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1 Vacuum Carburizing – What is the process? Carburizado al vacío – ¿en qué consiste este proceso? Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH, Hanau, Germany

Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

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Page 1: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

1

Vacuum Carburizing –What is the process?

Carburizado al vacío – ¿en qué consiste este proceso?

Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH, Hanau, Germany

Page 2: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

2

Topics

1. Vacuum Carburizing (VC) Carburizado al Vacío

2. High Pressure Gas Quenching Temple en Gas a alta presión

3. Outlook for Mexico Perspectiva para Mexico

Page 3: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

3

1. Vacuum Carburizing (VC)

(VC = Vacuum Carburizing = Low Pressure Caburizing = LPC 2 names - same process)

(VC =Carburizado al vacío = Carburizado a baja presión = LPC

2 nombres - mismo proceso)

Page 4: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

4

High hardness at the surface

and

medium hardness in the core

to achieve

wear-resistance at surface

and

good fatigue properties of the gear.

Motivation for Case hardening

Alta dureza en la Superficie

y

mediana dureza en el nucleo

para lograr

resistencia al desgaste en la superficie

y

aumentar la vida a la fatiga en pieza.

Motivos para la cementación o Case hardening

Page 5: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

5

Case hardening consists of 3 steps:El cementado consiste de 3 pasos:

1. Austenitizing (heating) Austenización (calentamiento)

2. Carburizing Carburizado

3. Quenching Temple

which is typically followed by Tempering

donde típicamente después del temple sigue un Revenido.

Page 6: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

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0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6

Distance from Surface (mm) Distancia desde la superficie

0,4

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1

C (

%)

Carburizing DepthDistance from Surface

at 0.35 % C

Carburizing= creating of a carbon-enriched surface area Cementado=enriquecer la superficie

con carbon

surface C-content

depending on the type of steel

0.65 ... 0.85 % C

Depende el tipo de acero se obtiene este

porcentaje de Carbono en la superficie

Example of a carbon profile after case hardening Ejemplo de un perfil de Carbon despues de Cementado

Page 7: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

7

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4

Distance from surface / mm Distancia desde la superficie

750

Ha

rdn

es

s/ H

VD

ure

za

CHD = 0,67mm550

core

hardness = 350 HV

Example of a hardness profile after case hardeningEjemplo de un perfil de dureza despues del carburizado

Dureza del

nucleo = 350 HV

Page 8: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

8

Heating Carburizing Diffusion Quenching

Time

1000 C

Tem

pera

ture

Pre

ssu

re (

ab

s.)

Acetylene

10

0,1

1000mbar

NitrogenHeliumNitrogen

20 C

Con-vection

Vacuum carburizing (VC):

Temperature: 900 – 1050°C

Temperatura (1650 – 1922°F)

Process pressure : < 20 mbar

Presión usada: < 20 mbar

Process gas: Acetylene

Gas usado: Acetileno

High pressure - Gas

quenching (HPGQ):

Gas type: Nitrogen, Helium

Gas usado: Nitrógeno, Helio

Gas pressure: max. 20 bar

Presión del Gas : max. 20 bar

Gas velocity: max. 20 m/s

Velocidad del Gas : max. 20 m/s

20 bar

VC and High Pressure Gas Quenching

Carburizado al vacío y temple en gas a alta presión

Page 9: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

9

reduced heat treat distortion menor distorsión

excellent carburizing homogeneity carburizado homogéneo

avoiding intergranular oxidation (IGO) and surface oxidation

Evita la oxidación intergranular y de la superficie

shorter cycle times tiempos de ciclo mas cortos

possibility to integrate heat treatment into the production line

se puede integrar el tratamiento térmico a la línea de producción

clean surfaces of parts after heat treatment with a “green”

process superficies mas limpias después del tratamiento usando un proceso

“verde”

Benefits of VC compared to Gas-carburizingBeneficios del Carburizado al vacio contra otros procesos de carburizado

Page 10: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

10

we inject oxygen- free hydrocarbons into a rough vacuum

(some mbar) at carburizing temperature into the process

chamber.

