HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd

8/18/2019 HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd

1/44

Confidential / Property ofDanfoss Drives A/S 8 April 2016PLPS/INSC-MCS

Presentation on

Latest trends to minimize Harmonics

when using Variable Frequency Drives


2/44


Contents

!D- "asi#s

$ar%oni#s-"asi#s

Iss&es related to $ar%oni#s

$ar%oni# li%itin' standards

$ar%oni# sol&tions and redtions possi(ility

Advan#ed $ar%oni#s Sol&tions

Pri#e/Perfor%an#e #o%parisons

S&%%ary


3/44


Fixed AC Input

(3ph,415v,50hz)

Variable AC Output

( 0-415v,0-x z)

What is a frequency converter ?


4/44


.

W hat is a frequency converter ?

Control

V & FSpeed Reference

AC / DC Rectifier DC Link ar!onic

Choke

in

"oth#V$

& %ve

''V()'*

+nput

+,"-

.utput

Stae

0otor

.utput

'%''V('%)'*

Fixed AC -!C-Filter !C-Variable AC

Variable V"lta#e $ Variable Fre%uen&'

u&h that F* i &han#ed +"r &han#e in "t"r peed

What is a frequency converter ?


5/44


f t a n tn1 2 sin1 2= ∑ ω3

I I rms n

n

==

∑ 43

( )THD I I n

n

n= ⋅=

∑ 1 21 2

!a5

3

4

4

3''6

I I RMS n

n

n

==

∑ 1 2!a5

4

3

I I THD RMS

= +132

43

THD

I

I n

n

n

= ⋅=∑

33''6

32

4

41

1 2

!a5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

λ ≈+

3

3 4-D

h+

+ch

h

=

×

=

∞

∑3

4

4

3''6

( ) ( )Vh 7 +

V

7

V h +

+ + hthd

h

hh

h sch

h

=

× = × = ×

=

∞

=

∞

=

∞

∑ ∑ ∑33

4

4

3

3

4

4

4

4

3''6 3''63

3''6

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )( ) ( )

8

S

-D -D -D 8 8

-D 8

VSD

no!

c $ $

c $

=

− + + + + + + +

+ +

1 23 3 & 3 3 3

4 3 3

4 4 4 4 4

4 4

( ) ( )S

8

98

8

8

$

$

$

$

8

S cVSD

no!

!a5 = +

+ =

+

+ +

3

3

3

3 34

4


6/44


The sinusoidal mains supply could look like

this ...!!!

Voltae/current :avefor!1this distorted :avefor! is :hat you !ay see :ith an oscilloscope;2

Funda!ental

Current< )'*

=rd ar!onic

3)'*< Such a non%sinusoidal/distorted :avefor! is !ade

up fro! these t:o sinusoidal :avefor!s


7/44


with a more complex series of harmonic

currents …..

• All periodic signals

can be represented

as a sum of sine

functions with

freuencies eual tointeger numbers of

the fundamental

component• The resultant current waeform could look like this.

01 2 3 4 5 6 7

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

01 2 3 4 5 6 7

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

f t a n tn

1 2 sin1 2=∑ ω3

ar!onic/Fourier

Analysis>

ar!onic Frequencies


8/44


• All freuency inerters are non"

linear loads resulting in

harmonic currents in the mains

supply

• #P$ systems% &attery chargeretc.% also are non linear loads

and result in harmonic current…

Non linear Loads


9/44


&ut.... how do we 'see( harmonics on the mains

supply )

• *enerally harmonics appear as distortions

to the 'sinusoidal( mains supply.

• &ut let+s take a closer look at what that

means .....


