HOA-15th November 2014

7/24/2019 HOA-15th November 2014

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In this particular module

Your primary focus should be on:

1. Development of building technology in each area- materials and ways of

construction.

2. Characteristics of the community which resulted in the settlement- lifestyle,

religious practices, geographical location.

History Of Architecture - S1S2Module-1

Prehistoric Architecture of Near-East


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Source: http://www.pinterest.com/pin/436567757602430549/

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Neolithic Period

1. The Levant region

2. Zargos region3. Anatolia

4. The transcaspian lowlands and Transcaucasia

5. Mesopotamia and Egypt.(Refer Map on Pg1)

Types of buildings:

1. Shrines * -precursors of temple architecture in Mesopotamia and funerary

architecture in Egypt.

2. Residential buildings.

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General Architectural character of permanent buildings in

Ancient Near East (Middle Mesolithic to Neolithic periods):

1. Single-cell type, Beehive shaped, round or oval, multi-celled collection ofrectangular rooms.

Source: Sir Banister Fletchers History of Architecture

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Beehive Huthttp://www.1902encyclopedia.com/A/ARC/architecture-005.html

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2. Evolution:

Semi-subterranean dry stone huts

Circular or oval individual huts inmud or stone.

Rectangular houses in tauf (loaf-

shaped bricks of mud and straw)

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit-

house#mediaviewer/File:Pithouse_at_Step_House

_Mesa_Verde_1.jpg



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General Architectural character of permanent buildings in

Ancient Near East (Middle Mesolithic to Neolithic periods):

3. Tellsof Neolithic period: houses superimposed one above the other.

4. Four developments:

a. Construction and planning-multi-roomed, thin walled houses of mud brick

b. Non-residential buildings for work, storage and ritual purposes

c. Open forms of village layout.

d. Widespread construction of fortification walls.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell#mediaviewer/File:Citadel_of_Aleppo.jpg

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2. Zargos region

3. Anatolia

4. The transcaspian

lowlands and

Transcaucasia

5. Mesopotamia

6. Egypt.

A. Ain Mallaha

B. Jericho

C. Beidha

KEY POINTS:

1. Architecture - residential , shrines, workshops and

storage buildings.

2. Natufian construction tradition- dry stone and semi

subterranean.

3. Stone wall or fortification around the settlement.

4. Round or oval shaped houses later changed into

rectangular plans which are oneroomed.

5. Light timber superstructure.

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AIN MALLAHA(9000 -8000 B.C)

1. Located in Israel, north of sea of Galilee.

2. Circular, Semi-subterranean, rocklined; built of

drystone.

3. 3m to 9m in diameter.

4. Beehive forms were constructed of reeds or matting

and supported on posts.

Materials:

Stone paved floors.Wall finished with lime plaster painted with red ochre


2. Zargos region

3. Anatolia

4. The transcaspian

lowlands and

Transcaucasia5. Mesopotamia

6. Egypt.

A. Ain Mallaha

B. Jericho

C. Beidha

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2. Zargos region

3. Anatolia

4. The transcaspian

lowlands and


6. Egypt.

A. Ain Mallaha

B. Jericho

C. Beidha

Source: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/eyna/hd_eyna.htm

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1. Located in Israel, north of sea of Galilee.

2. Circular, Semi-subterranean, rocklined; built of drystone.

3. 3m to 9m in diameter.

4. Beehive forms were constructed of reeds or matting and

supported on posts.

Materials:

Stone paved floors.Wall finished with lime plaster painted with red ochre


2. Zargos region

3. Anatolia

4. The transcaspian

lowlands and


6. Egypt.

A. Ain Mallaha

B. Jericho

C. Beidha

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.


2. Zargos region

3. Anatolia

4. The transcaspian

lowlands and


6. Egypt.

A. Ain Mallaha

B. Jericho

C. Beidha

http://people.wku.edu/darlene.applegate/oldworld/webnotes/3neareast/

early.html

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Source:http://www.lime.org.uk/products/boards-and-backgrounds/reed-mat/

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2. Zargos region

3. Anatolia

4. The transcaspian

lowlands and


6. Egypt.

A. Ain Mallaha

B. Jericho

C. Beidha

TELL-ES-SULTAN / JERICHO

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2. Zargos region

3. Anatolia

4. The transcaspian

lowlands and


6. Egypt.

A. Ain Mallaha

B. Jericho

C. Beidha


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tell_es-sultan.jpg

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1. Spread over 10 acres (4 ha).

2. Each house was about 5m in diameter, evolved fromNatufiandry stone tradition.

3. Closely packed housesabsence of street.

The walls of Jericho.

1. The settlement enclosed by a fortification wall3mthick, 4m high and over 700 m in circumference.

2. Cisterns and storage spaces with roof entry set against

the base of an apsidal tower.

Materials and Expression.1. Highly burnished lime plaster floors laid on gravel and

stained red, pink or orange, and plastered walls with

red painted dados.