Vacuum Carburizing Carburizado al vacío

decomposition into elementary carbon

se separa el carbón elemental

by thermal dissociation por disociación térmica C

C2H2C

CH 4

34

5C4H4

6

C6H6

8

91

7

2

C2H4

Dissociation-reactions during acetylene-pyrolysis

se agregan hidrocarbonos libres de oxigeno a la cámara en vacío (algunos mbar) a

temperatura de carburizado.

Page 11: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

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Low pressure carburising process with alternating boost and diffusion

steps; change of surface carbon content during the process (schematically)Carburizado a baja presión alternando los pasos de adición y difusión; cambiando

el contenido de carbono superficial (sistematicamente) durante el proceso

saturation limit límite de saturación

target surface carbon contentMeta de contenido de carbono

superficial

su

rfa

ce

ca

rbo

n c

on

ten

tC

on

ten

ido

de

ca

rbo

no

su

pe

rfic

ial

timetiempo

Carburizing strategies Estrategias de carburizado

Only an optimized

carb. strategy leads

to good results! Solo una estrategia de

carburizado

optimizada lleva a

buenos resultados

Page 12: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

12

Carbide FormationCarburizing-phase: strong pulses --> supersaturation --> massive carbides

Diffusions-phase: correct --> right surface-C --> small amout of retained austenite

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800 5400 6000

time (sec)

co

nc

en

tra

tio

n c

arb

on

C-concentration

20 µm distance

18 CrNi 8

940°C

over 1.18 %C during carburizing

0.69 % surface-C

after diffusion

Carburizing strategies Estrategias de carburizado – Formación de carburos

Page 13: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

14

Retained Austenitec arburizing phase: correct pulses --> no supersaturation --> no carbides

diffusion-phase: to short --> surface-C to high --> retained austenite

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000

time (sec)

co

ncen

trati

on

carb

on

C-Concentration

20 µm surface distance

18 CrNi 8

940°C

under 1.17 %C during

carburizing

0.81 % surface C

after diffusion

Carburizing strategies Estrategias de carburizado – Austenita retenida

Page 14: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

15

Optimized Microstructurecarburizing phase: correct pulses -->no supersaturation --> barely carbides

diffusion phase: ok --> right surface-C --> barely retained austenite

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800

time (sec)

co

ncen

trati

on

carb

on C-concentration

20 µm surface distance

18 CrNi 8

940°C

under 1.17 %C during carburizing

0.68 % surface-C

after diffusion

Carburizing strategies Estrategias de carburizado – Microestructura optimizada

Page 15: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

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Comparison of Treatment Time

VC vs. Gas Carburizing

Material Temperature AT Treatment Treatment

(0,35 % C) time* time*

VC gas

carburize

16 MnCr 5 930 °C 0,6 mm 2,00 hours 2,75 hours

~ SAE 5115 1700F 24/1000´´

18 CrNiMo7-6 960 °C 1,6 mm 7,50 hours 9,50 hours

~ SAE 9310 1760F 60/1000´´

* treatment time = carburizing + diffusion + lowering to hardening temperature

Comparación de tiempos de proceso

VC vs. Carburizado en gas

* Tiempo de proceso = carburizado + difusión + bajando a temperatura de endurecido

Page 16: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

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Improvement of Quality by VC Mejoras en Calidad usando VC

Micrograph of SAE 5115 after carburizing CD = 0.030´´

VC by means of oxygen-free hydrocarbons leads to part surfaces free from

intergranular oxidation Se obtienen superficies libres de oxidación intergranular

