Gust in 2

8/2/2019 Gust in 2

1/12

Arheolo{ko najdi{~e âte`-Sredno polje je obsegalopovr{ine na savski terasi ob vzno`ju Gorjancev medlokalnima cestama âte` - Mokrice in âte` - âte{ketoplice nekaj sto metrov vzhodneje od soto~ja reke Krke sSavo (sl. 1). Z raz{iritvijo sedanje magistralne ceste zaavtocesto in izvoza s kroì{~i za Breìce je bilo obmo~je

tudi arheolo{ko sistemati~no raziskano. Leta 1998 je bil naobmo~ju najdi{~a v okviru programa pregledov trasbodo~ih avtocest v okviru projektne skupine SAAS izve-den ekstenzivni arheolo{ki pregled, ki je pokazal razmero-ma skromne sledi starej{ih poselitev (Djuri} et al. 2000). Vletih 1999 in 2000 je bil narejen {e arheolo{ki intenzivnipregled v mreì 10 x 10 m, izkopanih pa je bilo tudi 10 test-nih jarkov velikosti 1 x 1 m. Terenski pregledi so pokazalivzhodnem delu obravnavanega obmo~ja zna~ilne ostankeprazgodovinskega naselja s kamnitimi odbitki in odlomkilon~enine, v zahodnem delu pa ostanke rimskega gradbene-ga materiala in lon~enine (Djuri} et al. 2001). Za{~itnearheolo{ke raziskave so potekale pod vodstvom M. Gu{tinaod marca do maja 2002 in raziskale podro~je v skupnemobsegu 31.154 m2.

Zgodovinsko gledano, leì âte`-Sredno polje v neposred-ni bliìni vrste pomebnih arheolo{kih najdi{~ iz razli~nih~asovnih obdobij. Lokacija leì ob rimski cesti, ki je vodi-la od Emone preko Nevioduna proti Siscii in na ju`nemobrobju v rimskem ~asu mo~no poseljenega Kr{kega in

101

PRVI POLJEDELCI

NEOLITSKA NASELBINA ÂTE@-SREDNO POLJE

MITJA GU{TIN, ALENKA TOMA`, BORIS KAVUR,ANTONIO JAKIMOVSKI, ZRINKA MILEUSNI}, GEORG TIEFENGRABER, ZDRAVKA HINCAK

Slika 1âte`-Sredno polje: lokacija najdi{~a /location of the site.

1

Izvle~ek: Arheolo{ko najdi{~e ate`-Sredno polje se nahaja na savski tersi ob vzno`ju Gorjancev. Leta 2002 je bilo v okviru za{~itnih arheolo{kih izkopa-

vanj raziskanih 31.154 m2. Odkriti so bili {tevilni ostanki iz mlaj{e kamene dobe, nekaj objektov iz bakrene in bronaste dobe ter rimsko voja{ko tabori{~e.

Odkritih je bilo ve~ kot 68.600 odlomkov neolitske lon~enine ter ve~ kot 15.000 kamnitih jeder in odbitkov. Podobne najdbe se pojavljajo v Lengyelski

kulturi, na podlagi absolutnih datacij odkritih vzorcev lesnega oglja pa jih lahko uvrstimo v prvo polovico 5. tiso~letja pred na{im {tetjem.

Klju~ne besede: neolitik, Savska skupina Lengyelske kulture, neolitska keramika, kamnita orodja

Abstract: The archaeological site of âte`-Sredno polje is situated on a terrace of Sava, at the foot of Gorjanci. Rescue archaeological investigations

were conducted there in 2002, covering an area of 31.154 m 2. Remains of numerous Neolithic dwellings, some pits from the Copper and Bronze Ages as

well as Roman Period military camp were discovered. Excavations yielded more than 68.600 fragments of Neolithic pottery and more than 15.000 stone

flakes and cores. Similar material appears in the Lengyel Culture. Radiocarbon dating of charcoal samples sets the settlement in the first half of the 5th

millennium BC.

Keywords: Neolithic, Sava group of the Lengyel Culture, pottery, stone tools

8/2/2019 Gust in 2

2/12

Dobovskega polja. Tako se dalje proti Dvorcam ob sedanji

cesti pojavljajo rimske ostaline, ki spremljajo cesto tako-reko~ ves ~as. Nad najdi{~em se na izpostavljenem vr{acunahaja {entvid, znan kot ha{tatsko gradi{~e in poznoanti~nautrdba, zahodno nad soto~jem pa âte{ki gri~ z izpri~anoposelitvijo iz bakrene dobe in hal{tatskim oz. poznolaten-skim gradi{~em. Nekoliko dalje proti vzhodu stoji èlezn-

odobno gradi{~e Velike Malence, ki je bilo nadgrajeno s

poznoanti~no trdnjavo. Dalje proti istoimenski vasi pa jebila v 90-tih letih prej{njega stoletja raziskana tudi dobroohranjena rimska villa rustica, ki je bila postavljena nasloje nekdanje neolitske naselbine. Nedale~ proti severu,preko Save na obmo~ju Breìc so v mestu ohranjeni sledovihal{taske poselitve in na terasi nad Savo je bilo veliko kelt-sko grobi{~e.

102

PRVI POLJEDELCI

Slika 3âte`-Sredno polje: pogled na najdi{~e; v ozadju naselje âte`pri Breìcah /view of the site; village of âte` near Breìce in thebackground.

eneolitik

neolitik

Slika 2âte -Sredno polje: na~rt najdi{~a z vrisanimi neolitskimi (modro) in bakrenodobnimi strukturami (rde~e) /plan of the site with drawnNeolithic (blue) and Copper Age structures (red).

Slika 4âte`-Sredno polje, shemati~en pregled poselitve najdi{~a /schematic overview of the sites occupation.

