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HOMEWORK SEMESTER 1 CReSOS (Center for Remote Sensing and Ocean Science) UDAYANA UNIVERSITY FROM: Ass. Prof. Koichi Yamamoto (Shared Lecture – Yamaguchi University) Focus of Lecture: Advanced Geoinformatics

End Date 31/10/2013 Question:

1. summarize and make the report of the characteristics of hot spots in the Sumatra Island and Kalimantan Island in 2009 (el Niño) and 2010 (la Niña)

2. Please make 1 or 2 slides to explain what you found from the distributions of the hot spots

3. Question and Answer • Q: How we find number of hotspots? • A: viewing image or number of the hotspots • You can get number data from FIRMS

Answer Number 1. Hot Spots Wildfires indicator that detects a location that has a relatively high temperature compared to surrounding (Article 1 point 9 of Regulation of forestry ministry No. P 12/ PMenhut-II/ 2009) Cause of Forest Fires? Land and forest fires can occur both intentionally and unintentionally. In other words, land and forest fires caused by deliberate human factor by several activities, such as field activities, plantation (PIR), HTI, preparing land for livestock and so on. Forest fires also can be caused by accidental, caused by natural factors or human negligence (Purbowaseso, 2004). How to Analyzed Hotspots? To analyze hotspots, the data necessary climatological conditions, land cover / forest indicating fuel and topography, the three so-called "fire environment triangle". How about Sumatra and Kalimantan?

Sumatra and Kalimantan , including two of the three largest forests are in Indonesia, both these areas are potential areas for land conversion. On its activities, most forests in Sumatra and Kalimantan in conversion to oilpalm land. Relationship with hotspots. This conversion gives a negative impact on biodiversity in the forest site, where the forest in the forest converted into mono species, then if there is a trigger destruction of forests , one of which is a forest fire , it will be far-reaching , because both have an element of homogeneity.

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But not all conversions are to blame, as the trigger for the hotspots. As mentioned in the earlier paragraphs, Region and climatology are also influential in it. Kalimantan and Sumatra is an area that has a tropical climate and only has only 2 seasons, dry season and rainy season. High levels of drought if there el Niño event, and this is one of the main triggers for forest fires.

el Niño and la Niña during 2009 – 2010 (Niño 3.4 region) Information from NOAA (http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/ ensoyears.shtml) showed that in 2009 there was el Niño for 4 months starting from January to April with Moderate level (index 1.0 to 1.4), and gives the effect of drought on most islands of Indonesia one of which Sumatra and Kalimantan. Whereas in 2010 showed la Niña with Strong levels (index ≥ 1.5) for 4 months starting from January to April where the effect to Indonesia is high rainfall, and can result in flooding.

Figure 1. el Niño 2009 (red circle) and la Niña 2010 (blue circle) index.

Answer Number 3. When we need to access and download the data, we can visit https://earthdata.nasa.gov/data/near-real-time-data/firms/active-fire-data#tab-content-7. this link show us the number of hotspot. not only in Indonesia, but also around the world to. The information started from 2000 until now. The new data from 24, 48, and 7 days observed and the old data saved in archive download tool. How to get the data? This is the step how to get the data for archive (2009 – 2010) as the Question 1.

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1. Open the browser (I used Google Chroome) and please visit the link bellow https://earthdata.nasa.gov/data/near-real-time-data/firms/active-fire-data#tab-content-7 and you get the link like Figure 1.

Figure 1. earthdata.nasa.gov link

2. Choose Archive Download Tool and Step 1 Draw the polygon around Sumatera and

Kalimantan from menu Create like Figure 2.

Figure 2. Archive Download Tool

3. Step 2 and 3, from Download Option enter the calendar data when we want to start

download and choose the output data then enter the email for confirmation download data (Figure 3) also choose planning to use the data for.

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Figure 3. fill the Information

4. Wait for a moment two email confirmation will appear to your inbox and choose the second email (last) to download the data.

Figure 4. Email confirmation

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5. The result: The Location of Hotspot already recording in spatial database like Figure 5, the color show the year of Hotspot event

Figure 5. Map of Hotspot Event During 2009 (yellow dots) and 2010 (red dots)

in Sumatera and Kalimantan

According from data, we can signature of location and number of hotspots, the data write on Table 1 Table 1. Number of the hotspots by Month (2009-2010) from FIRM

Source: FIRM dataset, 2013

2009 2010 2009 2010

January 1437 186 46 93

February 1413 907 135 386

March 296 362 128 540

April 659 309 206 180

May 2092 696 357 150

June 2905 382 908 136

July 4554 441 2553 60

August 5070 888 10464 663

September 4829 749 18837 685

October 802 2225 1668 525

November 472 163 464 66

December 88 112 71 37

Month

Location

Sumatera Kalimantan

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Table 1. Show the largest number of hotspot in 2009 – 2010 average in dry season (July – October) and in 2009 have a lot of hotspots to achieve 5070 point for Sumatera show in August and 18837 point in Kalimantan in September. This event is relate with el Niño (Hayasaka and Yulianti, 2013) that in el Niño we get more long dry season and the effect can trigger of forest fires.