Hệ Thống Dẫn Đường Hàng Không

Cc h thng thit b dn ng Hng khng

Ngi bin son : K s Nguyn vn Thanh 1

NI DUNG

Chng I: Tng quan v dn ng hng khng. I-1.Chc nng dn ng hng khng. I-2.Cc phng php dn ng hng khng. I-3.Phn lai cc thit b dn ng mt t. I-4.nh gi v thnh tu ca thit b dn ng khng gian.

Phn I: CC H THNG DN NG HIN TI Chng II: i dn ng v hng (NDB) II-1.Chc nng, nhim v ca i dn ng v hng. II-2.Mng NDB ti Vit Nam. II-3.Cc tiu chun ICAO i vi i NDB. II-4.Cc phng thc khai thc i NDB. Chng III: i dn ng v tuyn a hng sng cc ngn (VOR) III-1.Chc nng, nhim v ca i dn ng v tuyn a hng sng cc ngn (VOR).

III-2.Mng VOR ti Vit Nam. III-3.Cc tiu chun ICAO i vi i VOR. III-4.Cc phng thc khai thc i VOR. Chng IV: i o c ly (DME) IV-1.Chc nng, nhim v ca i o c ly. IV-2.Mng DME ti Vit Nam. IV-3.Cc tiu chun ICAO i vi i DME. IV-4.Cc phng thc khai thc i DME. Chng V: H thng hng dn h cnh chnh xc (ILS) V-1.Chc nng, thnh phn ca h thng ILS. V-2.Mng ILS ti Vit Nam. V-3.Cc tiu chun ICAO i vi h thng ILS. V-4.Cc phng thc khai thc h thng ILS. Chng VI: Nhc im ca h thng dn ng hin ti

Phn II: H THNG DN NG TNG LAI Chng VII: H thng dn ng v tinh ton cu (GNSS) VII-1.Chc nng, thnh phn ca h thng GNSS. VII-2.H thng nh v ton cu GPS. VII-3.H thng v tinh nh v qy o ton cu GLONASS. VII-4. Cc h thng tng cng. VII-5.Cc phng thc khai thc h thng GNSS.



CHNG I TNG QUAN V DN NG HNG KHNG.

I-1.Chc nng ca h thng thit b dn ng hng khng. H thng thit b dn ng hng khng l h thng thit b nhm

cung cp thng tin cho tu bay thng qua cc my thu c trang b trn tu bay, gip ngi li xc nh c cc thng tin sau:

- Tu bay ang u ? - Tu bay ang bay v hng no ? - Tu bay ang cch i dn ng/sn bay bao nhiu dm ? - Tu bay bay nh th no ?

I-2.Cc phng php dn ng hng khng. 2-1.Dn ng theo phng php bn (Pilotting): quan st, theo di

da vo cc a vt c nh nh cc ngn ni cao, sng h, cc cy cao, cc nh cao tng.

2-2.Dn ng theo phng php thin vn (Celestial): quan st da vo cc chm sao v cc hnh tinh trong v tr nh sao Bc u xc nh v tr ca mnh.

2-3.Dn ng theo phng php qun tnh (Inertial navigation): s dng dng c dn ng qun tnh t trn tu bay (gia tc k), xc nh c v tr tu bay, tc , gia tc, v v hng mi tu bay (heading).

2-4.Dn ng theo phng php da vo thit b v tuyn mt t (Ground-based radio navigation aids): s dng cc my thu, thu cc tn hiu dn ng trong khng gian c pht ra bi cc thit b v tuyn mt t.

2-5.Dn ng theo phng php da vo thit b khng gian (Space-based radio navigation aids): s dng my thu GNSS thu cc tn hiu dn ng pht ra t cc chm v tinh v cc thit b tng cng. I-3.Phn lai cc thit b dn ng mt t.

3-1.Thit b dn ng v tuyn (Non visual navigation aids): l h thng cc thit b cung cp cho tu bay cc thng tin cn thit xc nh v tr ca tu bay trong khng gian theo phng thc pht sng ra khng gian.

Cc h thng dn ng thng dng (Conventional navigation aids): L cc h thng ph bin hin ang s dng nh:

+ i dn ng v hng (NDB): Xc nh hng (Bearing). + i ch chun (Marker): Xc nh v tr (Location). + i dn ng a hng sng cc ngn (VOR): Xc nh gc phng v (Azimuth). + i o c ly (DME): Xc nh c ly. + H thng hng dn h cnh chnh xc (ILS): Xc nh qi o h cnh.

3-2.Thit b dn ng bng mt (Visual navigation aids): l h thng cc thit b cung cp v hng dn tu bay bng tn hiu nh sng, bin bo, tn hiu sn trong khu vc tip cn, ti sn.



- H thng bin bo (Guidance signs): Ch dn tu bay ct h cnh ng hng v v tr, di chuyn trn khu bay, cnh bo chng ngi vt.

- H thng n hiu hng khng (ALS Aviation Lighting System): Cung cp thng tin bng nh sng ch dn tu bay hot ng trong khu vc tip cn, h cnh v khu bay.

- H thng n hng dn ng trt h cnh (PAPI/VASIS Precision Approach Path Indicator/Visual Approach Slope Indicator System): Gip tu bay xc nh ng trt h cnh theo mt gc xc nh, c qui nh theo tiu chun ICAO.

I-4.nh gi v thnh tu ca thit b khng gian. Trong th k th 20, c ba thnh tu ln trong lnh vc k thut quc phng ca Hoa k l:

- Pht trin t v kh thng thng sang v kh ht nhn. - Pht trin t vn phng c in sang Internet. - Pht trin t phng php dn ng da vo thit b mt t sang

thit b khng gian.



CHNG II I DN NG V HNG NDB.

II-1 Chc nng nhim v ca i NDB. 1-1. M u.

NDB (Non Directional radio Beacon) cng vi ILS (Instrument Landing System), VOR/DME (VHF Omnidirectional radio Range / Distance Measuring Equipment), l cc h thng thit b dn ng nhm mc ch ph tr khng vn trong c hai ch :

- H cnh (Landing) (Hnh 2-1)

Hnh 2-1: i NDB s dng phc v h cnh. - Dn ng (Enroute) (Hnh 2-2)



Hnh 2-2: i NDB s dng phc v dn ng. 1-2. Chc nng Nhim v ca i NDB. a.Chc nng: Cn gi l i t tm mc tiu, lm vic gii tn trung

bnh v thp, pht cc tn hiu v hng m nh ngi li trn tu bay c trang b mt my thu v mt ng-ten nh hng ph hp, c th nh c hng (Bearing) ca mnh i vi trm mt t (i NDB) v tu bay, xem hnh v 2-3.

Hnh 2-3: Xc nh hng ca i NDB.

b.Nhim v:

NDB PK

NDB BU

NDB AC

D = 20 Km (Ni a) D = 30 Km (Quc t)

D Airway W1



b1.Khi NDB lm nhim v i gn, i xa (Locator) : N gip cho tu bay xc nh c trc tm (Center line) ng CHC ko di (ch Landing) (xem li hnh v 2-1).

- i TD, i GV xc nh trc tm ng CHC 25R (TSN) - i SG, i GN xc nh trc tm ng CHC 25L (TSN) - i BU, i HT xc nh trc tm ng CHC 09 (BMT) b2.Khi NDB lm nhim v i im cho mt sn bay: N gip cho tu

bay xc nh c hng bay v sn bay sau h cnh theo phng thc bng mt, xem Hnh 2-4.

Hnh 2-4: Bay v i NDB. b3. Khi NDB lm nhim v i im cho mt ng bay (ch En-

route): N c t ni giao im gia cc ng hng khng (Airway) hay gia mt ng hng khng, gip tu bay bay ng ng hng khng , xem li hnh 2-2. i NDB cng c th xc nh v tr tu bay nh hnh v 2-5.

