zalebi erTaderTia, romlis sabrZolo misi-

ebSi qalebs monawileobis ufleba ara aqvT1. iqidan gamomdinare, rom pakistani muslimanuri saxelmwifoa, xolo muslimanur qvey-

nebSi Zalian didi rols asrulebs religiuri faqtori, qalis samxedro samsaxurSi yofna, rogorc wesi, akrZaluli unda iyos.

islamis wesebis Tanaxmad qali arastandartul tanisamosSi imoseba da mamakacebTan ko-

munikaciis donezec ki urTierToba minimumdea dayvanili. SeiaraRebul ZalebSi samsaxuri, Tanac snaiperad an desantad, absoluturad gamoricxavs mamakacebisagan Tavis gariyvas da komunikaciis ar qonas. warmoudgenelia brZolis velze Sens TanamemamulesTan kontaqti ar iqonio, mxolod imitom, rom is `Zlieri sqesis~ warmomadgenelia. SeiaraRebul ZalebSi ki msgavsi wesebis an tradiciebis dacvis arc droa da arc adgili. aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZ-

lia Tamamad davaskvnaT, rom qalbatonebis msgavs poziciebze yofna ara mxolod socialur-

politikuri mdgomareobiTaa gamowveuli, aramed isev da isev geopolitikuri adgilmdebare-

obiTa da politikuri viTarebiT, romelic rogorc aRmoCnda religiur kanonebsac jabnis. samxedro qali aSS-sa da saqarTveloSi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi yvelaferi 1775 wlidan daiwyo. samxedro samsaxurSi qalebi

Seucvlelni iyvnen. isini uvlidnen daWrilebs, umzadebdnen sakvebs da a.S. mogvianebiT am yve-

laferma arseboba saxeSecvlili formiT ganagrZo. qalebma imdenad didi roli Seasrules ame-

rikis arsebobis istoriaSi, rom maT Tavganwirvam da msxverplma yovelgvari genderuli barie-

ri gaarRvia. qalebis gaaqtiurebas SeiaraRebul ZalebSi saTave amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis perl

harborze Tavdasxmam daudo. generali jorj marSali Tvlida, rom mamakacebis wvrTnaSi monawi-

leobasTan erTad unda momxdariyo aTasobiT qalis CarTuloba. man amerikis warmomadgenelTa pa-

lataSi kanonis gatanas Seuwyo xeli, sadac iTxovda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis SeiaraRebul ZalebTan arsebul qalTa damxmare sabrZolo qvedanayofis Seqmnas — Women’s Army Auxilary Corps (WAAC). iniciativa, romelic masaCusetsis warmomadgenelma ediT nors rojersma gaitana gansa-

xilvelad, kanonad 1942 wlis 5 maiss iqca. aRniSnul kanonos mxars uWerda eleonora ruzveltic2. qalebis WAAC-Si mosazidad SemuSavda miRebis kriteriumebi, romlebic iTvaliswinebda

Semdegs: qali unda yofiliyo 21 dan — 45 wlamde asakis. am saqmeze muSaoba marSalma daavala qalTa

interesebis seqciis ufross, oveta hobis, romelmac Tavis mxriv ganacxada, rom qalebi, romle-

bic WAAC-Si imsaxurebdnen Cveulebriv `mandilosnebad~ darCebodnen. msurvelebs ekrZalebo-

daT Svilis gaCena3. metad ucnauria is faqti, rom imis miuxedavad, rom kontraqtis pirobebic ki absolutu-

rad araadekvatur xasiaTs atarebda, kerZod: dabalma xelfasma, tyveobaSi Cavardnis SemTxveva-

Si daxmarebis ar arsebobam, Svilis gaCenis akrZalvam, veteranis uflebebiT ver sargeblobam da bolos da bolos samedicino dazRvevis ar arsebobamac ki, ver SeaCera amerikeli qalebi.

hobim pirveli wvrTnebisaTvis Semosuli 35000 aplikaciidan, 440 qali aarCia, romelic 1942 wlis 20 ivliss daiwyo. arCeul qalTa saSualo asaki 25 weli iyo. maTi umetesoba swavlobda kolejebSi, isini momavali maswavleblebi, ofis-menejerebi da aRmasrulebeli mdivnebi unda gamxdariyvnen [15]. aucileblad gaCndeba kiTxa, ra motivi amoZravebda am qalbatonebs? mTavari motivi ki patriotizmi aRmoCnda. maT ubralod ar SeeZloT sxva raime motivi hqonodaT, radgan materialur mxareze, da keTildReobaze saubaric ki zedmeti iyo. imis gancdam, rom qveyanas uWirda, xolo maT hqondaT gverdSi dgomis potenciali, dajabna yovelgvari materialuri sar-

geblis ar qonac. ojaxSi mamakacis aryofna iyo erT-erTi mTavari mizezi, ris Sedegadac qali

1 kapanaZe.v, qali da samxedro samsaxuri, http://presa.ge/new/?m=military&AID=16058 16.05.2018 2 Wood, J.,A History of Women in the U.S. Military, http://www.infoplease.com/us/military/women-history.html, 20/03/2018/ 3 Wood, J.,A History of Women in the U.S. Military, http://www.infoplease.com/us/military/women-history.html, 20/03/2018/W


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ojaxidan samxedro samsaxurSi midioda. zogjer, piriqiTac xdeboda, qalebs surdaT maTi oja-

xis wevrebisaTvis (am SemTxvevaSi mamakacebisaTvis) gaewiaT solidaroba. raRac periodis Sem-

deg WAAC-is qalebis 40 procenti gadavida SeiaraRebul ZalebTan arsebul AAF- Si (sahaero ZalebSi). es qalebi muSaobdnen amindis prognozis mauwyeblebad, kriptografebad (isini exmare-

bodnen qveyanas germanuli da iaponuri teqsturi Setyobinebebis gaSifvraSi), radio-komunika-

ciis specialistebad, meqanikosebad, samxedro aRWurvilobebis specialistebad da sahaero transportis Semmowmeblebad. Semdgom, 40 procenti dasaqmda ASF-Si ( armiis momsaxurebis Za-

lebi), romelSic qalebi eleqtrikosebad, meqanikosebad da saqmis mwarmoeblebad muSaobdnen. WAAC-si mxarSi edga manhetenis proeqts, romelic iTvaliswinebda pirveli atomuri bombis Seqmnas. am qvedanayofis 20 procenti AGF-Si — saxmeleTo Zalebi gadavida, romelic Zalian di-

di xani aprotestebda qalTa yofnas maT qvedanayofSi1. sabolood patriotizmis am doziT warmoCinebam, saqmisadmi erTgulebam da qalebis Sei-

raRebul ZalebSi yofnis aucileblobam, general duait aizenhaueri aiZula 1943 wlis 3 ivliss WAAC-i droebiTi damxmare qvedanayofidan regularul armiad — WAC-ad eqcia 2da qalebs yve-

la is privilegia mieniWaT, rac regularul jarSi myof mamakacebs hqondaT. swored am wlebSi dafiqsirda sakmaod saintereso faqti. amerikeli mamakacebi gaRiziane-

buli im faqtiT, rom qalebma fexi moikides SeiaraRebul ZalebSi, araerT xerxs mimarTes janyis asatexad. dadioda xmebi, TiTqos SeiaraRebul ZalebSi myofi qalebis 90 procenti prostitu-

ciiT iyo dakavebuli da bevri maTgani TiTqos fexmZimedac ki iyo. kongresma aRniSnuli saqmis statistikis garkveva oveta hobis daavala. gavrcelebuli xmebi ar dadasturda3.

yuradRebas ipyrobs is faqti, rom 1977 wlamde sapirispiro sqesis warmomadgenlebis momza-

deba calke banakebSi xdeboda, Tumca ukve 1979 wlidan miRebis kriteriumebi orive sqesisaTvis erTi da igive gaxda. 1980 wlidan qalebs ufleba miecaT nebismieri saxis kursebi gaearaT aSS-s jarSi. 1982 wels maTma raodenobam 65000-s miaRwia. am qveynis magaliTi advili asaxsnelia ideo-

logiuri TvalsazrisiT, radgan is rogorc zeliberaluri saxelmwifo aSkarad avlens am sfero-

Sic individualizmsa da Tanasworobaze damyarebul politikas, romelic mas samagaliTos xdis saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis TvalSi4. aqve, gvinda gavixsenoT ridli skotis cnobili filmi `ja-

riskaci jeini~, romlis Sinaarsi mdgomareobs SemdegSi: amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi jer kidev gasul saukunes ar wydeboda saubari qalTa diskriminaciis Taobaze samxedro-sazRvao ZalebSi. erT-erTi senatori qalbatonis daxmarebiT, leitenanti jordan o’nili (igive jeini) miRebul iq-

na specnazis qvedanayofSi. zemoxsenebul specnazSi msaxuri sakmaod rTulia, TiTqmis SeuZle-

bels utoldeba. dafiqsirda ramdenime SemTxveva, rodesac Zlieri sqesis warmomadgenlebma ver SeZles umZimesi davalebebis Sesruleba da iZulebuli gaxdnen daetovebinaT specnazi. jeinma ga-

dalaxa yovelgvari, dabrkoleba, sirTule da Seuracxyofa. man daamtkica, rom qalsac SeuZlia aseT rTul pirobebSi msaxuri da, rogorc Tavad ambobs: `qalsac aqvs samSoblosaTvis sikvdilis ufleba~, magram kulminacia imaSi mdgomareobs, rom imis miuxedavad, rom jeinma daamtkica, fizi-

kuri siZlieriT, amtanobiTa Tu nebismieri sxva TvisebiT uamrav mamakacs ajoba, namdvil speco-

peraciaze gagzavnisas xmelTaSua zRvaSi, specnazis ufrosis argailis gadarCenisas, misi TviT-

mfrinavis bortze ayvanis Semdgom, (igi mZimed iyo daWrili) igi jeins Semdeg sityvebs eubneba: `Tavs verasodes vapatieb, rom me qalma gadamarCina~. argailis es fraza ki aSS-s mamakacTa didi nawilis pozicias gamoxatavs da pirdapir gviCvenebs, rom sazogadoeba ar aris amisaTvis mzad, me-

tic, uWirs am faqtis miReba. aseve, filmSi zemdgom oficers aRizianebs jeinis sunamos suni, Tum-

ca saqme namdvilad ar aris aromatSi, igi xazs usvams im faqts, rom jeini qalia da didi imedi aqvs, rom igi didi xani ver darCeba specnazSi. swored igive faqtze amaxvilebs yuradRebas qarTveli kapitani qalbatonic, romelic ambobs, rom mamakacebisaTvis normaa yazarmaSi arasasiamovno win-

debis suni, radgan — qalis parfiumis surneli mand absoluturad uadgiloa. ar SeiZleba ar SevexoT erT metad paradoqsalur faqts. 1918 wels, im dros, rodesac Se-