10/44

Confidential / Property of

Danfoss Drives A/S8 April 2016

PLPS/INSC-MCS

• ,uipment -ailure and malfunctioning

,lectronic control malfunctioning% regulator malfunctioning

/erheating and failure of transformers% motors% cables0neutral

1uisance /peration of fuses% breakers…

2nsulation deterioration

Capacitor resonance and or failure

• ,conomic Considerations /er si3ing neutrals% transformers% generators

4osses02nefficiencies0P- Penalties

2nconsistent meter reading

• Application of Power -actor Correction Capacitors

• /ther 2ssues 5isinterpretation of the 2,,,"678 $tandard

Harmonic ym!toms"#oncerns


11/44



PLPS/INSC-MCS

9armonic distortion by nonlinear loads

Non$linear LoadNon$linear Load

#urrent Distortion#urrent Distortion Voltage DistortionVoltage Distortionystem

%m!edance

Disturbance to

other users

Disturbance to

other usersContribution to

system losses

Contribution to

system losses

Current distortion is apparatus leel performance

:oltage distortion is system leel performance


12/44



PLPS/INSC-MCS

Which came first?&'' ( #hic)en or *gg?+

Current distortion causes :oltage distortion

:oltage distortion is created by distorted current through an

impedance

Amount of oltage distortion depends on;

• System impedance

• Amount of distorted current pulled through the impedance

• If either increases, VTHD will increase


13/44



PLPS/INSC-MCS

• < Pulse =rie0>ectifier ;6% ?% 77% 7@% 7?% 78…

•7 Pulse =rie0>ectifier ; 77% 7@% @% 6…

•7B Pulse =rie ;7?% 78% @6% @?…

•$witch"5ode Power $upply ;@% 6% ?% 8% 77% 7@…

•-luorescent 4ights ;@% 6% ?% 8% 77% 7@…

• Arcing =eices ;% @% % 6% ?...

•Transformer ,nergi3ation ;% @%

•*enerally% magnitude decreases as harmonic order increases

H , N-."$/

i'e' 0 -ulse Drive $ 12 32 //2 /42 /32 /52&

*6!ected Harmonics in N'L loads


14/44



PLPS/INSC-MCS

Dhy do :-=s cause harmonics)

)*e +ey #o%ponent in a !D ,*i#* affe#ts its*ar%oni# perfor%an#e is t*e Inp&t .e#tifier andasso#iated #o%ponents

.e#tifier Inverter

Motor

A "asi# AC aria(le Speed Drive


15/44



PLPS/INSC-MCS

1

E

E

E

a

b

c

2 3

64 5

IDC

IDC

Vab Vac Vbc

Ia

Ib

Ic

Non-sinusoidal currents

are drawn from the supply

ulsating power from the

supply source

Dhy do :-=s cause harmonics)


16/44



PLPS/INSC-MCS

-ro!erties of voltage distortion

!e"uired #nowledge to calculate $oltage distortion is the harmonic

currents of the non-linear load AND the system short-circuit

impedance%

It is NOT possible to predict the voltage

distortion knowing only the drive’s

performance%


17/44



PLPS/INSC-MCS

• 2t is currently the only recogni3ed industry standard in 1orth America for setting

harmonic limits Foltage and currentG

• =esigned to limit utility harmonics as well as customer harmonic contribution to

the utility grid

• $tandard /14H applies to the Point of Common Coupling FPCCG

The point where the utility connects to multiple customers

2f a utility transformer is proided% the PCC is most likely on the 421, side of the

transformer

%*** 1/5 is widely misunderstood and misa!!lied in the industry

%*** 1/5 7 /558


18/44



PLPS/INSC-MCS

An important aspect of the 2,,, 678"788 is the definition of the PCC. 2n

general the PCC is defined as the point of the non"linear load meetingother loads or the point where the consumer meets the utility.

4ow :oltage Plant 4eel FBI:G

,uipment 4eel FBI:G

5edium :oltage 4eel Fe.g.

7


19/44



PLPS/INSC-MCS

tandards

IEEE !"#!""$ &asically is concerned a'out potential Distur'ance to other users or the

networ#

i%e%% the $oltage distortion mentioned a'o$e%

%ere we talk about &oltage Distortion'

(N)I*IEEE C+'!!,

Deals with Transformer and networ# derating or design% (eaning how much

can I load my transformers, ca'les, contactors, inductors etc%

%ere Current distortion is -ey'


