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HỌC VIỆN QUÂN Y
NGUYỄN SINH KỲ
TIẾNG ANH DÙNG TRONG Y HỌC
TẬP 1
(GIÁO TRÌNH GIẢNG DẠY ĐẠI HỌC)
(Lưu hành nội bộ)
NHÀ XUẤT BẢN QUÂN ĐỘI NHÂN DÂN
HÀ NỘI - 2007
MILITARY MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
NGUYEN SINH KY
2
NEW ENGLISH IN MEDICINE
VOLUME ONE
(HIGHER EDUCATION MATERIAL)
Use only in Army
PEOPLE’S ARMY PUBLISHING HOUSE
HANOI - 2007 NHÀ XUẤT BẢN MONG BẠN ĐỌC ĐÓNG GÓP Ý KIẾN PHÊ BÌNH
HỘI ĐỒNG DUYỆT TÀI LIỆU, GIÁO TRÌNH, GIÁO KHOA
CỦA HỌC VIỆN QUÂN Y
Trung tướng, GS.TS. PHẠM GIA KHÁNH
Giám đốc Học viện Quân y - Chủ tịch
Thiếu tướng, BS. NGUYỄN QUANG PHÚC
Chính uỷ Học viện Quân y - Phó chủ tịch
Thiếu tướng, GS.TS. VŨ ĐỨC MỐI
Phó giám đốc Học viện Quân y - Ủy viên
Thiếu tướng, GS.TS. LÊ BÁCH QUANG
3
Phó giám đốc Học viện Quân y - Ủy viên
Thiếu tướng, PGS.TS. ĐẶNG NGỌC HÙNG
Phó giám đốc Học viện Quân y
Giám đốc Bệnh viện 103 - Ủy viên
Đại tá, PGS.TS. NGUYỄN TIẾN BÌNH
Phó giám đốc Học viện Quân y - Ủy viên
Đại tá, GS.TS. NGUYỄN VĂN MÙI
Phó giám đốc Bệnh viện 103 - Ủy viên
Đại tá, PGS.TS. LÊ NĂM
Giám đốc Viện Bỏng Quốc gia - Ủy viên
Đại tá, BS. Phạm Quốc Đặng
Hệ trưởng Hệ Đào tạo Trung học - Ủy viên
Đại tá, BS. ĐỖ TIẾN LƯỢNG
Trưởng phòng Thông tin Khoa học
Công nghệ Môi trường - Ủy viên
Thượng tá, BS. NGUYỄN VĂN CHÍNH
Phó trưởng phòng Thông tin Khoa học
Công nghệ Môi trường - Thư kí
4 (N523)
21-2006/CXB/278-335/QĐND THE PUBLISHING HOUSE AND AUTHOR WOULD LIKE TO HAVE READERS’ COMMENT
THE MILITARY MEDICAL UNIVERSITY’S COUNCIL OF
REVIEWING TEACHING MATERIALS AND TEXTBOOKS
Lieutenant-General PHAM GIA KHANH, Ph.D., Prof.
Rector of Military Medical University Chairman
Major-General NGUYEN QUANG PHUC, M.D.
Political Commissar of Military Medical University Vice-chairman
Major-General VU DUC MOI, Ph.D.,Prof.
Vice-Rector of Military Medical University Commissioner
Major-General LE BACH QUANG, Ph.D., Prof.
Vice-Rector of Military Medical University Commissioner
Major-General DANG NGOC HUNG, Ph.D., A.Prof.
Vice-Rector of Military Medical University
4
Director of Hospital No. 103 Commissioner
Senior-Colonel NGUYEN TIEN BINH, Ph.D., A.Prof.
Vice-Rector of Military Medical University Commissioner
Senior-Colonel NGUYEN VAN MUI, Ph.D., Prof.
Vice-Director of Hospital No. 103 Commissioner
Senior-Colonel LE NAM, Ph.D., A.Prof.
Director of National Burn Institute Commissioner
Senior-Colonel PHAM QUOC DANG, M.D.
Head of Secondary Vocational School Commissioner
Senior-Colonel DO TIEN LUONG, M.D.
Departmental Head of Scientific, Technological
and Environmental Information Commissioner
Colonel NGUYEN VAN CHINH, M.D.
Departmental Deputy of Scientific, Technological
and Environmental Information Secretary
4(N523)
21-2006/CXB/278-335/QĐND
LỜI GIỚI THIỆU
HƯ chúng ta đều biết, trong thời đại ngày nay, tiếng Anh rất
cần thiết và có một vị trí đặc biệt vì tiếng Anh được sử dụng
rộng rãi trên khắp thế giới và tất nhiên nó đã trở thành ngôn ngữ giao
tiếp quốc tế, một ngôn ngữ được sử dụng trong nhiều lĩnh vực khác
nhau, nhất là trong lĩnh vực nghiên cứu khoa học và công nghệ.
Trong nhiều năm gần đây, Tiếng Anh Chuyên Ngành (ESP) đã
được phát triển chuyên sâu và tập trung vào việc thiết kế chương trình
và biên soạn giáo trình giao tiếp. Và hiện nay việc thiết kế chương
trình và biên soạn giáo trình Tiếng Anh Chuyên Ngành phải tuỳ thuộc
vào từng lĩnh vực và mục tiêu cụ thể.
Tập giáo trình TIẾNG ANH DÙNG TRONG Y HỌC, ấn phẩm mới
này dành cho các sinh viên y khoa và những người có quan tâm
trong ngành y, có nhu cầu học tiếng Anh chuyên ngành và nâng cao
trình độ tiếng Anh chuyên ngành trong tương lai. Tập giáo trình
TIẾNG ANH DÙNG TRONG Y HỌC, ấn phẩm mới này rất linh hoạt, có
N
5
thể sử dụng trên lớp học hoặc tự học và cũng có thể vận dụng cả hai.
Tập giáo trình này có thể giúp bạn luyện đọc hiểu, thành lập các từ,
cụm từ, dựng câu, viết các đoạn văn, và tóm tắt các văn bản…
Chúng tôi hy vọng rằng các bạn có thể thu được nhiều thuận lợi từ
tập giáo trình này.
Trung tướng, Giáo sư, Tiến sĩ PHẠM GIA KHÁNH
INTRODUCTION
As we know, nowadays, English is very necessary and it has a
special position since it has been widely used throughout the world,
and of course, it has become the international language of
communication and the language of various fields, chiefly of
researching technology and science.
In the recent years, ESP (English for Specific Purposes) has
become a major developmental focus in the area of what maybe called
communicative syllabus design and materials production. And now
ESP syllabus and materials design must belong to a concrete case of a
taget group.
This NEW ENGLISH IN MEDICINE is intended for medical
students and other with a professional interest in medicine who need
to study ESP in medicine and to improve their knowledge of ESP in
the future. NEW ENGLISH IN MEDICINE is flexible and can be used
in class, on your own, or both. It can help you to practise reading
comprehension, building words and word combination and writing
6
sentences, paragraghs, or summarizing, and so on. We hope that you
can get a lot of advantages from it.
Lieutenant-general PHAM GIA KHANH, Ph.D., Prof.
LỜI NÓI ĐẦU
Ộ sách này dành cho các sinh viên y khoa đã học xong chương
trình tiếng Anh cơ bản. Những người đã nắm vững các thời, các
cấu trúc câu và các loại câu của ngôn ngữ tiếng Anh. Bộ sách này
được chia thành hai tập. Tất cả các bài đều thuộc chuyên ngành y. Có
nhiều thuận lợi cho việc học tiếng Anh chuyên ngành. Bộ sách giúp
cho việc luyện tập từ vựng, đọc hiểu, tóm tắt văn bản, từ tố, quán từ,
giới từ, ngữ động từ, từ kép, từ nối và các dạng thay thế danh từ.
Chúng tôi hy vọng, từ các bài tập các sinh viên sẽ có được những
thuận lợi trong việc mở rộng vốn kiến thức tiếng Anh của mình và
thấy những thông tin thật hấp dẫn.
Từ đáy lòng mình, chúng tôi mong muốn được cảm ơn những
người đã giúp đỡ chúng tôi hoàn thành và xuất bản bộ sách này.
B
7
Chúng tôi rất mong nhận được những lời phê bình, nhận xét để hoàn
thiện cho lần xuất bản sau.
Đại tá NGUYỄN SINH KỲ
PREFACE
This book is for medical students who have already learned the basic
general English. They know the basic tenses, structures and sentences of
English. This book is in two volumes. All lessons are on medicine. There
are many advantages to learning English on medical speciality. They
provide practice with vocabulary, comprehension, summarizing, word
forms, articles, prepositions, phrasal verbs, compound words, connecting
words, and noun substitutes.
We hope that the students will find the exercises useful in expanding
their knowledge of the English language and that they will find the
information interesting.
From the bottom of our heart, we would like to thank several people for
their help in publishing this book. We look forward to any comments and
remarks on the book for the perfection of the next edition.
Senior colonel NGUYEN SINH KY
8
CONTENTS
Page
Introduction 06
Preface 08
Lesson one Medical Specialists 11
Lesson two Industrial Medicine 16
Lesson three Introduction to General Surgery 21
Lesson four Surgical Service to the Population 27
Lesson five The Common Cold 33
Lesson six Influenza 40
Lesson seven Headaches 45
Lesson eight Cholesterol and Heart Disease 50
Lesson nine On migraine Headache and Hypertensive Headache 58
9
Lesson ten Diseases and Injuries of the Skull 64
Lesson eleven Cigarette Smoking and Chronic Bronchitis 70
Lesson twelve Transplants - New body Parts 75
Lesson thirteen Shock 80
Lesson fourteen CPR 86
References 91
Lesson one
MEDICAL SPECIALISTS
Doctors, nurses, and other medical people are all parts of health care. They
all work together to give good medical care.
Doctors have two important jobs. First, they make sick people healthy. They
often use machines and new drugs to heal patients. Second, doctors try to
prevent diseases. They often give vaccinations to stop diseases. Vaccinations
prevent diseases, like smallpox, cholera, polio, and measles. Not many people die
from these diseases now. Vaccinations save many lives. Doctors also try to
prevent diseases with good advice. They tell their patients to eat the right kind of
food and to exercise daily.
Many doctors specialize in only one kind of medicine. For example,
ophthalmologists are eye specialists. They treat eye diseases and try to prevent
blindness. Dentists take care of people's teeth and treat diseases of the mouth.
Some patients need operations. Surgeons use operations to take care of
problems inside the body. For example, there are many operations on the heart.
10
Anesthesiologists are specialists who help surgeons with operations. They put
patients to sleep during surgery. Then the patients do not feel pain.
Obstetricians are specialists who care for pregnant women. They check
women before the birth of their babies and deliver the babies. Pediatricians are
physicians who care for children.
Family medical practice is new specialization. A family doctor cares for the
whole family. This doctor cares for the patients who have all kinds of illness. A
family practice doctor takes care of babies and old people, but the family
physician usually sends very sick patients to other specialists.
Emergency medicine is another speciality. Most hospitals have an emergency
room. People sometimes have accidents at home or at work, or they sometimes
become ill suddenly. Ambulances, and sometimes helicopters, take people to
hospital emergency rooms. Emergency specialists give immediate treatment.
There are many other medical specialists. These specialists, doctors, nurses,
and other medical people, all work together to help their patients. They not only
heal people who are sick, but also they try to prevent diseases.
I. WORD STUDY
drug / drʌg / (n) thuốc
to heal / hi:l / (vt) chữa (bệnh)
to prevent / pri'vent / (v) phòng (bệnh)
vaccination / væsi'nei∫n / (n) việc dùng vaccine
smallpox /'smɔ:lpɔks / (n) bệnh đậu mùa
cholera / 'kɔlƏrƏ / (n) bệnh tả
polio /'pouliou / (n) viêm tủy xám, bại liệt
(vt của poliomyelitis / poulioumaiƏ'laitis / )
measles / 'mi:zlz / (n) bệnh sởi
to specialize / 'spe∫ Əlaiz / (vi/vt) chuyên môn hoá
11
ophthalmologist / ɔf æl'mɔlƏdƷist/ (n) bác sỹ nhãn khoa
to treat / tri:t / (v) điều trị
disease / di'zi:z / (n) bệnh
patient / 'pei∫Ənt / (n) bệnh nhân
operation / ɔpƏ'rei∫n / (n) ca phẫu thuật
surgeon / 'sƏ:dƷn / (n) nhà phẫu thuật
anesthesiologist / ænis i:zjƏ'lƏdƷist / (n) bác sỹ gây mê
obstetrician / ɔbste'tri∫n / (n) bác sỹ sản khoa
pregnant / 'pregnƏnt / (adj) có thai
pediatrician / pi:diƏ'tri∫n / (n) bác sỹ nhi khoa
physician / fi'zi∫n / (n) thầy thuốc
ambulance / 'æmbjulƏns / (n) xe cứu thương
II. TRANSLATE THESE WORD COMBINATIONS INTO VIETNAMESE.
1. To make sick people healthy.
............................................................................................................................
2. To use machines and new drugs to heal patients.
............................................................................................................................
3. To die from diseases.
............................................................................................................................
4. To prevent diseases.
............................................................................................................................
5. Eye specialists.
............................................................................................................................
6. To take care of patients.
............................................................................................................................
12
7. Operations on the heart.
...................................................................................................... ......................
8. A family doctor.
............................................................................................................................
9. Accidents at home or at work.
............................................................................................................................
10. Hospital emergency rooms.
............................................................................................................................
11. Immediate treatment.
............................................................................................................................
12. Different medical specializations.
............................................................................................................................
III. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
1. What are doctors, nurses, and other medical people?
.............................................................................................................................
2. Please, name some diseases vaccinations prevent.
.............................................................................................................................
3. How many important jobs have doctors? and what are they?
.............................................................................................................................
4. What do ophthalmologists do?
.............................................................................................................................
5. What do dentists do?
.............................................................................................................................
6. What do surgeons use operations for?
.............................................................................................................................
7. Who do obstetricians care for ? and when?
.............................................................................................................................
8. What kinds of illness can a family doctor treat?
13
.............................................................................................................................
9. Where do ambulances, and sometimes helicopters take patients to ?
.............................................................................................................................
10. What do specialists, doctors, nurses and other medical people work
together for ?
...........................................................................................................................
IV. TRANSLATE THIS PARAGRAPH INTO VIETNAMESE.
I am a medical student. I am in my last year at the Military Medical
University.
Almost every day we are present at some serious operation. Usually an expert
surgeon performs such operations.
Sometimes there are some small operations, some small skin incisions for an
abscess which any medical student can perform.
We are also shown some methods of examining, e.g , one of the methods of
examining in early cases of inflammation is to pass the hand rapidly from the
non-affected to the affected area and back again. The teachers always advise us
to use different methods of examining.
V. GAP - FILLING
Fill each blank in the following passage with only ONE suitable word.
Nurses are a necessary part of health (1)….…..... Like doctors, they have two
jobs. They (2)……........sick people and take care of patients.
Most nurses (3)…….......work in hospitals are general-duty nurses. However,
many nurses in other places (4)…….......as clinics, schools, factories and private
homes. There are also jobs in the offices of doctors and dentists. Therefore, there
are many (5)……..........kinds of nursing jobs.
There are two kinds of nurses: professional and practical. Professional nurses
have two to five years of (6).......……education. Both kinds of nurses learn in
classes and in clinics. In their classrooms, they learn about the anatomy of the
(7)…….........., chemistry, the nutrition of foods, drugs and medicines and the
psychology. In their clinical studies, they work with (8)…….......... they learn to
14
take a (9)……............temperature, blood pressure and pulse rate. They also
practice different (10)……........in hospitals.