1 Wood, J.,A History of Women in the U.S. Military, http://www.infoplease.com/us/military/women-history.html, 20/03/2018/ 2 Wood, J.,A History of Women in the U.S. Military, http://www.infoplease.com/us/military/women-history.html, 20/03/2018/ 3 Cosgrove, B., 'Take off the Silk, Put on the Khaki': America's First Women Soldiers, 1942, http://time.com/3877591/photos-of-americas-womens-army-auxiliary-corps-1942/, 07/07/2018 4 Wood, J.,A History of Women in the U.S. Military, http://www.infoplease.com/us/military/women-history.html, 20/03/2018/


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erTebul StatebSi qalebs ar hqondaT xmis micemis ufleba, maTi sazRvao flotSi dasaqmeba da-

saSvebi iyo. qalebs, romlebic im dros sazRvao flotSi msaxurobdnen ~marionetebi~ Searqves, sityvidan ~Marine~- sazRvao. 25 wlis Semdeg, 1943 wlis 13 Tebervals, meore msoflio omis dros, Seiqmna sazRvao flotis qalTa rezervi, sadac daaxloebiT 23000 qali msaxurobda. maTi sloga-

ni JRerda Semdegnairad: `gauSvi mamakaci sabrZolvelad~1. sainJinro brigadis kaprali, 30 wlis inga mamalaZes Tavdacvis saministros sainJinro bri-

gadis J1-is specialistis Tanamdeboba ukavia. mas ZiriTadad saqmiswarmoeba evaleba. inga Savi qamris mflobelia karateSi.

igi ambobs, rom am e.w. ~araqaluri sportis~ siyvarulis gamo roca 2008 wels jarSi was-

vlis survili gamoTqva. ~aravis gakvirvebia Cemi gadawyvetileba, arc dauSliaT, imitom, rom iqamdec ~naklebadqalur~ saqmeSi viyavi. roca pirvelad jarSi miReba daiwyo xelvaCaurSi, mec vcade, mivedi da gamimarTla. gasaubrebis Sedegad damtoves. ase daviwye muSaoba jarSi~2.

inga ambobs, rom sazogadoebis im nawils, romelsac qalis jarSi wasvla ukvirs, mcdari warmodgena aqvs qalis fizikur SesaZleblobebze. ~fiqroben, rom qali jarSi ver gauZlebs ise-

Tive datvirTvas, rogorsac mamakaci uZlebs. saqme isaa, rom, rac Zalian ginda, yovelTvis gaa-

keTeb, jari iqneba es Tu sxva ram. garda amisa, jarSi ar aris iseTi datvirTva, rom adamianma, ka-

ci iqneba is Tu qali – ver gauZlos. sainteresoa, rom kaprali mamalaZe aRniSnavs, rom adrindelTan SedarebiT sazogadoeba

dRes mainc naklebad stereotipulia qali samxedroebis mimarT. amonaridi interviudan: `~ad-

re, roca karateze davdiodi, xSirad mexumrebodnen: `va, karatisti, Tan Savi qamari? vai, Sen vis ojaxSic Sexval…~, Tumca es agresiulad mainc ar ganmawyobda. adre ufro mZafrad iyo ganwyo-

ba, ra unda qals policiaSi, jarSi… vfiqrob, nel-nela sazogadoeba egueba im azrs, rom qali ar aris ~susti sqesi~, axla bevri siamayiTac gviyurebs da es Zalian sasiamovnoa~, – ambobs inga3.

kidev erTi samxedro qali meore qveiTi brigadis kaprali, ori Svilis deda, 31 wlis nato kobalaZea. igi qobuleTidanaa da axla senakSi, dasavleT sardlobis bazaze msaxurobs. misi saq-

mianobac saqmiswarmoebas ukavSirdeba. nato kobalaZe ambobs, rom samxedro samsaxuri bavSvobidan ainteresebda da amis sawina-

aRmdego arc mSoblebs hqoniaT rame. ambobs, rom roca serJantobis kursebi daiwyeba, aucileb-

lad gaivlis, Semdeg ki saoficro kursebzec ifiqrebs. ojaxSi ukve hyavdaT ramdenime samxedro piri. miuxedavad ojaxis wevrebis pozitiuri damokidebulebisa, nato miiCnevs, rom sazogadoe-

baSi qalis jarSi samsaxurTan dakavSirebiT sxvadasxva mcdari warmodgena arsebobs. erT-erTi maTgani maRal anazRaurebas ukavSirdeba4.

aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom aSS-s hyavs qalebi, romelTac saukeTeso mxridan gamoiCines Ta-

vi da didi sargebelic moutanes qveyanas: maiori loren edvarci, qali, romelic 150 jariskacs da 7 tanks miuyveboda win TavdacviTi operaciebis dros eraySi Sesvlisas, risTvisac jildoc miiRo simamacisaTvis, snaiperi, serJanti Seri galaheri, imisaTvis, rom gamxdariyo wlis jaris-

kaci, daamarcxa 11 monawile. galaheri grZelvadian operaciebSi Rebulobs monawileobas da cnobilia, rogorc umaRlesi klasis snaiperi. serJanti en hesteri, qalbatoni, romelmac eraySi mtris ramdenime banaki gaanadgura. meore msoflio omis Semdeg hesteri pirveli qalia, vinc vercxlis varskvlavi moipova, romelic mesame xarisxis ordens warmoadgens.

qalebi britaneTis SeiaraRebul ZalebSi 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisidan msaxuroben. Tumca, isini ar Sedian armiis, sahaero da sazRvao Zalebis wina xazze mebrZoli SenaerTebis SemadgenlobaSi5.

1 Cosgrove, B., 'Take off the Silk, Put on the Khaki': America's First Women Soldiers, 1942, http://time.com/3877591/photos-of-americas-womens-army-auxiliary-corps-1942/, 07/07/2018 2 `qali aჭaridan saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul ZalebSi~, http://batumelebi.netgazeti.ge/weekly1/22241/#sthash.vEzSoqm3.zgNWOfo3.dpb, 16.03.2018 3 `qali aჭaridan saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul ZalebSi~, http://batumelebi.netgazeti.ge/weekly1/22241/#sthash.vEzSoqm3.zgNWOfo3.dpb, 16.03.2018 4 `qali aჭaridan saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul ZalebSi~, http://batumelebi.netgazeti.ge/weekly1/22241/#sthash.vEzSoqm3.zgNWOfo3.dpb, 16.03.2018 5 Stanger., M., Warner, Anmargaret, The 14 Most Impressive Women In The US Military, http://www.businessinsider.com/most-impressive-women-in-the-military-2013-7, 07/07/2018


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sakmaod sainteresod saubrobs vaJa-fSavela qalis rolze da Tanaswor uflebebze: `megobaro! dRes qalebic Txouloben mamakacebTan Tanaswor uflebas. sjobs, mieces, Tu ara, ras ityvi? me ama sakiTxze gaWianurebuls pasuxs ar mogcem da imis kvlevas, Tu ra rols asru-

lebda dedakaci qveynis istoriul cxovrebaSi, ra mniSvneloba aqvs ojaxisTvis da sxv., ar gamo-

vudgebi, radgan amis ganmartvas mTeli tomebi moundeba, Cven ki dro ara gvaqvs amisTvis sakmao. me mxolod amas vityvi: didad da didad saWiroa dakmayofildes qalTa moTxovnileba. mjera, mwams da vercavin Semacvleinebs am rwmenas......~1.

sakiTxis detalurad SeswavlisaTvis, unda daviwyo cota adridan. SevxedoT ra viTarebaa qarTul armiaSi, ucxoel dampyroblebTan brZolidan saukuneebis Semdegac, qarTveli mamakace-

bi saqveynoT arian cnobilni, rogorc mebrZolebi da mcvelebi, magram arc qarTveli qalebi iy-

vnen istoriis manZilze mxolod diasaxlisis statusiT, bevr brZolaSi daxmarebian isini qar-Tvel mamakacebs da bevrjerac umniSvnelovanesi roli uTamaSiaT qveynis bed-iRbalis gadaw-

yvetis sakiTxSi. mogexsenebaT, jer kidev Zveli welTaRricxviT 65 wels gneus pompeusis laS-

qrobis aRwerisas mematiane wers, Tu rogori TavganwirviT ibrZodnen qarTveli qalebi romae-

lebis winaaRmdeg. am mxriv meti faqtebia SemorCenili meTormete-mecamete saukunis da mTeli Semdgomi periodis brZolebidan. bolos ki unda iTqvas, rom 1921 wels wiTeli armiis winaaR-mdeg da meore msoflio omis dros qarTveli qalebi samSoblos gadasarCenad mamakacebis mxar-

damxar gmirulad ibrZodnen. dRes saqarTveloSi Tavdacvis saministros monacemebiT iricxeba 1821 qali jariskaci, maTi umravlesoba ra Tqma unda saofise da samedicino saqmis Semsrulebe-

lia, magram arian serJanti, piloti da snaiperi qalebic. ramdenad xelsayrelia dResdReobiT saqarTvelos samxedro bazebis mdgomareoba qali jariskacebisTvis, es jer kidev kiTxvis niS-

nis qveSaa, magram faqtia, rom Cvens qveyanaSic imatebs jariskaci qalebis ricxvi, marto 2009 wlidan dRemde rodesac qveyana Caeba ISAF-is operaciebSi 1600-mde samxedrodan, 33 qalia. ro-

gorc simon de bovuarma Tqva `qalebs qmnian, isini ar ibadebian~ sazogadoeba qmnis maT suste-

bad da saojaxo saqmeebisTvis gankuTvnilad, magram sazogadoebrivi azri icvleba da droTa ganmavlobaSi progress ganicdis. qalebi ki maTi Zalisxmevis Sedegad angreven genderul stere-

otipebs da arian iseTive kargi mebrZolebi, rogoric mamakacebi [6]. sainteresod afiqsirebs Tavis azrs giorgi ZnelaZe sakuTar blogze ganTavsebul statia-

Si, saxelwodebiT: `meamboxe feministi patriarqaluri ojaxisa da reproduqciuli monobis winaaRmdeg~: `bavSvobaSi, gogonebs ufleba aqvT, `maskulinur~ gzas daadgnen, anu skolaSi war-

matebas miaRwion, xeebze aZvrnen da a.S. magram mSoblebsa da sazogadoebas — am socializato-

rebs, ar aeWvebT misi feminuri identobis simyare. ician, rom igi gaizrdeba da Tavis,,qalur xvedrs~ daemorCileba — gaTxovdeba da Svilebs gaaCens. rogorc ki daqaliSvildeba, misgan yve-

la moiTxovs, rom nazi da pasiuri iyos, aRar CaerTos `mamakacur saqmianobaSi~, sakuTar gareg-

nobaze izrunos, kacebi moxiblos, mamrebis survilebs daemorCilos da sakuTari Tavi pasiur obieqtad aqcios. qalisTvis TiTqos yvela kari Riaa, magram warmatebisaken gadadgmuli yoveli misi nabiji aRiqmeba zianis momtan qmedebad ara mxolod misi qorwinebisaTvis, aramed im mamaka-

cebisTvisac, romlebsac igi uswrebs warmatebisaken mimaval gzaze~2. unda aRiniSnos is faqti, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kanonmdeblobiT, pentagonis