Hnh 2-5: S dng hai i NDB. II-2.Mng NDB ca Vit nam : Xem ph lc 2-1

Ph lc 2-1



H THNG I NDB KHU VC TCT CNG HKMN

STT

Tn Khu Vc

Nhim v

Thit b fct

(Khz) Cng sut (W)

Ident Ghi Ch

1 Sn bay TSN 25 R i xa ND 500 358 50/125 TD H24 i gn ND 500 375 30/125 GV H24 25 L i xa ND 500 326 50/125 SG H24 i gn ND 500 343 30/125 GN H24 2 Sn bay LK i xa,

im ND

4000 330 1000 DL H12

i gn ND 500 312 50/125 HYD Off 3 Sn bay

BMT i xa, im

ND 4000

386 1000 BU H24

i gn ND 500 370 50/125 HT HS 4 Sn bay CL i gn XLA 50 350 50 CL Off 5 Sn bay PQ i gn ND 500 278 50/125 PQ HS 6 Sn bay RG i gn ND 500 335 50/125 RG HS 7 Sn bay QL i gn ND 500 305 50/125 QL HS 8 Sn bay CS i gn UCFR 330 100 CS HS 9 Sn bay CT i xa 244 MT HS i gn 408 M HS i xa 244 PL HS i gn 408 P HS



H THNG I NDB KHU VC TCT CNG HKMB

STT

Tn Khu Vc

Nhim v

Thit b fct

( Khz) Cng sut (W)

Ident Ghi Ch

1 Sn bay Ni Bi

i xa 320 KW H24 i gn 230 K H24 2 Sn bay

Ct Bi

i xa 274 BK HS i gn 327 B HS 3 Sn bay

Vinh

i xa 218 XW HS i gn 448 X HS 4 Sn bay

N sn i gn 349 BQ HS

5 Sn bay in Bin

i gn 380 DB HS

6 Sn bay Gia Lm

i gn 408 GL HS



H THNG I NDB KHU VC TCT CNG HKMT

STT

Tn Khu Vc

Nhim v

Thit b fct

( Khz) Cng sut (W)

Ident Ghi Ch

1 Sn bay Nng

35 R i xa ND 4000

212 1000 DJ H24

i gn ND 500 234 50/125 D H24 2 Sn bay

Ph Bi

i xa ND 2000

440 500 PB H24

i gn ND 500 348 125 P HS 3 Sn bay

Ph Ct

i xa ND 2000

250 500 PC H24

i gn ND 500 388 50/125 C HS 4 Sn bay

Pleiku i gn ND

4000 282 1000 PK HS

5 Sn bay ng Tc

i gn LX 4000

200 150 TH HS

6 Sn bay Nha Trang

i gn ND 2000

289 200 NG HS

7 Sn bay Cam Ranh

i gn ND 2000

414 500 CR H24

8 Sn bay Chu Lai

i gn UCFR 300 100 CQ HS



H THNG I NDB KHU VC QUN L BAY

STT

Tn Khu Vc

Nhim v

Thit b fct

( Khz) Cng sut (W)

Ident Ghi Ch

1 Khu vc MN i An Lc i im SA

1000 320 1000 AC H24

2 Khu vc MB i Ninh

Bnh i im SA

1000 304 1000 HL H24

3 Khu vc MB i Mc

Chu i im SA

1000 514 1000 MC H24

Lu : Thut ng ng hng khng (airway) (xem iu 3, Chng 2, Ngh nh 94/CP v Qun l hot ng bay)

1. ng hng khng bao gm ng hng khng quc t, ng hng khng ni a, c thit lp trn c s sau y:

a) Nhu cu giao lu hng khng quc t; b) Yu cu hot ng bay ni a; c) Yu cu, kh nng cung cp cc dch v bo m hot ng bay, bo

m an ninh, an ton hng khng; d) Yu cu, kh nng qun l v bo v vng tri; bo m quc phng

v an ninh quc gia; ) Ph hp quy hoch pht trin ngnh hng khng dn dng Vit Nam

v k hoch khng vn ca T chc Hng khng dn dng quc t. 2. ng hng khng ni a l ng hng khng c im u v im

cui nm trong lnh th Vit Nam; chiu rng l 20 km, trong trng hp c bit n 30 km; gii hn thp l cao bay an ton thp nht. ng hng khng ni a c k hiu bng ch W v nh s th t bng ch s Rp.

3. ng hng khng quc t l ng hng khng trong vng tri Vit Nam c chiu rng l 30 km, trong phn vng thng bo bay trn bin quc t do Vit Nam qun l l 90 km; gii hn thp l cao bay an ton thp nht. ng hng khng quc t c k hiu bng ch A, B, G, L, M, N, P, R v nh s bng ch s Rp.

II-3.Cc tiu chun ICAO i vi i NDB. 3-1.Cc khi nim c bn.



- i ch mc (Locator): l i NDB lm vic trong gii tn LF/MF c s dng cho mc ch tip cn h cnh.

- My thu ADF: C gii thng bng 6 KHz. 3-2.Gii tn s lm vic (Radio frequencies).

- Gii tn lm vic ca cc i NDB nm trong khong (190 1.750) KHz. Vi sai s tn s cho php f 0,01% so vi tn s lm vic. Trong trng hp i NDB c cng sut pht ln hn 200W v tn s lm vic ln hn 1.606,5 KHz th f yu cu l 0,005 % .

- Vi cc i Locator lm nhim v kt hp b tr cho h thng ILS th tn s lm vic gia hai i phi cch nhau mt khong fcr v c qui nh: 15 KHz < fcr < 25 KHz

3-3.Cng sut pht (Coverage). a. Cng sut pht ca i NDB phi c m bo ph sng ng vi

mt c ly nht nh ty thuc vo nhim v ca i. - Trong ch landing : T (10 25) nautical mile - Trong ch en-route: T (25 150) nautical mile b.Cng sut pht ca mt i NDB khng c vt qu 2dB so vi

mc cn thit m bo tm ph sng ca c ly cho php. 3-4.iu ch (Modulation). Tn hiu m tn iu ch ca i NDB tho mn cc tiu chun sau

a. Tn s m thanh iu ch (The Modulating tone) : - Tiu chun 1.020 Hz 50 Hz . - Tiu chun 400 Hz 25 Hz . b. su iu ch (The depth of modulation) 95% .

3-5.Tn hiu nhn dng (Identification). - S dng m Morse quc t . - Tc 7 Ident / 1 pht . - Ni dung : t hai n ba t (ch hoc s). - Thi gian c php mt Ident : Khng qu 60s.

3-6.H thng gim st v iu khin (Monitoring). Tiu chun ti thiu ca h thng gim st v iu khin ca mt i NDB gm :

- Cng sut : Khi cng sut gim -3 dB phi t ng chuyn my (hoc tt my).

- Mt tn hiu nhn dng : Phi t ng chuyn my (hoc tt my). - H thng Gim st c s c : Phi t ng chuyn my (hoc tt

my).

3-7. H thng cp ngun (Power supply). H thng cp ngun y cho mt i NDB gm ba dng theo th t u tin sau:



- in mng cng nghip (AC). - in my n (AC). - c-quy (DC).

Khi mt ngun, thi gian chuyn i t ngun ny sang ngun khc ty thuc vo nhim v ca thit b (thng thng t 8 20). H thng chuyn i l tng l h thng chuyn i t ng. M hnh hot ng ca h thng c ch ra hnh v 2-3.

OK in mng cng nghip

NO

(8 20) OK Ngun Acqui

NO

OK in my n

NO

OK Ngun Acqui

Hnh 2-3: S chuyn i h thng ngun. 3-8. ng-ten (Antenna). Thng thng cc i NDB s dng cc dng ng-ten sau :

- ng-ten ch T. - ng-ten ch I. - ng-ten c h s phm cht cao - Polestar. ng-ten c nh gi qua mt tham s gi l h s bc x ca ng-ten. H s c nh ngha : Cng sut bc x ra khng gian

Cng sut u vo ca ngten H s bc x ca ng-ten ph thuc vo cng sut u vo ca ng-ten (tc cng sut ca my pht). Cng sut u vo cng ln i hi h s bc x ca ng-ten cng ln tc phm cht ca ng-ten cng cao. Bng 2-1 ch ra s ph thuc gia cng sut u vo ca ng-ten v h s bc x ca ng-ten ( tn s 300 KHz) . Bng 2-1: S ph thuc gia cng sut u vo ca ng-ten v h s bc x.

Input power Radiation efficiency to antenna of antenna a. 5 KW 20% (-7 dB)

b. 5 KW 10% (-10 dB) c. 1 KW 8% (- 11 dB)



d. 500 W 5% (-13 dB) e. 100 W 3% (-15 dB) f. 50 W 2% (-17 dB) g. 10 W 1% (-20 dB) h. 10 W 0,3% (-25 dB) 3-9. V tr t i (Siting). Ty thuc vo nhim v ca i NDB m v tr t i c xc nh.

a. Khi NDB l i im : - Nu l i im trong ch En-route th n l giao im ca hai

Airway hoc nm trn mt Airway v l tm ca Airway . Chiu cao ca ng-ten c tnh ton ph hp vi cng sut ca my.

- Nu l i im trong ch Landing th n c t ti sn bay mt v tr thun li cho vic pht sng, chiu cao ca ng-ten khng c vi phm vo qui nh v chng ngi vt ca sn bay .

b. Khi NDB l i gn, i xa : - Nu l i xa, chiu cao ng-ten ti thiu 18 m, v tr i cch

im chm bnh trn ng CHC t 6.500 m 11.100 m . - Nu l i gn, chiu cao ng-ten ti a 12 m, v tr i cch im

chm bnh trn ng CHC 900 m 1.200 m . c. Khi NDB lm nhim v i locator kt hp b tr cho h thng ILS

th v tr ca n t v tr ca i Outer v Middle marker v nm v cng 1 pha ca trc tm ng ct h cnh . II-4.Cc phng thc khai thc i NDB. 4-1.i NDB c s dng cho dn ng trung cn.