Practical nurses are (11)................kind of nurses. These nurses also
(12)..............about nursing care, but they study for only one year or two. Practical
nurses usually help (13)..................nurses with the patients. Professional nurses,
on the other hand usually assist (14).................
Lesson two
OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE
People who work together often get the same diseases. For example, lung cancer
is common among many asbestos workers and miners. Many people who work with
X- rays get skin cancer. Most coal miners develop black lung disease after years of
work in coalmines. These people probably get these diseases because of their work.
In addition, accidents on the job may also injure and kill workers. For example, farm
machines sometimes injure farm workers. Construction workers sometimes fall from
buildings. People who work with electricity may get electrical shocks. Fires
sometimes kill fire fighters.
Many large companies employ both occupational doctors and safety engineers to
protect workers from accidents and illness on the job. They do this in three ways.
First, doctors study the workers and their diseases. They know that certain groups of
15
workers often have the same diseases. At the same time, safety engineers study
accidents and their causes. Second, doctors and safety engineers work together to
change the machines or the jobs because they want to prevent more accidents or
illnesses. Third, they educate workers about the dangers in their jobs. They teach the
workers about safety on the job. Education is necessary for prevention.
There are many causes of accidents and illness at work. Among them,
chemicals, noise, and radiation are a few. For example, gasses in mines cause
accidents and poison miners. Toxic chemicals such as lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and
silica (SiO2) made people sick in the past, and they make people sick today. In
addition, there are new chemicals, and some of them are toxic. They harm the skin,
the lungs, and other internal organs such as the heart, liver, or kidney. Industrial
noise sometimes causes deafness. People who work around loud noise for a long
time sometimes become hard of hearing. Many things cause illnesses and injuries on
the job.
Occupational physicians and safety engineers often prevent these problems.
After they find the causes, they plan and design new machines to prevent accidents
in the future. They design different ways to store and transport toxic chemicals.
They measure and control gases in the air. They set standards for work in the
dangerous situations. For example, airport workers must cover their ears near the
airplanes outside. Some workers must wear personal protective means, like eye
goggles, hard hats and safety shoes.
After careful study, both doctors and safety engineers do many things to
decrease the danger of injuries and illnesses on the job. They make the work area a
safe place.
I. WORD STUDY.
occupational medicine / ɔkju:'pei∫Ənl / Y học lao động
lung cancer / lʌŋ'kænsƏ / ung thư phổi
common (adj) / 'kɔmƏn / phổ biến
among (prep) / Ə 'mʌŋ /
trong số
asbestos (n) / æz'bestɔs, Ə z'bestɔs / ami-ăng
black lung diseases / di'zi:ziz / bệnh đậm phổi
construction (n) / kƏn'strʌk∫n / xây dựng
16
electrical shock / i 'lektrikƏl ∫ɔk / điện giật
occupational doctors and safety engineers
/ endzi'niƏz /
bác sĩ và kỹ sư an toàn
lao động
protect (v) / pro'tekt / bảo vệ, bảo hộ
prevent (v) / pri'vent / đề phòng, ngăn ngừa
chemicals (n) / 'kemikƏlz / hoá chất
radiation (n) / reidi'ei∫n / sự bức xạ
poison (v) / 'pɔizn / gây độc
toxic (adj) / 'tɔksik / độc
lead (n) / led / chì
mercury (n) / 'mƏ:kjuri / thuỷ ngân
silica (n) / 'silikƏ / silic dioxyt
liver (n) / 'livƏ / gan
kidney (n) / 'kidni / thận
deafness (n) / 'defnis / tật điếc
x-ray (n) / 'eks 'rei / tia X, tia Rơngen
II. WHAT IS THE MAIN IDEA?
The main idea is the important idea of the reading. It is usually at the
beginning or the end of a paragraph. In a long reading it is usually in the first or
last paragraph. Put a tick ( √ ) by the statement of the main idea.
a. Occupational physicians study accidents at home.
b. Safety engineers study the causes of accidents at work.
c. Occupational doctors and safety engineers help make the work place safe.
III. HAVE YOU UNDERSTOOD THE READING?
17
A. Write T by the statements if they are true. If false, write F. Do not
look at the reading.
……. 1. People who work together often get the same diseases.
…….. 2. Accidents at work never hurt workers
…….. 3. Occupational doctors study the groups of workers and their diseases.
…….. 4. Safety engineers study the cause of accidents at home.
……. 5. Safety engineers treat workers after illnesses and accidents
……. 6. Education about causes of accidents helps prevent future accidents.
…….. 7. Doctors sometimes change workers' jobs to prevent illness.
…….. 8. People who work with chemicals sometimes get sick.
…….. 9. Safety engineers try to prevent accidents on the job.
B. Fill in the blank in the following sentences. First, decide if you need a
verb, noun, or adjective, and write V, N, or Adj on the left. Then choose the
correct form of the words in parentheses.
……..1. Drugs and surgery are two different kinds of medical………..(treats,
treatments).
…….. 2. Those children are……………(health, healthy).
…….. 3. The old man is both…………..and deaf. (blind, blindness)
…….. 4. Doctors who…………. in one field of medicine must study two or
three years more. (specialize, specialist, special)
…….. 5. You must shout to make him hear you because of his………….
(deaf, deafness).
…….. 6. The patient is very…………….. (ill, illness).
…….. 7. There are many……………chemicals. (poison, poisonous)
…….. 8. Their lives were in…………., but the doctor saved them.
(danger, dangerous)
…….. 9. Safety shoes are. ……………clothing. (protect, protection, protective)
…….10. The patient needed an…………. to save her life.(operate, operation)
…….11. Safety engineers…………… workers about dangers in their jobs.
(educate, education)
……..12. ........... medicine is another special field of medicine.
18
(Prevent, Prevention, Preventive)
IV. WHAT IS THE CAUSE AND EFFECT?
Things happen because something causes them.
Example: "There was an explosion in the mine. " Why? It happened because
there was too much methane gas.
"Too much methane" is the cause.
"An explosion" is the effect, or result.
Read together the following pairs of sentences. One is the cause and one
is the effect. Write C for cause and E for effect by the statements.
……..1. Small pieces of asbestos get into the lungs.
……..2. Breathing becomes difficult.
……..1. People sometimes get sick.
……..2. People work with dangerous chemicals.
……..1. Miners have black lung disease.
……..2. Miners breathe coal dust for many years.
……..1. Doctors learn about the causes of diseases.
……..2. Doctors protect workers from the diseases.
……..1. Workers work with toxic chemicals.
……..2. Workers get sick from the chemicals.
……..1. Workers have fewer accidents on the job.
……..2. Workers study about job safety.
V. READING FOR COMPREHENSION AND TRANSLATION.
19
Read the following passage then mark T by the statements if they are
true or F if they are false and translate the passage into Vietnamese.
MINE SAFETY
Coal mining is a very dangerous job for miners. Since 1900, more than one
hundred thousand workers have been killed in coal mining accidents in the
United States.
There are four kinds of mining accidents. Accidents with machines kill or
injure more miners than any other kinds. The second most important danger is
cave-ins. The roof or wall of the mine sometimes falls or caves in. Then miners
are trapped inside the mine and cannot get out. Gases in mines are also very
dangerous. Methane and carbon monoxide are the most dangerous. Too much
methane may cause a violent explosion. Carbon monoxide is also a poisonous
gas. Methane and carbon monoxide have no smoke, so miners do not know when
the gases are in the mine. If there is too much of a poisonous gas in the mine, the
miners die. They sometimes take a small bird into the mine with them. The bird
will die from the gas first. Then the miners know that they must leave the mine
quickly. Because of the poisonous gases, it is important to bring fresh air into the
mine.
The fourth danger is from coal dust, which makes the air inside the mine
dirty. Miners who breathe large amounts of dust for many years are likely to
develop black lung disease. This disease causes problems with the lungs and
even death.
Mines are safer places to work today than they were in the late eighteenth
century. In 1900, 3.5 miners per 1000 were killed in mine accidents each year.
Today, the death rate is 0.5 per 1000. Safety standards have improved conditions
in the mines.
...........1. Explosions kill 100.000 workers every year.
...........2. When miners are trapped, they cannot get out of the mine.
...........3. Methane can cause an explosion.
.......... 4. If there is a lot of fresh air in the mine, there will be accidents with
gases.
...........5. Black lung disease is a serious disease.
20
...........6. People do not die of black lung disease.
.......... 7. Fewer miners died in 1900 than they do today.
...........8. Mining is still a dangerous job.
...........9. Carbon monoxide may kills miners.
...........10. The air inside mines is always safe to breathe.
Lesson three
INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL SURGERY
The term "Surgery" comes from Greek. Surgery is the branch of medicine in
which various mechanical therapeutic manipulations (incisions, punctures,
suturing, reductions of dislocations and so on) performed by physicians are used.
These procedures are designated by the words "surgical operation" or merely by
one word "operation".
For a very long time, surgical operations were performed only on the
superficial parts of the body but even after such operations, severe inflammations
due to the infection of the wound were frequently met with, causing death.
Only during the second half of the 19th century, the general development of
natural science made it possible to solve this difficult problem. The brilliant
Russian surgeon N.I.Pirogov was the first to voice the assumption that wounds
were infected by invasion of special causative agents named by him "miasmas".
In 1836, the famous French scientist Pasteur published the results of his
remarkable studies of the processes of putrefaction. Pasteur proved that these
processes were evoked by minute living organisms, bacteria. On the basis of
Pasteur's work, the British surgeon Lister concluded that the purulence of
wounds was also caused by bacteria which found their way into the wounds from
the air. To protect the wounds from the penetration of bacteria or to destroy these
bacteria after their penetration into the wounds. Lister began to irrigate the
wounds with a solution of carbolic acid and to treat the instruments and dressing
material to be used in the operations with the same solution.
The method elaborated by Lister was given the name of antiseptic. This
method gave fine results.
21
During the years that followed scientists found that to protect the wounds
from infection it was enough to treat all objects to be handled and used during an
operation with a physical agent, namely, heat. This new method of disinfections
was given the name of asepsis.
The antiseptic and aseptic methods of treating wounds revolutionized surgery
and almost completely eliminated the danger of infecting wounds to be operated on.
I. WORD STUDY.
introduction (n) / intrƏ'dʌk∫n / sự giới thiệu, lời giới thiệu
manipulation (n) / mƏnipju'lei∫n / thao tác
puncture (n) / 'pʌŋkt∫Ə / sự chích, chỗ chích
suturing (n) / 'sju:t∫Əriŋ / sự khâu
to designate (v) / 'dezigneit / đặt tên, gọi tên
superficial (adj) / sju:pƏ'fi∫Əl / ở bề mặt
to meet with (v) / mi:t / gặp phải
century (n) / 'sent∫uri / thế kỷ, trăm năm
to make it possible to solve…. làm cho...có thể giải quyết ...
brilliant (adj) / briljƏnt / lỗi lạc, tài giỏi
to voice (v) / vɔis/ nói lên, phát biểu
invasion (n) / in'veiƷn / sự xâm nhập
causative agent /'kɔ:ze tiv 'eidƷƏnt / tác nhân gây bệnh, gây viêm
miasmas (n) / mi'æzmƏz / khí độc, chướng khí
to publish (v) / 'pʌbli∫ / công bố, xuất bản
remarkable (adj ) / ri'ma:kƏbl / xuất sắc, đáng chú ý
putrefaction (n) / pju:tri'fæk∫n / sự thối rữa
minute (adj) / mai'nju:t / rất nhỏ
living organism / 'ɔ :gƏnizm / sinh vật
on the basic of / 'beisis / trên cơ sở của
to conclude (v) / kƏn'klu:d / kết luận
to find one's way / wei / into vào được
22
penetration (n) / peni'trei∫n / sự xâm nhập
irrigate (v) / 'irigeit / rửa
carbolic acid / ka:'bɔlik 'æsid / axit cacbonlic
to treat (v) / tri :t / xử lý
instrument (n) / 'instrumƏnt / dụng cụ
antiseptic (n),(adj) / ænti'septik/ khử trùng
object (n) / ɔ'bdzikt / dụng cụ, đồ vật
to handle (v) / 'hændl / cầm, nắm
physical agent tác nhân lý học
disinfection (n) / disin'fek∫n / sự khử trùng, tẩy uế
asepsis (n) / æ'sepsis / sự vô trùng
aseptic (adj) / æ'septic / vô trùng, vô khuẩn
to revolutionize (v) / revƏ'lu:∫naiz / cách mạng hoá
to eliminate (v) / i'limineit / loại trừ
II. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
1. Where does the term "surgery" come from?
..................................................................................................................................
2. What do the words "surgical operation" mean?
..................................................................................................................................
3. To what were inflammatory processes after operations due?
..................................................................................................................................
4. When was this difficult problem solved?
..................................................................................................................................
5. What made it possible to solve the problem?
..................................................................................................................................
6. Who was the first to discover the real cause of wound infection?
..................................................................................................................................
7. What did the famous French scientist Pasteur publish?
..................................................................................................................................
23
8. What did Pasteur prove?
..................................................................................................................................
9. What did the British surgeon Lister begin to do to protect the wounds from
the penetration of bacteria?
..................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................. .
10. With what did he treat the instruments to be used in the operations?
..................................................................................................................................
11. What name was given to Lister 's method?
..................................................................................................................................
12. What new method did the scientists find during the years that followed?
..................................................................................................................................
13. What is the significance of the antiseptic and aseptic methods for surgery?
..................................................................................................................................
III. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWINGS INTO VIETNAMESE.
1. The brilliant Russian surgeon N.I.Pirogov was the first to voice the
assumption that wounds were infected by invasion of special causative agents.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
2. Lister began to irrigate the wounds with a solution of carbolic acid and to treat
the instruments and dressing material to be used in the operations with the same
solution.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
3. During the years that followed scientists found that to protect the wounds from
infection it was enough to treat all objects to be handled and used during an
operation with heat.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
24
4. These methods of treating wounds completely eliminated the danger of
infecting wounds to be operated on.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
5. The patient to be examined was brought to the casualty ward where he was
first asked to give his name, age and address.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
6. The patient to be admitted to the clinic had a very high temperature and
showed evidence of an acute illness.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
7. Measures to be taken to protect the health of people are various.
............................................................................................................... ...................
IV. FILL IN THE BLANKS.
1. Surgery is the branch of.............in which various ..................manipulations
performed by.................. are used.
2. These procedures are designated by the words.................
3. For a long time..............operations were performed only on............... parts of
the ................
4. The general development of.................made it possible to solve this problem
5. Pasteur proved that the processes of.................were evoked by..................
6. The British surgeon Lister.................that the purulence of................was caused
by..................
7. To protect the wounds from..................Lister began ..................the wounds
with................
8. This method was given the name of ....................
9. Methods of...............and.....................revolutionized surgery and almost
completely eliminated................. of infecting wounds
V. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWINGS INTO ENGLISH.
25
1. Trong một thời gian dài những nhà phẫu thuật chỉ tiến hành những cuộc phẫu
thuật trên bề mặt cơ thể.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
2. Sau những cuộc phẫu thuật như vậy thường bị viêm nặng, gây ra tử vong.
..................................................................................................................................
3. Pirogov là người đầu tiên nêu một giả thuyết cho rằng những vết thương bị
viêm nhiễm do sự xâm nhập của những tác nhân gây viêm được gọi là "chướng
khí".