1994 wlis gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad, qalebs ekrZalebodaT yovelgvar samxedro specoperaci-

ebSi monawileoba. Tumca, 2013 wels amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentma, barak obamam is-

toriuli gadawyvetileba miiRo, romelmac gaauqma pentagonis gadawyvetileba. 2013 wels Tav-

dacvis ministrma, leon panetam xeli moawera qalebis specoperaciebSi da cxel wertilebSi ia-

raRiT xelSi brZolis nebarTvas. TeTri saxlis presmdivanma jei karnim ganacxada, rom prezidenti barak obama srul mxar-

daWeras ucxadebs axal kurss. amgvarad, aSS, sadac SeiaraRebul ZalebSi 14 procents mdedro-

biTi sqesis warmomadgenelni Seadgenen, yvela qals profesiuli codnisa da Sesabamisi momzade-

1 vaJa-fSavela, dedakacebi rom iyvnen maRal Tanamdebobebze, vaJa-fSavela qalTa uflebebis Sesaxeb, http://mental.ge/vaja-genderi/, 07/07/2018 2 ZnelaZe, g.,, patriarqaluri borkilebisa da ojaxis uRlis msxvrevidan filosofiur kvarcxlbekamde (na-wili 2) http://liberali.ge/blogs/view/6154/patriarqaluri-borkilebisa-da-ojakhis-ughlis-mskhvrevidan-filosofiur-kvartskhlbekamde-natsili-2, 07/07/2018


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bis SemTxvevaSi amieridan SeeZleba mamakacebTan erTad uSualod frontis wina xazze Seasru-

lon sabrZolo amocana. saqarTveloSi adreuli droidan fiqsirdeba qalebis gaaqtiureba sabrZolo saqmianobaSi.

istoriaze dayrdnobiT amis brwyinvale magaliTia maia wyneTeli, Tamar vaSlovaneli da Tina wavkiseli, romlebmac Tavisi gmirobiT gaiTqves saxeli. ai, ras gveubneba istoria: ~glexis qals, maia wyneTels, mefe erekles dros ucxovria (XVIII saukunis meore naxevari). uasako yofi-

la, roca batons ZaliT miuyvania saxlSi da namusi auxdia. maias mSoblebs ver autaniaT es mwu-

xareba da male gamosalmebian wuTisofels. mamas tyeSi CamouxrCvia Tavi, dedas SimSiliT Tavi mouklavs. erT Rames Caucvams mamamisis tanisamosi, Semourtyams xmali, xanjali, mxarze mamis Tofi gadaukidia da Casula TbilisSi. ase vaJurad gamowyobili misula mefe erekles karze da mfarveloba uTxovia. mefes miuRia igi. maias saxelad maTe daurqmevia. ar gasula didi xani, rom kaxeTis mxares dascemian lekebi. mefes Seuyria saCqarod jari da Tan gauyolebia Sinaymanic. maT ricxvSi yofila maiac. yvelani kargad garjilan mterTan brZolaSi, magram maiasebri vaJka-

coba veravis gamouCenia. am dros maia oci wlisa yofila. mefe gaukvirvebia mis mxneobas, simar-

desa da vaJkacobas. gaxarebuli gadaxvevia, orTav TvalebSi ukocnia da uTqvams:

- ai, Sen ki genacvale! kacic Sena yofilxar da qudic Sen gxurebiao!1 ar SegviZlia ar vaxsenoT Tamar vaSlovaneli. `yofila sastiki da gautexeli, mexi dedaka-

ci, ris gamoc misi saxeli ganTqmula saqarTveloSi. sofelSi uimisod ara keTdeboda ra. er-

Txel vaSlovans TaTrebi dascemian, aukliaT sofeli, daungreviaT eklesiebi da mcxovrebni tyved wauyvaniaT. Tamro gamosdgomia TaTrebs, daswevia Tavisi razmiT da sakvirveli gmiroba gamouCenia. mteri daumarcxebia da gauTavisuflebia qarTveli tyveebi. es ambavi erekle mefes rom Seutyvia, Zlier didis madlobiT uTqvams TamrosaTvis: SegviZlia Tamamad ganvacxadoT, rom saqarTvelo gmiri qalebis samSobloa — oh, Svilo! Sen genacvalos Cemi moxuci Tavi, rom Se-

nis magaliTiT kacebic gamxnevdneno. mefes miucia misTvis da misi amxanagebisaTvis tyvia-wama-

li da erT zarbazansac dahpirebia. Tamros Tavis razmSi bevri meomari qalic hyolia. Tamros da mis razms bevrjer gadaurCe-

nia vaSlovanis mcxovrebni lekebisa da TaTrebis TareSisagan~2. sakmaod saintereso damTxvevaa, rom mamakacis samosSi gadacmul qali jariskacebis gamo-

Cenac amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi daaxloebiT am periodSi daiwyo. amerikaSi pirveli gadac-

muli qalebi gamoCndnen samoqalaqo omisa da meqsikasTan omis dros. swored 1787 wels debora semsoni, misi gardacvlili Zmis (robert semsonis) saxeliT ibrZoda brZolis velze. 17 wlis ganmavlobaSi igi ibrZoda kontinentur armiaSi. igi orjer daiWra kidec. mogvianebiT, 1847 wels

mamakacis tanisamosSi gadacmuli elizabed niuqami ibrZoda fort levenvorTTan. 10 Tvis Sem-

deg simarTle gairkva da 1848 kongresma mas gamouyo Tanxa gaweuli SromisaTvis3elizabed niu-

qami da debora semsoni maia wyneTelisa, Tamro vaSlovanelisa da Tina wavkiselis msgavsad, pir-

veli amerikeli jariskaci qalebi iyvnen.

sociologiuri gamokiTxva imisaTvis, rom sworad Semefasebina am etapisaTvis arsebuli mdgomareoba, Cavatare soci-

ologiuri gamokiTxva. gamokiTxvaSi monawileoba miiRes 22-dan-65-wlamde dasaqmebulma saqar-

Tvelos moqalaqe qalebma da kacebma. monawileoba 153 adamianma miiRo, romlebmac absolutu-

rad sxvadasxvagvari pozicia daafiqsires. kiTxvaze unda iyos Tu ara samxedro samsaxuri qale-

bisaTvis savaldebulo, 77,8 procentma daafiqsira pasuxi-~ara~, xolo 16, 3 upasuxa-~diax~ (ix. cxrili 1.1) darCenili 0,7 procenti metad gansxvavebulad pasuxobs, kerZod: isini Tvlian, rom samxedro samsaxuri qalisaTvis gausaZlisi Sromaa, nawili Tvlis, rom samxedro samsaxuri sa-

valdebulo arcerTi sqesisaTvis ar unda iyos. iqidan gamomdinare, rom uaryofiT pasuxze 77.8

1 abulaSvili, i., erekle mefis mebrZoli gmiri qalebi, http://www.resonancedaily.com/index.php?id_rub=5&id_artc=37655, 07/07/2017 2 gamoCenili qarTveli qalebi, https://iberiana.wordpress.com/iberiana/geowomen/ 3 Ciqvania, T., erekle meoris Zegli TelavSimaia wyneTeli, Tamar vaSlovneli, Tina wavkiseli - miTi Tu rea-loba?, https://sputnik-georgia.com/people/20171029/237963158/maia-ckneteli.html, 07/07/2018


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procenti modis, SegviZlia Tamamad ganvacxadoT, rom qarTveli eri araa mzad qali ixilos jar-

Si, yazarmaSi, an sangarSi. rac Seexeba, sakontraqto gawvevas, gamokiTxulma sazogadoebam bev-

rad lmobieri pasuxi gasca, radgan pasuxi -àras~ procentuli maCvenebelma, 54,9% Seadgina (ix. cxrili 1.2). sakontraqto gawveva gulisxmobs imsaxuro samxedro samsaxurSi, survilisamebr, saxelmwifosTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. is rac savaldebulo araa nakleb agre-

sias iwvevs, rogorc kacebis, aseve, qalebis mxridan. cxrili 1.1 cxrili 1.2

kiTxvaze ramdenad misaRebia saqarTvelos moqalaqisaTvis qalis cxel wertilSi, mebrZo-

lis ampluaSi xilva, pasuxma 54.2 5 Seadgina (ix. cxrili 2.1) mxolod qveynis 36, 6 dauSvebs da egueba qalis iaraRiT xelSi brZolis faqts. sainteresoa is faqti, rom kiTxvaze, Tu ramdenad produqtiulia qali samxedro samsaxurSi, dafiqsirda paradoqsuli procentuli maCveenebli -57,5%, rac veraviTar SesabamisobaSi ver modis zemoT mocemul diagramebTan da dafiqsirebul mosazrebasTan.

Tuki, gamokiTxuli sazogadoebis 77, 8% (ix. cxrili 1.1) qalis savaldebulo samxedro sam-

saxurs kategoriulad ar eTanxmeba, sakontraqto samsaxurs 41,2 % uaryofs (cxrili 1.2), xolo mis cxel wertilSi brZolas 54, 2 % ar iziarebs (ix. cxrili 2.1), metad ucnauria, ratom Tvlis imave sazogadoebis 57,5% am sferoSi qalis CarTulobas produqtiuls (ix. cxrili 2.2).

cxrili 2.1 cxrili 2.2

daskvna Catarebulma kvlevam damarwmuna, rom sazogadoeba ar aris informirebuli imis Sesaxeb,

rom qalebi omSi, sxvadasxva formiT, me-18 saukunidan arian CarTulni. Sesabamisad, mas siaxlis mimarT garkveuli SiSi uCndeba. me ar vsaubrob qalebisaTvis savaldebulo samxedro gawvevaze, aramed, survilisamebr, maTTvis cxel wertilebSi brZolis uflebis micemaze, rogorc es Seer-

Tebuli Statebis magaliTze vixileT. paralelis gasavlebad amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi Sem-

TxveviT ar SerCeula, orive qveyanaSi qalis gamoCena brZolis velze me-18 saukunidan iwyeba da erTidaimave faqti fiqsirdeba- mamakacis tanisamosSi gadacmuli qali.