- Cc i NDB c b tr dc theo ng bay. - Tm ph sng phi tho mn tiu chun ICAO. - C chnh xc cho php 10.

4-2.i NDB c s dng cho dn ng tip cn v vng ch. - S dng ti thiu hai i NDB, cho mt hng tip cn. - Vng ch c th s dng mt hoc hai i NDB. - Tm ph sng phi tho mn tiu chun ICAO. - Phng thc tip cn khng linh hot. - C chnh xc cho php 5.



Ph lc 2-2



BNG M MORSE QUC T

A M Y

B N Z

C O 1

D P 2

E Q 3

F R 4

G S 5

H T 6

I U 7

J V 8

K W 9

L X



CHNG III I DN NG V TUYN A HNG SNG CC NGN

(VOR-VHF Omnidirectional radio Range) III-1.Chc nng nhim v ca i VOR. 1.1.Chc nng: Cung cp cho tu bay thng tin v gc gia hng ca tu bay n ni t i v phng Bc t. Xem Hnh 3-1.

Hnh 3-1: Xc nh gc phng v ca i VOR.

1.2.Phn loi: C bn dng i VOR thng c s dng (ph thuc vo phng php xc nh gc phng v), l:

- Trm VOR chun (SVOR-Standard VOR) - Trm VOR thng dng (CVOR-Conventional VOR) - Trm VOR p-l (DVOR-Doppler VOR) - Trm VOR p-l chnh xc (PDVOR- Precision Doppler VOR)

1.3.Nhim v: - Thng thng i dn ng v tuyn a hng sng cc ngn

thng kt hp vi i o c ly to thnh trm xc nh gc phng v v c ly (VOR/DME).

- Trm VOR/DME c dng cho c hai ch dn ng En-route v Landing.

- Ti cc sn bay dn dng kt hp qun s th i dn ng v tuyn a hng sng cc ngn thng kt hp vi knh o c ly ca trm TACAN thnh trm VORTAC.

W

E

N

S

H



III-2.Mng VOR/DME ti Vit Nam. - Trm VOR/DME c a vo s dng ti Vit Nam t rt sm

(trc nm 1975). - Hin ti trn ton lnh th Vit Nam c khong 20 trm VOR/DME

(s liu n 12/2009). - Tt c cc trm VOR/DME phc v cho dn dng u do Tng

cng ty Bo m hot ng bay (VANSCOR) qun l, ch c mt trm VOR (Vng tu) phc v bay du kh do Cng ty dch v bay MN qun l.

- Mng VOR/DME ca Vit nam : Xem bng 3-1

Bng 3-1: Mng VOR/DME ti Vit Nam.

STT Tn khu vc i hiu Tn s/Knh Loi 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

Sn bay in Bin Sn bay Ni Bi Sn bay Ct Bi Nam H Sn bay Vinh Sn bay Ph Bi Sn bay Nng Sn bay Ph Ct Sn bay BMT Phan Thit Sn bay TSN Sn bay Cam Ranh Sn bay Cn Sn Sn bay Vng Tu Sn bay ng Hi Sn bay Lin khng Sn bay Ph Quc Sn bay Cn Th u Ty Ni Bi

DBI NOB CAB NAH VIN HUE DAN PCA BMT PTH TSN CRA CSN VTV DOH LKH ZDG TRN VPH

113.6MHz/83X 116.1MHz/108X 115.1MHz/98X 115.5MHz/102X 113.1MHz/78X 115.8MHz/105X 114.4MHz/91X 116.3MHz/110X 112.1MHz/58X 114.1MHz/88X 116.7MHz/114X 116.5MHz/112X 115.6MHz/103X

114.7MHz 116.2MHz/109X 112.3MHz/70X 115.2MHz/99X 113.2MHz/79X 113.9MHz/86X

DVOR DVOR DVOR DVOR DVOR DVOR DVOR DVOR DVOR CVOR DVOR DVOR DVOR DVOR DVOR DVOR DVOR DVOR DVOR

III-3.Cc tiu chun ICAO i vi i VOR. 3-1.Gii tn s lm vic (Radio frequencies).

- Gii tn s t 112 MHz 118 MHz. Vi sai s tn s cho php f 0,005% so vi tn s lm vic.

- S knh tn s lm vic l 160 knh, vi khong cch tn s gia hai knh l 50 KHz.

- Phn cc ngang. 3-2.Tm ph sng (Coverage).

- Tm ph ca i VOR trong ch En-route: 370 Km.



- Tm ph ca i VOR trong ch Landing: 185 Km. - Tm ph phi t c trong gc ngng n 40.

(Xem hnh v 3-2)

Hnh v 3-2: Tm ph sng ca VOR theo c ly v cao .

3-3.iu ch (Modulation). a.i vi i CVOR:

- Tn hiu bin thin (variable signal): Sng mang b iu ch bin vi su iu ch l 30% bi tn hiu iu tn c tn s trung tn (tn s sng mang ph) bng 9.960 Hz. Tn hiu ny b iu ch bi tn s l 30 Hz vi ch s iu tn l 16, mang thng tin v gc phng v 0 ca hng Bc (Xem hnh v 3-3).



Hnh v 3-3: Nguyn l hnh thnh tn hiu CVOR.

- Tn hiu chun (reference signal): Sng mang b iu ch bin vi su iu ch l 30% bi tn hiu m tn c tn s l 30 Hz, mang thng tin v gc phng v ca im thu.

b. i vi i DVOR: Cch thc hin ngc li. 3-4.Tn hiu nhn dng (Identification).

- S dng m Morse quc t . - Tc 7 Ident / 1 pht. - Ni dung bao gm t 2 3 t . - Thi gian c php mt Ident: Khng qu 30s.

3-5.H thng gim st v iu khin (Monitoring). H thng gim st s thc hin vic chuyn my hoc tt my khi cc iu kin sau xy ra:

- Sai s v gc phng v vt qu gii hn cho php 1. - C s suy gim v su iu ch n 15% i vi cc tn hiu

iu ch nu.

3-6.V tr t i (Siting). - Nu l i im trong ch En-route th n l giao im ca hai

Airway hoc nm trn mt Airway v l tm ca Airway .



- Nu l i phc v trong ch Landing th n c b tr sao cho c th c phc v h cnh cho c hai u.

- Mt phn x ti thiu i vi i CVOR l 600m, i vi DVOR l 300m, mt phn x phi bo m bng phng v khng tn ti chng ngi vt.

III-4.Cc phng thc khai thc i VOR. - Cc phng thc khai thc i VOR tng t NDB, tuy nhin trong

phng thc tip cn i VOR, ch cn mt i VOR c th c s dng cho c hai u ng CHC v cho nhiu ng CHC.

- Phng thc tip cn v to vng ch s dng i VOR linh hot hn.

- C th s dng i VOR cho phng thc khi hnh tiu chun (SID Standard Instrument Departure) s dng thit b.

- C chnh xc cao hn, sai s gc phng v cho php l 2.



CHNG IV I O C LY (DME)



IV-1.Chc nng, nhim v ca i o c ly. 1.1.Chc nng: Thit b o c ly (DMEDistance Measuring Equipment ) cung cp cho tu bay thng tin v c ly xin t tu bay n v tr t thit b trn mt t. 1.2.Nhim v: a.Trong ch En-route: Khi DME kt hp vi trm VOR lm nhim v dn ng, th DME cung cp thng tin gip tu bay xc nh c c ly xin t tu bay n v tr t trm DME. Lc DME s dng l DME v hng.

(Hnh v 4-1)

Hnh v 4-1: o c ly xin trong ch En-route. b.Trong ch Landing:

- Khi DME kt hp vi trm VOR, th DME cung cp thng tin gip tu bay xc nh c c ly xin t tu bay n v tr t trm DME. Lc DME s dng l DME v hng.

- Khi DME kt hp vi h thng ILS, th DME cung cp thng tin gip tu bay xc nh c c ly xin t tu bay n v tr ngng ng CHC. Lc DME s dng l DME nh hng hay v hng.

- Khi DME kt hp vi h thng MLS, th DME phi l DME chnh xc (DME/P).

(Hnh v 4-2) IV-2.Mng DME ti Vit Nam.

- Ti Vit Nam khng c trm DME ng c lp, cng nh h thng MLS/DME.

- DME kt hp vi VOR to thnh trm VOR/DME, xem bng 3-1. - DME kt hp vi ILS to thnh h thng ILS/DME, xem bng 5-1.

IV-3.Cc tiu chun ICAO i vi i DME. 3.1.Cc khi nim c bn:



a.DME/N (DME/Narrow): l thit b o c ly hot ng ch en-route v Landing, N k hiu thit b c c tnh ph hp ( phn bit vi W). b.DME/W (DME/Wide): l thit b o c ly hot ng ch en-route v Landing, W k hiu thit b c c tnh ph rng ( phn bit vi N). c.DME/P (DME/Precise): l thit b o c ly hot ng ch Landing, P k hiu thit b c c tnh ph hp v c tnh chnh xc cao. d.Kiu W,X,Y,Z: l phng php m ho qu trnh pht xung ca DME da vo s khc nhau v khong cch gia hai xung ca cp xung c th s dng nhiu ln i vi mt tn s lm vic, xem bng 4-1.