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
4. Nhà bác học Pháp Pasteur đã chứng minh rằng những tiến trình viêm nhiễm là
do những sinh vật rất nhỏ, vi khuẩn gây nên.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
5. Nhà bác học Anh Lister đã rửa vết thương bằng dung dịch axit carbolic để
ngăn ngừa sự xâm nhập của vi khuẩn.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
Lesson four
SURGICAL SERVICE TO THE POPULATION
Surgical work is done mainly in specially equipped medical institutions -
surgical hospitals, surgical departments of general hospitals, surgical departments
of dispensaries and polyclinics. But sometimes in cases of injuries, fractures,
26
hemorrhages, etc, it is necessary to give first aid at the place of the accident or
near by. First aid is extremely important but it cannot always be rendered by a
physician, for which reason the entire medical personnel must be taught the basic
rules of first aid.
Sometimes it is necessary to give not only first aid at the place of accident
but also emergency aid as well. Emergency aid is administered to patients
brought to medical institutions at a time when the medical personnel have
already finished their regular work and have gone home, and when only the
physicians, nurses and orderlies on duty are in.
Urgent aid is also very important and therefore surgical institutions must
have in readiness everything required for administering it. It is very important
that the population should be able to deliver to a medical institution any patient
in need of such aid. So the duty of as many laymen as possible is to learn
elementary rules of first aid.
To give quick and effective aid, there must be a special organization with
transport facilities at one’s disposal.
Many patients with surgical trauma are not in need of hospital treatment. In
cases of minor injuries and mild inflammatory processes, as well as after
discharge from hospital, the necessary treatment may be given in a dispensary or
a polyclinic where the patient comes for special procedures and then goes home.
Patients who seek medical assistance in dispensaries and polyclinics for the first
time are also given a thorough examination. This form of aid is known as
outpatient or polyclinic aid.
The most complicated surgical operations can be performed only in well-
equipped special medical institutions where patients are admitted for a long stay.
Surgical service in those institutions is referred to as hospital surgical aid.
To render surgical assistance is not an easy task; it requires a wide variety of
knowledge and skill.
I. WORD STUDY
surgical (adj) / 'sƏ:dʒikl / ngoại khoa, phẫu thuật
surgical service vệc điều trị ngoại khoa
mainly (adv) / 'meinli / phần lớn; chủ yếu
to equip (v) / i'kwip / trang bị
27
first aid sơ cứu
for which reason / 'ri:zn / vì thế, vì lý do này
basic (adj) / 'beisik / cơ bản
rule (n) / rul / nguyên tắc, quy tắc
emergency, urgent aid cấp cứu
to finish (v) / 'fini∫ / kết thúc, hoàn thành
regular (adj) / 'regjulƏ / thường lệ, chính thức
orderly (n) / 'ɔ:dƏli / hộ lý
duty (n) / 'dju:ti / nhiệm vụ
to be on duty trực
therefore / 'ðƐƏfɔ: / vì vậy
readiness (n) / 'redinis / (sự) sẵn sàng
to require (v) / ri'kwaiƏ / cần, đòi hỏi
to deliver (v) / di'livƏ / đưa đến
in need of cần
layman (n) / 'leimƏn / người không có chuyên môn
the duty of as many laymen
as possible is...
nhiệm vụ của càng nhiều người
không có chuyên môn thì càng
tốt là phải...
facilities (n) / fƏ'silitiz / phương tiện
transport (n) / 'trænspɔ:t / vận chuyển
at one’s disposal / dis'pouzƏl / sẵn có để dùng
surgical trauma / 'sƏ:dʒikl trɔ:mƏ / sang chấn
minor (adj) / 'mainƏ / nhẹ, nhỏ, thứ yếu
a thorough examination / ' ʌrƏ igzæmi'nei∫n / kiểm tra, khám toàn diện
stay (n) / stei / sự lưu lại, ở lại
to refer to (v) / ri'fƏ: / nói đến, xem như
hospital surgical aid / 'hɔspitl / điều trị ngoại khoa nội viện
to render (v) / 'rendƏ / làm, làm cho
to render surgical assistance/ Ə'sistƏns / điều trị ngoại khoa
task (n) / ta:sk / nhiệm vụ, công việc
variety (n) / vƏ'raiƏti / nhiều thứ
skill (n) / skil / kỹ năng, kỹ xảo
28
elementary (adj) / eli'mentƏri / cơ bản
organization (n) / ɔ:gƏnai'zei∫n / tổ chức, cơ quan
especially equipped medical institutions : những cơ sở y tế có những trang bị
chuyên dùng
a wide variety of knowledge / 'nɔlidʒ / kiến thức hiểu rộng về nhiều mặt
to have in readiness everything required for... có sẵn mọi thứ cần thiết cho...
II. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
1. Where is surgical work done?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
2. In what cases is it necessary to give first aid?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
3. Can first aid always be rendered by a physician?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
4. What patients is emergency aid administered to?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
5. What can you say about urgent aid?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
6. Where is it important to deliver any patient in need of urgent aid?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
7. What must there be at one’s disposal to give quick and effective aid?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
8. Where may the necessary treatment be given in cases of minor injures and
mild inflammatory processes?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
…………………………………………………………………………………......
9. Where does a patient go for special procedures?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
10. What are patients who seek medical assistance for the first time given at
polyclinics?
29
…………………………………………………………………………………......
…………………………………………………………………………………......
11. What do we call the form of aid given in a dispensary or a polyclinic?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
12. Where are the most complicated surgical operations performed?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
13. What is required from a person to render surgical assistance in complicated
cases?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
III. TRANSLATE INTO VIETNAMESE.
1. To give quick and effective aid is very important as it can save the patient’s life.
………………………………………………………………………………..........
…………………………………………………………………………………......
2. The duty of as many laymen as possible is to learn how to give quick and
effective medical assistance at the place of the accident.
…………………………………………………………………………………......
…………………………………………………………………………………......
3. To give first aid, one must learn the basic first aid rules.
…………………………………………………………………………………......
4. The patients in need of emergency aid must be brought to medical institutions.
…………………………………………………………………………………......
5. To render urgent aid, surgical institutions must have in readiness everything
required for administering it.
………………………………………………………………………………..........
…………………………………………………………………………………......
6. The necessary treatment may be given in a dispensary or polyclinic where the
patient comes for special procedures.
…………………………………………………………………………………......
…………………………………………………………………………………......
30
7. To render surgical assistance is not an easy task it requires a wide variety of
knowledge and skill.
…………………………………………………………………………………......
…………………………………………………………………………………......
8. To give quick and effective aid, there must be a special organization with
transport facilities at one’s disposal.
………………………………………………………………………………..........
…………………………………………………………………………………......
9. The object of microbiology is to combat and prevent epidemic diseases.
…………………………………………………………………………………......
IV. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH.
1. Đôi khi những bệnh nhân bị sang chấn không cần điều trị trong bệnh viện, họ
có thể điều trị tại một phòng khám đa khoa nơi mà họ đến để tiến hành những
can thiệp chuyên khoa, sau đó trở về nhà.
…………………………………………………………………………………......
……………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………..........
2. Tiến hành sơ cứu tại nơi xảy ra tai nạn cũng như cấp cứu tại một cơ sở y tế gần
đó là cần thiết.
…………………………………………………………………………………......
…………………………………………………………………………………......
3. Những bệnh nhân như vậy được đưa đến bệnh viện, ở đó họ được các bác sỹ
chuyên khoa giàu kinh nghiệm cấp cứu.
………………………………………………………………………………….….
………………………………………………………………………………..........
V. GAP – FILLING
Choose one word in the box and fill in each gap.
generally public health personally beings
31
with on in general without
who healthy attention whom people
The foreign scientists in (1)................... health who visit our country draw
everybody’s (2)................to three things that made a lasting impression on them.
People in (3)...................... are very “health conscious”. They are not so much
concerned (4)..................... their ailments and symptoms, as they are with things
they can do to be (5).........................
Their medical authorities encourage this attitude. Doctors are the men
(6).................. must take this stand: “When you are ill, always consult us; but
health is not made in hospitals, and to win good health, everyone is
(7)................responsible for using in daily life the scientific principles of health”.
Medical scientists (8)................ the world insist that health is the natural way
of life for human (9)......................; the goal of their research is to find out how
people can live long, healthy lives (10).................... ever having to take medicine
or treatment.
Lesson five
THE COMMON COLD
32
Your head aches and you sneeze and cough. Your nose is all stuffed up, and
it keeps running, so you have to blow it every few minutes. You know by these
symptoms that you have a cold, and you feel completely miserable. You’re not
sure if you live through the day.
Everyone suffers from the common cold at some time or other. It isn’t a
serious illness, but over a billion dollars a year is spent on different kinds of cold
medicine every year. This medicine can relieve the symptoms. That is, it can
make you cough less, make your headache less intense, and stop your nose
running for a while. However, it can’t cure your cold. So far, there is no cure for
the common cold and no medicine to prevent it.
Even though there is no cure or preventive medicine for colds, people have
all kinds of ideas about how to prevent and treat colds. Some people think that if
you eat lots of onions and garlic, you won’t catch cold. Others say that you
should avoid getting wet and chilled or you will catch cold. However, this is
apparently not so. In an experiment in England, a group of volunteers took a
bath, put on cold wet clothing and stood in cold rooms. Others stood outside in a
cold rain until they were wet through to the skin. The researchers didn’t find any
connection between being wet and chilly and catching a cold.
Dr. Linus Pauling, the winner of the 1954 Nobel prize for chemistry, did
experiments with vitamin C. He says his experiments prove that if you take 1 to 2
grams a day of vitamin C, it will prevent colds. Other researchers have tested this
theory for years. They have not been able to find that large amounts of vitamin C
have any effect on colds. Meanwhile, millions of dollars are spent on vitamin C
every year. This money is possibly all wasted.
Colds are caused by a virus. Viruses are even smaller than bacteria, and they
cause different kinds of diseases. So far, scientists have found over 200 kinds of
viruses that cause colds. Some diseases can be prevented by a vaccine. This
liquid is injected into the arm and the person is safe from catching that disease.
However, it is probably impossible to develop a vaccine that could work against
200 different viruses. Certainly no one would want to have 200 different shots,
one for each cold virus, even if they were available.
One problem with the common cold is that the symptoms are very similar to
the symptoms of influenza, or flu for short. Influenza is a much more serious
disease, especially for pregnant women, people over 65, and people already
33
suffering from another disease, such as a heart problem. Even doctors cannot
always tell the difference between the symptoms without doing laboratory tests.
One difference between colds and flu is fever. A person with a cold does not
have a high body temperature, but about half of all flu patients do.
A similarity between colds and flu is that they are both contagious. One
person catches a cold or the flu from another person; they don’t begin inside the
body as heart disease does.
Researchers continue searching for a way to cure or prevent colds. Since
colds and flu are closely related diseases, scientists hope that if they find a cure
for one, it will also have an effect on the other.
Doctors don’t know what causes colds, but they are beginning to learn how
they spread. When scientists discovered in the 1950s that viruses cause colds, it
seemed logical to believe that they were spread when people sneezed and
coughed. They believed that the explosive cough or sneeze sent the viruses
shooting out into the air and then entering the mouth or nose of anyone nearby.
However, researches show that this is not true. Most cold viruses are spread
through the hands. When you have a cold and blow your nose, you get viruses on
your hands. When you touch another person’s hand, and when that person
touches his or her mouth, nose, or eyes, the virus enters the body. It isn’t even
necessary to touch the person directly. Cold viruses spread when roommates or
members of a family touch the same dishes, towels, and furniture. You can even
pick up a virus when you touch the doorknob on your classroom door, or when
you touch things in public buildings.
It seems completely illogical, but kissing apparently doesn’t spread colds. In
one study, volunteers with a cold kissed volunteers without a cold. Only 8
percent without a cold caught one.
How can you use all this information for your own good health? Students are
in close contact in the classroom, the cafeteria or dining room, and dormitories or
apartments. When someone you know catches a cold, try to avoid physical
contact with that person. If you catch a cold yourself, keep your towel and dishes
separate from everyone else’s. Try not to touch things that belong to others.
Don’t touch other people, and don’t shake hands. Explain why, however, you
don’t want people to think you are impolite. Wash your hands often if you have a
cold or if anyone around you has one.
Colds are miserable. It is worth the trouble to try to avoid catching them or
giving them to others.
I. WORD STUDY
34
sneeze (v),(n) / sni:z / hắt hơi
cough (v),(n) / kɔ:f / ho
miserable (adj) / 'mizƏrƏbl / khổ sở, bất hạnh
at some time or other (phrase) hoặc lúc này hay lúc khác
symptom (n) / 'simptƏm / triệu trứng
preventive (adj) / pri'ventiv / phòng bệnh, phòng ngừa
avoid (vt) / Ə'vɔid / tránh
chilled (adj) / t∫ild / bị lạnh cứng
apparently (adv) / Ə'pærƏntli / hiển nhiên, rõ ràng
experiment (n), (v) / iks'perƏmƏnt / thí nghiệm
volunteer (n), (v) / vɔlƏn'tiƏ / người tình nguyện
researcher (n) / ri'sƏ:t∫Ə / nhà nghiên cứu
connection (n) / kƏ 'nek∫n / sự liên quan, mối quan hệ
prove (vt), (vi) / pru:v / chứng minh, tỏ ra
theory (n) / iƏri / thuyết, lý thuyết
amount (n) / Ə'maunt / số lượng
meanwhile (adv) / 'mi:n wail / trong khi đó
to be wasted (phr) / 'weistid / bị lãng phí
to be injected into…. (phr) / in'dzektid / được tiêm vào…..
shot (n) / ∫ɔt / mũi tiêm
available (adj) / Ə'veilƏbl / có sẵn
to be similar to…. (phr) / 'similƏ / tương tự…, giống như….
pregnant (adj) / 'pregnƏnt / có thai
similarity (n) / simƏ'lærƏti / sự giống nhau
contagious (adj) / kƏn'teidzƏs / lây lan
scientist (n) / 'saiƏntist / nhà khoa học
to discover (vt) / dis'kʌvƏ / khám phá ra, phát hiện ra
explosive cough (phr) / ik'plousiv kɔ:f / ho bật ra
to blow one’s nose (phr) / blou / phì mũi
roommate (n) / 'ru:mmeit / bạn cùng phòng
35
furniture (n) / 'fƏ:nit∫Ə / đồ đạc
doorknob (n) / 'dɔ:nɔb / quả đấm cửa
to be in close contact (phr) / knouz 'kɔntækt / tiếp xúc
cafeteria (n) / kæfƏ'tiƏriƏ / quán ăn tự phục vụ
dormitory (n) / 'dɔ:mitɔri / phòng ngủ (tập thể)
to belong to sb (phr) / bi'lɔŋ / thuộc về….
It is worth st to do st / wƏ: / làm (cái gì) cũng bõ….
II. GAP - FILLING
1. Complete each sentence with one word from the box.
cough prizes polite stuffed
meanwhile contagious sneeze miserable
chilled vitamin vaccines influenza
1. ………………is more serious than a cold.
2. When you have a cold, you………………and……………………
3. A pillow is ……………with feathers, cotton, or polyester.
4. Some people like to have their fruit………..………….. instead of at room
temperature.
5. Sweden gives Nobel……………… every year to people who have created
great things.
6. When you have a headache, you probably feel…………………
7. Babies should receive………………to prevent common childhood diseases.
Then they won’t catch these………………….diseases.
8. Roald Amundsen reached the South Pole and began the journey back to his
ship…………………., captain Scott and his men were trapped in their tent by
blizzards.
