Tnh t 2 mt:Cc em d dng nhn thy rng mi ch c tn cng mt kiu khc nhau. l cc tnh t bnh thng, tuy nhin c mt loi tnh t m tn cng ca n lun c nh bng ed hoc ing m thi. Trong sch cc em s thy ngi ta gi chng l nhng tnh t tn cng bng ed/ing, thy thy gi di dng qu nn t t tn cho chng l "tnh t 2 mt" , l mt ed v ing . Nh l qui c tn ogij ny l do thy t thi, i ni vi ngi khc th khng ai hiu u nh ( m nu gp ai hiu tn gi ny th bit cng l " t" ca thy cucku ri ) Ci kh ca nhm tnh t ny chnh l nhiu khi khng bit dng mt no ed hay ing. Nguyn l chung l ch ng dng ing v b ng dng ed . Tuy nhin, vic nhn ra ci ch ng hay b ng cng rc ri khng km. Qua qu trnh ging dy thy thy rng gn 100% cc trng hp p dng tnh t 2 mt t lp 12 tr xung theo mt cng thc c nh m khng cn xem xt ngha ch ng hay b ng. T thc t ny thy s chia bi vit ny thnh 2 phn: phn c bn ( dnh cho hc sinh c bn t lp 12 tr xung) s p dng cng thc c nh m khng cn xem xt ngha, phn nng cao ( dnh cho hc sinh thi i hc hoc hc sinh gii mun nng cao trnh ) s l gii nguyn l v cch suy lun khi lm bi theo ngha ch khng theo cng thc my mc nh phn c bn. Tnh t 2 mt l g? L nhng tnh t tn cng bng : "ING" hoc "ED" Lm sao bit tnh t no tnh t hai mt, tnh t no l tnh t thng ? Tnh t 2 mt bao gm nhng tnh t mang ngha ch v trng thi tnh cm ca con ngi nh :ngc nhin, lo lng, hi lng... Mt s tnh t hai mt thng gp: SURPRISING/ED BORING/ED EXCITED/ING SHOCKING/ED INTERESTING/ED DISAPPOINTING/ED TIRED/ING SATISFYING/ED WORRYING/WORRIED PLEASING/ED EMBARRASSING/ED AMAZING/ED FRIGHTENING/ED ANNOYING/ED EXHAUSTING/ED DEPRESSING/ED TERRIFYING/TERRIFIED HORRIFYING/HORRIFIED IRRITATING/ED AMUSING/ED ASTONISHING/ED

ENCOURAGING/ED THRILLING/ED FASCINATING/ED ..

CCH DNG: Phn c bn: Phn ny cc em ch cn xt v tr ca n m quyt nh dng mt no, khng cn xt ngha. Khi no dng mt "ING" khi no dng mt"ED" ? - Nu pha sau c danh t th dng mt "ING" V d: This is a boring film.(pha sau c danh t:film) - Nu pha sau khng c danh t th nhn pha trc : nu gp ngi th dng "ED" nu gp vt th dng "ING" V d: He is very interested in games. (pha trc c he )- ngi) The book is very interesting . (pha trc c book - vt) I found the book very interesting. (chn ch book khng chn ch I v ch book gn hn ) Phn nng cao: Phn ny cc em phi xem xt ngha. Mt ing: dng din t i tng c tc ng n cc i tng khc, lm cho i tng khc mang tm trng ca tnh t . V d: A boring boy => thng b ny chn lm, ai tip xc vi n u thy chn n. ( bn thn n c thy chn hay khng th khng bit) Mt ed : dng din t ch th b tc ng bn ngoi gy nn tm trng A bored boy => thng b ny ang chn ( ai tip xc vi n c thy chn hay khng th khng bit) Qua cch l gii ny th cc em cng thy nu i tng l vt v tri th khng bao gi c dng mt ed v vt v tri u c b tc ng m sinh ra cm gic, tm trng. V d A bored film => sai ( v b phim l vt v tri sao bit cm gic chn) Tng t ta cng khng th vit:

The film was bored Tm li, khi lm bi nu xt thy ch th l vt v tri th dng ngay mt ing m khng cn xem xt thm. Nu ch th l ngi ( hoc con vt c th c cm xc nh ch, mo....) th phi xem xt coi ch th ang c tm trng, cm xc hay l ch th s to ra cm xc cho ai tip xc vi ch th . Phn m rng: Phn ny gip cc em hiu c mi lin h gia tnh t 2 mt vi ng t cu thnh chng ( khi khng thm ing/ed chng l nhng ng t ) Khi khng thm ed th tnh t hai mt tr thnh ng t v mang ngha "lm cho...thy ..."