Bng 4-1: Cc kiu m ha xung ca DME.

3.2.Cc yu cu c bn: a.Cu hnh: Mt h thng o c ly bao gm hai thnh phn c bn, mt t trn tu bay v mt t trn mt t.



- Thnh phn t trn tu bay c gi l my hi (Interrogator). (Hnh v 4-3)

Hnh v 4-3: My hi. - Thnh phn t trn mt t gi l my pht p (Transponder).

(Hnh v 4-4)

Hnh v 4-4: My pht p. b.Nguyn l o c ly: My hi s pht xung hi n my pht p, sau

khi x l my pht p s pht xung tr li tng ng n my hi. iu ny tng ng vi vic thc hin mt php o c ly. Xem hnh v 4-5a v 4-5b.



Hnh 4-5a: Nguyn l o c ly. Hnh 4-5b: Nguyn l o c ly theo gin thi gian.



c.Khi mt trm DME lm vic kt hp vi h thng ILS, MLS hoc trm VOR th phi lu n cc vn sau:

- Tn s hot ng phi tng ng theo bng tra cu qui nh ca ICAO.



- V tr lp t phi tun th theo cc gii hn v v tr. - Tho mn v qui nh i vi tn hiu nhn dng.

3.3.Cc c tnh k thut ca h thng: a.Tm ph sng (Coverage):

- Khi s dng trm DME/N kt hp vi i VOR th tm ph sng ca DME t nht phi t bng tm ph hiu qu ca VOR.

- Khi s dng trm DME/N kt hp vi h thng ILS th tm ph sng ca DME t nht phi t bng tm ph sng ca h thng ILS.

b. chnh xc (Accuracy): - Vi c ly ph sng ti a 200 Nm (370 Km) th sai s c ly tng

cng ca trm khng c vt qu 0,25 Nm (460m). - Vi DME phc v cho tip cn h cnh th sai s c ly tng cng

ca trm khng c vt qu 0,20 Nm (370m). c.Gii tn v phn cc (Radio frequencies and polarization): - Phn cc ng. - Gii tn : (960 1.215) MHz. - Cc tn s ca cc knh hi v knh tr li c cch nhau 63

MHz, cc knh ln cn cch nhau 1MHz. - Cc my hi lm vic trn 126 knh vi tn s lm vic nm trong

khong (1.025 1.150) MHz. - Cc my pht p lm vic trn 63 knh vi tn s lm vic nm

trong khong (962 1.024) MHz v 63 knh khc vi tn s lm vic nm trong khong (1.151 1.213) MHz.

- Vic kt hp knh lm vic ca DME vi h thng ILS v trm VOR c qui nh theo bng A, Chng 3, Phn I, Tp I, Ph c 10.

d.Tn hiu nhn dng (Identification): - Tt c cc my pht p u pht tn hiu nhn dng theo hai cch,

hoc pht tn hiu nhn dng c lp hoc pht tn hiu nhn dng ph thuc.

- Tn hiu nhn dng l cc xung nhn dng c m ho theo m Morse quc t.

- Tc pht tn hiu nhn dng l 6 tn hiu nhn dng trn pht. - Cc xung nhn dng c pht t nht mi 40s mt ln. e.V tr lp t (Siting): - S kt hp ng trc: Cc ng-ten ca trm VOR/DME hay

ILS/DME c t trn cng mt trc thng ng. - Khi s dng trm VOR/DME phc v cho mc ch en-route th

cc ng-ten ca DME v VOR c th tch ring bit nhng khong cch khng c vt qu 600m.

- Khi s dng trm VOR/DME phc v cho mc ch Landing th cc ng-ten ca DME v VOR c th tch ring bit nhng khong



cch khng c vt qu 30m. i vi trm DVOR th khong cch ny c th ln hn nhng khng vt qu 80m.

IV-4.Cc phng thc khai thc i DME. - Mt s Quc gia xy dng mng DME dng xc nh v tr ca

tu bay (dng ba i DME), cn gi l phng thc Ro-Ro. - Khng c phng thc khai thc i DME c lp ti Vit Nam. - Khi DME kt hp vi trm VOR thnh trm VOR/DME th phng

thc khai thc ph thuc trm VOR. - Khi DME kt hp vi h thng ILS thnh trm ILS/DME th

phng thc khai thc ph thuc h thng ILS.



CHNG V H THNG HNG DN H CNH CHNH XC (ILS).

V-1.Chc nng nhim v h thng ILS. 1.1.M u.

- ILS (Instrument Landing System) cng vi MLS (Microwave Landing System) l cc h thng thit b nhm mc ch hng dn tu bay tip cn v h cnh bng thit b trong cc iu kin thi tit kh khn nht (tm nhn b hn ch).

- Trong giai on chuyn tip ca chng trnh CNS/ATM, h thng ILS vn c tip tc duy tr v l mt h thng phc v h cnh hiu qu.

1.2.Chc nng, nhim v. - H thng ILS c hai i c bn cung cp thng tin gip tu bay

xc nh c qy o h cnh xung ng CHC mt cch chnh xc, l i Localizer v i Glidepath.

- i Localizer cn gi l i xc nh hng, dng xc nh chnh xc trc tm (center line) ca ng CHC v gip tu bay h cnh vo chnh gia tm ng CHC.

- i Glidepath cn gi l i xc nh tm, dng xc nh chnh xc ng trt h cnh (ng glidepath) ca qy o h cnh v gip tu bay h cnh chnh xc vo vng h cnh ca ng CHC (touch down zone).

- Ngoi ra cc i ch chun (Marker) (c th c thay th bi cc i locator hoc DME) gip tu bay xc nh c ly t tu bay n ngng ng CHC.

(xem hnh v 5-1)



Hnh v 5-1: Cu hnh h thng ILS vi hai i ch chun.

V-2.Cc h thng ILS ti Vit Nam. - Tt c cc sn bay quc t ti Vit Nam nh Ni Bi, Nng,

Tn sn Nht, u c trang b h thng ILS. Ngoi ra hin nay sn bay Ph Bi (Hu) cng c trang b h thng ILS. Trong tng lai nhiu sn bay khc cng s c trang b, xem bng 5-1.

Bng 5-1: Cc h thng ILS ti Vit Nam.

STT Tn khu vc i hiu Tn s (MHz)

Loi Hng sn xut

1.

2.

3.

Sn bay Ni bi - ng CHC 11L

- ng CHC 11R

Sn bay Ph bi

Sn bay nng

NB

NBA

PBA

DAD

110,5 329,6 42X

108,3 334,1 20X

109,5 322,6 32X

110,5 329,6 42X

Hai tn s cp I

Hai tn s cp II

Hai tn s cp II

Hai tn s cp I

Park-Air Na Uy

Park-Air Na Uy

ASII M

Thomson Php

i OM

i MM

i GP

i LLZ

Ch th CPI

Ch th CPI

Ch th CPI



4.

Sn bay TSN - ng CHC 25R

- ng CHC 25L

HCM

SGN

110,5 329,6 42X

108,3 334,1 20X

Hai tn s cp I

Hai tn s cp II

Thomson Php

Park-Air Na Uy

- Ti sn bay quc t Ni Bi v Tn sn Nht c hai h thng ILS phc v h cnh cho hai ng CHC, mt h thng ILS cp I v mt h thng ILS cp II.

- Cc h thng ILS c s dng ti Vit Nam l ca cc hng sn xut ni ting nh Thomson-CFS (c hai b), Park Air system (c ba b), Airport System International (ASI) (c mt b).

- Cu hnh ca cc h thng nh sau : (Xem bng 5-2)

V-3.Cc khi nim c bn cc tiu chun ICAO. 3.1.Cc khi nim c bn. 1.H thng ILS mt tn s: H thng c tm ph sng c thc hin bi vic s dng mt gin trng bc x trn mt tn s sng mang.

2.H thng ILS hai tn s: H thng c tm ph sng c thc hin bi vic s dng mt gin trng bc x c lp trn hai tn s sng mang ring bit.

3.H thng ILS cp I (Category I): Hng dn tu bay h cnh n mt im cao cch ngng h cnh 60m.

4.H thng ILS cp II (Category II): Hng dn tu bay h cnh n mt im cao cch ngng h cnh 15m.

5.H thng ILS cp III (Category III): Hng dn tu bay h cnh n im chm bnh trn ng h cnh.

6.Vng Course: l vng c su iu ch ca hai tn hiu m thanh c iu ch bng nhau.

7.Vng Clearance: l vng c su iu ch ca mt tn hiu m thanh vt tri hn so vi tn hiu kia.

8.DDM (Difference in Depth of Modulation): DDM= | Ma% - Mb% | / 100

9.ng Course (Course line): Qi tch ca nhng im gn ng tm ng CHC (Center line) nht, nm trong mt phng ngang bt k v c DDM=0.