9. In most countries, it is………………..to shake hands when you meet
someone.
2. Choose one word in the box and fill in each sentence below .
36
fever contact vitamins symptoms
relieve volunteer viruses injected
pregnant worth contagious doorknob
1. You have to turn the……………………to open a door.
2. When your temperature is above normal, you have a………………………
3. There is no physical………………in tenses. The players don’t touch each
other when they play.
4. Ms. Davis is………………… She is going to have a baby in May.
5. How much is gold…………………today?
6. Colds are caused by…………………..
7. Aspirin can………………….some headaches.
8. What are the……………………...of a cold? How do you know you have one?
9. Thousands of people…………………..to work for the Red Cross without pay.
III. TRANSLATE INTO VIETNAMESE.
1. Blood is carried from the heart through the arteries.
2. If you hit your thumb with a hammer, the thumb will probably swell up.
3. Sometimes the sky is beautiful at dawn.
4. Tom got hit in the forehead with the ball.
5. The army attacked at dawn to surprise the enemy.
6. Rita has a recurring pain in the stomach. It comes and goes.
7. The waves move higher up on the beach as the tide comes in.
8. Iron and cotton are raw materials.
9. Dan pounded on the table to get everyone’s attention.
10. Every rock music band has a drummer.
11. The government keeps a record of the birth of every child.
IV. MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Coughing and sneezing are ………………….of a cold.
37
a. miserable b. stuffs c. symptoms
2. Cold medicine …………………..cold.
a. can cure
b. can relieve the symptoms of c. can prevent
3. An experiment in England showed that……………
a. getting chilled probably causes colds.
b. keeping warm and dry probably prevents colds.
c. getting chilled probably doesn’t cause a cold.
4. Which one of these sentences is not true?
a. Researchers have shown that vitamin C can prevent colds.
b. Dr. Linus Pauling’s research shows that vitamin C prevents colds.
c. People take vitamin C because they believe it prevents colds.
5. ……………………….. prevent colds.
a. There is no vaccine to
b. There will probably be a vaccine in the future to
c. You can have a vaccine injected into your arm to
6. Most colds spread ………………
a. by hand contact
b. when people cough and sneeze
c. through kissing
7. The best way to avoid getting colds is to …………
a. avoid touching people who have colds or the objects they use
b. avoid getting chilled or wet
c. avoid standing near people who have a cold
V. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS.
1. Name the symptoms of a cold.
38
…………………………………………………………………………………......
2. What does cold medicine do for a cold?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
3. Is it worth the expense to take vitamin C?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
4. Why isn’t it likely that someone will develop a cold vaccine?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
5. How do colds spread?
………………………………………………………………………………..........
6. Do you think you should or should not shake hands with someone who has a
cold? Why?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
………………………………………………………………………………..........
7. Why can’t a doctor tell if a person has a cold or the flu?
………………………………………………………………………………..........
VI. FIND MAIN IDEAS.
What is the main idea of these paragraphs?
P.2 (Everyone - prevent
it):.......................................................................................
P.4 (Dr. Linus Pauling - all
wasted):.........................................................................
P.5 (Colds -
availaible):.............................................................................................
P.6 (One problem - patients do):...............................................................................
39
Lesson six
INFLUENZA
Influenza (grip, grippe) is an acute infectious epidemic disease caused by a
virus and marked by depression, distressing fever, acute catarrhal inflammation
of the nose, larynx and bronchi, neuralgic and muscular pains, gastrointestinal
disorder, and nervous disturbances. All ages are liable to the disease. It is in
severe cases that vomiting is frequent in babies and in young children as well.
It is in the typical form of grippe that the onset is sudden, beginning with
chills, muscular pains and aches in the back and limbs, and bronchitis. Nervous
symptoms, e.g. , headache and in severe cases convulsions in babies are usually
present.
There are mild cases of the disease. The duration of the disease in a mild case
is usually three to four days and the temperature is not very high.
It is only in severe cases that the patient's temperature is very high and rises
higher with each succeeding paroxysm. Distressing fever and other symptoms,
e.g. , acute catarrhal inflammation of the bronchi, muscular pain, and so on,
persist for several days. Sometimes pneumonia develops and even death may
occur in two or three days. Therefore, it is in the very young or when there are
pulmonary complications that grippe is especially serious.
In order to minimize the severity of the attack in grippe and to protect the
patient from secondary infection, the patient must go to bed at the beginning of
an attack and not be up again without the approval of his physician.
The effects of grippe may persist for a long period of time, therefore a
convalescent becomes sensitive to heat, cold, draughts, and so on, he easily gets
colds, coughs and other respiratory diseases.
40
I. WORD STUDY
influenza (n) / influ'enzƏ / bệnh cúm
epidemic (adj) / epi'demik / dịch
depression (n) / di'pre∫n / sự khó chịu, sự sầu uất
distressing (adj) / dis'tresiŋ / làm khó chịu, làm mệt mỏi
distressing fever / 'fi:vƏ / cơn sốt
larynx (n) / 'læriŋks / thanh quản
bronchi (n) / 'brɔŋkai / cuống phổi, phế quản
neuralgic (adj) / njuƏ'rældʒik / (thuộc) đau dây thần kinh
gastrointestinal disorder / 'gæstrouin'testinl / rối loạn tiêu hoá
disturbance (n) / dis’tƏ:bƏns / sự rối loạn, tổn thương
nervous disturbance / 'nƏ:vƏs dis'tƏ:bƏns/ sự tổn thương hệ thần kinh
to be liable to / 'laiƏbl / có khả năng bị
bronchitis (n) / brɔŋ 'kaitis / viêm phế quản
convulsion (n) / kƏn'vʌl∫n / chứng co giật
mild (adj) / maild / nhẹ, dịu
succeeding (adj) / sƏk'si:diŋ / kế tiếp, tiếp theo
paroxysm (n) / 'pærƏsizm / cơn kịch phát
pulmonary (adj) / 'pʌlmƏnƏri / (thuộc) phổi, bị bệnh phổi
complication (n) / kɔmpli'kei∫n / biến chứng
to minimize (v) / 'minimaiz / giảm đến mức tối thiểu
severity (n) / si 'veriti / mức độ trầm trọng
attack (n) / Ə'tæk / cơn, trận
to protect (v) / prƏ’tekt / bảo vệ
secondary (adj) / 'sekƏndƏri / thứ phát
to be up dậy
without (prep) / wið'aut / không có
41
approval (n) / Ə'pru:vƏl / sự cho phép
effect (n) / i'fekt / hậu quả, tác dụng
draught (n) / drɔ:t / gió lùa, luồng gió
convalescent (n) / kɔnvƏ'lesnt / bệnh nhân đang hồi phục
II. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
1. What other name can you call influenza?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
2. What kind of disease is it?
………………………………………………………………………………..........
3. What ages are liable to the disease?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
4. In what cases and in whom is vomiting frequent?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
5. What symptoms are usually present in grippe?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
6. What is the typical form of the disease?
………………………………………………………………………………..........
7. What nervous symptoms are usually present in severe cases?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
8. What are the characteristic features of a mild case? of a severe one?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
9. What may develop sometimes?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
10. What else may occur?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
11. What must one do in order to minimize the severity of the attack in grippe?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
12. When may the patient be up again?
42
…………………………………………………………………………………......
13. How long may the effects of grippe persist?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
14. What does a convalescent become sensitive to?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
III. TRANSLATE INTO VIETNAMESE.
1. It was in the evening that the patient developed a splitting headache.
…………………………………………………………………………………......
2. It was after vomiting that patient Ostrov complained of severe pains in his
abdomen.
…………………………………………………………………………………......
…………………………………………………………………………………......
3. It was a patient of the third ward that asked some medicine for a bad headache.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………..........
4. It was severe pains in his legs and feet that patient Ostrov complained of.
…………………………………………………………………………………......
5. It was about one of the new methods of testing that our professor spoke of at
the scientific conference.
………………………………………………………………………………..........
………………………………………………………………………………..........
6. It is especial in young children that grippe is dangerous because of its tendency
to complications.
………………………………………………………………………………..........
………………………………………………………………………………..........
7. It is in severe cases of grippe that vomiting is frequent in babies and in young
children as well.
………………………………………………………………………………..........
………………………………………………………………………………..........
8. It is in the typical form of grippe that the onset is sudden, beginning with chills.
43
……………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………..................................
IV. FILL IN THE BLANKS.
1. Influenza is a ………………. disease.
2. It is marked by………………. fever…………………. inflammation of the
nose, larynx, and bronchi, ………………pains, …………………disorder, and
…………….. disturbances.
3. It is in …………………. cases that there are……………….symptoms.
4. Pains often persist .....................for several days.
5. In order to protect the patient from……………….infection, he must be put to
bed at the very beginning of an attack.
V. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH.
1. Hoặc lúc này hoặc lúc khác, mọi người ai cũng bị cảm lạnh.
..................................................................................................................................
2. Cảm lạnh do virus gây ra. Cho đến nay, các nhà khoa học đã tìm ra được hơn
200 loài virus gây ra cảm.
..................................................................................................................................
................................................................................. .................................................
3. Cảm và cúm cả hai đều lây lan. Cúm là bệnh trầm trọng hơn.
..................................................................................................................................
4. Những người bị cảm không sốt, nhưng những bệnh nhân cúm, khoảng một nửa
bị sốt.
..................................................................................................................................
5. Trẻ sơ sinh nên được tiêm phòng vac-xin để phòng ngừa những bệnh trẻ em
thường gặp.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
44
Lesson seven
HEADACHES
Some little man is inside your head, pounding your brain with a hammer.
Beside him, a rock musician is playing a drum. Your head feels as if it is going to
explode. You have a headache and you think it will never go away.
Doctors say there are several kinds of headaches. Each kind begins in a
different place and needs a different treatment.
One kind starts in the arteries in the head. The arteries swell and send pain
signals to the brain. Some of these headaches start with a change in vision. The
person sees wavy lines, black dots, or bright spots in front of the eyes. This is a
warning that a headache is coming. The headache occurs on only one side of the
head. The vision is blurred and the person may vomit from the pain. These
headaches, which are called migraine headaches, are more frequent in women
than in men. Sleep is the best cure for them.
Cluster headaches, which also start in the arteries, are called cluster
headaches because they come in clusters or groups for two or three months. Then
there are no more for several months or even years. A cluster headache lasts up to
two hours and then goes away. At the beginning of the headache, the eyes are red
and watery. There is a steady pain in the head. When the pain finally goes away,
the head is sore. Men have more cluster headaches than women do.
The muscle headache, which starts in the muscles in the neck or forehead, is
caused by tension. A person works too hard, is nervous about something, or has
problems at work, at school, or at home. The neck and head muscles become
tense, and the headache starts. A muscle headache usually starts in the morning
and gets worse as the hours pass. There is a steady pain, pressure, and a bursting
feeling. Usually aspirin doesn’t help a muscle headache very much.
About 40 percent of all headaches start in the head and neck muscles.
Another 40 percent start in the arteries.
45
How do doctors treat headaches? If a person has frequent headaches, the
doctor first has to decide what kind they are. Medicine can help, but there are
other ways to treat them.
The doctor asks the patient to analyze his or her daily living patterns. A
change in diet or an increase in exercise might stop the headaches. If the patient
realizes that difficulties at home, at work, or at school are causing the tension, it
might be possible to make changes and decrease these problems. Psychological
problems and even medicine for another physical problem can cause headaches.
The doctor has to discuss and analyze all these patterns of the patient’s life. A
headache can also be a signal of a more serious problem.
Everyone has headaches from time to time. If they continue over several
days, or keep recurring, it is time to talk to a doctor. There is no magic cure for
headaches, but a doctor can help control most of them because of recent
researches.
I. WORD STUDY
headache (n) / 'heideik / đau đầu
to pound (vt) / paund / đánh dồn dập
hammer (n) / 'hæmƏ / cái búa
to explode (vt/vi) / ik'sploud / làm nổ, nổ
artery (n) / 'a:tƏri / động mạch
to swell (vt/vi) / swel / sưng lên, phồng lên
vision / 'viʒn / thị giác
to occur (v) / ƏkƏ: / xẩy ra, xuất hiện
blurred (adj) / blƏ:d/ bị mờ, nhòa
migraine (n) / 'maigrein, mi:grein / đau nửa đầu
cluster (n) / 'klʌstƏ / đám, cụm
steady (adj) / s'tedi / dai dẳng
muscle (n) / 'mʌsƏl / bắp thịt
forehead (n) / 'fɔ:rid, 'fɔ:hed / trán
bursting (adj) / 'bƏ:stiŋ / nổ tung
46
aspirin (n)
/ 'æsprin, 'æspƏrin / thuốc aspirin,
thuốc giảm đau
tension / 'ten∫Ən, 'ten∫n / căng thẳng
to analyze (v) / 'ænƏlaiz / phân tích
pattern (n) / 'pætƏn , pætn / kiểu, cách, mẫu
psychological (adj) / saikƏ'lɔdʒikl / (thuộc) tâm lý
physical (adj) / 'fizikl , 'fizikƏl / (thuộc) cơ thể
to recur (v) / ri'kƏ: / tái phát
II. FILLING - IN
Choose one word in the box and fill in each sentence below.
a. ache b. vision c. vomit d. steady
e. warned f. hammer g. cures h. patients
i. blurred k. drum l. physical m. muscles
n. arteries o. forehead p. swell q. tense
1. When you are sick and in pain, your stomach may protest and make
you…………….
2. The teacher…………….. the children that they had to behave or there would
be no party.
3. People in the hospital are called…………………
4. While Pat was swimming she got water in her eyes. Everything
looked………………….
5. Students feel……………… before an important exam.
6. Tension in the………………. of the neck can cause headache.
7. The farmers were happy when a……………… rain continued all night.
8. ……………… carry blood from the heart to the rest to the body.
9. Today there are……………….. for many diseases that used to kill people.
47
10. People with poor ………………... wear glasses or contact lenses.
11. You may get a stomach……………….. if you eat too much.
12. A complete…………………examination is necessary for anyone entering the
army.
III. MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. When someone sees black dots or wavy lines, this is a change in……………..
a. blurring b. clusters c. vision
2. A migraine headache causes………………………….
a. blurred vision b. red and watery eyes c. a bursting feeling
3. …………………… is the best cure for migraines.
a. Sleep b. Aspirin c. Arteries
4. ………………... have more of the kind of headache that leaves the head sore.
a. Women b. Men c. Older people
5. A………………. headache usually starts in the morning and gets worse.
a. migraine b. cluster c. muscle
6. Tension causes a………………. headache.
a. migraine b. cluster c. muscle
7. The muscle and the………………. headache are the most common.
a. migraine b. cluster c. warning
8. Medicine is……………………………..headache.
a. the best treatment for b. not usually helpful for c. one way to treat
9. A change in a patient’s life patterns can…………………………….
a. help cure headaches b. cause headaches c. both a and b
IV. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS
1. Describe a migraine headache.
48
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
2. Describe a muscle headache.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................... ...........................................
3. Describe cluster headaches.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
4. Which kind of headache affects more women than men?
..................................................................................................................................
5. What are some things that can cause a muscle headache?
..................................................................................................................................
.......................................................... ........................................................................
6. If you have a headache, will aspirin help?
..................................................................................................................................
7. Why does a doctor analyze the life patterns of a headache patient?
..................................................................................................................................
V. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH.
1. Có nhiều loại đau đầu. Đó là đau nửa đầu, đau đầu từng đám, đau cơ đầu.
..................................................................................................................................