NOVOVE[KE STRUKTURERECENT STRUCTURES

RIMSKODOBNI VOJA[KI TABORROMAN MILITARY MARCHING CAMP 20 BC-9. AD

BRONASTODOBNE STRUKTUREBRONZE AGE STRUCTURES

ZGODNJEBRONASTODOBNE STRUKTUREEARLY BRONZE AGE STRUCTURES

BAKRENODOBNE STRUKTURECOOPER AGE STRUCTURES

MLAJ[E NEOLITSKA NASELBINALATE NEOLITCHIC SETTLEMENT 4800-4500

8/2/2019 Gust in 2

3/12

Celoten raziskan prostor na âteù-Srednem polju je bilglede na predvidene gradbene posege razdeljen v sedem

ve~jih izkopnih polj. Sonda A v obsegu 7.111 m2je bila obsevernem robu magistralne ceste Ljubljana - Zagreb. SondaB je bila na podro~ju, ki je bilo predvideno za severni deldostopa na bodo~o avtocesto in del avtocestnega telesa ter jezajela 6.874 m2 povr{ine. Sonda C je obsegala vzhodni delpentlje dostopa bodo~e avtoceste v povr{ini 1.695 m2.Sonda D v obsegu 10.678 m2je bila izkopana na ju`ni straniobstoje~e magistralne ceste Ljubljana - Zagreb. Sonda E jebila izkopana paralelno s sondo D v obsegu 3.577 m2. SondiF in G sta bili izkopani na Z predelu deteljice za dostop naavtocesto, v obsegu 706 in 509 m2 (sl. 2, 3).

Rezultati za{~itnih izkopavanj na najdi{~u âte`-Srednopolje so glede na izredno skromne povr{inske najdbe pre-senetili tako po svojem obsegu kot tudi zna~aju. Pod ornicoso bile poleg ostankov {tevilnih neolitskih objektov ohran-

jene tudi posamezne jame iz bakrene (sl. 2) in bronaste dobeter ostanki rimskega pohodnega voja{kega tabora. Pri sled-njem so bili, podobno kot na Obre`ju, tik pod ornico odkritisledovi dvojnega, v trikotnik izkopanega jarka ter doberducat majhnih okroglih pe~i s polkro`no kupolo in predpros-torom za nalaganje in ~i{~enje pe~i. Malo{tevilne, vendarizpovedne najdbe delov rimske voja{ke opreme, t. i. mili-taria, kot so bronasta sponka za oklep, èlezen okov piluma,

èlezna suli~na ost in zna~ilen {otorski klin iz èleza, so sku-paj s kru{nimi pe~mi ter obrambnima jarkoma zadostnopotrdilo, da imamo opravka s kratkotrajnim oz. pohodnimvoja{kim taborom. V predprostoru ene od pe~i je bil odkrittudi zgornji del kamnitih `rmelj, pri drugi pa republikanskisrebrn novec in zna~ilna bronasta galska sponka, ki opre-deljujeta tabor v najzgodnej{e obdobje rimske okupacijeslovenskega ozemlja: v zadnji desetletji pred n. {., oziromanajkasneje v ~as delmatsko - panonskega upora med leti 6 in9 n. {. (Gu{tin 2002; Gu{tin, Beki} 2002).

NEOLITSKO NASELJE

Neolitsko naselje âte`-Sredno polje se je razprostiralotakoreko~ na celotni raziskani povr{ini najdi{~a (cca. 3,1ha). Velikost naselja, predvsem pa dejstvo, da je bilo skorajv celoti raziskano, postavljata âte`-Sredno polje mednajpomembnej{a in najve~ja dosedaj raziskana naselja izobdobja prve polovice 5. tiso~letja B.C., ne samo vslovenskem prostoru ampak tudi v njegovi {ir{i okolici.

Glavnina struktur je bila odkrita takoreko~ na srediniizkopnega polja na podro~ju velikosti 142 x 102 m. Naobrobju izkopi{~a pa je bilo ohranjenih neolitskih struktur

bistveno manj, tako da lahko sklepamo, da smo zarheolo{kimi raziskavami zaobjeli glavnino samega nasel-

ja. Zahodno, severno in vzhodno od najve~je koncentracijeobjektov so sicer bile ohranjene posamezni neolitske struk-ture oziroma jame, vendar se njihova pogostnost z oddal-

jenostjo od samega sredi{~a bistveno zmanj{uje, ju`no patakoreko~ ni ohranjenih sledi neolitske poselitve (sl. 2).

103

PRVI POLJEDELCI

1 m

Slika 6âte`-Sredno polje, tloris in presek objekta 093 /plan and cross-section of pit 093.

2 m

Slika 5âte`-Sredno polje: tloris in presek objekta 055 /plan and cross-section of pit 055.

2 m

1 m

8/2/2019 Gust in 2

4/12

Skupno je bilo na ateù-Srednem polju odkritih 65 neolit-skih struktur, ki pripadajo razli~nim objektom. Strukture so

bile neposredno pod ornico, vkopane v geolo{ko osnovo.Pri tem naj poudarimo, da so odkrite jame takoreko~"ostanki - ostankov", namre~ intenzivno poljedelstvo zad-njih nekaj tiso~letij je vrhnje plasti in s tem tudi vrhnje deleneolitskih objektov dodobra uni~ilo