Tumca, sazogadoebis informirebulobam SesaZloa Secvalos aRniSnuli damokidebuleba,


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raTa samxedro samsaxuri qalisaTvis ar miiCneodes arasasurvel profesiad da misi SesaZleb-

lobebi dafasebul iqnes. pirvel rigSi, informaciis masebisaTvis miwodeba unda moxdes metad diplomatiuri gziT. adamianebi, romlebic ar arian gaTviTcnobierebulni istoriaSi da ar floben informacias imis Sesaxeb Tu romeli saukunidan iwyeba qalTa aqtivoba brZolis velze, metad negatiur ganwyobas avlenen aRniSnuli sakiTxisadmi. am SemTxvevaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba sazogadoebis ganwyobas, radgan is sakmaod did gavlenas axdens mTavrobis gadawyveti-

lebaze. saxelmwifo erideba im kanonebis gatanas parlamentSi, rasac SeiZleba misi mTavroba em-

sxverplos, metad gaurbis provokaciuli da misi qveynis mentalitetisaTvis Seuferebeli re-

formebis gatarebas. am SemTxvevaSi Zalian did rols Seasrulebs sazogadoebasTan urTierTo-

bis xelovneba, romelic swori kuTxidan warmoaCens qalis rols.

kvlevam daadgina:

1. qarTuli sazogadoeba ar eTanxmeba qali yofnas brZolis velze;

2. qarTuli sazogadoeba nawilobriv eTanxmeba qalis saqontraqto samxedro gawvevas;

3. qarTuli sazogadoeba araa informirebuli Tu romeli saukunidan iwyeba qalis mier gaweuli samxedro Rvawli saqarTveloSi;

4. qarTuli sazogadoeba qals brZolis velze produqtiulad aRiqvams, rac gamoricxavs yvela zemoT CamoTvlil punqts

5. Sesabamisad, qarTuli sazogadoeba informaciis did naklebobas ganicdis da ar icnobs arc amerikulsa da arc qarTul qeisebs. igi siaxled aRiqvams im faqts,

rac istoriis furclebisaTvis didixnis win daZvelebuli masalaa. sainteresoa is faqti, rom 4 saukunis gasvlis Semdegac, qarTuli sazogadoebis cnobiere-

baSi aRniSnuli sakiTxisadmi araferi Secvlila, xolo SeerTebulma Statebma daafasa qalis Rvawli da mas neba darTo iaraRiT xelSi ibrZolos sakuTari qveynis interesebis dasacavad.

mZlavri piaris saSualebiT, kerZod ki, imijis teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT moxdeba stere-

otipebis rRveva. SeiraRebuli Zalebi ar iqneba miCneuli qalisaTvis `mamakacur~ poziciad. Cven ar vsaubrobT sazogadoebaze fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis moxdenaze an Savi piaris gamoyeneba-

ze, ubralod cnobierebis amaRlebaze. sazogadoebis cnobiereba saWiroebs garkveul miniSne-

bebs, romlebic maT exmareba sakuTari azris gamomuSavebaSi. mxolod informaciis Semotana am SemTxvevaSi araa sakmarisi, saWiroa misi pozitiuri Sefaseba da aRqmis modelebis danergva.


1. abulaSvili, i., erekle mefis mebrZoli gmiri qalebi, http://www.resonancedaily.com/index.php?id–rub=5&id–artc=37655; 2. gamoCenili qarTveli qalebi, https://iberiana.wordpress.com/iberiana/geowomen/; 3. vaJa-fSavela, dedakacebi rom iyvnen maRal Tanamdebobebze, vaJa-fSavela qalTa uflebebis

Sesaxeb, http://mental.ge/vaja-genderi/; 4. kapanaZe.v, qali da samxedro samsaxuri, http://presa.ge/new/?m=military&AID=16058; 5. liklikaZe, k., qeTi TevzaZe: `mdedrobiTi sqesis samxedroebi aravisze naklebni ar varT~, http://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/content/weekly-military-program-keti- tevzadze/24885010.html; 6. nozaZe, m., SesaZloa qarTveli qalebi jarSi gaiwvion, http://news.mcvane.ge/news/axali-ambebi/7707--.html; 7. frangiSvili, i., `qali aWaridan saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul ZalebSi~ http://batumelebi.netgazeti.ge/weekly1/22241/#sthash.vEzSoqm3.zgNWOfo3.dpb; 8. saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministros Tavdacvis politikisa da ganviTarebis departamentis

debuleba, https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/3402347; 9. saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministros Tavdacvis politikisa da ganviTarebis departamentis

debuleba


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http://www.mod.gov.ge/assets/up-modul/uploads/samartlebriviaqtebi/1—(40).pdf; 10. ZnelaZe, g., patriarqaluri borkilebisa da ojaxis uRlis msxvrevidan filosofiur kvar-

cxlbekamde (nawili 2), http://liberali.ge; 11. Ciqvania, T., erekle meoris Zegli TelavSimaia wyneTeli, Tamar vaSlovneli, Tina wavkiseli.

miTi Tu realoba?, https://sputnik-georgia.com/people/20171029/237963158/maia-ckneteli.html; 12. Coreau, A., Whatever George Sand Wants, https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/20/books/whatever-george-sand-wants.html; 13. Cosgrove, B., 'Take off the Silk, Put on the Khaki': America's First Women Soldiers, 1942, http://time.com/3877591/photos-of-americas-womens-army-auxiliary-corps-1942/; 14. Sisk, R., Panetta: Women in Combat Strengthens US Military, https://www.military.com/daily-news/2013/01/24/panetta-women-in-combat-strengthens-us-military.html; 15. Stanger., M., Warner, Anmargaret, The 14 Most Impressive Women In The US Military, http://www.businessinsider.com/most-impressive-women-in-the-military-2013-7; 16. Veazie, T., First Lady Michelle Obama Honors 14 Women Veterans as Champions of Change, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2013/03/21/first-lady-michelle-obama-honors-14-women-veterans-

champions-change; 17. Women In Uniform, http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Women—in—Military—Service.aspx; 18. Wood, J.,A History of Women in the U.S. Military, http://www.infoplease.com/us/military/women-history.html. n. parinosi

meomari qalebi — amerikuli da qarTuli sinamdvile me-18 saukunidan dRemde)

reziume

sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilisaTvis samxedro samsaxuri, gansakuTrebiT ki SeiaraRebu-

li Zalebi im maskulinur struqturas warmoadgens, romelSic igi qalis adgils ver xedavs. es ki akninebs im qalTa Rvawls, romelTac umsaxuriaT SeiaraRebul ZalebSi da qveynisaTvis sasi-

keTo saqme gaukeTebiaT. kvleva fokusirebulia qarTvel da amerikel qalebze, romlebic me-18 saukunidan dRemde

brZolis velze, Tavdauzogavad, ibrZodnen. saqarTvelosa da amerikis SeerTebul Statebs hyav-

daT iseTi mebrZoli qalebi, rogoric iyvnen elisabed niuqami, debora semsoni, xolo saqarTve-

loSi maia wyneTeli, Tamro vaSlovneli da Tina wavkiseli. kvlevis meTodologia: SedarebiTi analizi, kontent-analizi, sociologiuri kvleva.

N.Parinos

Women Warriers – American and Georgian Reality (Since 18th century till now)

Summary

Opinions on women's involvement in military service, namely: armed forces — widely vary. Generally, it is

believed to be a masculine world where they see no place for a woman. This is a thing that insults the contributions of the women who served and fought for their country.

The paper is focused on Georgian and American women from XVIII century on whose deeds are highly appreciated. Georgia and the United States have this thing in common. Their history is enriched with the women worthy of praise, such as: Elizabeth Newcome, Debora Samson, Maia Tskhneteli, Tamar Vashlovneli and Tina Tsavkiseli.

The research methodology: comparative analyses, content analyses and social survey.


129

T. tuxaSvili

SfoTva Tirkmlis donorebSi transplataciis Semdeg

Sesavali Tirkmlis transplatacia mkurnalobis arCevis meTodia Tirkmlebis qronikuli ukmari-

sobis mqone pacientebSi. Tirkmlis transpantacia xdeba rogorc cocxali, aseve gardacvlili donorebidan msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi.

donoris roli Zalian mniSvnelovania, radgan donorebi gamcemi pirebi arian da maT ope-

racia ukeTdebaT ara samedicino CvenebiT, aramed imitom, rom gaiRon organo da gaakeTon keTi-

li saqme. cocxali donoris Tirkmelebs aqvs upiratesoba: ufro didxans funqcionirebs, vidre gardacvlilis.es upiratesoba vrceldeba rogorc naTesavebs Soris, aseve donorsa da recipi-

ents Soris, romlebic ar arian sisxliT naTesavebi (mag:meuRleebsa da megobrebs Soris). donorebis fsiqiuri janmrTeloba uaRresad mniSvnelovani faqtoria operaciis Semdgo-

mi fsiqologiuri problemebis riskis gansasazRvrad[Reimer J, Rensing A, Haasen C, et al. The impact of living-relatedkidney transplantation on the donor’s life. Transplantation 2006; 81: 1268–73; Franklin PM, Crombie AK. Live related renal transplantation: psychological, social, and cultural issues. Transplantation 2003; 76: 1247-1252.6,7, 17,21,22].rogorc literaturuli masalidan Cans, maTgan erT-erTi xSiria-SfoTva.

SfoTva inglisuri sityva SfoTva(anxiety)momdinareobs laTinuri sityvidan angustria da `siviwro-

ves~ niSnavs. SfoTva gavrcelebul emociur mdgomareobas warmoadgens. SfoTva ZiriTadad Cndeba maSin, rodesac pirovneba mocemul situacias ganixilavs, rogorc saxifaTos misi moT-

xovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. xSirad, saqme exeba ZiriTadi socialuri moTxovnilebebis warmosaxuli marcxis molodins. pirovnebas eWvi epareba, rom ver SeZlebs profesiuli, inte-

leqtualuri an zneobrivi problemebis gadaWras. SfoTvis mdgomareobas iwvevs agreTve mou-

lodneli arsebiTi cvlilebebi kargad Seguebul situaciaSi, mag: samuSaos profilis Secvla, axal koleqtivTan Segueba da sxva. SfoTvis mdgomareoba Cndeba post tramvatul viTarebaSi: omis, Zaladobis gadatanis, miwisZvris da a. S.

SfoTvis mkvlevarebi arCeven SfoTvis sam ZiriTad aspeqts: SfoTvas, rogorc aqtualur emociur mdgomareobas. SfoTvas, rogorc pirovnebis maxasiaTebels da SfoTvas, rogorc moti-

vaciis faqtors. TiToeulis gasazomad SemuSavebulia specialuri testebi da xerxebi. pirveli aspeqti gulisxmobs Tavisebur gancdas, romelic Cndeba momavali marcxis, frustraciis war-

mosaxul situaciaSi, mis intensivobas, fiziologiur da gare gamoxatulebas (gafiTrebas, kan-

kals, oflianobas, Zilis darRvevas da sxva). es aspeqti izomeba e.w.situaciuri SfoTvis teste-

biT. SfoTva, rogorcpirovnuli maxasiaTebeli niSnavs, rom adamianebi gansxvavdebian erTmane-

Tisagan Tavisi midrekilebiT aRiqvan situacia, rogorc saSiSi. zogisTvis, magaliTad, yovel-

gvari Semowmeba, gamocda, sakontrolo gamosvla, Sejibri Zlier SfoTvas iwvevs. zogierTi emo-

ciurad mdgradi adamiani, naklebad mwvaved ganicdis am situaciebs. es Taviseburi reaqciebi pi-

rovnebis mudmiv maxasiaTeblad iqceva. am aspeqtebs adgenen e.w. pirovnuli SfoTvis testebiT, romlebic zomaven individis SfoTianobis saerTo dones.