2. Walls decorated with geometric designs.


2. Zargos region

3. Anatolia

4. The transcaspian

lowlands and


6. Egypt.

A. Ain Mallaha

B. Jericho

C. Beidha

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BEIDHA

1. Curvilinear huts in the Natufian tradition- semi

subterranean2. 4m diameter .

3. Dwellings and store rooms were grouped in clusters

within walled courtyards, and the whole village

surrounded by stone wall.

4. In, Neolithic period ,this post house style- accompaniedby free-standing polygonal houses.

5. Followed by rectangular stone houses-clusters of stone

built houses and work shops.

6. Each room -7m X 9m

7. L-shaped courtyard and several workshop -8m long.

Material and Expression

1. Floors and walls of white burnished plaster decorated

with a red stripe at floor level.


2. Zargos region

3. Anatolia

4. The transcaspian

lowlands and


6. Egypt.

A. Ain Mallaha

B. Jericho

C. Beidha

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2. Zargos region

3. Anatolia

4. The transcaspian

lowlands and


6. Egypt.

A. Ain Mallaha

B. Jericho

C. Beidha

http://www.drshirley.org/geog/geog03.html

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2. Zargos region

3. Anatolia

4. The transcaspian

lowlands and


6. Egypt.

A. Ain Mallaha

B. Jericho

C. Beidha

Stage-1

Stage-2

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2. Zargos region

3. Anatolia

4. The transcaspian

lowlands and


6. Egypt.

A. Jarmo

B. Tal-i-Iblis

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS:

Large multi-roomed settlements.

Mainly residential-no ritual.

JARMO

20-30rectangularmud houses.

Built of tauf with mud floors laid on reeds.

Each house- open courtyard + rectangular rooms.


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2. Zargos region

3. Anatolia

4. The transcaspian

lowlands and


6. Egypt.

A. Jarmo

B. Tal-i-Iblis

TAL-I-IBLIS

Thickwalled, heavily buttressed storerooms a the centre and surrounded

by larger living rooms.

Red plaster floors.


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2. Zargos region

3. Anatolia

4. The transcaspian

lowlands and


6. Egypt.

A. Catal Hayouk

B. Hacilar

C. Can HasanD. Mersin.

KEY POINTS:

1. Architecture-residential and ritual

2. High standards of planning and construction

3. Square and rectangular mud brick units with lighter

upper floors.

4. Densely packed and contiguous.

5. Fortification wall around.

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2. Zargos region

3. Anatolia

4. The transcaspian

lowlands and


6. Egypt.

A. Catal Hayouk

B. Hacilar


HACILAR:7500-600 B.C

1. Rectangular dwellings

2. Built of mud briks on stone foundation

3. Multi-roomed,plastered internally and painted in cream

and red bands.

4. Closely packed with access by way of roofs.

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http://alaudun8.blogspot.in/2012_04_01_archive.html

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2. Zargos region

3. Anatolia

4. The transcaspian

lowlands and


6. Egypt.

A. Catal Hayouk

B. Hacilar


HACILAR:5400 B.C

1. More substantial rectangular mud-brick houses

2. Walls over a meter thick .

3. Vestibules flanked by leanto work areas.

4. Inbuilt cupboard.

5. Ceilings- Timber beams supported on a pair of centre

posts and were reinforced at the corners by cross-

bracing.

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5400B.C

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2. Zargos region

3. Anatolia

4. The transcaspian

lowlands and


6. Egypt.

A. Catal Hayouk

B. Hacilar


HACILAR:5400B.C -5000B.C

1. Fortification made around which enclosed an area of

70m x35m.

2. Houses consisted of houses , granary, a guard house,

potters wokshops and shrines.

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2. Zargos region

3. Anatolia

4. The transcaspian

lowlands and


6. Egypt.

A. Catal Hayouk

B. Hacilar


CAN HASAN:

1. Closely packed square or rectangular buildings.

2. Later buildings were thick walled and built of mud-brick

reinforced with timber

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2. Zargos region

3. Anatolia

4. The transcaspian

lowlands and


6. Egypt.

A. Catal Hayouk

B. Hacilar


CATAL HAYOUK:

Houses:

1. At the foot of the Taurus mountain

2. Single- roomed rectangular 25 sq.m each3. Plastered walls and floors.

4. Densely packed and contiguous

5. Floors were covered with straw mat and walls

were decorated

6. Access through roofs.

Shrines:

1. Richly decorated buildings.

2. Decorated with paintings , reliefs and engravings

on themes connected with fertility and death.

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2. Zargos region

3. Anatolia

4. The transcaspian

lowlands and


6. Egypt.

A. Djetun

DJETUN.

Built in sun dried brick tempered

with straw.

Rectangular plan buildings-one

room.

Concept of open space in the

settlement.

Shrines were also made.