Med odkritimi neolitskimi strukturami je bilo 24 razmero-ma velikih, ki jih najverjetneje lahko interpretiramo kotbivanjske objekte. So zelo raznolikih oblik, od nepravilnihovalnih pa do skoraj povsem kro`nih oziroma kvadratnih invelikosti v povpre~ju med 4 x 4 in 8 x 8 m (sl. 5, 6). Vsterilno osnovo so bile navadno vkopane najve~ do 0,7 m,

v posameznih primerih pa je bilo ohranjeno takoreko~samo "dno" objekta, saj ohranjena globina ni presegala 0,15 m. V âteù-Srednem polju odkriti bivanjski objektiznotraj najdi{~ Savske skupine prakti~no nimajo ustrezneprimerjave. Zanimivo je, da pri izkopavanjih niso biliodkriti nobeni gradbeni elementi, ki bi jih lahko uporabiliza interpretacijo in rekonstrukcijo objektov (npr. stojk zanosilna bruna, ostankov stenskih konstrukcij ter ohranjenihognji{~). V nekaterih primerih so bili odkriti odlomkihi{nega lepa, ki dopu{~ajo domnevo, da so deli stavbnih

struktur postavljenih nad jamami. Do neke mere ustrezajoposameznim slabo ohranjenim objektom, odkritim vDragomlju (65-79). Ta vrsta objektov se navezuje na bival-

no kulturo znotraj Lengyelske kulture ter so~asnih kultur vJV Evropi.

Poleg o~itnih bivanjskih objektov je bilo na najdi{~u odkri-tih tudi preko 40 manj{ih jam. Tudi te so bile zelo razno-like, ve~inoma pa kro`ne oziroma ovalne oblike. Njihovevelikosti so bile v povpre~ju sicer znatno manj{e od prveskupine, pa vendar nekatere dosegajo tudi preko 2 x 2 m.Praviloma so bile tudi nekoliko bolj plitve. Glede napodobno strukturo polnil, menimo, da so bile manj{e, tako

104

PRVI POLJEDELCI

Slika 7âte`-Sredno polje: zna~ilna neolitska lon~enina /characteristicNeolithic pottery.

Slika 8âte`-Sredno polje: rekonstruirani skledi na nogi /reconstructedbowls on foot.

Slika 9âte`-Sredno polje: rekonstruiran lonec /reconstructed pot.

8/2/2019 Gust in 2

5/12

kot velike, jame zapolnjene z ostanki istih procesov, oziro-ma so bile z njimi v neposredni povezavi.

V bivanjskih objektih in ostalih manj{ih jamah so biliodkriti {tevilni kamniti odbitki in kamnita orodja ter{tevilne kerami~ne najdbe. Med njimi so bili tudi slaboohranjeni in razdrobljeni odlomki ìvalskih kosti, pri ~emerlahko slabo ohranjenost kostnega materiala pripi{emo

predvsem kisli zemlji, v kateri so kostni ostanki leàlitiso~letja. Poleg na{tetega pa so bili v posameznihraziskanih strukturah s flotacijo odkriti tudi rastlinskiostanki. Obilica arheolo{kega gradiva iz zaklju~enih celot,ki so ~asovno izjemno dobro ume{~ene, predstavlja enonajbolj{ih osnov za preu~evanje materialnega vidikaneolitske dru`be.

KERAMI^NE NAJDBE

Kerami~no gradivo je na najdi{~u âte`-Sredno polje zaslovenske razmere izjemno {tevilno. Skupno je bilo na

najdi{~u odkritih preko 68 600 odlomkov keramike, kive~inoma izvirajo iz zaklju~enih celot (jam oziroma biva-njskih objektov), posamezni odlomki pa so bili odkriti tudiv preme{ani vrhnji plasti. Med kerami~nim gradivom jenajve~ odlomkov lon~enine, odkriti pa so bili tudi drugikerami~ni predmeti kot so vij~ki in razli~no oblikovane

jagode, ki morda predstavljajo dele kerami~nega nakita(Toma` 2006).

Med lon~enino je kar nekaj v celoti ohranjenih posodoziroma predvsem posod, ki so ohranjene v tolik{ni meri,

da dopu{~ajo popolno rekonstrukcijo ostenja (sl. 7 - 10; 7-22, predmeti 1, 6, 7, 9, 11-14; 113-129, predmeti 1, 9, 10,

19, 21, 24, 49, 51, 52), celoten kerami~ni zbir pa vklju~ujetudi preko 3500 odlomkov ustij, ve~ kot tiso~ odlomkovdna in ve~ deset tiso~ odlomkov ostenj posodja.Razmeroma pogosti so {e odlomki nog, ro~ajev in dràjev(113-129, predmeti 14, 17, 36, 37, 50).

Lon~eninski zbir najdi{~a sestavljajo: skodele, sklede,sklede in ostale posode na nogi (sl. 8), ~a{e, lonci (sl. 9),pokrovi (3), zajemalke (sl. 10), posode posebnih namemb-nosti (2) ter miniaturne posode (sl. 7 - 10; 7-22, predmeti1-14; 113-129, predmeti 1-52). Za lon~enino lahko re~emo,da je zelo homogena, posamezne osnovne oblike so

sorodne, oziroma kaèjo skupne zna~ilnosti, podoben pa jetudi njihov na~in izdelave in okras. Ob upo{tevanju vsehkarakteristik dolo~enega predmeta, pa zlahka ugotovimo,da je posamezna posoda takoreko~ unikatni izdelek, kar pa

je pri prostoro~no oblikovani lon~enini tudi pri~akovano.

Sklede in sklede na nogi so ve~inoma preprostih odprtihoblik in so praviloma zelo pogosta oblika lon~enine (sl. 7-

105

PRVI POLJEDELCI

Slika 10âte`-Sredno polje: v celoti ohranjeni zajemalki /completely pre-served ladles.

Slika 11âte`-Sredno polje: kerami~ni predmeti. Zvezdica, objekt 106 -M: 1:1; nogi posode, objekt 108 - M: 1:3 /ceramic objects. Star,pit 106, scale 1:1; feet of a vessel pit 108, scale 1:3.