SfoTvis mesame aspeqti gulisxmobs mis gavlenas raime moqmedebis Sesrulebis efeqturo-

baze. arsebobs mravali gamokvleva, romelic adgens SfoTvis donis kavSirs saswavlo, SromiTi sportuli qcevis warmatebasTan. umravles SemTxvevaSi naCvenebia, rom metismetad maRali SfoTva arRvevsmoqmedebas(Tu is sakmaod rTulia), zrdis Secdomebis raodenobas. metismetad dabali SfoTvis done indiferentuls xdis adamians qcevis mimarT. SfoTvis saSualo done qmnis qcevis optimaluri motivaciis pirobas, xels uwyobs pirovnebis maqsimaluri SesaZleb-

lobebis gamovlenas.[i. imedaZe. `fsiqologiissafuZvlebi~-gamomcemloba `mwignobari~, 2008]. froidi SfoTvas ganmartavs, rogorc~erTgvar usiamovno mdgomareobas, romelsac moto-

ruli ganmuxtva axlavs Tan~. motoruli ganmuxtva SesaZloa sxvadasxva gziT xdebodes. froi-

dis azriT, ` SfoTva saSiSroebis sapasuxo universaluri reaqciaa da ego SfoTvis erTaderTi


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adgilsamyofelia; saSiSroeba SeiZleba iyos realuri an anticipirebuli~[Нельсон-Джоунс Р. Теория и практика консультирования]. arsebobs sami saxis SfoTva: 1)realisturi SfoTva momdinare-

obs gare samyaroSi arsebuli realuri saSiSroebidan; 2)moraluri SfoTva aris sindisis SiSi da igi superegosTan konfliqtisagan momdinareobs; 3) nevrotuli SfoTva aris SiSi imisa, rom idis instiqturi impulsebi umarTavi gaxdeba. igi dasjis SiSsac gulisxmobs.

SfoTva saSiSroebis mauwyebelia; is afrTxilebs egos, rom man raRac unda iRonos. rode-

sac adamiani ver axerxebs SfoTvisaTvisTavis aridebas an misi efeqturi gziT movlas, is tram-

vuli xdeba. rodesac ego ver uvlis SfoTvas racionaluri meTodebiT, mimarTavs dacviT meqa-

nizmebs, romlebic uaryofen da arRveven realobas. isini aracnobierad moqmedeben da darea-

listuri qcevis Seferxeba mas Semdegac SeuZliaT, roca usargebloni xdebian[Larry Hjelle, Daniel Ziegler "Personality Theories: Basic Assumptions, Research, and Applications", 3th ed., 1992].

rolo mei gamoyofs SfoTvis or saxes: normaluri da nevrotuli SfoTva. normalur SfoTvas axasiaTebs sami saxiT: 1) SfoTva, romelic ukavSirdeba obieqturi saSiSroebis serizu-

lobas, romelsac garkveul situaciaSi aqvs adgili; 2) SfoTva, romelic ar midis ganadgurebam-

de da 3) SfoTva SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnas SemoqmedebiTad: misi aRmocenebis faqtorebis identificireba da am faqtorebis winaaRmdegobis gawevis mcdeloba.

nevrotuli SfoTva ki obieqturi saSiSroebis mimarT araadeqvaturi reaqciaa, ris dro-

sac vlindeba adamianTa Sinagani fsiqologiuri modeli da konfliqtebi. cnobierebis blokire-

ba, romelic nevrotul SfoTvasTan aris kavSirSi, misi azriT, adamianebs ufro mowyvladebs xdis safrTxeebis mimarT[Нельсон-Джоунс Р. Теория и практика консультирования].

perlzi SfoTvas ganixilavs, rogorc fsiqologiur, aseve fiziologiur konteqstSi. misi azriT, `SfoTva aris nebismieri agznebis dros sirTulis gancda sunTqvaSi~(fiziologiuri gansazRvreba). fsiqologiuri gagebiT, `SfoTva aris gaxleCva àxlasa~ da mogvianebiTs~Soris an SiSi auditoriis winaSe~. am mosazrebis mixedviT, SfoTva aris fantaziis zonis aqtiurobis mizezi. aq inaxeba informacia, ra ar surT adamianebs imitom, rom eSiniaT[Нельсон-Джоунс Р. Теория и практика консультирования].

SfoTvis garkveuli, zomieri done warmoadgens pirovnebis aqtiuri saqmianobis bunebriv da savaldebulo Taviseburebas. TiToeul adamians gaaCnia optimaluri an sasurveli mRelva-

rebis done, anu egreT wodebuli sasargeblo mRelvareba. am mxriv adamianis mier sakuTari Ta-vis Sefasebas specialistebi miiCneven TviTkontrolisa da TviTaRzrdis friad mniSvnelovan komponentad. cnobilia, rom mRelvarebis maRali an dabali donisa da Sesabamisad cxovrebis stilis mixedviT respondentebi avlenen socialur — fsiqologiuri adaptaciis gansxvavebul unars. kerZod, mRelvarebis maRali donis maxasiaTeblis mqone adamianebisgan gansxvavebiT, mRelvarebis dabali donis mqone pirovnebebs gaaCniaT ufro gamokveTili socialur — fsiqo-

logiuri adaptaciis unari.

ucxouri kvlevebi SfoTvis Sesaxeb: A.Lopes da Tanaavtorebma daadgines, rom transplantaciamde, recipientTa 100%-sa da do-

norTa 64%-s aReniSneboda totaluri SfoTviTi aSliloba. aRsaniSnavia, rom operaciis Semdeg, SfoTvis sixSire Semcirda recipientebSi, magram ara -donorebSi. rac Seexeba depresias, misi sixSire ar Seicvala arc donorebSi da arc recipientebSi[Lopes A, et al. Depression and anxiety in living kidney donation: evaluation of donors and recipients. Transplant Proc. 2011; 43(1):131-6].msgavsi Sedegebi aRiniSna sxva kvlevebiTac[Frade IC, et al. Impact assessment in living kidney donation: psychosocial aspects in the donor. Transplant Proc. 2008; 40(3): 677-81]. amasTan, Tu SfoTviTi aSlilobis sixSire operaciis Semdeg iklebs recipientebSi, donorebis fsiqologiuri mdgomareoba ar icvleba.

iyo donorTa kategoria, romelTachqondaT SfoTva postoperaciul tkivilTan dakavSi-

rebiT (qirurgiul Carevas aRiqvamdnen, rogorc yvelaze mtkivneul gamocdilebas, romelic aqamde hqoniaT), janmrTelobis aRdgena drois TvalsazrisiT, dasaqmebis sakiTxebi, finansuri problemebi, janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli riskebi da cxovrebis xarisxis SezRudva (Sec-

vla). zogierTi donori aRniSnavda fsiqologiuri mxardaWeris naklebobas da surdaT mieRoT meti yuradReba, madliereba da Semdgomi zrunva samedicino personalisgan.

saqarTveloSi Caatarebuli kvlevebi:


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ramodenime wlis win saqarTveloSi Catarda kvleva, romlis mizani iyo Tirkmlis donorTa cxovrebis xarisxis Seswavla, misi Sedareba saerTo populaciis maCveneblebTan da radikaluri nefreqtomiiT naoperacieb pacientTa sicocxlis xarisxTan. aRniSnul kvlevaSi gamokvleul iqna al. wulukiZis sax. urologiis erovnul centrSi 2005-2008 wlebSi naoperaciebi donorebi da Tirkmlis simsivnis mqone pacientebi(45 Tirkmlis donori, 120 janmrTeli piri da 40 pacien-

ti, romelTac CautardaT nefreqtomia Tirkmlis simsivisa da hidronefrozis gamo). kvleva Ca-

tarda mravalpunqtiani kiTxvaris SF-36-is saSualebiT, romelic Sedgeba 36 kiTxvisagan da afa-

sebs pirovnebis fizikur funqcias, socialur funqcias, fizikur janmrTelobas, sxeulis tki-

vils, mentalur mdgomareobas, emociur statuss, sicocxlis unarianobas, zogad TviTSegrZne-

bas. kvlevis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom Tirkmlis donorTa sicocxlis xarisxi ar gansxvavdeboda-

janmrTel, aranaoperacieb pirTa maCveneblebisagan da sarwmunod aRemateboda Tirkmlis sim-

sivnis gamo naoperacieb pacientTa sicocxlis xarisxis maCveneblebs[Maglakelidze N, Pantsulaia T, Managadze L, Chkhotua A. Assessment of health-related quality of life in living kidney donors. Transplantation Proceedings,43, 373-375].

rac Seexeba fsiqologiuri reaqciebis, konkretul SemTxvevaSi -Tirkmlis donorebSi SfoTvis donis dadgenis mizniT Catarebul kvlevas, saqarTveloSi am mimarTulebiT tran-

splantaciis Semdgomi kvlevebi ar ganxorcielebula. kvlevis mizani da amocanebi kvleva Catarda 170 cdispirze. samizne jgufi warmodgenili iyo 40 donoriT(maT Soris:

mamakaci-14, qali-36), xolo sakontrolo-130 cdis piriT(mamakaci- 38, qali- 92). respodentTa asaki ganisazRvreboda 18-65 wliT. SerCeva moxda aseve ganaTlebis, erovnebis, sarwmunoebis, da-

saqmebis, donorTa vinaobis mixedviT. kvlevis mizans warmoadgenda: 1. transplantaciis Semdeg Tirkmlis donorTa SfoTvis donis gansazRvra; 2. populaciis warmomadgenelTa SfoTvis donis gansazRvra; 3. kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli Tirkmlis donorebisa da populaciis warmomadgenelTa

SfoTvis donis SedarebiTi analizi. miznis misaRwevad ganxorcielebuli amocanebi: 1. spilbergeris SfoTvis Sefasebis skalis saSualebiT Tirkmlis donorTa transplanta-

ciis Semdgomi situaciuri da pirovnuli SfoTvis donis gansazRvra qalebsa da mamakacebSi; 2. spilbergeris SfoTvis Sefasebis skalis saSualebiT populaciis warmomadgenelTa si-

tuaciuri da pirovnuli SfoTvis donis gansazRvra qalebsa da mamakacebSi; 3. miRebuli Sedegebis SedarebiTi analizi. hipoTeza: 1. transplantaciis Semdeg Tirkmlis donorTa situaciuri da pirovnuli SfoTvis mona-

cemebi ar gansxvavdeba sakontrolo jgufis-populaciis monacemebisagan; 2. samizne da sakontrolo jgufiswarmomadgenel mamakacebSi situaciuri SfoTvis done

maRalia qalebTan SedarebiT; 3. samizne da sakontrolo jgufebs Soris pirovnuli SfoTvis monacemebi msgavsia. spilbergeris situaciuri da pirovnuli SfoTvis Sefasebis skala testi "spilbergis SfoTvis Skala" — The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Sedgenilia cnobi-

li amerikeli fsiqologis, profesor Carlz donald spilbergis mier. es aris meTodika, rom-

lis diagnostikid sagani moicavs pirovnuli da situaciuri Relvis/mRelvarebis Sefasebas. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom C. spilbergeris xedva Targmnilia 52 enasa da dialeqtze, igi SeiZle-

ba CaiTvalos Relvis/mRelvarebis donis diagnostikis, gazomvis saerTaSoriso standartul meTodikad.