Vacuum Carburizing

Carburizado al vacío

Atmospheric gas carburizing

Carburizado atmosférico en gas

Intergranular

Oxidation

Page 17: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

18material SAE 5115 material SAE 5115

distribution of alloying

elements under the surface

with vacuum carburizing

Distribucion de los elementos de la

aleación con carburizado al vacio

distribution of alloying elements

under the surface with

conventional carburizing

Distribucion de los elementos de la

aleación con carburizado convencional

depth (µm)

co

nc

en

tra

tio

n (

wt

%)

depth (µm)

co

nc

en

tra

tio

n (

wt

%)

Improvement of Quality by VC Mejoras en Calidad usando VC

Page 18: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

19

Characteristics of VC Características del carburizado al vacío

Fast carbon transfer, i.e. short carburizing cycle rápida transferencia

de carbono

No intergranular oxidation No oxidación intergranular

Good case depth uniformityy Uniformidad de la capa

On-demand technology, no furnace conditioning Tiempos de arranque

menores

Little consumption of carburizing gas Bajo consumo de gas

Low gaseous and thermal emissions Bajo nivel de emisiones

High temperature carburizing Carburizado a altas temperaturas

Page 19: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

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High Temperature - VC Altas tempraturas de Carburizado al vacío

Quelle: Die Prozeßregelung beim Gasaufkohlen und Einsatzhärten,

AWT-FA 5, AK4 (1997) Expert Verlag

D

DtEHT

= D0exp(-Q/RT)

~610

1050°C

1000°C

950°C

900°C

Dt 60%

1920°F

1830°F

1740°F

1650°F

Carburizing time (h)

Ca

rbu

rizin

gd

ep

thfo

r0

.35

%C

~ C

D6

10

(mm

)

Page 20: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

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2. High Pressure Gas Quenching

Temple en Gas a Alta Presión

Page 21: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

25Page 25

Motivation to apply gas quenching

Clean surfaces of parts after heat treatment, no washing of parts necessary Superficies mas limpias, no requieren lavado después del proceso

Environmentally friendly process (no disposal of oil, salt bath residues or detergent residues) Proceso amigable con el medio ambiente (no usa gases o sales, etc)

Full flexibility to control quench intensity

Flexibilidad total del control de intensidad del temple

Consistent quench intensity (no “aging” of quench medium)

Intensidad del temple consistente

Better control of distortion Mejor control de la distorsión

Possibility to integrate heat treatment into the production line

Posibilidad de integrar el tratamiento térmico a la línea de producción

Page 22: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

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Quench -

sequence / parameters Parametos y secuencia de temple

Main parameters Parámetros:

Gas velocity [m/s]Velocidad del gas

Gas Pressure [bar] Presión del gas

Type of Gas Tipo de gas

it’s not just the pressure!

No es solo la presión!

Start of blowers Arranque de sopladores

Flooding of cell to specified pressure Se ajusta a la presión requerida

Circulating and recooling of gas (integrated heat exchanger(s)) Circulación de gas

Page 23: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

27

Re

lati

ve

mo

tor

po

we

r o

f g

as f

an

Pressure (bar)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

0

2

4

6

8

10

Re

latv

e h

ea

t tr

an

sfe

r co

eff

icie

nt

20

Pressure (bar)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Nitrogen

Helium

Hydrogen

Gas Properties Propiedades del gas

Page 24: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

28

Heat Transfer

Coefficient Coeficiente de

transferencia del calor

Page 25: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

29

the heat transfer coefficient and the local distribution of determines the quality of the product after quenching

T = 870°C

Tgas = 100°C

Gasparttheofsurface TTq

microstructure

core hardness

distortion

Heat Transfer Coefficient Coeficiente de transferencia de calor

el coeficiente de transferencia de calor y la distribución de determina la calidad del product después del temple

Page 26: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

30 Heat Transfer Coefficient in W / m2 K

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Heat Transfer Coefficient for different quenching media

Water (15-25 °C)

Agitated oil (20-80 °C)

Air 1 bar

He 20 bar (hot chamber)

He 20 bar (cold Chamber)

Saltbath quench (550 °C)

N2 6-10 bar (hot chamber)

Still oil (20-80 °C)