1

2

8/2/2019 Gust in 2

6/12

8; 7-22, predmeti 1-7; 113-129, predmeti 3-8, 20-35). Tudiskodele so navadno preprostih odprtih oblik, so pa pravilo-

ma bistveno redkej{e (sl. 7; 113-129, predmeti 2, 18).Lonci so razmeroma pogosta oblika lon~enine, vposameznih objektih so celo naj{tevilnej{i. Njihova obliko-vanost jih deli v dve skupini. Lahko so enostavnih pre-prostih oblik, vendar pa veliko pogosteje zahtevnej{ih -sestavljenih oblik (sl. 9; 7-22, predmeti 7-10; 113-129,predmeti 9-15, 38-41). Razmeroma {tevilne so tudi zaje-malke, ki sodijo v skupino s tulastim dràjem. So ve~inomakro`nih ali ovalnih oblik z zaobljenim oziroma vposameznih primerih tudi ravnim dnom (sl. 10; 7-22, pred-meti 11-14; 113-129, predmeti 15, 16, 45-48).

Zelo zanimiv del lon~eninskega zbira predstavljajominiaturne posode, ki jih oblikovno lahko veèmo narazli~ne osnovne oblike lon~enine. Med njimi tako lahkoprepoznamo miniaturne lonce, sklede, bute, sklede na nogi,zajemalke, itd. (113-129, predmeti 1, 48-50; Toma` 2005,261-267, sl. 4-5). Tovrstne posodice so zanimive tudi zato,ker so dosedaj edina tako pestra zbirka miniatur vslovenskem, pa tudi {ir{em srednjeevropskem prostoru(Toma` 2005).

V posameznih primerih pa morda lahko govorimo tudi oposodah posebnih namembnosti - oziroma t.i. "kultnihposodah". Jasno izoblikovani nogi - antropomorfni, oziro-ma zoomorfni (2), ki sta sluìli kot podstavek recipientu,najverjetneje lahko pripi{emo tovrstnim posodam (primer-

java - npr. Barna 2001, pl. IV: 1).

Med gradivom so bili odkriti tudi deli kerami~nega nakita.Poleg razli~no oblikovanih ovalnih kerami~nih jagod terprevrtanih kerami~nih plo{~ic, izdelanih iz ostenj posodja,

je bila na Srednem polju pri âteù odkrita tudi kerami~na

jagoda v obliki zvezdice (1, sl. 9, Gu{tin 2003, 6-7; Toma`2006). Majhna, izjemno skrbno oblikovana petkraka

zvezdica, z ohranjenimi sledmi rde~kastega glinenega pre-maza, je redek primer tovrstno oblikovanega neolitskeganakita (Toma` 2006).

Zanimiv vpogled v kerami~no produkcijo tedanjega ~asanam ponuja analiza tehnolo{ke izvedbe izdelave lon~enine,ki je ve~inoma izdelana zelo podobno oziroma na enakna~in. Oblikovana je prostoro~no. Najpogostej{a je drob-nozrnata lon~enina, razmeroma pogosta pa je tudilon~enina fine in grobe zrnatosti. Njena povr{ina jenajve~krat gladka, le izjemoma groba, v posameznihprimerih pa je povr{ina gladka na zunanji in groba na

notranji strani ali tudi obratno. Povr{ina lon~enine je izje-moma tudi premazana z glinenimi premazi rde~e, rjave ali~rne barve. @ganje lon~enine je v glavnem oksidacijsko, pri~emer postopek navadno ni bil izpeljan do konca, zato vve~ini primerov govorimo o nepopolnem oksidacijskem`ganju. Vsa odkrita lon~enina praviloma sodi med trdokeramiko, redkeje pa lahko govorimo o mehki oziroma zelotrdi keramiki ali keramiki, ki razi steklo (113-129, sl. 8).

Neolitska lon~enina iz najdi{~a âte`-Sredno polje jerazmeroma pogosto okra{ena. Ve~inoma je okras izdelan vosnovni tehniki vtiskovanja in sicer z odtisi nohta. Tovrsten

na~in okra{evanja je v posameznih lon~eninskih zbirih takopogost, da presega 70% okra{ene lon~enine (113-129, sl. 9).Lon~enina je dokaj pogosto okra{ena tudi v tehniki aplici-ranja oziroma kombinaciji vtiskovanja in apliciranja.Vrezani in modelirani okrasi ter okrasi, izdelani v kombini-ranih tehnikah pa so praviloma redkej{i. Okrasni motivi sove~inoma enostavni oziroma linijski, kompleksnej{i sestavl-

jeni motivi pa so navadno redkej{i, kot je npr. na odlomku 4.

106

PRVI POLJEDELCI

Slika 13âte`-Sredno polje: v celoti ohranjena plo{~ata kamnita sekira /completely preserved flat stone axe. M/scale: 1:1.

Slika 12âte -Sredno polje: 3, odlomek kerami~nega pokrova iz objekta096 in 4, naklju~na najdba odlomka ostenja posode /3 ceramiclid fragment from pit 096 and 4 chance find of a vessel fragment.M/scale: 1:3.

34

5

8/2/2019 Gust in 2

7/12

Med okra{eno lon~enino sta zlasti zanimiva dva lonca, prikaterih je okras nekoliko nevsakdanji - vsaj za slovenskiprostor. Prvi, ohranjeno ima ustje z delom ostenja, jeokra{en z aplicirano ìvalsko glavo. Najverjetneje gre zaupodobitev bikove ali morda tudi ovnove glave. Okras jeizdelan na prehodu vratu v rame lonca (113-129, predmet39). Drugi lonec, na àlost je ohranjen samo del ramena znajve~jim obodom, pa izstopa od ostale lon~enine zaradiizjemno realisti~ne upodobitve ~love{kega nosu, ki je apli-ciran na ramenu lonca tik nad najve~jim obodom in je

zaenkrat edin tovrstni primerek v slovenskem prostoru(113-129, predmet 15).