C. spilbergeri TviTSefasebisaTvis gvTavazobs 40 kiTxva — msjelobas. maTgan 20 kiTxva emsaxureba situaciuri SfoTvis donis Sefasebas, xolo Semdegi 20 — pirovnuli SfoTvis donis dadgenas. C. spilbergeris meTodika TiToeul kiTxvaze iZleva oTx SesaZlo pasuxs. pasuxebi ar gansxvavdebian imiT, rom romelime maTgani arasworia, yvela pasuxi mxolod respondentis arCe-


132

vans asaxavs. kvlevis Catareba SeiZleba individualurad da jgufSic. C. spilbergeris koncefciis Sesabamisad Relva ganixileba, rogorc mdgomareoba, xolo

mRelvareba, rogorc — pirovnuli Tviseba.e.i. spilbergeri reaqtiul(situaciur) SfoTvas ga-

nixilavs, rogorc mdgomareobas, xolo pirovnul SfoTvas, rogorc pirovnebis maxasiaTe-

bels[education. Ge. Teona nucubiZe. spilbergeris (Spielberger, C.D) meTodika da `mRelvarebis kvlevis testi~.17 ivlisi 2010w].

Relva (SfoTi) — reaqciaa mosalodnel realur an moCvenebiT safrTxeze, obieqtis armqo-

ne SiSis emociuri mdgomareobaa, romelic xasiaTdeba muqaris gauTviTcnobieri SegrZnebiT. mRelvareba (SfoTianoba) — individualuri mdgradi fsiqologiuri maxasiaTebelia, rome-

lic gamoixateba mRelvarebis (SeSfoTebis) gancdis gazrdil midrekilebaSi, maT Soris cxov-

rebiseul situaciebSi, romelTa obieqturi daxasiaTeba ar iZleva amis realur safuZvels. pirovnuli mRelvareba — Tvisebaa, romelic aqtiurdeba im stimulebis aRqmis Sedegad,

romlebsac adamiani afasebs rogorc saxifaToebs da romlebic ukavSirdebian misi prestiJis, TviTSefasebis, piradi pativiscemis mimarT muqaris specifikur situaciebs.

situaciuri, anu reaqtiuli mRelvareba — xasiaTdeba emociebis subieqturi gancdiT, da-

ZabulobiT, mousvenrobiT, SefiqrianebiT, nerviulobiT. SfoTva, es aris emocia, romelic warmoiSoba SiSis dros. pacientebisTvis damaxasiaTebe-

lia SiSi, rom dakargaven kontrols, ris Sedegadac Cndeba damcirebulobis, SeboWilobis, sev-

dis grZnobebi. xSirad gvxvdeba SiSebi: kontrolis dakargva sakuTar organizmze, mniSvnelovani miznebis miRwevis SeuZleblobaze. maTi azrebi da yuradReba mTlianad koncentrirebulia usafrTxoebis Temis irgvliv.

pirovnuli SfoTva xasiaTdeba simyariT da zemoqmedebs situaciuri SfoTvis mdgomareo-

baze. situaciuri SfoTva xasiaTdeba daZabulobiT, mousvenrobiT, nerviulobiT. Zalian maRa-

li pirovnuli SfoTva pirdapir korelaciaSia nevrotul konfliqtTan, emociur da nervul Ca-vardnebTan da fsiqosomatur problemebTan. Zalian Zlieri situaciuri SfoTva iwvevs yurad-

Rebis gafantvas, xandaxan ki koordinaciis darRvevas[education. Ge. Teona nucubiZe]. C. spilbergeris kvlevis meTodikis praqtikuli mniSvneloba gamoixateba imaSi, rom gamo-

kiTxviT miRebuli Sedegebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia individualuri fsiqologiuri konsul-

taciisaTvis, TviTanalizisa da TviTSefasebisaTvis da rac mniSvnelovania-fsiqokoreqciisaT-

vis. kvlevis monacemebi (ZiriTadi jgufi) SfoTva (situaciuri) donorTa situaciuri SfoTvis maRali maCvenebeli dafiqsirda 5%-Si, saSualo maCvenebe-

li-45%-Si, dabali-30%-Si, xolo ukiduresad dabali-10%-Si.

gansxvavebuli suraTi dafiqsirda donorTa pirovnuli SfoTvis monacemebSi. kerZod: 4-


133

jer maRalia pirovnuli SfoTvis maRali maCvenebeli situaciurTan SedarebiT da warmodgeni-

lia 20%-iT, saSualo-57.5%-Si, dabali-12.5%-Si, ukiduresad dabali-10%-Si.

(SeniSvna: ukiduresad maRalis nacvlad unda iyos ukiduresad dabali)

situaciuri da pirovnuli SfoTvis erToblivi grafiki:

rogorc grafikebidan Cans, saxezea rogorc pirovnuli, aseve situaciuri SfoTvis saSua-

lo maCvenebelis upiratesoba.

situaciuri SfoTva: saSualo ariTmetikuli: 37.425, standartuli gadaxra-8.9583. saSualo ariTmetikuli: mamrobiTi: 37.64, standartuli gadaxra-8.005. mdedrobiTi: 37.30, standartuli gadaxra-9.582.


134

pirovnuli SfoTva: saSualo ariTmetikuli: 46, standartuli gadaxra: 8.644. saSualo ariTmetikuli: mamrobiTi: 41.7, standartuli gadaxra-6.4. mdedrobiTi:48.3, standartuli gadaxra-8.9. samizne jgufis dispersiuli analizis Sedegebi: statistikurad sando gansxvaveba dafiqsirda mxolod genderuli faqtoris mixedviT pi-

rovnuli SfoTvis skalaze(p=0.019). mamrobiTi: p=0.019, mdedrobiTi: p=0.011. rac Seexeba statistikurad sando monacemebs pirovnuli SfoTvis mixedviT, saSualoebis

SedarebiTi analizi ase gamoiyureba: saSualo ariTmetikuli: mamrobiTi: 41.7, standartuli gadaxra-6.4. nominaluri mniSvnelobiT saSualoze dabali,

normatiulTan mimarTebaSi-saSualo. mdedrobiTi:48.3, standartuli gadaxra-8.9. nominaluri mniSvnelobiT saSualoze maRali,

normatiulTan mimarTebaSi-saSualo. SfoTva-sakontrolo jgufi:

sakontrolo jgufis dispersiuli analizis Sedegebi: ganaTlebis komponentis mixedviT aRiniSneba statistikurad sando gansxvavebebi situa-

ciuri(p=0.019) da pirovnuli(p=0.007) SfoTvis skalaze. dasaqmebis komponentis mixedviT statistikurad sando gansxvavebaa situaciuri da pi-

rovnuli SfoTvis skalebze(situaciuri: p=0.020; pirovnuli: p=0.002 umaRlesi da arasruli saSualo ganaTlebis mqone adamianebi avlenen situaciuri SfoT-

vis dabal dones normatiulTan mimarTebaSi(nominaluri mniSvneloba: arasruli saSualos no-

minaluri: 42.542, umaRlesi ganaTlebis nominaluri: 42.000-dabali done); xolo saSualo ganaT-

lebis mqone adamianebs aReniSnebaT- saSualo done normatiulTan mimarTebaSi(nominaluri mniSvneloba: 49.429-maRali done).

ganaTlebis komponentis mixedviT pirovnuli SfoTvis maCvenebeli ase gamoiyureba: arasruli saSualo ganaTlebis mqone pirebi avlenen pirovnuli SfoTvis saSualo dones(nomi-

naluri mniSvneloba: 45.500; normatiulTan mimarTebaSi-saSualo done); saSualo ganaTlebis mqone pirovnuli SfoTvis maRali doniT xasiaTdebian(nominalurimniSvneloba: 50.743, normati-

ulTan mimarTebaSi-maRali done), xolo umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone pirebi pirovnuli SfoTvis dabali doniT gamoirCevian(nominaluri mniSvneeloba: 44.409-normatiulTan mimarTebaSi saSua-

lo done). dasaqmebis komponentis mixedviT nominaluri mniSvnelobebiT situaciuri SfoTvis maRa-

li done aReniSnaT pensionerebsa da umuSevrebs(normatiulTan mimarTebaSi-saSualo done). kerZo seqtorSi dasaqmebulebs nominaluri mniSvnelobiT aReniSnaT saSualo done(normatiul-

Tan mimarTebaSi-saSualo done), xolo TviTdasaqmebulebsa da saxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqme-

bul pirebs nominaluri mniSvnelobebiT aReniSnaT situaciuri SfoTvis dabali done(normati-

ulTan mimarTebaSi-saSualo done). dasaqmebis komponentis mixedviT nominaluri mniSvnelobiT pirovnuli SfoTvis maRali

done aReniSnaT pensionerebsa da umuSevrebs(normatiulTan mimarTebaSi maRali done). kerZo seqtorSi dasaqmebulebs nominaluri mniSvnelobiT aReniSnaT saSualo done(normatiulTan mi-

marTebaSi-saSualo done). saxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqmebulebsa da TviTdasaqmebulebs aReniS-naT nominaluriT-saSualoze dabali da normatiulTan mimarTebaSi-pirovnuli SfoTvis saSua-

lo done. ZiriTadi da sakontrolo jgufebis saSualoebis Sedareba t testis mixedviT (mxolod si-

tuaciuri SfoTvis SemTxvevaSi statistikurad sando monacemebis gamo) donorebi: p=0.001; sa-

saS. ariT. stan. gadaxra

pirovnuli SfoTva 130 46,13 10,324

situaciuri SfoTva 130 44,388 12,5047


135

kontrolo jgufi: p=0.000.

donorebi sakontrolo jgufi

pirovnuli SfoTva 46,00 46,13

situaciuri SfoTva 37,425 44,388

daskvnebi:

transplantaciis Semdeg Tirkmlis donorTa situaciuri da pirovnuli SfoTvis mona-

cemebi ar gansxvavdeba sakontrolo jgufis-populaciis SfoTvis monacemebisagan;

samizne da sakontrolo jgufebs Soris situaciurs sWarbobs pirovnuli SfoTvis maC-

venebeli.

samizne jgufis warmomadgenel mamakacebSi situaciuri SfoTvis done umniSvnelod ma-

Ralia mdedrobiTTan SedarebiT.

samizne da sakontrolo jgufis mdedrobiT warmomadgenelTa pirovnuli SfoTvis do-

ne msgavsia(maRalia qalebSi).

ganaTlebisa da dasaqmebis komponentebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen situaciuri da pirovnuli SfoTvis doneze.