2. Những bệnh nhân migren thường bị nhòa thị lực và có thể bị nôn do đau.
..................................................................................................................................
3. Đau đầu từng đám thường kéo dài vài ba tháng. Bệnh nhân đau đầu kiểu này
mắt bị đỏ và chảy nước.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
4. Những người quá căng thẳng về một điều gì đó hoặc có những vấn đề về gia
đình hoặc ở nơi làm việc thường bị đau cơ đầu.
..................................................................................................................................
49
..................................................................................................................................
Lesson eight
CHOLESTEROL AND HEART DISEASE
Do you know your cholesterol level? Many people don't. A high level of
cholesterol in the blood is an important risk factor for heart disease.
Some people say that the danger of hear disease is exaggerated. However,
heart disease is a main cause of death in developed countries. Every year more
than one million Americans have heart attacks, and half of them die. People with
heart disease suffer chest pains that make simple activities, such as walking,
shaving, or taking a shower, difficult.
Research has proven that cholesterol levels are connected with heart disease.
One project in Massachusetts has studied the same group of men and women
since 1948. The researchers have found that the people who have high levels of
cholesterol have more heart attacks.
A natural substance in the blood, cholesterol comes from the liver. The
amount of cholesterol is affected by diet and by physical qualities we inherit
from our parents. One kind of choleterol sticks fat to the walls of arteries, making
them smaller and finally blocking them. It produces a condition called
"hardening of the arteries", which causes heart attacks. With tiny cameras,
doctors can see blood circulating through the heart valves. Angiograms are x-rays
of the heart arteries. They show fat deposits and blockages caused by high
cholesterol.
Heart disease begins in children as young as 3 years old. It occurs earlier in
boys than in girls. Nearly half of teenagers have some fat deposits on their artery
walls. Heart disease develops faster if we have high cholesterol levels and also
smoke.
50
What is a safe level of cholesterol? Adults have a high risk of heart attack if
their cholesterol level is above 240 milligrams per deciliter of blood. Below 200
is better. In the Massachusetts study, no one with cholesterol level below 150 has
ever had a heart attack. However, about half of American adults have cholesterol
level above 200.
To lower our cholesterol level, we must change our eating habits. Anything
that comes from an animal is high in fat and high in cholesterol. The American
Heart Association National Cholesterol Education Program says that fat should
be no more than 30 percent of our diet. Blood cholesterol levels start to fall after
2 to 3 weeks of following a low-cholesterol, low-fat diet.
Dietary changes alone can result in a 10 percent reduction of the everage
person's cholesterol level. Aerobic exercise helps, too. Artery blockage can be
reduced by as much as 40 percent through changes in diet and amount of
exercise. We must educate everyone, including children in elementary schools.
We must teach them responsibility for their health through classes in nutrition
and aerobic exercise. For example, the smart snack is fruit. Children must be
served fruit in the school cafeteria, along with low-fat meals. Schools must send
recipes home with the children. Parents must include children in planning and
preparing meals and shopping for food.
Adults, including persons over the age of sixty-five, can lower their
cholesterol by 30 or 40 percent. It is never too late to change. One man began his
health program when he was seventy-three. By the time he was seventy-seven, he
had lowered his arteria blockage from 50 percent to 13 percent and his
cholesterol from 320 to 145 without drugs. He went on a vegetarian diet with
only 10 percent fat, plus programs to reduce stress and get more exercise.
A low-cholesterol diet that cuts out most animal products and high-fat
vegetables may be unfamiliar to people. The Heart Association says to use no
added fat of any kind. Don't fry food in oil. Cook it in water, vinegar, or
vegetable water. Learn about grains and vegetables. Avoid egg yolks (the yellow
part of the egg). Eat potatoes, beans, low-fat vegetables, and fruit. People often
complain about low-fat diets before they have had time to get used to them. Food
can taste good without cream, butter, and salt. You can use olive oil, mustard,
fresh herbs, or yogurt instead.
A new diet can cause general anxiety, when people feel worried and nervous
about what is going to happen. They must learn to deal with the changes in their
51
lives. Sometimes major changes in diet or lifestyle are easier than minor ones
because the results are bigger and faster. Fast results encourage us.
How can you control the amount of fat in your diet if you eat in restaurants?
Restaurants must provide healthy meals that are low in fat, salt, and cholesterol.
A diet is a personal thing. Restaurant owners should not make customers feel
embarrassed because they want to follow a diet that is good for them. Restaurant
owners must learn to give equal service to customers on a healthy diet. Some
restaurants have items on the menu marked with a heart to show that they are low
in fat, cholesterol, salt, or sugar. A few restaurants serve only these recipes.
Heart disease causes one out of every four deaths in East Harlem in New
York City. The East Harlem Healthy Heart Program is an educational program. It
has 2 goals: to get people to change their diets and to find volunteers to help run
educational activities. One way it educates is by street shows. Actors wear
costumes and carry big pieces of plastic fat. They entertain so people will listen.
Groups of children perform songs and dances that educate people about heart
disease and diet. Volunteers lead walking and exercise groups to show people
how to begin exercising.
Volunteers also stand in supermarkets to suggest healthy food choices to
shoppers. The volunteers have shoppers taste two kinds of milk to see which
tastes better. Most people are surprised that the low- fat milk tastes better than
the whole milk. Shoppers are encourged to buy low-fat milk instead of whole
milk.
Education costs money, but it also brings results. In 1983, only 35 percent of
the American public knew their cholesterol levels. By 1990, 65 percent of the
people had had theirs checked.
People feel better if they lower their cholesterol through diet. Healthy people
are more confident. They are more attactive to themselves, as well as to others.
Their friends stare at them because they look so healthy.
We can prevent heart disease by living a healthful lifestyle and eating the
right kind of diet. If people don't do this, two out of three men amd women in
America will eventually get heart diseases.
I. WORD STUDY
52
cholesterol (n) / kƏ`lestƏrɔl / chất colesteron
risk (n) / risk / nguy cơ, rủi ro
exaggerated (adj) / ig`zædʒƏreitid / thái quá, cường điệu
substance (n) /`sʌbstƏns / chất
to inherit (v) / in`herit / thừa kế, di truyền
to stick (v) /stik / cắm, đâm, dán
hardening of the arteries /`ha:dniŋ Əv i: `a:tƏri:z / sơ cứng động mạch
valve (n) / vælv / van
angiogram (n) / æn`dʒaiougræm / phim tia x mạch
deposit (n) / di`pɔzit / lớp lắng đọng
blockage (n) /`blɔkidʒ / tắc nghẽn
deciliter (n) /`desili:tƏ / đềxilit
reduction (n) / ri`dʌk∫n / sự giảm bớt
aerobic (adj) / eƏ`roubik / (thuộc) thể dục nhịp điệu
elementary school (n) / eli`mentri sku:l / trường tiểu học
responsibility (n) / rispɔnsƏ`bilƏti / trách nhiệm
nutrition (n) / nju:`tri∫n / dinh dưỡng
snack (n) / snæk / bữa ăn nhẹ, quà
cafeteria (n) / kæfƏ`tiƏriƏ / nhà ăn tự phục vụ
recipe (n) /`resƏpi / công thức (nấu ăn ...)
vegetarian(n) / vedʒiteƏriƏn / người ăn chay
unfamiliar ( to smb)(adj) / ʌnfƏ`miliƏ / xa lạ (đối với ai)
added (adj) / ædid / thêm, bổ sung
grain (n) / grein / ngũ cốc, mễ cốc
vinegar (n) /`vinigƏ / giấm
egg yolk (n) / eg jouk / lòng đỏ trứng
to complain (about) (v) / kƏm`plein / kêu ca, than phiền
olive oil (n) /`ɔliv ɔil / dầu ôliu
53
mustard (n) /`mʌstƏd / mù tạt
to deal (with) (v) / di:l / giải quyết, đề cập, xử lý
to encourage (v) / in`kʌridʒ / động viên, khích lệ
embarrassed (adj) / im`bærƏst / bối rối, lúng túng
to get smb to do smt khiến ai làm gì
costume (n) /`kɔstju:m / trang phục, áo quần
to entertain (v) / entƏ`tein / tiếp đãi, mua vui
to stare (v) / steƏ / nhìn chằm chằm, ngắm
nhìn
eventually (adv) / i`vent∫uƏli / rốt cuộc, cuối cùng
II. GAP - FILLING
Choose one suitable word in the box and fill in the gap of each sentence
below.
confidence anxiety stare herbs aerobic risk
encouraged valve unfamiliar inherited personal snack
factor suggestion deal with complains attractive reduction
service angiogram exaggerated cholesterol recipe stress
1. John's parents........................................ him to stay in school even though his
grades were not very good.
2. ......................... exercise is good for the heart.
3. Is it impolite to ask someone ............................... questions?
4. Students often suffer from ..........................before an exam.
5. Some people are ............................ with a low-fat diet.
6. Mark ........................... red hair from his mother.
7. Is it impolite to ....................at people?
8. I'm hungry now, but it's 2 hours until dinner. I think I'll have a ....................
9. Open the ............................ so the water will flow freely through the pipes.
10. If you are sure of yourself, you have ..........................in yourself.
11. Most television stars are ...........................
12. ........................ occurs naturally in the blood.
54
13. A .............................in how much fat you eat might make you healthier.
14. One of the students made a good ........................... for what we could do in
the International Day program.
15. It is difficult to ..........................a child who doesn't behave well.
16. Smoking is a .............................in many diseases of the heart and lungs.
17. Tom said he earned $1000 a week, but he is really paid only $800. He
......................
18. The doctor wants my mother to have an ........................ to see if her arteries
are blocked.
19. This restaurant has good food, but the ........................ is low.
20. The ..........................of running away from the dog was too much for the old
man, and he had a heart attack.
III. MATCH THE WORDS WITH THE DEFINITION.
1. Nervous ............................. a. length of time
2. Period ................................ b. at the same time
3. Habit ................................. c. stage
4. Meanwhile ........................ d. act in response to something
5. Fever ................................. e. grind
6. Pregnant ............................ f. hit
7. Location ............................ g. watch
8. Strike ................................. h. die in water
9. React ................................. i. anxious
10. Drown ............................... j. usual action
11. Solar .................................. k. high body temperature
12. Observe ............................. l. of the sun
m. place
n. going to become a mother
IV. TRUE(T)/FALSE(F)/NOT ENOUGH(NE) INFORMATION
....... 1. Around 500,000 Americans die each year from heart disease.
....... 2. More than twice as many people had their blood cholesterol
55
levels checked in 1990 as in 1983.
....... 3. Smoking can be a risk factor for heart disease.
....... 4. No direct relationship has been proven between high cholesterol
levels and heart attacks.
........5. Girls have no risk of heart disease.
........6. Low-fat diets always taste bad.
....... 7. Children should learn more responsibility for eating healthy food.
........8. People usually feel good about going on a new diet.
....... 9. It can be easier to change our diet a lot than change it a little.
......10. Old people shouldn't bother to change their eating habits
because it's too late for it to do them any good.
......11. Most people think that whole milk tastes better than low-fat milk.
V. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS
1. What are some symptoms of heart disease?
................................................................................................................................
2. What is "hardening of the arteries"? How is it connected with high cholesterol?
...............................................................................................................................
3. Why are angiograms useful?
...............................................................................................................................
4. At what age does heart disease start?
................................................................................................ ...............................
5. What level of cholesterol is believed to be safe?
...............................................................................................................................
6. How long does it take for cholesterol levels to start to drop?
...............................................................................................................................
7. How can schools help teach children healthy eating habits?
...............................................................................................................................
8. How can parents help teach children healthy eating habits?
................................................................................................ ...............................
9. What are some ways to reduce fat in your diet?
...............................................................................................................................
56
10. Describe the East Harlem Healthy Heart Program.
...............................................................................................................................
VI. THESE WORDS HAVE MORE THAN ONE MEANING. CIRCLE THE
LETTER OF THE BEST MEANINGS OF THE BOLD WORD. CHOOSE THE
MEANINGS OF THE WORDS AS THEY ARE USED IN THESE SENTENCES.
1. Mr. Becker has worked in the field of computer science for 10 years.
a. an area of specialization
b. a place where animals or plants are raised
c. the place where baseball is played
2. Carolyn is often late for class because she has to walk so far from her apartment.
a. until now
b. such for a long distance
c. far enough
3. There are 2.2 pounds in a kilo.
a. the unit of Enghlish money
b. hits or strikes
c. a unit of weight
4. Trappers sometimes cure the skins of the animals they catch before they sell them.
a. dry and prepare for use
b. make better
c. a kind of medicine
5. The current value of gold is $321.
57
a. The movement of electricity
b. at this time
c. the movement of a stream of water in the ocean
6. I know that it isn't so
a. very
b. too
c. true
7. Ali and Muhammed live in a large apartment complex near the university.
a. related group of building
b. complicated
c. anxiety
Lesson nine
ON MIGRAINE HEADACHE AND
HYPERTENSIVE HEADACHE
Although migraine was described in the first century A.D. and despite the
fact that migraine has been termed the commonest complaint of civilized man, it
is only in recent years that its pathophysiology has been extensively investigated.
There are several reasons for the slow accumulation of knowledge
concerning migraine. Pain is a subjective sensation which is difficult to measure.
Migraine is usually a benign and self-limited disease; hence the lack of autopsy
material for study is met with. A large proportion of patients with this complaint
fail to consult a physician, presumably preferring to coexist with the intermittent
discomfort of their headaches while relying on numerous omnipresent
proprietary remedies for relief of pain.
Migraine is characterized not only by headache, but also by anorexia, nausea,
photophobia, vomiting, weight gain, and fluid retention.
Some observations about vascular headache of the migraine type can be set
down with a fair degree of certainty. In the first place migraine, or at least the
tendency to migraine, occurs in families.
The headache is often presaged by phenomena produced by vasoconstriction
of cranial blood vessels. In some fashion, this initial brief period of
58
vasoconstriction is replaced by a prolonged phase of dilatation of the cranial
arteries; this is the painful stage of headache that may be relieved by
vasoconstrictor agents.
Migraine is commonly evoked by periods of prolonged wakefulness and
extraordinary effort or by prolonged anxiety. It may be produced by medications
that stimulate one or another of the subcortical systems.
Descriptions of the so-called hypertensive headache have varied greatly, and
although certain characteristics have been emphasized repeatedly, no specific
symptom complex has been elaborated. Despite these defects in our knowledge,
the relief of headache in the hypertensive individual has been used as a criterion
for a good result whenever any new therapy or procedure has been introduced for
the treatment of elevated blood pressure.