20/44



PLPS/INSC-MCS

Harmonic Limitings tandards $

:verview

1ame Type Countries

2,,, 678"788 >ecommendation 1orth America

,1 ecommendation 1etherlands


21/44



PLPS/INSC-MCS

.ur"pe/ I.C 1000 - -4

2A/ I... 51 - 1

-laning level of voltage distortion

!ecial"#ritical a!!lication

;eneralsystem

Dedicatedsystem

=

#lass / #lass 8 #lass 4

=


22/44



PLPS/INSC-MCS

H@AB:N%# #CAA*N< @N@L%

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

Fund' #urrent 4'13 @

E'18=

AB current 11'35 @

1th Harmonic 4>'E/ @

3th Harmonic 84'0E @

//th Harmonic />'>/ @

/4th Harmonic 1'>3 @

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

%n!ut #urrent of a basic rectifier

without Harmonic filters


23/44



PLPS/INSC-MCS

• AC chokes

• =C chokes

• Passie broadband filter

• 7 pulse rectifier

• Actie PD5 filter • Actie PD5 rectifier

• 7 pulse rectifier

• 5ixing 7phase and phase rectifiers

• 7B pulse conerter

Harmonic filter solutions


24/44



PLPS/INSC-MCS

9armonic >eduction Techniues for

AC =rie " -ront ,ndsassi$e

///

AC"inductors

Acti$e///

PD5"rectifier

/// / / /

Actie filter

K 9armonic &road &and -ilters L 9armonic Trap filters.

///

=C"inductors

/ / /

/ / /

/ / /

707B"pulse etc.

"? "? "? "?

"@S A "@S "

"@S C

∆

∆

∆

∆

∆

∆

∆

∆

3)B

Phase multiplication


25/44


Danfoss Drives A/S

8 April 2016

PLPS/INSC-MCS

$ix"pulse >ectifier Dith 2nput

AC 2nductors

1

a

b

c

2 3

64 5

To inverter circuit

AC-side inductors

E

E

E


26/44


Danfoss Drives A/S

8 April 2016

PLPS/INSC-MCS

2nput Current for < pulse drie

with AC 2nput Chokes


$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

Fund' #urrent 40'E @


27/44


Danfoss Drives A/S

8 April 2016

PLPS/INSC-MCS

< pulse drie with AC 2nput

Chokes

• Adantages. 5ore robust against mains spikes%

transients and oltage sags.

5aintain power factor oer speed and load

range.

• =isadantages.

&ulky% @ coils to fit.

Power derating due to oltage drop.FBM

reactor M oltage drop on outputG

/ften an additional cost


28/44


Danfoss Drives A/S

8 April 2016

PLPS/INSC-MCS

$ix"pulse >ectifier Dith =c"link

2nductor

1

E

E

E

a

b

c

2 3

64 5

DC-side inductor(s)To inverter circuit


29/44


Danfoss Drives A/S

8 April 2016

PLPS/INSC-MCS

2nput Current of < pulse drie with =C link

chokes


$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$


4 @

//th Harmonic 4'>0 @

/4th Harmonic 8'/> @

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$


$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$


4 @

//th Harmonic 4'>0 @

/4th Harmonic 8'/> @

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

C i f h i t f


30/44


Danfoss Drives A/S

8 April 2016

PLPS/INSC-MCS

Comparison of harmonic currents from a

$tandard0&asic < pulse drie and a < pulse

drie with =C link chokes

< Pulse drie with =C 4ink


31/44


Danfoss Drives A/S

8 April 2016

PLPS/INSC-MCS

< Pulse drie with =C 4ink

chokes• Adantages.

=C 4ink capacitor life extended.1o coil% approx. life I%III 9ours F yearsG

Dith coil% approx. life 77I%III 9ours FI yearsG

1o derating due to oltage drop.

5aintain power factor oer speed and load range

=C chokes cheaper than AC

• =isadantages;

Can be expensie% difficult to retrofit F:4T


32/44


Danfoss Drives A/S

8 April 2016

PLPS/INSC-MCS

Comparison of harmonic currents from a

$tandard0&asic < pulse drie% a < pulse drie with

=C link chokes and a < pulse drie with =C linkchokes and additional @M AC input chokes#om!arison of harmonic curre nts betw een different drive ty!es and harm onic solutions