T. tuxaSvili

SfoTva Tirkmlis donorebSi transplataciis Semdeg

reziume

naSromi asaxavs Tirkmlis donorTa transplantaciis Semdgomi SfoTvis donis dadgenis mizniT ganxorcielebuli kvlevebis mimoxilvas, rogorc msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, aseve saqarTveloSi. naSromSi asaxulia SfoTvis raoba(rogorc situaciuri, aseve pirovnuli SfoT-

va), misi mimarTebebi sxvadasxva komponentebTan, rogoricaa: asaki, sqesi, erovneba, ganaTleba da a. S.

naSromSi aseve warmodgenilia samizne da sakontrolo jgufebis SfoTvis donis Sedarebi-

Ti analizi, romelsac axlavs genderuli faqtoris mixedviT miRebuli monacemebis SedarebiTi analizi orive jgufis warmomadgenel-TaTvis (situaciuri da pirovnuli SfoTvis WrilSi)

T. Tukhashvili

Anxiety of Renal Donours after Transplantation

Summary

The work outlines the review of surveys carried out in order to determine the level of anxiety of renal donor transplantation in different parts of the world as well as in Georgia. The work tells the story of anxiety (as situational as well as personal anxiety), its relationships with different components such as age, gender, nationality, education and etc.

The paper also provides the target and control groups’ comparative analysis of the level of anxiety, which is accompanied by a received comparative analysis from the gender factor for both groups (in the context of situational and personal anxiety).


136

v. SubiTiZe

niko nikolaZe da qarTuli ekonomikur-infrastruqturuli proeqtebi

Tavidanve unda iTqvas is, rom aravis saqarTvelos axali istoriaSi imdeni ekonomikuri da infrastruqturuli proeqti ar ganuxorcielebia, ramdenic ùlmobeli saqmis kacs~ (arCil jorjaZe)- niko nikolaZes.

gaocebas da aRfrTovanebas iwvevs is faqti, rom damonebul da damoukidebloba -dakar-

gul qveyanaSi rogor SeZlo jer kerZo pirma, mere ki patara qalaqis foTis Tavma- niko nikola-

Zem aseTi rTuli da ZviradRirebuli proeqtebis ganxorcieleba. aq organizaciul niWTan er-

Tad unda vigulisxmoT misi daJinebiTi swrafva, diplomatiuroba, moxerxeba, ganWvretis unari, principuloba da dauRalavi Sroma da Zieba.

daviwyoT rkinigziT; saqarTvelos rkinigza dRes niko nikolaZis saxels unda atarebdes, radgan uzarmazaria nikolaZis wvlili mis mSeneblobasa da funqcionirebaSi.

niko nikolaZis aqtiuri ZalisxmeviT da uSualo monawileobiT gakeTda:

- kaxeTis rkinigza, moxda misi CarTva kavkasiis rkinigzis qselSi;

- foTi-Tbilisis rkinigza;

- Tbilisi-baqos rkinigza;

- WiaTura-Sorapnis rkinigzis xazi manganumis gadasazidad;

- tyibuli-quTaisis rkinigzis xazi naxSiris gadasazidad. niko nikolaZis udidesi ekonomikuri da infrastruqtrului proeqti iyo foTis aRmSe-

nebloba, rasac igi TiTqmis oci weli eweoda. saqarTvelos axal istorias dRemde ar moswrebia aseTi sanimuSo, gonieri, windaxeduli

da energiuli qalaqis Tavi. foTis portis gafarToebiT da qalaqis aRSenebiT nikolaZem SesaZlebeli gaxada ruseTis

teritoriis gverdis avliT evropasTan pirdapiri dakavSireba, rac iyo momavali damoukidebe-

li saqarTvelosTvis pirdapiri fanjris gaWra evropaSi, rac xorcieldeba dResac. nikolaZe xedavda foTis did perespeqtivas — rogorc evropa-aziis damakavSirebel umok-

les da xelsayrel savaWro gzas da ports, romelsac odesaze naklebi prespqetiva ar qneboda [1,207]

niko nikolaZem, rogorc brwyinvale menejerma da organizatorma, jer foTis da misi nav-

sadguris problemebi Seiswavla da Semdeg maTi gadaWris gegmac SeimuSava. man prioritetad savsebiT sworad miiCnia navsadguris rekonstruqciis sakiTxi, risi gadawyvetis gareSe didi ge-

mebi iq ver Sevidodnen da gaCerdebodnen rTul amindSi. 3 weli nikolaZe mounda inJiner n.voznesenskis mier SemuSavebuli navsadguris rekon-

struqciis proeqts da xarjTaRricxvis damtkicebas. mis did mondomebas da sijiutes uSede-

god ar Cauvlia. foTis TviTmarTvelobis xmosnebis dadgenilebiT da sagangebo saimperatoro nebarTviT

niko nikolaZe 1900-1901wlebSi mivlinebul iqna sazRvargareT iq arsebuli gamocdilebis ga-

sacnobad da Sesaswavlad. man imogzaura ucxoeTSi da daaTvaliera evropisa da Crdilo afri-

kis mniSnelovani saporto qalaqebi, Seiswavla da gaanaliza maTi infrastruqtura da tvir-

Tbrunvis dinamika, foTSi dabrunebisas man miRebuli gamocdileba adgilobriv pirobebs mou-

sadaga da moargo, manve danerga foTis portSi is siaxleebi, riTac sargeblobdnen msoflios wamyvani portebi.

1902 wlidan foTis portis rekonstruqcia damTavrda, masSi pirvelad gamoiyenes cementi, betoni. nikolaZem daiwyo zrunva portis eleqtrofikikaciisa da meqanizaciisaTvis. 1908wels didi Zalisxmevis da nebarTvis miRebis Semdeg amuSavda elevatori da eleqtrosadguri, daidga rkinis ori amzwe (manamde gemebs niCbebiT clidnen da tvirTavdnen). orive elevatoris meSveo-

biT gemebSi yoveldRiurad ukve SeeZloT CaetvirTaT 300aTas fuTze meti marganeci, rac udi-

desi garRveva iyo tvirTbrunvis gazrdis saqmeSi. evropaSi nacxovrebma da iqauri urbanistikis mcodne nikolaZem kargad icoda, rom rki-


137

nigzis gayvanis da navsadguris rekonstruqciis paralelurad aucilebeli iyo foTis infras-

truqturis, socialuri da kulturuli obieqtebis mSenebloba. xangrZlivi muSaobis Semdeg 1901wels misi iniciativiT Sedgenil iqna qalaqis ganaSeniane-

bis generaluri gegma — didi gemovnebiT da codniT, perspeqtiviT. daigegma ganieri quCebi Wad-

rakuli wesiT, farTo, wriseburi moednebi. qalaqis centrs mieca mzis forma, romelsac Tan er-

Tvis 12sxivi (quCa) portTan erTad nikolaZem gaanaTa Tavad foTic. man gaiyvana telefonis qseli qalaqSi,

qalaqs garSemo jebiri Semoavlo, romelic icavda wyaldidobebisgan. daxavsebuli samoqalaqo da saxeloso saswavleblebis xis Senobebi Caanacvla aguris la-

mazi orsarTuliani SenobebiT, qalTa da vaJTa gimnaziis qvis SenobebiT, aaSena daxuruli baza-

ri da sasaklao, moawyo genebikis sisteba, romelic foTis mcxovreblebs sufTa wyals awvdida. niko nikolaZem ganaaxla da iri sarTuliT aamaRla qalaqis koSki da mis gverdiT aRmarTa

bizantiuri stilis uzarmazari eklesia, romelic dRemde amSvenebs qalaqs. imisaTvis, rom sabo-

lood daemtkicebina cementiTa da qvis masaliT nagebi Senobebis upiratesoba, man foTis ka-

Tedraluri taZari betoniT da qviT aago da amaSi Semowirulobebi gamoiyena xalxisagan [2,155] man aaSena specialuri nagebobebi savadmyofosTvis da policiisaTvis.

nikolaZem moawyo cxenis rkinigzis liandagi (e.w `konka~) foTSi, quTaissa da TbilisSi, ga-

iyvana da moakirwyvlina axali quCebi da gzatkecilebi, aago sasaqonlo terminalebi portsa da elevatorSi, aago 3 xidi, moawyo Tanamedrove banki, sadac pirvelad daibeWda latariis bileTe-

bi da obligaciebi, xolo naxevarkapikiani safuTo gadasaxadis dawesebiT Seeqmna finansuri wya-

ro, fondi, romliTac finansdeboda qalaqis kulturuli dawesebulebani, manve SeiZina banki-

dan qalaqisaTvis ganapira teritoriebi. Zalze didi energia da wlebi Sealia niko nikolaZem rikoTis (suramis) sarkinigzo gvira-

bis gayvanas da amoqmedebas. rikoTis gvirabi gayvanil iqna 1886-1890wlebSi da is iyo am tipis pirveli nageboba mTels ruseTis imperiaSi. nikolaZem monawileoba miiRo rogorc mis daproeq-

tebaSi, aseve mSeneblobaSi da es nageboba dResac gamarTulad muSaobs. baqo-Tbilisis rkinigzis mSeneblobis procesSi niko nikolaZem CarTo da am saqmesTan da-

akavSira maSindel msoflioSi umsxivlesi magnatebi frangi ebraelebi- alfons da gustav rot-

Sildebi, romelTa daxmarebiT nikolaZem 1880ian wlebSi meore saqmec gaakeTa-Zalze SezRuda Zmebi nobelebis monopolia baqos navTobze imiT, rom rotSildebi misi TxovniT CaerTvnen nav-

Tobis eqsportSi. niko nikolaZem yvelaze aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo tyibulis qvanaxSiris samrewvelo aT-

visebaSi. manamde qvanaxSiris warmoeba da transportireba primitiuli gzebiT xdeboda. niko ni-

kolaZem 1889wels Camoayaliba saaqcionero sazogadoeba `naxSiri~, romelic pirvel msoflio omamde ise ganviTarda, rom mniSvnelovani samrewvelo masStabebi miiRo. niko nikolaZis inicia-tiviT SemuSavda quTaisi-tyibuli rkinigzis proeqti d amisi rwmunebulobiT ganaxorciela ki-

dec 1883-1887wlebSi. mas mouxda bevri energiis daxarjva da sirbilic, rom daerwmunebina ruse-

Tis imperiis mesveurni am wamowyebis ekonomikur da socialur mniSvnelobaSi. rkinigzis gayva-nam naxSiris mopoveba-transportireba mniSvnelovnad da sagrZnoblad gaaumjobesa da gaaiafa kidec.