I. WORD STUDY
migraine (n) / 'migrein / chứng đau nửa đầu
hypertensive (adj) / 'haipƏ:'tensiv / (thuộc) chứng cao huyết áp.
to describe (v) / dis'kraib / mô tả
despite (prep) / dis'pait / bất chấp, mặc dù
complaint (n) / kƏm'pleint / bệnh, sự đau, than phiền
civilized (adj) / 'si:vilaizd / có văn hóa, văn minh
pathophysiology (n) / 'pæ Ə,fizi'ɔlƏdzi / sinh lý bệnh
to investigate (v) / in'vestigeit / điều tra, nghiên cứu
accumulation (n) / Ə,kju:mju'lei∫n / sự tích luỹ
concerning (prep) / kƏn'sƏ: niŋ / về, về việc
subjective (adj) / sʌb'dʒektiv / chủ quan
sensation (n) / sen'sei∫n / cảm giác
benign (adj) / bi'nain / nhẹ (bệnh), lành (u)
self-limited disease / self limitid / bệnh tự khỏi
hence (adv) / hens / do đó
autopsy (n) / 'ɔ:tɔpsi / giải phẫu thi thể
material (n) / mƏ'tiƏriƏl / tài liệu, bệnh phẩm
59
proportion (n) / prƏ'pɔ :∫n / phần, tỷ lệ
to consult (v) / kƏn'sʌlt / đi khám bệnh, hỏi ý kiến
presumably (adv) / pri'zju:mƏbli / có thể đoán chừng
to coexist (v) / kouig'zist / cùng tồn tại, chung sống
intermittent (adj) / intƏ'mitƏnt / từng cơn, từng hồi
discomfort (n) / dis'kʌmfƏt / sự khó chịu
to rely (v) / ri'lai / tin, tin cậy, dựa vào
numerous (adj) / 'nju: mƏrƏs / nhiều, đông
omnipresent (adj) / ' mni'preznt / có mặt ở khắp nơi
proprietary (adj) / prƏ'praiƏtƏri / biệt dược, thuốc tư
remedy (n) / remidi / thuốc
anorexia (n) / ænou'reksiƏ / chứng biếng ăn, chứng chán
ăn
photophobia (n) / 'foutƏ'foubiƏ / chứng sợ ánh sáng
weight gain (n) / gein / sự tăng cân
retention (n) / ri' ten∫n / sự bí (đái), sự giữ lại
fluid retention / flu:id / sự giữ nước
vascular (adj) / 'væskjulƏ / (thuộc) mạch
to set down ghi lại, chép lại
fair (adj) / fồƏ / khá, hợp lí
in the first place trước hết, trước nhất
to presage (v) / 'presidʒ / báo trước
vasoconstriction (n) / veizou kƏn 'strik∫n / sự co thắt mạch
vasoconstrictor agent thuốc co mạch
cranial (adj) / 'kreiniƏl / (thuộc) sọ
in some fashion / 'fæ∫n / ở một mức độ nào đó
brief (adj) / bri:f / ngắn, vắn tắt
prolonged (adj) / prƏ'lɔŋd / kéo dài
wakefulness (n) / 'weikfulnis / sự mất ngủ, sự không ngủ
được
extraordinary (adj) / iks'trɔ:dnri / đặc biệt, lạ thường
60
effort (n) / 'efƏt / sự cố gắng
anxiety (n) / æŋ 'zaiƏti / sự lo lắng, mối lo
subcortical (adj) / sʌb'kɔ:tikƏl / dưới vỏ não
description (n) / dis'krip∫n / sự mô tả
so-called (adj) / sou'kɔ:ld / cái gọi là
dilatation (n) / dai lei'tei∫n / sự giãn, sự nở
to evoke (v) / i'vouk / gây ra, gợi lên
to emphasize (v) / 'emfƏsaiz / nhấn mạnh
repeatedly (adj) / ri'pi:tidli / nhiều lần, nhắc đi nhắc lại
complex (n) / 'kɔmpleks / một tập hợp, phức hệ
defect (n) / di'fekt / thiếu sót, nhược điểm
criterion (n) / krai'tiƏriƏn / tiêu chuẩn
to introduce (v) / intrƏ'dju:s / đưa vào
quanrantine / 'kwɔrƏntin / thời gian cách ly
one or another of the subcortical systems : vùng này hay vùng khác dưới vỏ não
specific symptom complex: hội chứng đặc trưng
II. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
1. When was migraine described first?
..................................................................................................................................
2. How has it (migraine) been termed?
..................................................................................................................................
3. When was its pathophysiology extensively investigated?
..................................................................................................................................
4. What is the reason for the slow accumulation of knowledge concerning migraine?
..................................................................................................................................
5. Why do patients with migraine fail to consult a physician?
..................................................................................................................................
6. What is migraine characterized by?
61
..................................................................................................................................
7. What is migraine commonly evoked by?
..................................................................................................................................
8. What can you say about the so-called hypertensive headache?
..................................................................................................................................
9. Has any specific symptom complex concerning hypertensive headache elaborated?
..................................................................................................................................
10. What has been used as a criterion for a good result in the treatment for
hypertensive headache?
..................................................................................................................................
III. TRANSLATE INTO VIETNAMESE.
1. Migraine has been termed the commonest complaint of civilized man.
..................................................................................................................................
2. The pathophysiology of migraine has been extensively investigated.
..................................................................................................................................
3. Descriptions of the so-called hypertensive headache have varied greatly and
its characteristics have been emphasized repeatedly.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
4. The relief of headache in the hypertensive individual has been used as a
criterion for a good result of the treatment.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
5. Quarantine is the limitation of freedom of movement of persons who have
been exposed to communicable diseases.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
62
6. Shocked patients who have resumed (= have begun again) breathing often
later stop breathing and must therefore be watched closely.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
7. After the operation had been performed the patient was taken to the ward.
..................................................................................................................................
8. Before the operation began the instruments had been thoroughly boiled.
..................................................................................................................................
9. The operation will have been finished by 12 o’clock.
..................................................................................................................................
IV. FILL IN THE BLANKS.
1. It is known that pain is a subjective…………. which is difficult…………….
2. Migraine has been termed the commonest……………....of civilized man.
3. There are some reasons for the slow…………. of knowledge…………....
migraine.
4. Patients with headache………….to consult a physician, preferring to rely on
………………remedies for ……………… of pain.
5. Migraine, or at least ……………… to migraine occurs in……………..
6. A new procedure has been introduced for……………. of blood pressure.
7. Migraine may be produced by…………………..
V. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH.
1. Chứng đau nửa đầu không chỉ có triệu chứng đặc trưng là đau đầu mà còn có
triệu chứng đặc trưng là buồn nôn, sợ ánh sáng, nôn, tăng cân, và giữ nước.
……………………………………………………………………………..............
……………………………………………………………………………..............
63
2. Những bệnh nhân migren ít khi (seldom) đến bác sĩ khám bệnh.
……………………………………………………………………………..............
3. Chứng đau nửa đầu, hay ít nhất xu hướng mắc chứng đau nửa đầu thường xuất
hiện ở những người có cùng huyết thống.
……………………………………………………………………………..............
……………………………………………………………………………..............
4. Phụ nữ mắc chứng đau nửa đầu nhiều hơn nam giới.
..................................................................................................................................
Lesson ten
DISEASES AND INJURIES OF THE SKULL
CONCUSSION OF THE BRAIN. In severe head injury, for example, blows
on the head, the head striking against the pavement during a fall in the street, a
fall from a height, etc., very frequently no injuries to the skull are found, but the
patient develops a characteristic picture of concussion of the brain.
Concussion of the brain being one of the most serious results of trauma, those
who are nearby must seek immediate medical help.
At the moment the injury is sustained or immediately after it, the patient loses
consciousness. He produces the impression of a person who is fast asleep,
breathing evenly and deeply, answering no questions and not reacting to light
stimuli. This condition is frequently accompanied by vomiting and involuntary
urination and lasts several minutes, half an hour, and sometimes longer. Then the
patient gradually recovers consciousness, but often feels weak and dizzy, has a
headache and buzzing in the ears. Having regained consciousness the patient
cannot recall what happened. Complete unconsciousness at the moment the
64
injury is sustained; vomiting and amnesia are the most characteristic signs of
concussion of the brain.
CONTUSION OF THE BRAIN. In contusions of the brain multiple
hemorrhages are observed at points corresponding to the side of the blow or on
the opposite side. In addition to hemorrhages, crushing of the brain substance
with subsequent softening of its tissue is possible. This picture of the disease at
first resembles that of concussion of the brain, but the phenomena do not
disappear within a few days as they do in cases of concussion of the brain, but
increase and focal symptoms appear (paresis, paralyses, convulsive twitchings).
Contusions of the brain run different courses depending on the localization and
extent of destruction of the brain tissue. Patients with contusion of the brain must
be ensured complete rest for a long period of time and must be administered
sedatives, the treatment and care of them being generally the same, as in
concussion of the brain.
I. WORD STUDY.
concussion (n) / kƏn'kʌ∫n / chấn động
concussion of the brain chấn động não
blow (n) / blou / (cú) đánh, đập, giáng
to strike against (v) / straik / đập vào, va vào
a fall from a height ngã từ trên cao xuống
consciousness (n) / 'kɔn∫Əsnis / ý thức, tri giác
to lose consciousness mất ý thức, mê
to be fast asleep ngủ thiếp đi nhanh
evenly (adv) / 'i:vƏnli / đều đều, đều
to seek (v) / si:k / đi tìm
to react (v) / ri:'ækt / phản ứng lại
urination (n) / juƏri'nei∫n / (sự) đi đái, đi tiểu
involuntary urination / in'vɔlƏntri / đái dầm dề
65
to recall (v) / ri'kɔ:l / nhớ lại
amnesia (n) / æm'ni:ziƏ / chứng quên
contusion (n) / kƏn'tju:ʒn / chấn dập
contusion of the brain chấn dập não
multiple hemorrhages chảy máu nhiều chỗ
point (n) / pɔint / điểm, chỗ
crushing (n) / 'krʌ∫iŋ / sự dập nát
brain substance / 'sʌbstƏns / chất não
softening (n) / 'sɔfƏniŋ / nhũn, nhuyễn
subsequent / 'subsikwƏnt / sau đó, đến sau
to resemble (v) / ri'zembl / giống với, giống như
focal symptoms: / 'foukƏl / triệu chứng tại chỗ
paresis (n) / pƏ'ri:sis 'pærisis / liệt nhẹ
paralysis (n)(pl.-ses) / pƏ'rælisis / tê liệt
convulsive (adj) / kƏn'vʌlsiv / (thuộc) co giật
convulsive twitching / 'twit∫iŋ / chứng co giật
to run different courses / 'kɔ:siz / tiến triển khác nhau
extent (n) / iks'tent / phạm vi, mức độ
destruction (n) / dis'trʌk∫n / (sự) phá hủy
to ensure (v) / in'∫uƏ / bảo đảm
sedative (n) / 'sedƏtiv / thuốc giảm đau
to have buzzing in the ears / bʌziŋ/ ù tai
to recover or to regain consciousness (v) tỉnh lại
to seek immediate medical help : tìm thầy thuốc cấp cứu
a most serious result : một hậu quả rất trầm trọng
II. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
1. When does a patient develop concussion of the brain?
66
………………………………………………………………………………..........
2. What must those who are nearby do in case of an accident (head injury)?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
3. When does the patient lose consciousness?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
4. What impression does he produce?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
5. What is this condition frequently accompanied by?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
6. How long does this condition last?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
7. How does the patient feel (after) having regained consciousness?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
8. What are the most characteristic signs of concussion of the brain?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
9. What is observed in contusions of the brain?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
10. What does the picture of contusion of the brain resemble at first?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
11. Why do contusions of the brain run different courses?
………………………………………………………………………………..........
12. What are the treatment and care of patients with concussion and contusion of
the brain?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
III. TRANSLATE INTO VIETNAMESE.
1. Concussion and contusion of the brain being a very serious result of trauma,
persons with head injuries must be given immediate attention.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………..........
67
2. Having lost consciousness, the injured man produced the impression of a
person being fast asleep.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
.……………………………………………………………………………….........
3. Having regained consciousness, the patient could not recall what had
happened.
…………………………………………………………………………………......
4. Complete unconsciousness at the moment of injury being a sign of a serious
trauma, those who are nearby must seek immediate medical help.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………..........
5. Contusion of the brain running different courses, patients with such a trauma
must be ensured complete rest for a long period of time.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
.……………………………………………………………………………….........
6. Ensured complete rest and treatment with sedatives, the above mentioned
patients will recover completely.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………..........
7. When the temperature of the body rises above normal the condition then
existing is known as fever, and it is usually accompanied by quickened pulse and
respiration, and disordered secretions.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………..............
8. The onset of fevers may be abrunt or gradual, those of sudden onset being
frequently characterized by chills, acute pain, headache, and sometimes
accompanied by vomiting, while those of gradual onset are characterized by
headache, uneasiness, weariness, loss of appetite, general malaise, etc., as well as
by chilly sensations.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………..
68
……………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………......................
IV. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH.
1. Trong chấn dập đầu thường không thấy thương tích ở sọ nhưng bệnh nhân phát
triển bệnh cảnh đặc trưng của chấn động não.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
.……………………………………………………………………………….........
2. Trong chấn động não, bệnh nhân thường bị mê man; sau khi tỉnh bệnh nhân
không thể nhớ lại những cái đã xảy ra.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
.……………………………………………………………………………….........
3. Bệnh cảnh của chấn dập não lúc đầu giống như bệnh cảnh của chấn động não.
…………………………………………………………………………………......
4. Những trường hợp chấn dập não tiến triển khác nhau.
…………………………………………………………………………………......
V. GAP - FILLING
The patient who has (1).................. a crushing injury often has other severe
injuries. In addition (2)................tissue damage from compression, he will die
from shock (3)....................lost plasma and blood are replaced promptly. At the
same (4)................, pain and anxiety should be (5).................by the
administration of suitable drugs.
There are some patients with injuries to the nose. The frequent injuries to the
nose are fractures of the nasal (6).......................... . Signs of (7)....................... of
the nasal bones are pain in the region of the bridge of the nose, hemorrhage from
the (8)........................ and its deformation. The wounds of the soft parts of the
head and face are very dangerous because (9)....................the rich blood supply to
the face and the skin of the skull. The basic method of treating such wounds
consists in an operation and suturing as soon after the injuries as (10)..................
69
Lesson eleven
CIGARETTE SMOKING
AND CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
Almost without exception, available literature suggests association of
cigarette smoking with chronic bronchitis. Accumulating evidence indicates that
one of the major causes of chronic bronchitis is smoking, some mention is also
made of an increased incidence of respiration illness in smokers.
Of 150 patients seen with chronic bronchitis, 143 were cigarette smokers,
most of them were heavy smokers from an early age. Of the 60 who stopped
smoking, 44 noted complete, or almost complete relief from coughing or striking
improvement in coughing after smoking had been stopped.
These 44 evidenced a lower mortality rate during the 20 years after the onset
of their dyspnea than did the 83 who continued to smoke.
The incidence of chronic bronchitis is appreciably less in women than in
men, presumably because of considerable difference in their past smoking habits.
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Emphysematous subjects are especially vulnerable to bronchial irritants,
smoking tends to aggravate their airway resistance.
Human lung and bronchial tissues obtained from habitual cigarette smokers
show considerably more pathologic changes at postmortem examination than do
those from nonsmokers or ex-smokers. Application of cigarette smoke
condensate to the bronchial mucosa of laboratory dogs caused similar pathologic
changes.
All patients are admonished to stop smoking. Numerous techniques are
utilized, always including a frank statement that smoking is unquestionably
harmful. But success in stopping smoking is low. More than 90 million persons
in America use tobacco in one form or another (pipes, cigars), approximately 72
million of them smoke cigarettes.
With all of the publicity, it is hardly likely that anyone is unaware that there
is a great deal of evidence that smoking may be hazardous to health.
Nevertheless, the overwhelming majority of these people continue to smoke and
it cannot be expected that they will give up smoking, even if cigarette package
contains a warning, “Smoking may impair your health”.