10.Cung Course (Course sector): Mt cung nm trong mt phng ngang c cha Course line v gii hn bi qi tch ca cc im gn Course line nht v c DDM = 0,155.



11.ng h cnh (ILS Glide path): Qu tch ca nhng im nm trong mt phng ng c cha ng tm ng CHC v c DDM = 0.

12.Gc h cnh (Glide path angle): L gc hp bi ng h cnh v mt phng ngang.

13.Cung h cnh (Glide path sector): Mt cung nm trong mt phng ng c cha ng h cnh v gii hn bi qu tch ca nhng im gn ng h cnh nht v c DDM = 0,175.

14.Vng bay sang phi (Fly-Right): L vng pha bn tri ca ng Course, vng c tn hiu m tn 90 Hz vt tri, cn gi l vng "Vng" (Yellow).

15.Vng bay sang tri (Fly-Left): L vng pha bn phi ca ng Course, vng c tn hiu m tn 150 Hz vt tri, cn gi l vng "Xanh" (Blue).

16.Vng bay ln (Fly-Up): L vng pha di ng h cnh, vng c tn hiu m tn 150 Hz vt tri.

17.Vng bay xung (Fly-Down): L vng pha trn ng h cnh, vng c tn hiu m tn 90 Hz vt tri.

18.Ngng ng CHC (Threshold): L phn u tin ca ng CHC c php s dng h cnh.

19.Vng chm bnh (Touch down zone): L mt phn ca ng CHC, nm pha sau ngng, cho php tu bay h cnh.

20.im cui ng CHC (End of runway): L im cui cng ca ng CHC.

21.ILS im "A": L im nm trn ng h cnh, cch ngng ng h cnh 7,5 Km ( 4Nm ).

22.ILS im "B": L im nm trn ng h cnh, cch ngng ng h cnh 1.050 m ( 3.500 ft ).

23.ILS im "C": L im nm trn ng h cnh trong mt mt phng ngang c cao cch tm ng h cnh ko di 30 m (100 ft). 24.ILS im "D": L im nm trn tm ng h cnh 4 m, cch ngng 900 m v hng ngten i xc nh hng (LLZ).

25.ILS im "E": L im nm trn tm ng h cnh 4 m, cch im dng cui cng ca ng h cnh 600 m.

26.ILS im chun (ILS im "T"): L im hng dn tu bay chm bnh cui cng ca h thng.

(Xem hnh v 5-2)



Hnh v 5-2: Cc im ILS.

3-2.Cc yu cu c bn. 1.Mt h thng ILS bao gm cc thnh phn c bn sau: - Thit b Localizer VHF, h thng gim st kt hp, h thng ch th

v iu khin t xa. - Thit b GlidePath UHF, h thng gim st kt hp, h thng ch th

v iu khin t xa. - Cc i VHF marker, h thng gim st kt hp, h thng ch th v

iu khin t xa (cc i marker cng c th c thay th bi cc i Locator hay DME).

2.i vi h thng ILS cp II & III: H thng ILS phi c thit b ch th v iu khin t xa cung cp cc thng tin hot ng ca tt c cc thnh phn trn mt t ca h thng ILS.

3. Ti nhng ni s dng hai h thng ILS: Phc v cho hai u h cnh ca mt ng CHC th phi c mt chuyn mch lin ng cho hai h thng. Chuyn mch ny cho php ch s dng mt h thng ILS ti mt thi im phc v hng dn h cnh. Trong trng hp nu s dng h thng ILS Cp I th hot ng ca hai h thng ny khng gy nhiu ln nhau.

4. Ti nhng ni s dng hai h thng ILS: Phc v cho cng mt ng CHC hoc hai ng CHC khc nhau trong cng mt sn bay nhng hot ng trn cng mt tn s, th phi c mt chuyn mch lin ng cho hai h thng. bo m ch c mt h thng c hot ng ti mt thi im, khi chuyn t h thng ILS ny sang h thng ILS khc th thi gian ngt qung t nht l 20 s. 3-3. i Localizer v h thng gim st kt hp.

1.Khi nim chung (General):



- Trng in t c bc x t h thng ngten Localizer l mt trng in t hn hp m c iu ch bin bi hai tn hiu m tn l 90 Hz v 150 Hz. Gin bc x ca n bao gm hai phn vi mt pha c mt tn hiu m tn ny vt tri v i din l tn hiu m tn kia vt tri.

- Khi mt ngi quan st ng t im h cnh nhn i din vi h thng ngten Localizer th gin bc x c tn hiu m tn 150 Hz vt tri nm bn pha tay phi ca ngi quan st v gin bc x c tn hiu m tn 90 Hz vt tri nm bn pha tay tri ca ngi quan st.

- Tt c cc gc nm ngang c s dng trong vic c t cc gin trng ca i Localizer u bt ngun t tm ca h thng ngten Localizer Ni cung cp cc tn hiu c s dng trong cung Course pha trc.

(Xem hnh v 5-3)

Hnh v 5-3: Bc x in t t ngten i hng/i tm.

2.Tn s lm vic (Radio frequency): - Gii tn lm vic ca i Localizer : (108 111,975) MHz, vi sai

s tn s cho php l 0,005% (i vi h thng mt tn s) v 0,002% (i vi h thng hai tn s), khong cch tn s trong h thng hai tn s c qui nh : 5 KHz F 14 KHz.

- Phn cc ngang. 3. Tm ph sng (Coverage):



a.iu kin bnh thng: xem hnh v 5-4. - 46,3 Km (25 Nm) trong cung 10 so vi ng Course . - 31,5 Km (17 Nm) trong cung t 10 n 35 so vi ng

Course . - 18,5 Km (10 Nm) bn ngoi cung 35 so vi ng Course

(nu c cung cp). b.Trong trng hp cc yu cu hot ng v a hnh khng cho php

th tm ph sng c xc nh nh sau : - 33,3 Km (18 Nm) trong cung 10 so vi ng Course . - 18,5 Km (10 Nm) trong phn cn li.

Hnh v 5-4a: Tm ph sng i LLZ m t theo gc phng v.



Hnh v 5-4b: Tm ph sng i LLZ m t theo cao .

c.i vi i Localizer s dng hai tn s, mt tn s to ra gin bc x trong cung Course pha trc v mt tn s khc to ra gin bc x bn ngoi cung Course. Cng trng ca hai tn hiu trn ngoi khng gian trong cung Course ng vi tm ph sng nu trn l khng thp hn 10 dB.

4. chnh xc ca ng Course (Course alignment accuracy): ng Course chnh phi c iu chnh v duy tr trong cc gii

hn tng ng vi s dch chuyn ca im chun ILS so vi trc tm ng CHC nh sau :

- ILS Cp I : 10,5m (DDM = 0,015). - ILS Cp II : 7,5m . - ILS Cp III : 3m . 5.Tn hiu nhn dng (Identification): - Tn hiu nhn dng m t a im sn bay, hng ng CHC h

cnh. - S dng tn s 1.020 Hz 50 Hz vi su iu ch trong gii hn

(5 15 )%. - Tn hiu nhn dng dng m Morse bao gm hai hoc ba k t. 6.Lp t (Siting): H thng ngten i Localizer c t vung gc vi tm ng

CHC ni di v cch im dng cui cng ca ng CHC khong 1.000 ft (khong 300 m ).

7.H thng gim st (Monitoring): a.H thng gim st t ng s cung cp mt tn hiu bo ng khi: - S bc x b dng li. - Khng c thng tin v dn ng v tn hiu nhn dng t sng

mang. - S suy gim CAT (xung cp)



b.H thng gim st t ng s chuyn hoc tt my khi : - chnh xc ca ng Course sai qu gii hn cho php. - DS sai qa gii hn cho php. - Mt tn hiu nhn dng v M% gim qu 5%. - Cng sut gim 50% (vi h thng 1 tn s), v 20% (vi h thng

2 tn s). 3-4. i Glidepath v h thng gim st kt hp.

1.Khi nim chung (General): - Trng in t c bc x t h thng ng-ten Glidepath l mt

trng in t hn hp m c iu ch bin bi hai tn hiu m tn l 90 Hz v 150 Hz. Gin bc x ca ng-ten s cung cp mt ng thng h cnh nm trong mt phng ng cha trc ca ng CHC vi tn hiu m tn 150 Hz vt tri nm pha di v tn hiu m tn 90 Hz vt tri nm pha trn.

- K hiu l gc danh nh ca ng h cnh Glidepath, gi l gc h cnh.

- Thng thng gc h cnh c chn trong khong t 2 n 4, thng c chn l 3.

- Gc h cnh c iu chnh v duy tr trong khong : + 0,075 so vi vi ILS Cp I & II. + 0,04 so vi vi ILS Cp III.