KAMNITA ORODJA

Na neolitskem najdi{~u âte`-Sredno polje je bilo odkritodosedaj najve~je {tevilo kamnitih orodij na podro~juSlovenije. V neolitskih objektih je bilo skupaj odkritih 15.001odbitkov in jeder - pri ~emer je bilo 11.838 odbitkov (78,9%),1.229 retu{iranih orodij (8,1%), 1.934 jeder (12,8%), 114sekir in polizdelkov sekir (sl. 13-15), pri ~emer je 44 sekir

(38,5%), 21 odlomkov sekir (18,4%), 35 polizdelkov sekir(30,7%), 14 odlomkov polizdelkov sekir (12,2%); 12 jeder, kiso polizdelki za izdelavo sekir ali tolka~ev, 39 tolka~ev in ter-ilcev, 55 odlomkov `rmelj, 26 brusnih kamnov, izvrtek, sfer-oid in obdelan kos kamna (sl. 13-15).

Ta zbir artefaktov je pomemben tudi zato, ker je nastal vzamejenem ~asovnem obdobju, kar izklju~uje mo`nostime{anja starej{ih in mlaj{ih elementov ter nudi najbolj{ivpogled v materialno kulturo obse`nega naselja, v obdobju

srednjega neolitika. Na drugi strani pa prav velika koli~inaarheolo{kih ostankov v prostorsko jasno lo~enih objektihomogo~a tudi dokumentiranje tipolo{ke in tehnolo{ke razno-likosti materialne kulture znotraj najdi{~a - omogo~a nampredstavitve in pojasnitve posameznih specialisti~nih dejav-nosti, ki so se odvijale v dolo~enih delih naselbine (131-144).

KOSTNI OSTANKI

V neolitskih objektih âteà-Srednega polja je bilo odkri-tih razmeroma malo kostnih ostankov. Makroskopska anal-

107

PRVI POLJEDELCI

Slika 15âte`-Sredno polje: kamnit polizdelek / stone semi-product.

M/scale:: 1:1.

Slika 14âte`-Sredno polje: odlomljena kamnita sekira / broken stoneaxe. M/scale:: 1:1.

67

8/2/2019 Gust in 2

8/12

iza kostnih in dentalnih ostankov ìvali je pokazala, da sobili v okviru neolitskih objektov ohranjeni predvsem ostan-

ki pragoveda ( Bos primigenius, Boj. - 18,2%), jelena(Cervus elaphus, L. - 17,2%), svinje (Sus scrofa sp. -14,2%), navadnega goveda (Bos taurus, L. - 10%), ovce inkoze (Ovis/Capra - 12,1%) ter srne (Capreolus capreolus,L. - 5,1%). Ohranili pa so se tudi odlomki dolgih kosti ptic(Aves - 1%) in ostanki velikih pre`vekovalcev (20,2%). Pritem je potrebno poudariti, da so ostanki izredno slaboohranjeni. Najve~ji dele` okritih ostankov predstavljajoodlomki skleninskih delov zob (68,55%), z manj{imdeleèm pa so prisotni tudi kostni deli skeleta (31,45%).Le-ti zajemajo dolge kosti, kosti metapodijev in v enemprimeru odlomek vretenca. Dolo~itev starosti posameznihìvali je zaradi slab{e ohranjenosti kosti oteèna, v ve~iniprimerov pa gre za odrasle osebke (sl. 16). Mo{ki spol jedolo~en v primeru divje svinje iz objekta 150 po ohranjen-em podo~niku (canines) spodnje ~eljusti (mandibula).Ohranjen del laktne kosti (olecranon ulnae) navadnegagoveda iz objekta 106 - SP 16 je bil obdelan in je verjetnosluìl kot orodje.

ZAKLJUÊK

V primeru âteà-Srednega polja lahko govorimo onaselju, katerega lon~enina in kamnito orodje sodita v{iroko kronolo{ko shemo mlaj{e kamene dobe oziromaneolitika. Zelo podobno gradivo poznamo v srednjeevrops-ki Lengyelski kulturi (predvsem v njenih zgodnej{ihfazah), ki je {e posebej zna~ilna za Panonijo.

Radiokarbonsko analizirani vzorci oglja iz triindvajsetihstruktur postavljajo odkrito naselje v ~as prve polovice 5.

tiso~letja cal. BC. Ve~ina datumov, s posameznimi izjema-mi, sodi v obdobje med 4600 in 4800 cal. BC (7-22, sl. 2).Neolitska skupnost je ìvela na tem prostoru najve~ tri sto-letja, verjetneje pa {e kak{no stoletje manj.

1 Zvezdica - kerami~na jagoda (cela) je izdelana pros-toro~no iz zelo finozrnate lon~arske mase. Gladka povr{ina

je svetlo rde~e barve. Ohranjene sledi rde~kastega premaza.Vel. 2 x 1,9 x 0,7 cm. Objekt PO 106.

2 Odl. dveh nog sta izdelana prostoro~no iz grobozrnatelon~arske mase. Zgornji sloj povr{ine (prevleka) je ohran-

jen le v sledovih in je bil narejen iz zelo fino zrnate

lon~arske mase svetlo rjave barve in premazan z svetlorde~im glinenim premazom. Zgornji del nog je v presekuokrogle oblike, spodnji del pa ima lepo izdelano stojnoploskev v obliki podplata (zoomorfne oblike). Stojnaploskev je delno po{kodovana. Pr. n. 2,9 cm, v. 11,1 cm.Objekt PO 108.

3 Pokrov (odl. roba z ostenjem) je izdelan prostoro~no izgrobozrnate lon~arske mase. Groba povr{ina je lisasta,svetlo sivo rjave in zelo temno rjave barve. Celotno zunan-

je ostenje je okra{eno z odtisi nohta. Pr. u. 15 cm, v. 2,4 cm.Objekt 092.