Fluidised bed

N2 / He 1 - (10) / 20 bar

Coeficiente de Transferencia de calor para diferentes medios de temple

Page 27: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

31

J

t

900°C

20°C

Single-chamber systems: thermochemical process and quenching in one chamber

Una sola cámara para tratamiento y temple

Types of

quench cells

“Cold chamber” as part of a multi-chamber system: separate chambers for thermochemical

process & quenching („Treatment chamber“ (TC) and „Quench chamber“ (QC))

Cámara de temple separada de las cámaras de tratamiento

J

t

No additional energy is consumed to heat and cool down the TC; higher throughput

TC

J

t

QC

900°C

20°C

250°C

20°C

No se consume energía adicional para calendar y enfriar las camaras de tratamiento; mayor producción

Page 28: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

32

Single-chamber system Camara sencilla:

Single chamber vs. Cold chamber Comparativo de camaras de temple

+ in situ temperature measurement Medición de temperatura

+ very slow cooling curves can be realized Curvas de

enfriamento lento pueden ser realizadas

- low throughput Bajo volumen

- high energy consumption (heating up after each cycle) mayor consumo de energía

- low quench intensity baja intensidad de temple

- limited homogeneity of gas velocity distribution homogeniedad limitada para la velocidad del gas

“Cold chamber” as part of a multi-chamber system: Camara de temple separada que forma parte de un multi-Sistema de camaras de tratamiento

+ high throughput alto volumen/producción

+ high quench intensity alta intensidad del temple

+ low energy consumption menor consumo de energía

+ homogeneity of gas velocity distribution homogeniedad

para la velocidad del gas

- very slow cooling curves not possible Curvas de

enfriamento lento no pueden ser realizadas

- no in situ temperature measurement No hay Medición de

temperatura

Page 29: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

33

Single chamber vs. Cold chamber Comparativo de camaras de temple

Page 30: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

34

3.) Outlook for Mexiko

Perspectiva para México

Page 31: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

35

ALD Tratamientos Termicos

Ramos Arizpe (Mexico)

SOP Arranque 2008

in 2016:

Sales (Mio. US$) Ventas ~11

Employees Empleados ~90

Installed capacity: 2 MT-7 lines + 1 MT-6 line

1 VZKQ & cryogenic unit

Technologies: Low Pressure Carburizing (LPC)

Vacuum hardening

Nitriding / FNC

Contract volume: >2500 units / day

ca. 25 t steel are heat-treated per day 25 toneladas al día

> 4 Mio transmissions succesfully treated since SOP

Page 32: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

36

Customers ALD-TT Mexico

Clientes de ALD-TT México

ALD – TT Mexico has won the “GM Supplier

Quality Excellence Award“ in 2014 and 2015

ALD-TT ha recibido el premio de GM- Supplier

Quality Excellence Award – en 2014 y 2015.

Page 33: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

37Page 37

Summary Resumen

Vacuum Carburizing (VC) in combination with Gas Quenching has today been established as one

of the standard casehardening technologies.

More than 200 systems with > 1000 treatment chambers have been installed globally.*

Carburizado al vacío (VC) en combinación con Temple en Gas es hoy, una de las tenologías standard para el

cementado o carburizado. Más de 200 sistemas con > 1,000 cámaras de tratamiento se han instalado en el

mundo.

The benefits of VC have been published by many authors:

excellent carburizing homogeneity even for components with complex shape

avoiding intergranular oxidation (IGO) and surface oxidation

shorter cycle times

potential for further reduction of cycle time with higher temperatures

possibility to integrate heat treatment into the production line

no conditioning of the equipment necessary

clean surfaces of parts after heat treatment, no washing of parts necessary

green process (small consumption of resources; no disposal of oil or salt bath residues)

potential to reduce heat treat distortion * ALD plus competitors

Page 34: Hanau, Germany Dr. Volker Heuer, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH,

38

Thanks!

Muchas gracias!