2.Tn s lm vic (Radio frequency): - Gii tn lm vic ca i Glidepath : (329 335) MHz, vi sai s

tn s cho php l 0,005% (i vi h thng mt tn s) v 0,002% (i vi h thng hai tn s), khong cch tn s trong h thng hai tn s c qui nh : 4 KHz F 32 KHz.

- Phn cc ngang. 3. Tm ph sng (Coverage ):

t nht l 18,5 Km (10 Nm) i vi : - Theo gc phng v : 8 so vi ng tm. - Theo cao : +1,75 v 0,45 so vi gc h cnh.

(Xem hnh v 5-5)



Hnh v 5-5: Tm ph sng ca i tm m t theo cao v gc phng v.

4. nhy ca s dch chuyn (Displacement sensitivity): DS phi c iu chnh v duy tr trong khong: - 25% so vi gi tr danh nh i vi ILS Cp I . - 20% so vi gi tr danh nh i vi ILS Cp II. - 15% so vi gi tr danh nh i vi ILS Cp III. 5.Lp t (Siting): H thng ng-ten i Glidepath c t pha bn tri hoc phi

ng CHC , cch ngng h cnh ca ng CHC khong 1.000 ft (khong 300 m).

6.H thng gim st (Monitoring): H thng gim st s to ra mt tn hiu bo ng khi cc tiu chun

sau b vi phm : a.Gc h cnh b dch chuyn hn : - 0,075 theo chiu m (nh hn ) - 1,10 theo chiu dng (ln hn ) b.Cng sut gim : - 50% (vi h thng 1 tn s). - 20% (vi h thng 2 tn s). c. nhy ca s dch chuyn sai qu 25% so vi danh nh.

3-5.S kt hp tn s lm vic ca h thng ILS. a.Vic kt hp tn s lm vic gia i Localizer v i Glidepath trn

cng mt ng CHC phi tun th theo tiu chun sau:

Localizer Glidepath Localizer Glidepath



(MHz) (MHz) (MHz) (MHz) 108,1 108,15

108,3 108,35 108,5

334,7 334,55

334,1 333,95 329,9

111,35 111,5

111,55 111,7

111,75

332,15 332,9

332,75 333,5

333,35

b. cc khu vc c 20 h thng ILS tr xung, th vic kt hp tn s lm vic gia i Localizer v i Glidepath trn cng mt ng CHC phi tun th theo tiu chun sau:

Localizer (MHz)

Glidepath (MHz)

Localizer (MHz)

Glidepath (MHz)

110,3 109,9 109,5 110,1 109,7 109,3 109,1 110,9 110,7 110,5

335.0 333,8 332,6 334,4 333,2 332,0 331,4 330,8 330,2 329,6

108,1 108,3 108,5 108,7 108,9 111,1 111,3 111,5 111,7 111,9

334,7 334,1 329,9 330,5 329,3 331,7 332,3 332,9 333,5 331,1

c.S kt hp tn s gia i Localizer v i DME. Khi DME c s dng trong h thng ILS th phi c s kt hp tn s gia DME v i Localizer. S kt hp ny phi tun th theo tiu chun ca ICAO.

Localizer (MHz)

DME (No.channel)

Localizer (MHz)

DME (No.channel)

108,1 108,15 108,3 108,35 108,5

...

18X 18Y 20X 20Y 22X ...

110,3 110,35 110,5

110,55 110,6

...

40X 40Y 42X 42Y 43X ...

3-6.VHF marker beacons. 1.Khi nim chung (General): - Phi c t nht hai i marker c s dng trong cu hnh c bn

ca h thng ILS. i marker th ba c th c s dng ph thuc vo a hnh ni lp t.



- Hai i marker ti thiu c s dng trong cu hnh c bn ca h thng ILS l i Outer marker v Middle marker.

- Cc i marker phi c gin bc x sng in t nhm xc nh mt c ly c qui nh so vi ngng thm dc theo ng Glidepath.

2.Tn s lm vic (radio frequency): - Tn s lm vic ca i marker l 75 MHz, vi sai s tn s cho

php l 0,005%. - F = 0,005% 75 MHz = 3.750 Hz. 3. Tm ph sng (Coverage):

Tm ph sng ca cc i VHF marker c o lng trn ng Course (i localizer) v ng Glidepath (i Glidepath).

- Vi i INNER MARKER : 150 m 50 m. - Vi i MIDDLE MARKER : 300 m 100 m. - Vi i OUTER MARKER : 600 m 200 m. 4.iu ch sng mang (Modulation): Tn s m tn iu ch cho cc i marker : - Vi i INNER MARKER : 3.000 Hz. - Vi i MIDDLE MARKER : 1.300 Hz - Vi i OUTER MARKER : 400 Hz. su iu ch ca cc i marker l 95% 4%. Sai s tn s ca tn hiu m tn l 2,5%. 5.Tn hiu nhn dng (Identification): a.Tn hiu nhn dng ca cc i marker c quy nh nh sau: - Vi i INNER MARKER : Pht su dot trong mt giy, pht lin

tc. - Vi i MIDDLE MARKER : Pht lin tc cc dot v dash, tc

ca dash l 2 dash trong mt giy, tc ca dot l 6 dot trong mt giy,

- Vi i OUTER MARKER : Pht hai dash trong mt giy, pht lin tc.

b.Tc pht tn hiu nhn dng c sai s 15%. 6.Lp t (Siting): a.Vi i INNER MARKER : Gin bc x l gin ng. - Trong khong t 75m (250 ft) n 450m (1.500 ft) t ngng

ng CHC. - Khng lch qu tm ng CHC 30 m (100 ft). b.Vi i MIDDLE MARKER : Gin bc x l gin ng. - Cch khong 1.050 m (3.500 ft) 150 m (500 ft) t ngng ng

CHC. - Khng lch qu tm ng CHC 75 m (250 ft). c.Vi i OUTER MARKER : Gin bc x l gin ng.



- Cch khong 7,2 Km (3,9 Nm), hoc trong khong (6,5 11,1) Km (3,5 Nm 6 Nm) t ngng ng CHC khi iu kin a hnh phc tp.

- Khng lch qu tm ng CHC 75 m (250 ft). d.Mt i DME c th c s dng thay th mt phn hay ton b

cc i marker trong h thng ILS. e.Khi s dng DME th DME s cung cp thng tin v c ly tng

ng nh cc i marker cung cp. f. Khi s dng DME nh l mt i thay th cho i middle marker th

tn s lm vic ca DME phi c ph hp vi tn s lm vic ca i Localizer v c t ti v tr sao cho c li v thng tin c ly l nh nht.

7.H thng gim st (Monitoring): H thng gim st ca cc i marker s chuyn hoc tt my khi: - Cng sut gim 3 dB. - Mt tn hiu nhn dng. - su iu ch gim 4 dB.

3-7.Cc vng gii hn ca h thng ILS. 1.Cc tc nhn gy nhiu n h thng ILS: Do s dng nguyn l iu ch khng gian, nn h thng ILS s b nh

hng bi cc tc ng sau : - H thng a vt trong khu vc t ILS. - Mi trng ca mt phn x. - Nhiu do tc ng ca tu bay v cc vt th chuyn ng. - Nhiu do tc nhn cng nghip, in t trng...

Cc tc ng s lm sai lch cc vng ph sng, lm cc tham s khng gian b thay i tc thi hay lin tc.

2.Cc khi nim v vng gii hn: a.Vng gii hn tuyt i (Critical area): Tt c cc chng ngi trong

vng ny u gy ra s thay i ng k n cc tham s ca h thng. b.Vng nhy cm (Sensitive area): Vng c kh nng gy ra sai s cho

cc tham s ca h thng. 3.Mt s qui nh v vng gii hn:

Cc yu t quyt nh v kch thc ca vng gii hn v vng nhy cm bao gm :

- Kch thc ca tu bay. - Gc m ngten i Localizer. - Dng ngten. - Thit b mt tn s , hai tn s. - Chiu di ng CHC. - Cp hot ng ca h thng.

(Xem hnh v 5-6)



Hnh v 5-6a: S thay i v kch thc ca vng ti hn v vng nhy cm ca i hng vi ng CHC di 10.000 ft.



Hnh v 5-6b: S thay i v kch thc ca vng ti hn v vng nhy cm ca i tm.

V-4.Cc phng thc khai thc h thng ILS. - Khng ging nh cc i NDB, DME, VOR c th p dng cho dn

ng trung cn ln tip cn h cnh; H thng ILS ch c s dng hng dn tip cn h cnh.

- Khc vi s phn cp chnh xc theo tiu chun k thut nh trnh by trong chng II, cp chnh xc trong khai thc cn ph thuc vo hai yu t l tm nhn v trn my, c m t nh sau:

cao quyt nh (Decision height)

Tm nhn ng CHC (RVR)

Cp I Khng thp hn 60 m Khng di 550 m



Cp II Thp hn 60 m nhng khng thp hn 30 m

Khng di 350 m

Cp IIIA Thp hn 30 m hoc khng c

Khng di 200 m

Cp IIIB Thp hn 15 m hoc khng c

Di 200 m nhng khng di 50 m

Cp IIIC Khng c Khng hn ch

- C th p dng phng thc ch s dng i xc nh hng (Localizer only) phc v tip cn h cnh, v lc ny nhim v ca i xc nh hng ging nh nhim v ca hai i NDB, cho nn cc yu t v kh tng nh tm nhn, trn my c p dng nh nhau.