I. WORD STUDY
cigarette (n) / sigƏ'ret / thuốc lá điếu
exception (n) / ik'sep∫n / ngoài ra, ngoại lệ
literature (n) / 'litrƏt∫Ə, 'litƏrit∫Ə / tài liệu
association (n) / Əsousi'ei∫n / mối liên quan, liên đới
accumulating (adj) / Ə'kiu:mjuleitiŋ / chồng chất
accumulating evidence những chứng cớ chồng chất
mention(n/v) / 'men∫n / đề cập, nói đến
striking (adj) / 'straikiŋ / nổi bật, rừ rệt
to evidence (v) / 'evidƏns / chứng minh, cho thấy
mortality (n) / mƏ:'tƏliti / số tử vong
mortality rate / reit / tỉ lệ tử vong
appreciably (adv) / Ə'pri:∫iƏbli / rừ rệt
emphysematous (adj) / emfi'si:mƏtƏs / (thuộc ) khí thùng
subject (n) / 'sʌbdʒikt / người, đối tượng
71
vulnerable(adj) / 'vʌlnƏrƏbl / dễ bị tổn thương
irritant(n) / 'iritƏnt / chất kích thích
to tend(n) / tend / có khuynh hướng
to aggravate(v) / 'ægrƏveit / làm nặng thêm, trầm trọng thêm
airway(n) / 'ồƏwei / khí đạo
resistance(n) / ri'zistƏns / sức cản, cản trở
habitual(adj) / hæ'bitjuƏl / nghiện nặng, thường xuyên
smoker(n) / 'smoukƏ / người nghiện thuốc lá
nonsmoker(n) / 'nƏn 'smoukƏ / người không nghiện thuốc lá
ex-smoker(n) / 'eks 'smoukƏ / người đó bỏ thuốc lỏ
postmortem(adj) / 'poust'mɔ:tƏm / sau khi chết
application(n) / æpli'kei∫n / sự bồi vào, sự đắp vào
mucosa(n) / mju'kousƏ / niêm mạc, màng nhày
to admonish(v) / Əd'mɔni∫ / khuyên răn, răn bảo
technique(n) / tek'ni:k / thủ thuật, phương pháp, kỹ thuật
to utilize(v) / 'ju:tilaiz / dùng, sử dụng
frank(adj) / fræŋk / thẳng, bộc trực
statement / 'steitmƏnt / lời tuyên bố, lời nói
unquestionably(adv) / ʌn'kwet∫ƏnƏbli / không còn nghi ngờ
tobacco(n) / tƏ'bækou / thuốc lá
pipe(n) / paip / tẩu thuốc
cigar(n) / si'ga: / điếu xỡ gà
publicity(n) / pʌb'lisiti / sự tuyờn truyền rộng rói
unaware(adj) / ʌnƏ'wồƏ / không biết, không hay
nevertheless(adv) / nevƏðƏ'les / tuy nhiên, tuy thế mà
to expect(v) / inks'pekt / mong, trông mong, chờ đợi
package(n) / 'pækidʒ / bao, gói, kiện
warning(n) / 'wɔ:niŋ / lời răn, lời báo trước
to impair(v) / im'pồƏ / làm suy yếu
hazardous / 'hæzƏdƏs / may rủi
overwhelming (adj) / ouvƏ'welmiŋ / áp đảo, lấn át
Almost without exception …..... hầu như không có ngoại lệ
72
smoke cigarette condensate(n) / kƏn'densƏt / ni-cô-tin
II. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
1. What is one of the major causes of chronic bronchitis? In whom can one
observe an increased incidence of respiratory illness?
……………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………..........
2. How many patients with chronic bronchitis were examined?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
3. How many of them were cigarette smokers?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
4. Who of them noted relief from coughing?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
5. In whom men or women is the incidence of chronic bronchitis less and why?
……………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………..........
6. What persons are specially vulnerable to bronchial irritants?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
7. What do lung and bronchial tissues obtained from cigarette smokers show?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
8. Can it be expected that people will give up smoking because it is harmful?
…………………………………………………………………………………......
III. TRANSLATE INTO VIETNAMESE.
1. It is certain that smoking is associated with chronic bronchitis.
…………………………………………………………………………………......
2. Having stopped smoking, my patients noted a striking improvement in coughing.
.……………………………………………………………………….....................
..................................................................................................................................
73
3. The incidence of chronic bronchitis is less in women because of considerable
difference in their past smoking habits.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………..............
4. Smoking is unquestionably harmful, but success in stopping smoking is low.
…………………………………………………………………………………......
5. The rule of making a thorough examination of the chest daily until the
diagnosis is clear should be followed in all cases of acute illness.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
.……………………………………………………………………………….........
6. The communicable diseases transmitted by the nose and mouth discharges are
largely spread by coughing and sneezing.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………..........
7. Great care must be taken to never cough or sneeze in the presence of other
persons without first covering the mouth and nose.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………..........
8. Flies may transmit many diseases by having access to discharges containing
infectious microorganisms.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………..........
IV. GAP - FILLING
Fill in each of the blanks in the passage with only one word from the box.
between people disease on pay
which who smoking from money
another costs could paying to
wages connected smoke back and
74
The diseases (1)................ to smoking are a big problem. Doctors think that
the annual medical cost for lung cancer, heart (2)............... and other illnesses
connected to smoking is (3)....................12 and 35 million pounds.
And smoking (4) ...............society money in other ways. (5)...................27 to
61 billion pounds are spent each year on sick days when (6)................don't go to
work, on wages that you don't get when you don't go to work, and
(7)..............work lost at the company when you are sick.
This money counts the wages from people (8)...............die of cancer at young
age and stop (9)................taxes. This does not count fire started by cigarettes,
(10)...............kill fifteen hundred people yearly and injure (11).................four
thousand. Smoking costs every man, woman and child in the UK from one
hundred (12)...............ten to two hundred and fifty pounds each year in the lost
work and (13).................when you add another fifty to one hundred and fifty
pounds yearly in insurance cost, that comes to one hundred and sixty to four
hundred and ten pounds. If every one stopped (14) .................., a
family(15)...........have up to one thousand six hundred and forty pounds more a
year.
Lesson twelve
TRANSPLANTS - NEW BODY PARTS
Today, doctors are able to replace sick organs with operations. Surgeons take
healthy parts from one human body and put them into another. These organs are
transplants. There are two kinds of medical transplants: tissue transplants and
organ transplants. Examples of tissue transplants are skin, bone and the cornea of
the eye. Organ transplants include kidney, heart, lung, and liver.
Skin and cornea transplants are very common and very successful. Surgeons
have performed skin transplants for hundreds of years. In 600 B.C., Hindu
surgeons in India were probably the first surgeons to transplant skin. Today,
people with serious burns often have skin transplants. The surgeon usually uses
the patient’s own skin. Skin from other people often does not help.
Many blind patients can see again because of cornea transplantation cornea is
the clear, outer cover of the eye. Some kinds of blindness occur when the cornea
becomes cloudy. A cornea transplant provides a new, clear cornea.
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There are many kidney transplant operations, and they are often successful.
The donor kidney may come from someone in the patient’s family. When the
donor comes from the patient’s own family, there is an 80 percent chance of
success. When the donor is not from the patient’s family, the body more often
does not accept the kidney, and the rate of success is only 50 percent.
All organ transplants are difficult to perform successfully. Consequently,
surgeons perform them only when the patient is dying. However, when the
operation is successful, the patient can live an almost normal life.
Organ transplants are not easy. There are several major problems. First, the
doctor must have a donor. A donor is a person who gives an organ for an
operation. Donor organs may come from people who have just died or are still
alive and well. Heart or lung donors must be people who have died, but who had
healthy hearts and lungs.
Another transplant problem is the danger of infection. When surgeons
operate, bacteria enter the body and cause infection. The third problem is
rejection. The human body naturally rejects, or does not accept, tissue from
another body. The blood produces antibodies, which kill the new tissue.
Rejection of the new tissue or organ is the major reason for the failure of
transplant operations. Doctors are developing drugs that will stop rejection and
increase the number of successful operations.
Dr. Christian Barnard performed the first heart transplant in 1967 in South
Africa. Since then, there have been many successful operations. A number of
patients have lived for more than four years after successful surgery.
Kidney and heart transplants are successful due to and lung machines and
kidney machines, which keep patients alive during the operation. A kidney
machine is a large machine that works like a real kidney because it clears the
blood. Patients must use it several times a week. Until 1982, surgeons used heart
and lung machines only during operations. However, in 1982, Dr. Barney Clark
of Salt Lake city, Utah, received the first artificial heart. It was nothing like the
large heart and lung machines, which surgeons used for operations. It was a
small, plastic pump. Dr. Clark lived for about four months after the operation
with the artificial heart inside him.
Transplant surgery has helped many people. It has saved people with bad
burns. It has helped blind people to see again. It has saved the lives of people
who have kidney and heart diseases. There are problems with transplant surgery,
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but doctors are finding new ways to solve them. There will certainly be more
successful transplant surgery in the future.
I. WORD STUDY
transplant (v,n) / trænsplænt / cấy ghép
transplantation (n) / trænsplæn'tei∫n / sự cấy ghép
tissue (n) / 'ti∫u: / mô
cornea (n) / 'kɔ:niƏ / giác mạc
donor (n) / 'dounƏ / người hiến, người cho
recipient (n) / risipiƏnt / người nhận
accept (v) / æk'sept / chấp nhận
consequently (adv) / 'kɔnsƏkwentli / bởi vậy, kết quả là
infection (n) / infek∫n / sự nhiễm trùng
rejection (n) / ridʒek∫n / sự đào thải
antibody (n) / 'æntibɔdi / kháng thể
failure (n) / 'feiljƏ / sự thất bại
due to (adv) / dju: tu: / nhờ, bởi
machine (n) / mƏ'∫i:n / máy
pump (n,v) / pʌmp / bơm
artificial (adj) / a:tifi∫l / nhân tạo
naturally (adv) / 'næt∫ƏrƏli / tự nhiên
II. WHAT IS THE MAIN IDEA ?
Put a circle in front of the main idea of “Transplants - New Body Parts”
a. The first skin transplant was in 600 BC.
77
b. Organ and tissue transplants help sick people in many ways.
c. Kidney and heart machines keep patients alive during operation.
d. Transplant surgery has helped many people.
III. HAVE YOU UNDERSTOOD THE READING ?
Write T by the true statements and F by the false statements. Do not look
at the reading.
……1. Surgeons transplant many parts of the body.
…....2. The first skin transplant was in the United States.
……3. People with bad burns have skin transplants.
……4. A blind person who has a successful cornea transplant can see again.
……5. Donor organs are always artificial.
……6. Machines cause problems for transplant operations.
……7. Heart and lung machines keep patients alive during operations.
……8. There will never be an artificial heart.
……9. Transplants save people’s lives.
……10. All transplant operations are successful.
IV. HAVE YOU UNDERSTOOD THESE WORDS IN CONTEXT ?
Circle the meaning for the underlined words. Do not use your dictionary.
If you are not sure, go back to the reading for more context.
1. Some kinds of blindness occur when the cornea becomes cloudy.
a. prevent b. protect c. happen d. treat
2. A cloudy cornea causes blindness. A transplant gives the blind person a new,
clear cornea.
a. old b. clear c. not clear d. new
3. An artificial heart is a machine.
a. real b. mechanical c. donor d. transplant
4. Surgeons perform many operations to transplant parts of the body.
a. assist b. educate c. harm d. do
78
5. A lung transplant provides the patient with a new lung.
a. causes b. checks c. gives d. injures
6. The human body rejects, or does not accept, tissue from another person.
a. does not accept b. does not eject c. accepts d. keeps
7. Because cornea transplants are usually successful, there have been a
number of them.
a. few b. many c. not many d. two
8. Heart and lung machines keep heart patients alive during operations.
a. living b. dead c. happy d. awake
9. Organ transplants are not always successful. Consequently, surgeons perform
them only when the patient is dying.
a. but b. and c. or d. so
V. TIME EXPRESSIONS
Read the following sentences. Pay attention to the verb and its tense.
Circle the time expression that goes with the verb.
1. Dr. Barnard performed the first heart transplant……………………..............
a. about twenty years ago
b. since 1967
c. now
d. until now
2. Doctors are finding ways to solve these problems…………………..............
a. five years ago
b. since 1980
c. now
d. until now
3. Transplant surgery has helped many people…………………………...........
a. two years ago
b. in the past
c. now
d. last year
4. Barney Clark received the first artificial heart……………………….............
a. now
b. always
c. in 1982
d. since 1982
5. The first skin transplant was in India…………………………………..........
a. sometimes
b. since 600
c. now
d. 2600 years ago
79
VI. MODALS
May, must, can, and will are modals. A modal works with verbs to add
meaning to the verb. Read the following sentences and guess the meaning of
the modals.
1. After successful cornea transplants, blind patients can see again.
a. are able to
b. is necessary
c. try to
d. do not
2. There must be a donor for a heart transplant.
a. It is a good idea
b. It is necessary
c. It is not possible
d. Both b and c
3. The donor kidney may come from someone in the patient’s family, when the
donor organ is not from someone in the same family, the body often rejects it.
a. It is necessary
b. It is possible
c. It is not possible
d. Both b and c
4. There will be more surgery in the future.
a. It is not possible
b. It is not necessary
c. In the future
d. now
Lesson thirteen
SHOCK
Shock is one of the severest complications of wounds, injuries, grave
operations and wide - spread burns. Shock is particularly dangerous under war
conditions because it ends fatally in many cases. The following is a description
of shock made by the famous surgeon N. Pirogov.
“You see a wounded soldier without an arm or leg lying stock-still at the
dressing station; he does not cry or moan or complain, but is indifferent to
everything and does not ask for anything; his eyes are immovable and he gazes
into the distance, his body being cold and his face pale as those of a corpse. His
pulse is like a thread, barely palpable and intermittent. He either answers no
questions at all, or answers them under his breath, in a hardly audible whisper,
his respiration being also barely noticeable. His wound and skin are almost
80
completely insensitive, the patient displaying a sign of sensation only by
contraction of the facial muscles. Sometimes this state passes off within a few
hours, and sometimes it persists unchanged until death.
The essence of shock and its genesis are not known well enough as yet.
Experimental data and clinical observations warrant the assumption that the
nervous system plays the leading role in this affection.
The problem of the genesis of shock is solved on the basis of I. P. Pavlov’s
teaching, considerable importance being attached in the mechanism of its
development to exhaustion of the cerebral cortex under the influence of the
harmful action of the stimuli (pain, intoxication, and so on).
An enormous part in the development of shock is played by physical
overstrain, insomnia, exhaustion and starvation, cooling, hemorrhage, emotional
experience, etc.
The stimulation transmitted to the central nervous system at first excites and
then depresses the vitally important centers, including the vasomotor ones. As the
result, vascular tone diminishes, the internal vessels in the abdominal cavity
dilate and accumulate a lot of blood, so that the peripheral arterial system is
drained of blood hence the blood pressure drops and shock develops.