4 Odl. ostenja posode je izdelan prostoro~no iz drobnozr-nate lon~arske mase. Gladka povr{ina je temno rjave in~rne barve. Okras spiralno uvitih linij je izdelan na najve~obodu ostenja z vrezovanjem. Vel. 4,8 x 5,4 cm. Povr{inskanajdba.

5 V celoti ohranjena manj{a plo{~ata kamnita sekirica.Izdelana je iz zelenkaste kamnine. Vel. 3,4 x 2,8 x 0,9 cm.Objekt 105.

6 Odlomljena plo{~ata kamnita sekira. Izdelana je iz svetlosivo - zelene kamnine. ~elo sekire je odlomljeno na ventral-

ni in dorzalni strani. Na levem in desnem lateralnem robuna dorzalni strani in na proksimalnemdelu in distalnemdelu desnega lateralnega roba na ventralni strani sozaglajeni negativi prej{njih odbitkov. Vel. 9,5 x 4,7 x 2 cm.

7 Polizdelek za izdelavo plo{~ate kamnite sekire. Izdelan jeiz svetlo - rjave kamnine. Na proksimalnem delu na ven-tralni strani je negativ odbitka. Vel. 10,2 x 5 x 2,2 cm.

108

PRVI POLJEDELCI

Slika 16âte`-Sredno polje: starostna struktura ìvali po posameznihobjektih /age structure of animals from individual pits.

8/2/2019 Gust in 2

9/12

109

PRVI POLJEDELCI

THE NEOLITIC SETTLEMENT AT ÂTE@-SREDNO POLJE

The archaeological site of âte`-Sredno polje is situated on aSava terrace, at the foot of Gorjanci, between two local roads

âte` - Mokrice and âte` - âte{ke toplice, and some hundred

meters easterly from the confluence of the Krka and the Sava (Fig.

1). Due to the reconstruction and widening of the existent main

road into a highway, and also due to the construction of new

branches and circular traffic systems for the town of Breìce, the

location had to undergo careful archaeological examination. In

1998 the whole area of the site was included in the program for a

complete survey of the layout of the future Slovenian highways,

launched by the Group for the Archaeology of Slovenian

Highways (SAAS). The extensive archaeological survey broughtrather moderate settlement evidence of earlier periods (Djuri} et

al. 2000). In 1999 and 2000 followed an intensive archaeological

survey in a 10 x 10 m grid and with ten 1 x 1 m large test trench-

es. Field surveys proved characteristic remains of a prehistoric

settlement with numerous stone flakes and fragments of pottery in

the eastern part of the investigated area and remains of Roman

period constructions and pottery in the western part (Djuri} et al.

2001). Rescue excavations were carried out between March and

May 2002 and covered an area of 31.154 m2.

From a historical point of view, âte`-Sredno polje lies in close

vicinity to a number of important archaeological sites from differ-ent periods of settlement. The location is situated beside the old

Roman road connecting Emona, nearby Neviodunum and Siscia,

and in the south borders to the Kr{ko and Dobovsko polje, dense-

ly populated in the Roman period. In direction of the Dvorce vil-

lage, Roman period remains follow the present road almost unin-

terruptedly. On the exposed hilltop just above the location, there

is [entvid, a Hallstatt period hillfort and Late Roman fortification.

To the west of the Sava-Krka confluence there is âte{ki gri~ with

documented remains of Bronze Age, Hallstatt and La Tene period

settlements. Further to the east there is the prehistoric hill-fort and

Late Roman period stronghold of Velike Malence. In the same

direction, closer to the village of the same name, a well preservedRoman villa rustica, set on top of a Neolithic settlement, was dis-

covered in the 1990s. Not far away, to the north, and on the other

side of the Sava, there are numerous evidences of a Hallstatt peri-

od settlement on the territory of Breìce, and a large Celtic ceme-

tery on the terrace above the Sava.

Following the planned construction activities of the future high-

way, the investigated site of âte`-Sredno Polje had to be divided

into seven large excavation areas. Trench A, measuring a total of

7.111 m2, was the area bordering the north side of the Ljubljana -Zagreb main road. Trench B was the area that was going to

become the northern part of the access road and also a part of the

body of the highway, and measured 6.874 m2. Trench C was to

cover the eastern part of the circular traffic system and measured

1.695 m2. Trench D was 10.678 m2 large and lay on the southern

part of the existent Ljubljana - Zagreb main road. Trench E ran

parallel to trench D and measured 3.577 m2. Trenches F and G

were dug in the western part of the circular access traffic system

and measured 706 m2, and 509 m2 (Fig. 2 and 3), respectively.

Considering the extremely scarce surface finds on the location of

âte`-Sredno polje the results of protective excavations came as asurprise regarding the extent as well as the character of the site.

Below the layer of arable soil beside remains of numerous

Neolithic dwellings also pits originating from the Copper (Fig. 2)

and Bronze Ages and even Roman period military camp could be

distinguished. Similarly to Obre`je, few kilometers further to the

east, also just below the arable earth the characteristic traces of a

double, trianglarly laid out ditch and over a dozen of small, round

ovens with a semicircular dome and space for charging and clean-

ing could be discovered. Rare pieces of Roman period militaria,

like a bronze armour clasp, an iron pillum shackle, an iron lance

point and a typical iron tent peg, together with numerous ovensfor baking bread and a protection ditch are sufficient to prove that

we are dealing with a short-lived or campaign military camp

respectively. In front of one of the ovens an upper piece of a stone

hand mill was discovered and close to another a Republican silver

coin and a characteristic Gallic fibulae were found, defining the

existence of the camp in the period of earliest Roman colonisation

of Slovenian territory, i. e. in the last decades of the 1st century BC

or in the tide of the Dalmato-Pannonian rebellion between 6 and

9 AD at the latest (Gu{tin 2002, 70-74).

THE NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT

The Neolithic Settlement of âte`-Sredno polje covered more or

less the whole area under investigation (about 3,1 hectares). The

size of the settlement and most of all the fact that it was almost

completely excavated render the site to be one of the most impor-

tant and largest settlements from the first half of the 5th millenni-

um BC not only in Slovenia but also in a much wider area.