- Hnh v ch ra phng thc p dng ILS.

CHNG VI NHC IM CA H THNG DN NG HIN TI.

Cc tn ti ca h thng dn ng hin ti bao gm cc i NDB, VOR, DME, ILSc th c tm tt nh sau:



- NDB v VOR/DME c chnh xc km v tm ph sng b hn ch.

- C nhiu kh khn trong vic lp t cc thit b NDB v VOR/DME ti cc vng su, vng cao, sa mc, i dng nn khng th thc hin dn ng ti cc vng ny.

- Tn ti vn nhiu FM v kh nng phn knh trong h thng thit b ILS.

- Vic lp t h thng ILS khng phi d dng i vi tt c cc cng hng khng.

- Cc thit b dn ng NDB, VOR, DME, ILS c cng ngh c, tnh nng km.

- Vic iu khin v bo tr t xa kh thc hin cho tt c cc thit b. - Chi ph cho cng tc bo tr, hiu chun kh tn km.

CHNG VII H THNG V TINH DN NG TON CU.

( GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM - GNSS )

VII-1.Tng quan. 1.1.nh ngha: H thng v tinh dn ng ton cu ( GNSS ) l h thng xc nh v tr v thi gian trn ton th gii, n bao gm mt hay nhiu h



v tinh, cc my thu trn tu bay v h thng kim tra mc ton vn c tng cng nh l iu cn thit h tr c tnh dn ng theo yu cu cho hot ng. 1.2.Chc nng: GNSS thc hin chc nng cung cp d liu v v tr v thi gian cho tu bay . 1.3.Cc thnh phn ca GNSS: GNSS bao gm cc thnh phn khc nhau c t trn mt t, trn v tinh v trn tu bay nh sau :

H thng nh v ton cu GPS. H thng v tinh dn ng qy o ton cu GLONASS. H thng v tinh dn ng tan cu GALILEO. H thng tng cng trn tu bay ABAS. H thng tng cng trn v tinh SBAS. H thng tng cng trn mt t GBAS. H thng tng cng trn mt t din rng GRAS. My thu GNSS trn tu bay.

1.4.H quy chiu khng gian v thi gian: GNSS s dng cc h quy chiu khng gian v thi gian nh sau:

a.H quy chiu khng gian: - GNSS cung cp thng tin v v tr cho ngi s dng theo h ta

WGS-84 ( World Geodetic System 1984 ). - Nu cc thnh phn ca GNSS s dng khc h ta WGS 84,

th cc tham s bin i thch hp phi c cung cp. b.H quy chiu thi gian: GNSS cung cp d liu thi gian cho ngi

s dng theo h thi gian UTC (Universal Time Coordinated) . 1.5. c tnh ca tn hiu GNSS (GNSS SIS /Signal-in space performance):

S kt hp ca cc thnh phn ca GNSS v my thu ca ngi s dng phi p ng cc yu cu i vi tn hiu trong khng gian nh sau:

Bng 7-1: c tnh tn hiu GNSS

Loi khai thc chnh xc ngang 95% (1)

chnh xc dc 95% (1)

Mc vn

ton (2)

thi gian bo ng

(3)

Mc lin tc

(4)

Mc sn sng

(5)

Loi RNP tng ng

Bay ng di 3.7 km (2.0 Nm) (6)

- 1-10-7/h 5 min 1-10-4/h to 1-10-8/h

0.99 to 0.99999

20 n 10

ng di & Trung cn

0.74 km (0.4 Nm)

- 1-10-7/h 15 s 1-10-4/h to 1-10-8/h

0.999 to 0.99999

5 n 1

Tip cn u/gia,NPA, h cnh

220 m (720 ft)

- 1-10-7/h 10 s 1-10-4/h to 1-10-8/h

0.99 to 0.99999

0.5 n 0.3

NPA vi dn ng dc (APV-I)

220 m (720 ft)

20 m (66 ft)

1-2x10-7 ln tip cn

10 s 1-8x10-6 / khong 15s bt k

0.99 n 0.99999

0.3/125

NPA vi dn ng dc (APV-II)

16.0 m (52 ft)

8.0 m (26 ft)

1-2x10-7 ln tip cn

6 s 1-8x10-6 / khong 15s bt k

0.99 n 0.99999

0.03/50

Tip cn chnh xc cp 1 (8)

16.0 m (52 ft)

6.0m n 4.0m

(20 ft n 13 ft) (7)

1-2x10-7 ln tip cn

6 s 1-8x10-6 / khong 15s bt k

0.99 n 0.99999

0.02/40



Gii thch cc ch : (1) : Cc gi tr 95% i vi li v tr ca tn hiu GNSS c yu cu cho hot ng ti im c cao thp nht trn thm (HAT) nu c cung cp. (2) : nh ngha ca mc vn ton bao gm c yu cu thi gian bo ng l thi gian chm nht phi a ra cnh bo k t khi pht hin thy li (vt qa gii hn bo ng) trong h thng . Cc gii hn bo ng l:

Bng 7-2: Cc mc gii hn bo ng.

Loi khai thc Gii hn bo ng ngang (HAL)

Gii hn bo ng dc (VAL)

Loi RNP tng ng

Bay ng di 7.4 km (4 NM)

N/A 20 n 10

Bay ng di 3.7 km (2 Nm)

N/A 2 n 5

Bay ng di v trung cn

1.85 km (1 Nm)

N/A 1

NPA 556 m (0.3 Nm)

N/A 0.5 n 0.3

APV-I 556 m (0.3 Nm)

50 m (164 ft)

0.3/125

APV- II 40.0 m (130 ft)

20.0 m (66 ft)

0.03/50

Tip cn chnh xc Cp 1

40.0 m (130 ft)

15.0 m n 10.0 m (50 ft n 33 ft)

0.02/40

(3) : Cc yu cu v chnh xc v thi gian bo ng bao gm c tnh danh nh ca my thu khng li. (4) : Gi tr ny ph thuc vo cc h s khai thc bao gm mt khng vn, tnh phc tp ca khng phn, mc sn sng ca cc phng tin dn ng khc. (5) : Gi tr ny ph thuc vo cc h s khai thc bao gm: tn sut khai thc, iu kin mi trng, phm vi v thi gian yu km, tm ph Radar, mt khng vn v phng thc khai thc, mc sn sng ca cc phng tin dn ng khc. (6) : Yu cu ny cht ch hn chnh xc i hi i vi cc dng RNP c kt hp. (7) : Mt gii gi tr c m t i vi tip cn chnh xc cp I. (8) : Cc yu cu v c tnh tn hiu GNSS cp II & III s c pht trin sau. VII-2.H nh v ton cu GPS. 2.1.Khi qut:

a.Thnh phn: H GPS l h thng dn ng bng v tinh do Hoa K kim sot v duy tr hot ng. H bao gm ba b phn l Chm v tinh, H thng iu khin mt t v B phn ngi s dng. Chm v tinh: Chm v tinh ca h GPS hin c tt c l 28 v tinh lm vic v d phng. Cc v tinh ny c sp xp trn su mt phng qu



o nghing 55 so vi mt phng xch o. Qu o chm v tinh ca h GPS gn trn vi cao l 20.200 Km (11.900 NM). Khong thi gian cn thit bay ht mt vng qu o tng ng 12 gi bng mt n thi gian quay ca tri t. Mi v tinh pht ra hai tn s v tuyn phc v mc ch nh v, L1 trn tn s 1.575,42 MHz phc v cho dn s v L2 trn tn s 1.227,6 MHz phc v cho qun s. Cc tn s sng mang c iu ch bi cc tn hiu gi ngu nhin C/A, P v in vn dn ng. Cc tn s sng mang v tn hiu iu ch c iu khin bi nhng ng h nguyn t t trn v tinh. H thng iu khin mt t: bao gm bn trm gim st t Diego Garreia, o Ascension, o Kwajalein v o Hawail; v mt trm iu khin chnh ti trung tm iu hnh khng gian Colorado Hoa K. Mc ch ca h thng iu khin l iu khin s hot ng ca cc v tinh, xc nh qu o, x l cc ng h nguyn t, truyn cc in vn cn thng bo ln cc v tinh. B phn ngi s dng: Bao gm tt c cc i tng s dng cho mc ch dn s v qun s. Cc my thu ring bit theo di cc m hoc pha ca cc sng mang (hoc c hai) v u thu nhn cc in vn thng bo. Bng cch so hng tn hiu n t v tinh vi bn sao ca m pht c lu gi trong my thu, ta c th xc nh c c ly n v tinh. Nu cc c ly ti bn v tinh c lin kt vi cc thng s qu o v tinh th my thu c th xc nh ba gi tr to a tm ca v tr mnh.

b.Cc u im chnh ca h GPS: H GPS c cc u im chnh nh sau.