I. WORD STUDY
shock (n) / ∫ɔk / choáng, sốc
stock-still (adj) / 'stɔk'stil / không nhúc nhích, bất động
to moan (v) / moun / rên, rên rỉ
indifferent (adj) / in'difƏrƏnt / thờ ơ, không để ý
immovable (adj) / im'mu:vƏbl / bất động
to gaze (v) / geiz / nhỡn chằm chằm
distance (n) / 'distƏns / phía xa, đằng xa
corpse (n) / kɔ:ps / xác chết
thread (n) / red / chỉ, sợi chỉ
his pulse is like a thread mạch anh ta chỉ cũn là mạch chỉ
under his breath nhỏ, qua hơi thở
audible (adj) / 'ɔ:dibl / có thể nghe thấy
81
whisper (n) / 'wispƏ / tiếng nói thầm
to display (v) / dis'plei / thể hiện , để lộ ra
contraction (n) / kƏn'træk∫n / sự co rút , sự co
facial (adj) / 'fei∫Əl / (thuộc) mặt
to pass off (v) / pa:s / biến mất, mất đi
to persist (v) / pƏ 'sist / vẫn
to persist unchanged vẫn không đổi
essence (n) / 'esns / bản chất, thực chất
genesis (n) /'dʒenisis / căn nguyên, nguồn gốc
experimental (adj) /esk peri'mentl / dựa trên thí nghiệm thực nghiệm
to warrant (v) / 'wɔrƏnt / cho phép, đảm bảo
assumption (n) / Ə'sʌmp∫n / giả thuyết, thừa nhận
leading (adj) / 'li:diŋ / chính, quan trọng, chủ đạo
teaching (n) / 'ti:t∫iŋ / học thuyết
exhaustion (n) / ig' zɔ:st∫n / tỡnh trạng kiệt sức
cerebral (adj) / 'seribrƏl / (thuộc) nóo
cortex (n) / 'kɔ:teks / vỏ nóo, vỏ
influence (n) / 'influƏns / ảnh hưởng
under the influence do ảnh hưởng
to attach importance to coi trọng
intoxication (n) / in tɔksi'kei∫n / sự làm nhiễm độc
overstrain (n) / ouvƏs'trein / sự gắng quá sức
starvation (n) / sta: 'vei∫n / sự đói ăn, sự đói, sự thiếu ăn
cooling (n) / 'ku:liŋ / sự giảm thể nhiệt
insomnia (n) / in'sɔmniƏ / sự mất ngủ
emotional (adj) / i'mou∫Ənl / xúc động
experience (n) / iks'piƏriƏns / sự trải qua
emotional experience sự xúc động mạnh
stimulation (adj) / stimu'lei∫n / sự kích thích
to transmit (v) / trænz'mit / truyền
82
to excite (v) / ik'sait / kích thích
to express (v) / di'pres / ức chế
vitally important tối quan trọng
vasomotor (adj) /'veizou'moutƏ / vận mạch
vascular (adj) / 'væskjulƏ / (thuộc) mạch
vascular tone trương lực mạnh
to dilate (v) /dai'leit / làm gión
to accumulate (v) / 'kju:mjuleit / tích lại, tích lũy
hence / hens / do đó
to drop (v) / drɔp / sụt, giảm
to drain (v) / drein / làm kiệt, rút hết, dẫn lưu
he either answers no questions at all: anh ta hoặc không trả lời câu
hỏi nào cả
to see a wounded soldier… lying stock- still : nhỡn thấy một người lính bị
thương nằm bất động.
II. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
1. What do we call shock?
………………………………………………………………………..…................
2. When is shock particularly dangerous?
…………………………………………………………………………..................
3. How does it end in many cases?
……………………………………………………………………..........................
4. By whom was the description of shock made?
…………………………………………………………………..............................
5. What is the clinical picture of a patient in shock like?
…………………………………………………………………..............................
6. How does the patient display a sign of sensation?
……………………………………………………………………..........................
7. When does this state of the patient pass off? And what may occur if it does not?
83
……………………………………………………………………………..............
..................................................................................................................................
8. What assumption do experimental data warrant?
………………………………………………………………………......................
9. On what basis is the problem of the genesis of shock solved?
…………………………………………………………………..............................
10. What stimuli may cause shock?
……………………………………………………………………..........................
11. Can you describe the mechanism of the development of shock?
…………………………………………………………………..............................
II. TRANSLATE IN TO VIETNAMESE.
1. The patient’s eyes are immovable and he gazes into the distance, his body
being cold and his face pale as those of corpse.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………..............
2. He either answers no questions at all, or answer them under his breath, his
respiration being also barely noticeable.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
.……………………………………………………………………………….........
3. His wound and skin are almost completely insensitive, the patient displaying a
sign of sensation only by contraction of the facial muscles.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
..........………………………………………………………………………………
4. The mass being rather large and tender, laparotomy was indicated.
84
…………………………………………………………………………………......
5. The patient’s symptoms having been explained to her, she no longer was
troubled by the left sided symptoms.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
..........………………………………………………………………………………
6. Grippe is a highly communicable and rapidly spreading disease, all ages being
liable to it, especially children.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
..............……………………………………………………………………………
7. Some palpable mass in the epigastria having been revealed at the physical
examination, the surgeon made a second X-ray examination.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
8. The barium meal having showed signs of a large mass displacing the stomach
to left, laparotomy was indicated.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
..………………………………………………………………………………........
IV. COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.
1. A wounded soldier in shock is lying stock-still, his face (to be)………….pale
as that of corpse.
2. His pulse is like a thread and barely palpable, his respiration (to be)……….
also barely noticeable.
3. The patient’s wound and skin (to be)…………. almost completely insensitive,
he does not cry or moan when examined.
4. The development of shock (to be attached)………………to exhaustion of the
cerebral cortex, an enormous part in its development is played by physical
overstrain, hemorrhage, starvation, and emotional experience.
V. TRANSLATE IN TO ENGLISH.
1. Phần lớn choáng phát triển là do gắng quá sức, mất ngủ, đói ăn, giảm thể nhiệt...
85
…………………………………………………………………………………
…............................................................................................................................ ..
2. Choáng là một trong những biến chứng trầm trọng nhất sau những ca đại phẫu
thuật, sau khi bị bỏng rộng hoặc bị chấn thương…
……………………………………………………………………………………..
..........………………………………………………………………………………
3. Trạng thái choáng đó được nhà phẫu thuật nổi tiếng N.I.Pirogov mô tả.
…………………………………………………………………………………......
4.Vấn đề căn nguyên của choáng đó được giải quyết trên cơ sở học thuyết của
I.P.Pavlov.
…………………………………………………………………………………......
.............................................................................................................................................
Lesson fourteen
CPR
CPR stands for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Cardio is a medical word for
heart. Pulmonary is a medical word for lungs. To resuscitate means to bring back
to life. CPR starts someone’s lungs and heart functioning again after they have
stopped.
It is an amazing idea that there is a cure for sudden death. It is equally
amazing that this magic is not done by today’s high technology. Any ordinary
person can do it. You use your own lungs to breathe into the patient’s mouth and
start his or her lungs working. You push on the heart with your hands to make it
start beating again. It is as easy as that.
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The heart is a large muscle that pumps blood through the arteries. It is located
in the center of the chest behind the breastbone. The lungs are at either side of the
heart. Air enters the nose and mouth and moves through the airway to the lungs,
bringing oxygen into the body. As the blood moves through the lungs, it picks up
the oxygen and carries it to the cells throughout the body. At the same time that
the blood picks up the oxygen, it leaves carbon dioxide as a waste material, and
the lungs breathe it out through the airway.
When the heart stops beating, or a person stops breathing, this whole process
stops. No oxygen is taken into the body, and the blood doesn’t move through the
arteries. CPR can start the process moving again.
There are several situations where CPR is needed. It can be used when a
person has a heart attack and the heart stops. A heart attack occurs when the heart
cannot get enough oxygen. This usually happens because one of the two arteries
to the heart has become narrow or completely blocked. The heart muscle cells
that are supplied with oxygen by that artery die because they stop receiving
oxygen.
One of the symptoms of a heart attack is a feeling of pressure and tightness or
aching in the center of the chest. It lasts longer than two minutes, and it may
come and go. The person having a heart attack may also starts sweating, feel
weak, be short of breath, and feel like vomiting. However, there may be no
symptoms at all; the heart may stop suddenly and the person stops breathing. If
CPR is started immediately, it may bring the person back to life.
Electric shock is another situation where CPR can be used. If enough
electricity enters the body, the person dies immediately. CPR can resuscitate the
person. An electric shock usually happens to someone who has been working
carelessly with electricity. It can also be caused if lightning strikes a person.
A third situation is drowning, or dying in the water, which happens most
often in the summer when many people go swimming. Children can also drown
when they are left alone near a swimming pool. A person trained in CPR can
help a person start to breathe after clearing the water of the airway.
These are the three most common causes of sudden death when CPR can be
used. There are others less common. Someone in a burning building may breathe
in too much smoke and not get any oxygen into the lungs. Some people have an
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intense reaction to certain drugs or to the sting of a bee or some other insect, and
the heart and lungs stop functioning.
CPR is an example of first aid. An ordinary can take a first aid class and learn
what to do until the patient receives professional help. This might mean helping
someone until an ambulance comes. The professionals can use their equipment to
take charge of the patient. Or it might mean giving first aid and then taking the
patient to a doctor. CPR can keep a person alive until he or she reaches a
hospital.
When you give CPR, you breathe directly into the patient’s mouth. Then you
press on the heart in the center of the chest. You continue alternating these two
actions.
CPR is easy to learn, but you shouldn’t learn it from a book. You should
receive instruction in a class where you practice in front of the teacher until you
do it correctly. As you know, if the brain is without oxygen for four minutes,
there will be permanent brain damage. It is necessary to start CPR immediately
when a person stops breathing, or as soon as possible. You have to know how to
do it quickly and well.
If someone in your family has heart trouble, if you go swimming a lot, or if
you plan to work with electricity, you should learn CPR. In fact, everyone should
learn it, in case they ever need it.
Where can you learn it? The Red Cross has CPR classes, many hospitals
teach it, and so do some university student health centers. If there are no classes
where you live, ask the Red Cross or a nearby hospital to organize a class.
CPR is worth learning. It can give you the chance to save someone’s life.
I. WORD STUDY
cardio (adj) / 'ka:diƏ / (thuộc) tim
pulmonary (adj) / 'pʌlmƏnƏri / (thuộc) phổi
resuscitation (n) / risʌsi 'tei∫n / sự làm hồi sinh
to resuscitate (v) / ri 'sʌsiteit / làm tỉnh lại
amazing (adj) / Ə 'meiziŋ / kinh ngạc
magic (n) / 'mædʒik / phép kỳ diệu
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technology (n) / tek 'nɔlƏdʒi / kỹ thuật
to breathe (v) / bri:ð / hô hấp, thở
artery (n) / 'a:tƏri / động mạch
breastbone (n) / 'brestboun / xương ức
airway (n) / 'eƏwei / khí đạo
oxygen (n) / 'ɔksidʒƏn / khí ôxy
carbon dioxide (phr) / 'ka:bƏn daiɔksaid / khí cacbon điôxit
heart attack (phr) / ha:t Ə'tæk / đau tim
to block (v) / blɔk / làm tắc
to sweat (v) / swet / vã mồ hôi
electric shock (phr) / i 'lektrik ∫ɔk / cú điện giật
lightning (n) / 'laitniŋ / tia chớp, sét
to strike (v) / straik / đánh
to drown (v) / draun / chết đuối
intense reaction (phr) / in'tens riæk∫n / phản ứng mạnh
sting (n,v) / stiŋ / châm, đốt
to function (v) / 'fʌŋk∫n / có chức năng
professional (n) / prƏ 'fe∫Ənl / nhà chuyên môn
to take charge of... (phr) / t∫a:dʒ / chịu trách nhiệm về...
to keep sb alive (phr) / Ə 'laiv / giữ cho ai sống
to alternate (v) / 'ɔ:ltƏneit / thay phiên, luân phiên
permanent brain damage (phr) : tổn thương não vĩnh viễn
to give sb the chance to do smt : tạo cho ai cơ hội để làm
gì
to save someone's life : cứu sống tính mạng cho ai
II. VOCABULARY
Complete each sentence with one word or phrase from the box.
resuscitation located pump strike chest
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ambulance first aid react lungs shock
breastbone process drown function take charge
so in case process reaction so
1. The heart is directly behind the…………...
2. Village people often have to ………………water by hand.
3. Volcanoes are…………….. in chains and clusters.
4. Hail and snow are formed by a similar………………
5. The...................... of the heart is to pump blood through the arteries.
6. Children should wear a life preserver when they are around water so they can't
..................
7. Anyone can learn to give...................You don't have to be a doctor or a nurse.
8. The R in CPR stands for........................
9. The..................are in the chest and ..............................is the heart.
10. An electric................ can kill a person.
11. An ................... is used to take patients to a hospital.
12. A strong....................to a drug can kill a person.
13. Edward volunteered to .....................of arranging food for the party.
14. Handwriting analysis is a ..................... of studying handwriting in order to
understand the person who wrote it.
15. You cannot save up sleep ahead of time.......................you need it later.
III. VOCABULARY REVIEW: SYNONYMS
Match the words that mean the same.
1. worth .......................
2. miserable .......................
3. contagious .......................
4. a great deal .......................
5. at times .......................
6. nightmare .......................
a. a lot
b. blur
c. teenager
d. catching
e. vision
f. forever
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7. confused .......................
8. adolescent .......................
9. permanently .......................
10. sore .......................
11. dawn .......................
12. position .......................
g. value
h. location
i. painful
j. unhappy
k. sometimes
l. sunrise
m. mixed up
n. bad dream
IV. TRUE(T) / FALSE(F) / NO INFORMATION(NI).
...........1. Resuscitation is a medical word.
...........2. Sudden death can be cured only by using today's technology.
...........3. The arteries take carbon dioxide out of the lungs.
...........4. Carbon dioxide enters the lungs through the airways.
...........5. CPR can be used in cases of drowning.
...........6. CPR can help a person with sleep apnea.
...........7. A common situation when CPR is needed is with an intense reaction
to an insect sting.
...........8. First aid is an example of CPR.
...........9. Everyone should get a book about CPR and learn how to do it.
...........10. You should call an ambulance before you start CPR.
V. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS.
1. What is the function of the lungs?
..................................................................................................................................
2. What are the symptoms of a heart attack?
..................................................................................................................................
3. What are the three most common situations where CPR is needed?
..................................................................................................................................
4. What is the first aid?
91
.............................................................................. ....................................................
5. How can CPR prevent brain damage?
..................................................................................................................................
6. What professionals work with patients?
..................................................................................................................................
VI. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH.
1. Hồi sức tim phổi được thực hiện để cứu sống người bị đột tử và bất kỳ ai cũng
có thể làm được.
..................................................................................................................................
2. Khi tiến hành hồi sức tim phổi, bạn cần thay đổi giữa hà hơi trực tiếp vào
miệng bệnh nhân và ép lên tim ở giữa lồng ngực của bệnh nhân.
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................... ............................
3. Một người bị đột tử do đau tim, do điện giật hay bị chết đuối cần phải được
tiến hành hồi sức tim phổi ngay lập tức.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
4. Hồi sức tim phổi dễ học. Bạn không nên học qua sách vở mà bạn nên tiếp thu
sự hướng dẫn của giáo viên. Sau đó bạn phải luyện tập cho đến khi bạn có thể
tiến hành một cách nhanh chóng và chuẩn xác.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
5. Càng có nhiều người không chuyên nghành y biết tiến hành được hồi sức tim
phổi thì càng tốt.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
REFERENCES
1. Henry Holt and company, New York, Reading skills.
2. P.L.Sandler, BBC English by Radio and Television, English for medical
profession.
3. West Pacific Region, WHO, Medical Journals.
4. Newbury House Publishers, inc, Cause and Effect.
92
5. F.A.Davis Company - Philadelphia, Taber's Cyclopedic Medical
Dictionary.
6. The F.A.Davis Company, Philadelphia, Dictionary of Abbreviations in
Medicine and the related sciences.
7. Physicians Record Co., Medical Terminology Made Easy.
8. Cambridge University Press, Practical Faster Reading.
9. Mir Publishers, Textbook of Obstetries.
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NEW ENGLISH IN MEDICINE
VOLUME ONE
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