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2. Zargos region

3. Anatolia

4. The transcaspian

lowlands and


6. Egypt.

A. Um Dabaghiya

B. Tell-es-Sawwan

C. EriduD. Tepe Gawra

Cultures that existed :

1. Hassuna2. Samarra

3. Halaf

4. Ubaid

https://www.flickr.com/photos/historyfiles/4198067029/27


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2. Zargos region

3. Anatolia

4. The transcaspian

lowlands and


6. Egypt.

A. Um Dabaghiya

B. Tell-es-Sawwan


UMM DABAGHIYAH (6200 -5750 B.C)

1. Pre-Hassuna Period.2. Pre-historic site in the Jazira in present northernIraq, 100 km south-west of Mosul.

3. Specialised settlement and trading post.

4. Four levels of occupation excavated.

5. Double or triple rows of small, well-built, rectilinear

compartments used for storage.6. Irregular one to three roomed houses.

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http://www.theoriesensorielle.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/03-026-F1-2-3-Origines-Levant-Mesopotamie-archeologie-revolution_neolithique-Philippe_Roi-Tristan_Girard.jpg 1


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2. Zargos region

3. Anatolia

4. The transcaspian

lowlands and


6. Egypt.

A. Um Dabaghiya

B. Tell-es-Sawwan

C. EriduD. Tepe Gawra UMM DABAGHIYAH.

1. Single dwelling-multiple rooms.

2. Constructed in tauf- with stone foundation.

3. Arches were used to span the roof.

4. Internally treated with plaster and red paint.

5. Single storey- roof of branches and reeds surfaced

with plaster.

6. Plastered steps in the upper walls and the absence of

doorways suggest entry from the roof.

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2. Zargos region

3. Anatolia

4. The transcaspian

lowlands and


6. Egypt.

A. Um Dabaghiya

B. Tell-es-Sawwan


TELL-ES-SAWWAN (5600-5000 B.C)

1. Sammaran settlement- farming village- covered an area of

220m X 110m.2. Large empty rooms, possibly granaries.

3. Stone foundations for dwellings

4. Constructed of moulded mud bricks

5. Externally buttressed walls.

6. Roof of reed and clay

7. The whole settlement surrounded by a 3m wide moat.

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http://www.theoriesensorielle.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/04-026-F4-Origines-Levant-

Mesopotamie-archeologie-revolution_neolithique-Philippe_Roi-Tristan_Girard-architecture.jpg1


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2. Zargos region

3. Anatolia

4. The transcaspian

lowlands and


6. Egypt.

A. Um Dabaghiya

B. Tell-es-Sawwan


ERIDU (circa 5000 B.C)

1. Ubaid period.

2. No evidence of dwellings.

3. Temple structures one over the other

4. Sophisticated planning- symmetry-central cellae,

entered via vestibules flanked by rows of small rooms. 1


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http://jqjacobs.net/blog/gobekli_tepe.html

1


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2. Zargos region

3. Anatolia

4. The transcaspian

lowlands and


6. Egypt.

A. Um Dabaghiya

B. Tell-es-Sawwan


TEPE GAWRA

1. Belonged toUbaid period.

2. A tell( mound) located 18 miles north-east of Mosul.

3. Transport link in trade-Lies between the Tigris river andfoothills of Zagros mountains- near the entrance to the

historical pass into Iranian Plateau.

4. 21 Levels of stratified villages and towns

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http://www.theoriesensorielle.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/06c-028-4F-Origines-Levant-Mesopotamie-

archeologie-revolution_neolithique-Philippe_Roi-Tristan_Girard.jpg1


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2. Zargos region

3. Anatolia

4. The transcaspian

lowlands and


6. Egypt.

A. Um Dabaghiya

B. Tell Hassuna

C. Tell-es-SawwanD. Eridu

E. Tepe Gawra

TEPE GAWRA

1. No evidence of dwellings found.

2. Templebuildings: Circular building with multiple rooms.

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UMM DABAGHIYA

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PRE-HARAPPAN CULTURE- B.C.5500-B.C.3500 (Neolithic)

MEHRGARH

Mehrgarh Period 1 -7000-5500 B.CMehrgarh Period 2-5500-4800 B.C

Mehrgarh Period 3-4800-3500 B.C

KILE GUL MOHAMMAD.

NAUSHARO

KOT DIJI

AMRI

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http://media-cache- 1


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http://www.pinterest.com/offsite/?token=10-

824&url=http%3A%2F%2Fasszociaciok.blogter.hu%2Ftag%2Fmehrgarh&pin=409123947372671175 1


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MEHRGARH

Multi roomed structures

Four different plan-types have been recorded: two-roomed, four-roomed, six-

roomed and ten-roomed.

Walls two rows of hand-moulded mud bricks longitudinally arranged.

The four roomed-dwelling and six roomed storage.

Walls were plastered inside and outside with a 2cm thick clay mortar.

Traces of red ochre found on walls

Floors made of packed and rammed earth were also covered with red ochre.Roofing- chaff tempered mud with impressions of fibrous stems of reeds.

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HOA-15th November 2014