I.IM

AI.IM

CI.IM


33/44


Danfoss Drives A/S

8 April 2016

PLPS/INSC-MCS

< pulse drie with =C link chokes

and additional AC input chokes• Adantages

2mproement in harmonic performance

$imple to retrofit

4ow cost additional solution

• =isadantages

:oltage drop across AC chokes


34/44


Danfoss Drives A/S

8 April 2016

PLPS/INSC-MCS

7"pulse >ectifier

C C> =

34%8ulse 8arallel

+nterphase

Reactor

Vac V dc V dc

Vac

>=

4

C C>

4

34%8ulse Serial

-hree%:indin

-ransfor!er

Need for e6tra transformer

#ancels 1th and 3th harmonics

-arallel or serial version

Higher cost (.0>= of drive+ and larger !hysical size 7 generally not a

standard Goff the shelf ty!e !roduct 7 less reliable


35/44


Danfoss Drives A/S

8 April 2016

PLPS/INSC-MCS

@dvanced Harmonic Filter solutions&

2n between freuency conerter and supply

Three wires in 0 three wires out !

1o modification of the -reuency conerter !

F

r e q


36/44


Danfoss Drives A/S

8 April 2016

PLPS/INSC-MCS

AHF 010

AHF 005VL< 0>>> series

.nly )9 VFD

-+D E ) 6

)k: VFD

# AF '3'

-+D E 3' 6

)k:VFD # AF '')

-+D E ) 6

%n!ut current

with"without @HF (*6am!le+


37/44


Danfoss Drives A/S

8 April 2016

PLPS/INSC-MCS

A9-

Actual input current wae trace from lab test

• Dae traces are

displayed out of

phase to make iteasier to see

• Actual :4T and

-ilter on a real

motor

+nput of VFD

+nput of VFD :< AF Filter


38/44


Danfoss Drives A/S

8 April 2016

PLPS/INSC-MCS

:4T K A9- I7I s. 7 Pulse

1o background T9:= distortion or imbalance

I.I

6.I

7I.I

76.I

I.I

6.I

@I.I

I I CI


39/44


Danfoss Drives A/S

8 April 2016

PLPS/INSC-MCS

-+D E 3'6 even :ith up to 46 Gackround -VD

H sinificantly Getter than 34%pulse

-+D E )6 even :ith up to 46 Gackround -VD

H Getter or equal to 3I%pulse

=%:ires in / = :ires out

0ultiple drives on one filter possiGle H !ore costeffective in so!e situations( especially if lare

nu!Ger of Jlo: po:erJ VFDs

Can parallel AF filter for hih po:er VFDs

Specially desined for Danfoss VFD

8assive filter % no routine !aintenance required

Adantages of the A9-

-rice -erformance com!arisons


40/44


Danfoss Drives A/S

8 April 2016

PLPS/INSC-MCS

-rice$-erformance com!arisons&

ar!onics Reduction

8rice

8erfor!ance

Optimum

Solution!

DC Coils

DC#AC

o Coils

8assive

Filter

34 8ulse3I 8ulse

ActiveFilter

Active Front

end

ar!< trap

)6

3'6

-rice -erformance com!arisons


41/44


Danfoss Drives A/S

8 April 2016

PLPS/INSC-MCS

'

4'

&'

?'

I'

3''

"asic ac%coils dc%coils co!Go Kuasi34%pulse

34%pulse passivefilter

ActiveRectifier

ActiveFilter

- D

i L 6 M

'

)'

3''

3)'

4''

4)'

C o s t i n d e 5 -Di !a5

-Di !inCost indeks

-rice$-erformance com!arisons&


42/44


Danfoss Drives A/S

8 April 2016

PLPS/INSC-MCS

ummary on Harmonic Aeduction

techniques while using VFD=C choke;

1ot many dries offer this as standard% howeer if they are offered%

then it is an ideal solution

AC choke;

Dhen external AC chokes used% 7.6" 6M oltage drop is seen which

is indirect loss to customers

707B Pulse;

4oss in efficiency of 7.6M due to transformers F refer to technical dataG

Actie filters;,xpensie at present

Passie filters;

Possible best solution as compared to performance…


43/44


Danfoss Drives A/S

8 April 2016

PLPS/INSC-MCS

=anfoss 5CT@7 harmonic

estimating software


44/44

Confidential / Property of 8 April 2016

Documents

HARMONICS Presentation CII Hyd