The boy worries me.

=> thng b lm cho ti thy lo lng

The film interested me => b phim lm cho ti thy th v Cc cng thc ca tnh t hai mt c minh ha qua cc v d di y: I am interested in the book. => ti thy quyn sch th v The book interests me. => quyn sch lm ti thy th v

The book is interesting. => quyn sch tht th v I find the book interesting. => ti thy quyn sch th v It is an interesting book. => n l mt quyn sch tht th v

cch chia th:HC CCH DNG TH NH TH NO ?C khi no cc em ngi ngm ngh ri t hi: Ti sao bt c sch ng php no cng c ni v cch chia th, bt c chng trnh hc no, cp lp no cng c dy v chia th.Thm ch ngi ta cn in ra nhng cm nang, nhng "b quyt" dng th. Trn bt c din n ting Anh no ch cn click vo l c ni v chia th ! Th m nghch l thay, chia th l mt trong nhng dng bi tp kh nht, hc sinh "ngn" nht. Th xem li 6 nm hc ph thng c nm no khng c chng trnh v chia th khng? vy m hc sinh lp 12 c my ai dm chc nm vng v cch chia th ? Ri c khi no cc em li t hi tip " Ti sao thy c- h cng hc cng thc , cng cch dng - nh mnh - m ti sao h lm bi c? cn ta th khng! Vy nhng sai lm trong cch hc chia th ch no? Lm sao khc phc? Nhng kinh nghim "xng mu" di y, thy hy vng gip cc bn phn no.

Thng thng ta c thi quen chia th da theo du hiu. V d nh thy ch ago l th qua kh n, ch usually th l hin ti n. M cch ny cng ng tht khi ta hc trnh s cp ( nh lp 6,7 ph thng hin nay ); th l n hnh thnh trong u ta nh mt qui lut. Chnh iu ny (p dng my mc) lm cho ta "h" sau ny v khng th hiu ni nhiu trng hp nh: Ti sao gp ch usually m li chia qu kh n ! Tip sau y mi cc em theo di mu i thoi sau y gia thy cucku v mt ngi l mt. Vy lm sao by gi? hc cch g cho ng ? - Hc theo cch dng ch khng theo du hiu. Vy ngi ta cho du hiu lm g? - Ch tham kho bit ng cnh m thi. Vy khi gp cu: " I always (get) up late." " th phi ngi a vo ng cnh g g chia th ? lm xong 10 cu nh vy chc ht gi lun qu ! - Cu hi hay ! Tht ra l nguyn tc thi, ngi c kinh nghim lun c 2 cch lm : Cch1 : i vi nhng cu d , n gin => h ch cn da theo du hiu m lm Cch 2 : i vi nhng cu kh, phc tp h mi s dng cch phn tch theo ng cnh. Vy cch chia th theo kiu phn tch ng cnh l sao? c d hc khng ? nu n tht s hay v hiu qu sao ngi ta khng dy? - i ! hnh nh bn l phng vin chuyn i phng vn hay sao m hi ton cu hc ba khng vy? Th nht: "bi bn" xa nay l vy, con ngi c sc qun tnh nn c ngh ci g "theo sch" l tt , ton din ht nn khng c mun thay i. Th hai: Chng trnh trng c gio n ht , tit no dy th g, nn kh m thay i c. M dy t t theo kiu n gin nh vy th hc sinh hiu v lm bi c ngay, kt qu thy lin nn thy, c thng chn theo cch ny cho nh.( hiu, nhng l hiu theo kiu thy bi xem voi, khng tng hp c) Th ba : Phng php ny phi ni l hi kh tip thu, i hi phi ging rt k, mt nhiu thi gian ( nhng hiu ri l ngon lnh, xi hoi lun) Vy bn khng l gio vin hay sao m khng cn gio n, bn tng dy ai cch ny cha? kt qu th no? Gh tht ! hnh nh bn cn l cng an na th phi ! iu tra gh thit, cu hi li sc nh dao y, li "soi mi i t" ngi ta na ch.