The predominant part of the structures was discovered in the cen-

tre of the investigated field, in an area of 142 x 102 m. At the

periphery of the excavated field the Neolithic structures are not at

8/2/2019 Gust in 2

10/12

all dense so it could be concluded that the very centre of the set-

tlement was discovered (Fig. 2).

At ^ate`-Sredno polje a total of 65 Neolithic structures, belong-ing to several different pits could be discovered. The structures lay

just below the arable soil and were dug into the sterile geological

base. It should be stressed that the pits that have been discovered

are actually the "remains of remains" as during the several thou-

sands of years that followed the intensive agricultural exploitation

of the area almost completely destroyed the upper layers as well

as the upper architectural parts of the Neolithic settlement.

Among the Neolithic structures 24 could be defined as rather

large and therefore with greatest probability interpreted as

dwelling pits. They appear in various shapes: anything from

incorrect ovals to almost complete circular or rectangular struc-tures in sizes between 4 x 4 and 8 x 8 m (Fig. 5 and 6). They were

dug up to 0.7 m deep into the sterile bedrock and in some cases

actually only the "bottom" of pits could be detected, as the depth

that remained never exceeded 0.15 m. The dwellings discovered

in ate`-Sredno polje have hardly any parallels within the sites of

the Sava group. It is interesting that the excavations almost com-

pletely failed in tracing elements, applicable for interpretation or

reconstruction of the dwellings (pole shafts for supporting beams,

remains of wall constructions or hearths). There were some cases

of architectural elements (burnt clay daub) allowing for a suppo-

sition that they have been part of a structure erected above the pits.To a certain extent they resemble certain poorly preserved archi-

tectural objects discovered in Dragomelj. This kind of objects has

ties with the dwelling culture within the Lengyel circle and the

contemporary cultures of South-East Europe.

Beside evident dwelling objects the site revealed also more than

40 smaller pits. These also appear in a number of different round

an oval shapes. In size they were as a rule smaller whit some of

them exceeding 2 x 2 m. Usually they were even shallower.

Considering the similar structure of pit fillings we believe that

both large and small pits were filled with remains of the same

processes or were in their direct contact.Dwellings and other small pits contained numerous stone flakes and

stone tools as well as abundant pottery fragments. Among them badly

preserved and broken remains of animal bones could be detected in

rather poor condition due to aggressive acid soil, affecting them for

thousands of years. In some of the investigated structures by means

of flotation also botanic remains were found. The abundance of

archaeological material obtained from complete units after the possi-

bility for extremely plausible dating and prove to be an excellent

basis for the study of material aspects of the Neolithic society.

POTTERY FINDS

For Slovenian conditions, the site of ^ate`-Sredno polje definite-

ly abounds with pottery finds. As a whole, excavations broughtmore than 68,600 fragments, mostly discovered in complete units

(pits or dwellings), only a few originating from the disturbed

upper layer. Among the pottery most numerous appear to be frag-

ments of vessels, beside several other objects, like spindles, and

clay beads of different shapes that were most probably parts of

clay ornaments or trinkets (Toma 2006).

Quite a number of vessels were excavated that allow a total recon-

struction of shape and size; some sessels were discovered com-

plete (Fig. 7 - 10; 7-22, objects 1, 6, 7, 9, 11-14; 113-129, objects

1, 9, 10, 19, 21, 24, 49, 51, 52). The ceramic assemblage includes

more than 3500 rims, over a thousand bottoms and several tenthousands of walls of vessels. Rather numerous are also fragments

of feet, handles and hafts (113-129, objects 14, 17, 36, 37, 50).

The pottery ensemble of the site includes dishes, bowls, and other

vessels on a foot (Fig. 8), beakers, jars (Fig. 9), pot lids (3), ladles

(Fig. 10), vessels for special purposes (2) and miniature vessels

(Fig. 7-10; 113-129, objects 1-52; 7-22, objects 1-14). The pottery

could be described as very homogenous. Individual basic forms

are familiar, showing common characteristics and sharing the same

decorations and production processes. However considering differ-

ent characteristics of a certain object it becomes obvious that each

piece was made as an individual creation. For hand shaped potterythis is to be expected. Bowls and bowls on a foot are mostly of sim-

ple, open shapes and as a rule a rather common type of vessel (Fig.

7-8; 7-22, objects 1-7; 113-129, objects 3-8, 20-35). Dishes are

also usually made in a simple and open form, yet they are not so

numerous (Fig. 7; 113-129, objects 2, 18). Pots are a rather com-

mon form of a vessel, in some pits even the most numerous. Based

on their form they could be divided into two groups. They can be

simple shaped, or formed into rather demanding - compound

shapes, which are even more common (Fig. 9; 7-22, objects 7-10;

113-129, objects 9-15, 38-41). The site produced also quite a num-

ber of ladles. They are of the quiver shaft type and mostly oval orround in shape with a rounded, exceptionally flat bottom (Fig. 10;

7-22, objects 11-14; 113-129, objects 15, 16, 45-48).

The most interesting part of the pottery assemblage is the minia-

ture vessels, regarding their shape in line with several different

basic forms of vessels. Among them there are miniature pots,

miniature bowls and dishes, miniature ladles and bowls on foot,

etc. (Toma` 2005, 261-267, Fig. 4-5; 113-129, objects 1, 48-50).