udidesia niko nikolaZis Rvawli WiaTuris marganecis aTvisebisa da eqsportis saqmeSi. 10

welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi cdilobda niko nikolaZe am saqmis seriozul organizebas, gada-

laxa uamravi dabrkoleba da mainc miaRwia mis gamarTvas da xalxis sasargeblod amuSavebas. ru-seTis imperias ar ainteresebda didad qarTuli proeqtebis ganxorcieleba da misTvis infras-

truqturis mowyoba. didi wvalebis da davis Semdeg miiRo da 1895wels gaixsna kidec viwrolian-

dagiani sarkinigzo xazi, romelmac srulad Secvala WiaTurelTa cxovreba. marganecs manamde primitulad moipovebdnen da urmebiT gadahqondaT. rkinigzis gayvanam Zalze gaaiafa margane-

cis transportireba da konkurentunariani gaxada. mogvianebiT, 1917wels niko nikolaZem Camoa-

yaliba WiaTuris Savi qvis mrewvelTa sazogadoeba (`Cemo~), romelmac mniSvnelovani roli iTa-

maSa adgilobrivi warmoebis gamococxlebaSi, xalxis dasaqmebaSi da saqarTvelos damoukideb-

lobis dros (1918-21) biujetis savaluto rezervebis da Semosavlebis matebaSi. saqarTveloSi komunistebis reJimis damyarebis Semdeg maT obieqtebis nawili koncesiebis

saxiT ucxour kompaniebs gadasces. niko nikolaZis iniciativiT WiaTuris marganeci gadaeca


138

averel harimanis kompanias, romelic misi rCeviT Camovida saqarTveloSi da ramdenime weli-

wads amuSavebda am sawarmos. niko nikolaZe energetikuli problemebiT 1880-ian wlebSi dainteresda, gaicno, Sexvda da

daexmara frang mecniers marsel depres, romelmac gamoigona sadenebiT eleqtroenergiis ga-

dacema Sor manZilze. nikolaZes hqonda proeqti Tbilisis gasanaTeblad da samrewvelo aTvise-

bisaTvis mtkvrisa da aragvis potencialis gamoyeneba da wyalsadgurebis (hidroeleqtrosad-

gurs ase uZaxda niko) ageba. man italiidan Camoiyvana inJineri mdinare yvirilaze mcire hesis asagebad da mdinare engurze ufro didi eletrosadguris samomavlod asaSeneblad.

nikolaZis iniciativiT daiwyo TbilisSi avWalidan wyalsadenisa da kanalizaciis qselis mowyoba, qalaqis navTis fanrebiT ganaTeba, cxenis tramvais (`konka~) amuSaveba.

niko nikolaZe seriozul muSaobas eweoda qarTuli mevenaxeoba- meRvineobis, mexileobis da Cais samrewvelo doneze mosawyobad. man foTsa da jixaiSSi sakuTari xeliT dargo Cais ner-

gebi da popularizacia gauwia axal agrokulturas saqarTveloSi.1920-24wlebSi sazRvargareT myofi niko nikolaZe dauxlovda erT-erT kanadur biznesjgufsa da banks da SesTavaza svaneTi-

sa da raWis xe-tyis gonivruli eqspluatacia da misi eqsportze gatana [3,30]. niko nikolaZe kargad xedavda navTobis rols ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi, man SeimuSava

proeqtic ki grozo-foTis navTobsadenis gasayvanad, moiZia umsxvilesi investori kompania `Selli~, romelsac unda ganexorcielebina es proeqti, magram komunistebma es proeqti uaryves da igi mere aRarc ganxorcielebula.

niko nikolaZe aqtiurad cdilobda saqarTvelos bunebrivi potencialis samecniero do-

neze aTvisebas da misi xalxis samsaxurSi Cayenebas. Tanamedrove saqarTvelosTvis magaliTi un-

da iyos misi aqtiuri moRvaweoba da swori midgomebi, radgan qveyana kidev uares dReSi ar Ca-

vardes: `saqarTvelos buneba, werda nikolaZe, — diaRac mdidaria, magram misi sikeTe jer veraf-

riT datyobia arc qarTvelobas, arc qarTvelebs. roca romelime xalxi Tavisi qveynis bunebas gulxeldakrefili Sescqeris, imas Cvens droSi is sircxvili da zarali moelis, rom ucxoeTis dabegrul monad xdeba. ucxoeTidan elis da yidulobs is yovelgvar saqonels da mowyobilo-

bas, iaraRs, samosels, wamals. misi Sromisa da Semosavlis umetesi nawili ucxoeTs amdidrebs am nayidi saqonlis samagierod~[4,123]


1. baqraZe a. niko nikolaZe, Tb, 1989; 2. SubiTiZe v. niko nikolaZe — kaci-saxelmwifo, Tb, 2013; 3. janeliZe o., ukanaskneli Tergdaleuli, Tb, 2010; 4. niko nikolaZe. Jurnali `moambe~ 1894, N8.; 5. niko nikolaZe 170. krebuli,Tb, 2013.

V. Shubitidze

Niko Nikoladze and Georgian Economic and Infrastructure projects Summary

The article deals with and analyzes Niko Nikoladze's tireless work in order to implement economic and

infrastructure projects in Georgia, the most important of which is construction of railway lines, Rikoti Railway Tunnel, Construction of Poti Port and City Infrastructure, Port Mechanization and Automation, City lighting, construction of streets and bridges, industrialization of Tkibuli Coal and Chiatura Manganese, Water and Sewage Issues in Tbilisi, Poti and Kutaisi, Development of viticulture and wine – makng, reasonable exploitation of timber and export and so on.


139

avtorebi

gela aladaSvili — guram TavarTqilaZis saxelobis Tbilisis saswavlo universiteti, profesori nino boWoriSvili — saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti, asocirebuli profesori nana gogiCaiSvili — guram TavarTqilaZis saxelobis Tbilisis saswavlo universiteti, asocire-

buli profesori irine gersamia — ganaTlebis doqtori lado grigolia — ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, doqtoranti inga diakoniZe — guram TavarTqilaZis saxelobis Tbilisis saswavlo universiteti, profesori Teimuraz darsania — saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti, mowveuli profesori daviT vekua — guram TavarTqilaZis saxelobis Tbilisis saswavlo universiteti, asocirebuli

profesori qeTevan zaqareiSvili — aRmosavleT evropis universiteti, asistenti, doqtoranti sofiko TevdoraZe — guram TavarTqilaZis saxelobis Tbilisis saswavlo universiteti, profeso-

ri ia ioseliani — guram TavarTqilaZis saxelobis Tbilisis saswavlo universiteti, mowveuli speci-

alisti Bence Kis Kelemen — peCis universitetis profesori University of Pécs ana iremaSvili — saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti, doqtoranti SoTa kapanaZe — saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti, doqtoranti marTa kldiaSvili — biologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori Tornike kurtaniZe — saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti, doqtoranti sergo kviJinaZe — saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti, magistri givi lobJaniZe — guram TavarTqilaZis saxelobis Tbilisis saswavlo universiteti, profesori nino lomsaZe — guram TavarTqilaZis saxelobis Tbilisis saswavlo universiteti, mowveuli per-

sonali zurab laoSvili — saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti, profesori Tamar merabiSvili — guram TavarTqilaZis saxelobis Tbilisis saswavlo universiteti, mowveuli

specialisti Tamar merabiSvili — saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qar-

Tuli universiteti, doqtoranti nana parinosi — kavkasiis saerTaSoriso universiteti, mowveuli profesori; ivane javaxiSvilis

saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, doqtoranti Taliko Jvania — guram TavarTqilaZis saxelobis Tbilisis saswavlo universiteti, profesori laSa tabataZe — guram TavarTqilaZis saxelobis Tbilisis saswavlo universiteti, asocirebuli

profesori Tamar tuxaSvili — saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTu-

li universitetis, doqtoranti maia ukleba — guram TavarTqilaZis saxelobis Tbilisis saswavlo universiteti, profesori roman Sengelia — guram TavarTqilaZis saxelobis Tbilisis saswavlo universiteti, profesori ekaterine Sengelia — ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, asocire-

buli profesori vaJa SubiTiZe — saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti, profesori nino jerenaSvili — saqarTvelos saaviacio universiteti, asocirebuli profesori


140

AUTHORS Gela Aladashvili – Guram Tavartkiladze Tbilisi Teaching University, Professor Nino Bochorishvili — Georgian Technical University, Associate Professor Nana Gogichashvili — Guram Tavartkiladze Tbilisi Teaching University, Associate Professor Irine Gersamia – Doctor of Education Lado Grigolia — Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Doctoral student Inga Diakonidze — Guram Tavartkiladze Tbilisi Teaching University, Professor Teimuraz Darsania — Georgian Technical University, Invited Professor Davit Vekua — Guram Tavartkiladze Tbilisi Teaching University, Associate Professor Ketevan Zakareishvili – East European University, Assistant, Doctoral Student Sopiko Tevdoradze — Guram Tavartkiladze Tbilisi Teaching University, Professor Ia Ioseliani — Guram Tavartkiladze Tbilisi Teaching University, Invited Specialist Bence Kis Kelemen — University of Pécs, Professor Ana Iremashvili — Georgian Technical University, Doctoral Student Shota Kapanadze — Georgian Technical University, Doctoral Student Marta Kldiashvili – Doctor of Biological Sciences Tornike Kurtanidze — Georgian Technical University, Doctoral Student Sergo Kvizhinadze — Georgian Technical University, Master’s program student Givi Lobzhanidze — Guram Tavartkiladze Tbilisi Teaching University, Professor Nino Lomsadze — Guram Tavartkiladze Tbilisi Teaching University, Invited Staff Zurab Laoshvili — Georgian Technical University, Professor Tamar Merabishvili — Guram Tavartkiladze Tbilisi Teaching University, invited Staff Tamar Merabishvili — St. Andrew the First-Called Georgian University of the Patriarchate of Georgia, Doctorate

student Nana Parinos – Caucasian International University, Invited Professor; Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,

Doctorate student Taliko Zhvania — Guram Tavartkiladze Tbilisi Teaching University, Professor Lasha Tabatadze — Guram Tavartkiladze Tbilisi Teaching University, Associate Professor Tamar Tukhashvili — St. Andrew the First-Called Georgian University of the Patriarchate of Georgia, Doctorate

student Maia Ukleba — Guram Tavartkiladze Tbilisi Teaching University, Professor Roman Shengelia — Guram Tavartkiladze Tbilisi Teaching University, Professor Ekaterine Shengelia — Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Associate Professor Vazha Shubitidze — Georgian Technical University. Professor Nino Jerenashvili – Georgian Aviation University, Associate Professor

.

fasi saxelSekruleblo

gamomcemloba ùniversali~

Tbilisi, 0186, a. politkovskaias #4. : 5(99) 33 52 02, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

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guram TavarTqilaZis saxelobis Tbilisis saswavlo ... · n. parinosi — meomari qalebi — amerikuli da qarTuli sinamdvile ... zemoTqmuli niSnavs, rom samarTlis normis kvleva ar SeiZleba