- Gio vin trng, trung tm th khng nhng dy th c. Hhi, u im ch ny y. Dy theo kiu ti t, yu thch l chnh nn khng b p lc g b, tha h th nghim. Bn tng dy ai cch ny cha? - Dy cch ny khng ch! Kt qu th no? - Kt qu 10 ngi th ht 8 thnh cng, cn 2 ngi kia th tip thu khng v ni v trnh yu, nh phi hc theo cch truyn thng ( nhng cng hn nhng ngoi khng hc phng php ny v d sao cng c hc qua "ni cng tm php" chnh tng ca cucku ) Ni nghe thy ham qu, vy u bn dy th tui coi kt qu th no. Nn qu tri ri n. Qua mu i thoi vui trn cc em cng thy c cn phi c mt cch hc "thong" hn , mi cc em cng xem bi tip theo v cch chia th theo s di y: PHNG PHP CHIA TH THEO S Phng php chia th theo s l mt phng php mi i hi cc em phi tp cho quen mi c th lm nhanh c. Nhn vo s cc em c th thy mi tn theo chiu ng l biu th cho ct mc thi gian lc hin ti, mi tn chiu ngang l biu th cho qu trnh thi gian t qu kh cho n tng lai, pha bn tri l khu vc nhng chuyn xy ra ri, bn phi l khu vc nhng chuyn cha xy ra. Cch lm nh sau: Khi gp mt cu v chia th ta xem xt xem hnh ng trong thuc khu vc no trong 3 khu vc sau: - Xy ra sut qu trnh thi gian - Xy ra ri - ang xy ra trc mt - Cha xy ra Nu ta thy hnh ng lc no cng c, lc trc cng c, sau ny cng c, ni chung l trn biu thi gian ch no cng c n th ta phn loi chng vo nhm Xy ra sut qu trnh thi gian, v ta chia th hin ti n cho nhm ny. Nu ta thy hnh ng xy ra ri th ta xp chng vo nhm - Xy ra ri , nhm ny c biu th khu vc bn tri ca s gm cc th sau : qu kh n, qu kh hon thnh, hin ti hon thnh - hon tt c thi gian xc nh: qu kh n - hon tt khng c thi gian xc nh : hin ti hon thnh

- C trc - sau : qu kh hon thnh cho hnh ng trc v qu kh n cho hnh ng sau. Nu ta thy hnh ng ang xy ra trc mt, ta xp vo nhm ang xy ra trc mt v dng hin ti tip din. Nu ta thy hnh ng cha xy ra ri th ta xp chng vo nhm - Cha xy ra. Nhm ny nm khu vc bn phi s : Nu c 2 hnh ng trc -sau th hnh ng xy ra trc dng tng lai hon thnh, hnh ng xy ra sau dng tng lai n Lu nu trc mnh c ch "khi" ( when, as, after, before, by the time...) th khng c dng will

u thy tr mnh ng dng th vi cu xem sao nh V d 1: When a child, I usually (walk) to school. Cu ny nu hc vt, thy usually th vi chia hin ti n l tiu. Phn tch coi sao: when a child ( khi ti cn nh) vy l chuyn xy ra ri =>Nu lm trc nghim th cc em loi ht cc th bn phi s (cc th tng lai, hin ti), khng c ni trc- sau nn loi lun qu kh hon thnh, ch cn li hin ti hon thnh v qu kh n thi. Thy c thi gian xc nh ( when a child) nn dung qu kh n xong V d 2: When I came, he ( already go) for 15 minutes. Cu ny cng vy, nu lm theo thi quen thy already c ch hin ti hon thnh l sai. Phi xem xt 2 hnh ng, khi ti n, anh ta i ri=> 2 hnh ng trc sau => hnh ng xy ra trc chia qu kh hon thnh => had already gone