These tiny vessels are interesting also because they are the most

diverse assemblage that has ever been discovered not only in

110

PRVI POLJEDELCI

8/2/2019 Gust in 2

11/12

111

PRVI POLJEDELCI

Slovenia but also in the central European area. In some cases spe-

cial usage could be assumed - they might have been so called "rit-

ual vessels". Distinctly and fine shaped feet - anthropomorphic orzoomorphic respectfully (Fig. 11: 2), serving as a stand of a recip-

ient, are most likely to belong to this group of vessels (compari-

son - e.g. Barna 2001, Pl. IV: 1).

Pieces of clay ornaments or perhaps trinkets also appear. Besides

numerous forms of ceramic beads and small pierced clay plates,

made of pottery walls, a unique star-shaped bead from âte`-

Sredno polje has to be mentioned (Fig. 11: 1, Gu{tin 2003, 6-7;

Toma` 2006). The small, very carefully formed five-legged star

with remains of red clay slip is the only example of this kind of

Neolithic trinkets in Slovenia and wider.

A rather interesting aspect of the pottery production of the time isoffered by the technological analysis of the material, as a rule pro-

duced in a rather uniform if not same way. It was exclusively hand-

shaped. Most commonly there appears the clay with tiny particles

of tempering material, quite often also with fine or coarse grains.

The surfaces are usually smooth, only exceptionally rough and in

a limited number of cases the surface smooth on the outside and

rough inside or vice versa. Also exceptionally was the surface dec-

orated with a red, brown or black slip. Most of this pottery was

fired in the presence of oxygen, but the process was usually never

quite completed therefore in most cases it is the incomplete oxida-

tion firing that may be observed. The excavated pottery as a rulebelongs to hard pottery, whit soft and very hard pieces or even

glass scratching potsherds being rather scarce (113-129).

The Neolithic pottery of âte`-Sredno polje is often decorated. In

most cases the ornament was made with impressions or fingernail

stitches. In some pottery assemblages this kind of decoration is so fre-

quent that it appears on more than 70% of all fragments. Quite fre-

quently the pottery was decorated with applications or with a combi-

nation of applications and impressions. Cut and modelled decorations

made in mixed or combined techniques are rather scarce. The motifs

are usually simple and linear, more complex and composed decora-

tions are rare, e. g. fragment4

. When decorated pottery is consideredthere are two pots that are particularly interesting and unusual for the

Slovenian territory. One, preserved only as part of the rim and wall of

the vessel, is decorated with an application in form of an animal head.

Most probably it is a head of a ram or a bull and applied on the tran-

sition part between the neck and the shoulder of the vessel (113-129,

object 39). The other pot, at which unfortunatly the shoulder and the

widest part of the belly were preserved, is important because of the

extremely realistic depiction of a human nose, applied on the shoul-

der wall just above the widest part of the belly (113-129, object 15).

STONE TOOLS

The location of âte`-Sredno polje revealed the largest number of

Neolithic stone tools ever found in Slovenia. 15.001 stone flakesand cores were excavated - that is 11,838 flakes (78.9%), 1,229

flaked tools (8.1%), 1,934 cores (12.8%), 114 axes and axe semi-

products (Fig. 13-15) - among them 44 complete axes (38.5%), 21

fragmented axes (18.4%), 35 axe semi-products (30.7%) and 14

fragmented axe semi-products (12.2%). There were also 12 cores,

semi products in axe and mallet production, 39 mallets and pestles,

55 fragmented hand mills, 26 grindstones, a drilling spigot, a sphe-

roid and a piece of a stone showing working processes (Fig. 13-15).

This assemblage of artefacts is important also because of the fact

that it has been produced in a limited period of time, excluding the

possibility of mixing with earlier or later elements. It thereforeoffers the possibility of an excellent insight into the material culture

of a large settlement from the period of the Late Neolithic. On the

other hand large quantities of archaeological material evidence dis-

covered in a number of well - defined architectural units give excel-

lent opportunity to document the typological and technological dif-

ferences within the material culture of a single settlement - it makes

it possible to introduce and elucidate specific activities that have

been performed in certain parts of the settlement (131-144).

BONE REMAINS

The macroscopic analysis of animal bone and dental remainsfound inside the Neolithic pits proved the presence of ancient cat-

tle (Bos primigenius, Boj. - 18.2%), red deer (Cervus elaphus, L.

- 17.2%), pigs (Sus scroffa sp. - 14.2%), cattle (Bos Taurus, L. -

10%), sheep and goat (Ovis/Capra - 12.1%), and roe deer

(Capreolus capreolus, L. - 5.1%). Even some long bones of birds

were recoignised (Aves - 1%) along with remains of large mam-

mals (20.2%). It has to be pointed out that there remains are

extremely poorly preserved.

The predominant part of the remains are fragments of tooth enam-

el (68.55%) and less of other bones of the skeleton (31.45%).

Among them are long bones, bones of the matapodium and in onecase a vertebra. Due to a poor preservation the age determination

of the animals was difficult, however in most instances we are

dealing with adult individuals (Fig. 16). Only a boar found in Pit

150 could be defined as a male, considering the large lower jaw

(mandibula) canine tooth. The preserved part of the cattle foreleg

(olecranon ulnae), found in Pit 106 - SP 16 has been worked and

was probably used as a tool.

8/2/2019 Gust in 2

12/12

CONCLUSIONS

^ate`-Sredno polje is a settlement that can be, considering the

pottery and stone tools, defined as being a part of the widechronological scheme of the Neolithic. Very similar material

appears in the central European Lengyel Culture (particularly in

its early phases), most characteristic for the Pannonia.

Radiocarbon dating of charcoal samples taken from twenty three

structures put the settlement in the time of the first half of the 5 th

millennium BC. Most dates, with just a few exceptions, fall intothe period between 4600 and 4800 cal. BC (7-22, Fig. 2). The

Neolithic society lived in this area for approximately three cen-

turies, probably even a century less.

112

PRVI POLJEDELCI

Documents

Gust in 2