- chnh xc cao.

95% thi gian 99,99% thi gian Li v tr theo phng ngang 100m 300m Li v tr theo phng dc 156m 500m

- Gi thnh h: Khi so snh vi cc php o i hi ngm thng, th php o GPS loi b hn vic ngm thng gia cc trm o, gim thiu s lng trm o cn xy dng v cho php la chn v tr trm o mt cch thun tin v hp l hn. Bn thn gi thit b GPS cng r.

- H ta thng nht: Trc thng 07/1985, h ta trc a th gii WGS 72 c s dng. T thng 07/1985 n thng 09/1986 h to WGS 84 c dng cho mi tnh ton d on lch thin vn, nhng sau li chuyn i tr v h WGS 72. T thng 01/1987 h to WGS 84 chnh thc c s dng trong mi ng dng. S dng h to WGS 84 l c im c nh hng rng ri nht ca h GPS v lm c s thng nht cc s liu nhn c t nhng ngun ngoi lai ca cc h thng nh v tng i khc.



2.2.Chc nng v qu o ca v tinh GPS: Mi mt v tinh (SV) thuc Block I c ch to v phng trong

khong t nm 1978 n 1985 vi mc ch th nghim v cung cp dch v dn ng hai chiu (2D). Cc v tinh thuc Block I khng c c im ging cp chnh xc nh v tng i vi m C/A c gi l SA (Selective Available).

Chm 24 v tinh thuc Block II ( II-1 n II-24 ) c a vo hot ng t nm 1989 n 1994, v cung cp cc tnh nng hot ng y vo nm 1995 m u k nguyn hot ng ca h thng nh v GPS. Cc v tinh thuc Block II c thit k lm vic trong vng 7,5 nm. Ban u cc v tinh ny s dng SA, cho n ngy 01/05/2000, chc nng ny b hy b hon ton.

Cc v tinh Block IIR c phng t nm 1996 thay th cc v tinh Block II. Cc v tinh thay th ny s c kh nng t ng to ra cc in vn dn ng. T nm 2001, Boeing pht trin cc v tinh thuc Block IIF bao gm 33 v tinh s c phng ln duy tr hot ng ca h thng GPS cho giai on tip sau.

Chc nng ch yu ca chm v tinh GPS l:

(a) Ghi nhn v lu tr cc thng tin c truyn i t cc b phn kim sot.

(b) Thc hin cc php x l d liu c chn lc trn v tinh (c) Duy tr kh nng chnh xc cao ca cc ng h thi gian (d) Thng bo in vn dn ng n ngi s dng bng nhng tn

hiu khc nhau (e) Thay i qu o bay nh nhng tn la y c iu khin bi

h thng iu khin trn mt t

V tr danh nh ca chm v tinh GPS trn qu o c th hin hnh 7-1



Hnh v 7-1: V tr danh nh ca chm v tinh GPS.

VII-3.H thng v tinh dn ng qy o ton cu GLONASS. 3.1.Khi qut:

a.Thnh phn: Tng t h GPS, h thng v tinh dn ng qy o ton cu

GLONASS l h thng dn ng bng v tinh do Nga kim sot v duy tr hot ng.

H bao gm ba b phn l Chm v tinh, H thng iu khin mt t v B phn ngi s dng.

Chm v tinh: Chm v tinh ca h GLONASS bao gm tt c l 24 v tinh lm vic v d phng. Cc v tinh ny c sp xp trn ba mt phng qu o (tm v tinh trn cng mt qy o) cch nhau 120 quanh xch o v nghing 64,8 so vi mt phng xch o. Qu o v tinh ca h GLONASS gn trn vi cao l 19.100 Km (10.300 NM). Khong thi gian cn thit bay ht mt vng qu o tng ng 11h15'.

b. Cc u im chnh ca h GLONASS: GLONASS cung cp tn hiu dn ng knh tiu chun (CSA), c

chnh xc theo yu cu nh sau:

95% thi gian 99,99% thi gian Li v tr theo phng ngang 28 m 140 m Li v tr theo phng dc 60 m 585 m

GLONASS s c nng cp tr thnh h thng GLONASS hin i (h thng GLONASS-M). 3.2. Chc nng v qu o ca v tinh GLONASS: Cc v tinh c t vo trong cc khe qy o nh hnh 7-2. Da trn tnh trng ca 24 v tinh GLONASS, trung tm iu khin mt t s xc nh 21 v tinh tt nht ch lm vic. Phn cch v hoc pha qy o trong mt phng l mt s nhn ca 45. Cc v tinh trong cc mt phng qy o th 2 v th 3 dch chuyn 30 so vi mt phng qy o th 1.



Hnh v 7-2: Qi o v tinh GLONASS.

3.3.H quy chiu thi gian: Thi gian GLONASS c duy tr trong khong sai lch 1ms so vi thang thi gian quc gia Nga UTC (SU): | tGLONASS ( UTC + 03 gi 00 pht ) | < 1ms chnh xc ca vic ng b thi gian v tinh l 20 ns ( 1 ). 3.4.H quy chiu khng gian: Lch thin vn GLONASS pht theo h to a tm c nh PZ 90. Vic chuyn i gia h to PZ 90 v WGS 84 xc nh theo biu thc:

Cc li chuyn i khng vt qu 1,5 m (1 sigma) dc theo trc mi to X, Y v Z c biu din bng m.

XYZ

XYZWGS PZ

=

+

+

84

6

6

6

90

110 30 9

1 012 101 0 82 10 0

0 82 10 1 00 0 1

.

.

.

( . ).

.



VII-4. Cc h thng tng cng. khc phc c cc hn ch c hu ca h thng v p ng c cc yu cu v c tnh tn hiu (nh chnh xc, tin cy, kh nng sn sng v tnh lin tc) trong tt c cc giai on ca hnh trnh bay. H thng GPS v GLONASS yu cu cc tng cng khc nhau, c chia lm ba loi sau: 4.1.H thng tng cng trn tu bay (ABAS Aircraft Based Augmentation System):

Mt dng ca h thng tng cng trn tu bay c gi l my thu t ng theo di tnh ton vn (RAIM Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring), my thu ny s s dng hn bn v tinh. Vi 5 v tinh c th c tnh c 5 v tr c lp, nu cc v tr ny khng ph hp, c th suy lun rng t nht c 1 v tinh a thng tin khng chnh xc. Nu c hn 6 v tinh, c th tnh ton c nhiu v tr c lp hn v my thu sau c th xc nh c v tinh b li v loi n ra khi vic p dng xc nh v tr. 4.2. H thng tng cng trn mt t (GBAS Ground Based Augmentation System): i vi h thng tng cng trn mt t, mt my gim st c t ti hoc gn sn bay ni p ng c yu cu khai thc chnh xc nh mong mun. Cc tn hiu c chuyn trc tip ln tu bay trong vng ph cn sn bay khong 37 Km (20 Nm). Cc tn hiu ny cung cp cc thng tin chnh xc nhm tng chnh xc v v tr lun i cng vi cc thng tin v tin cy ca v tinh, kh nng ny yu cu ng truyn d liu gia mt t v tu bay.

4.3. H thng tng cng trn v tinh (SBAS Satellite Based Augmentation System ):

- S khng thc t nu cung cp tm ph cho tt c cc giai on ca hnh trnh bay bng h thng tng cng trn mt t. C mt cch cung cp tng cng tm ph trn mt khu vc rng l s dng v tinh truyn cc thng tin tng cng. iu ny gi l cc tng cng trn v tinh.

- Vic cung cp cc tng cng trn v tinh bng v tinh a tnh c nhng hn ch nht nh, do khng th tr gip c tt c cc giai on ca hnh trnh bay, c bit i vi giai on tip cn chnh xc v h cnh cp cao hn. Khi cc qy o v tinh ny nm trn ng xch o, ti vng Bc cc s khng thu c cc tn hiu v c th b che khut bi thn tu bay v a hnh. iu ny c ngha l cc qy o v tinh tng cng cho GNSS khc v h thng tng cng trn mt t s c th cn thit xem xt nhm lm gim nhng hn ch ny.

VII-5. Cc phng thc khai thc h thng GNSS. - Tt c cc giai on ca hnh trnh bay bao gm: Di chuyn trn

sn (Surface), Ct cnh (Departure), Bay ng di (En-route), Bay



qua i dng (Ocean), Tip cn (Approach), H cnh (Landing)u s dng GNSS dn ng.

- Tng giai on u tho mn cc c tnh tn hiu v sai s cho php.

- S dng GNSS c th to ra cc ng bay linh hot, khai thc hiu qu bu tri.

- Hin ti thit b GNSS t c chnh xc cp I. - GNSS l phng tin dn ng duy nht ca tng lai.

Documents

Hệ Thống Dẫn Đường Hàng Không