CCH CHIA TH KHI GP CH WHEN 1) i vi trng hp cha xy ra : + Nu hai hnh ng xy ra lin tc nhau: Bn c when chia th hin ti n, bn khng c when chia th tng lai n V du;: Tomorrow I will give her this book when I meet her (gp ri tip sau l trao sch ) + Nu hai hnh ng ct ngang nhau: Hnh ng ang xy ra dng tng lai tip din, hnh ng ct ngang chia th tng lai n V d: Tomorrow when you arrive at the airport, I will be standing at the gate.(bn n lc ti ang i ) + Hai hnh ng trc sau (hnh ng ny hon tt trc mt hnh ng khc xy ra ) Hnh ng xy ra trc dng th tng lai hon thnh, hnh ng xy ra sau dng th tng lai n (nh khi gp ch KHI th phi b WILL ) V d: By the time you come ,I will have gone out . ( By the time = before : trc khi ) 2) i vi trng hp xy ra ri : Cng c 3 hon cnh sau: + Nu hai hnh ng ct ngang nhau (mt hnh ng ny ang xy ra th c mt hnh ng khc ct ngang ) cc em lu trng hp ny rt thng gp - Hnh ng ang xy ra dng Qa kh tip din - Hnh ng ct ngang dng Qa kh n - V d: I was playing soccer when it began to rain.(ma ct ngang hnh ng chi bng) Cch nhn dng ra loi ny: - Phi dch ngha ca cu,cc ng t ct ngang thng l :come, meet, see, start, begin.. + Nu hai hnh ng xy ra lin tc hoc ng thi nhau: - C hai hnh ng u chia Qa kh n - -Du hiu nhn bit l : - Dch ngha thy 2 hnh ng xy ra lin tc nhau - V d: - When he came home, he opened the door - Khi mnh when c cc ch sau: lived, was, were - V d: - When Mr cucku lived in HCM city, he studied at TBT school. - When he was a child, he had a habit of getting up late. + Hai hnh ng trc sau (hnh ng ny hon tt trc mt hnh ng khc xy ra ) - Hnh ng xy ra trc dng Qa kh hon thnh, hnh ng sau dng Qa kh n - Cch nhn ra loi ny : - Cc du hiu thng gp l :already, for + khong thi gian, just - V d: - When I came, he had already gone out (khi ti n anh ta i ri ) - When I came, he had gone out for two hours (khi ti n anh ta i c hai ting ri ) - Cng c th dch qua ngha - V d: - I didnt meet Tom because when I came, he had gone out .(du hiu l do ti khng gp -> i ri )

CCH CHIA CC TH TIP DIN Thng thng cc em hc trong sch hay trng, s c dy chia theo tng th tip din. V d khi no dng th hin ti tip din, khi no dng th qu kh tip din v.v . Phng php ca thy khng nh vy m ngc li s hc theo cng thc tng qut. Tc l trong hon cnh no th dng tip din, ch khng chi tit l th g tip din. V d, mt trong nhng ng cnh phi dng tip din l mt hnh ng ang xy ra b mt hnh ng khc ct ngang th hnh ng ang xy ra phi dng tip din, cn dng th g tip din th phi xem thi gian xy ra u. V d: Tomorrow I ( wait) for you here when you come. ( ct nhau tng lai => dng tng lai tip din : will be waiting ) Yesterday I (eat ) lunch when he came. ( ct nhau qu kh => dng qu kh tip din : was eating ) Nh cc em bit, th tip din thng c dch l "ang", nh vy cc em cng thy n hm ch s ko di trong , hoc ang din ra trc mt. T , cc em nn c mt s hiu bit tng qut cc trng hp no "ang xy ra" hay "xy ra ko di" th lc ta c xu hng chia tip din. 1) Cc trng hp dng tip din : + Khi mt hnh ng xy ra mt thi im chnh xc: Thng c du hiu l : At + gi + thi gian tng lai/ qu kh At this time + thi gian tng lai/ qu kh + Khi mt hnh ng xy ra ngay lc ni: Trng hp d s c du hiu cho ta nhn bit nh: Lc ni l hin ti thng c du hiu: Now At the present At the moment Lc ni l qu kh thng c du hiu: At that time ( lc )

Then ( lc ) Trng hp kh s khng c du hiu r rng cho ta nhn bit m phi bit suy lun: - Cu mnh lnh: Be quiet! Someone is knocking at the door. ( cm t "be quiet" cho ta bit thi im ang ni hin ti nn dng hin ti tip din) - T cnh: It was a beautiful morning. Birds were singing in the trees. ( cu u cho ta bit nhng con chim ANG ht ) - Cu hi: Where is your mother? She is cooking in the kitchen. ( hi " u" ngm l "ang u" ngay lc ni ) Hai trng hp trn cc em cng thy l thuc v khi nim " ang xy ra", cn trng hp "ko di" th bao gm cc trng hp sau: + Khi mt hnh ng ang xy ra th mt hnh ng khc ct ngang: - Hnh ng ang xy ra s dng tip din. ( hnh ng ct ngang dng n) Xem v d trn nh. + Khi hai hnh ng ang xy ra ng thi nhau: Khi y ta s dng tip din cho c hai. V d: While I was eating, my mother was cooking. ( qu kh nn dng qu kh tip din)- Ng cnh ny a s dng cho qu kh, cn tng lai him khi thy dng. + Khi mt hnh ng xy ra trc v ko di n mt thi im no - cng c khi chm dt nhng ni chung l thi gian cng gn vi thi im . ( thng mang n kt qu no ti thi im ) - Nu thi im QU KH th dng QU KH hon thnh tip din. - Nu thi im HIN TI th dng HIN TI hon thnh tip din. - Nu thi im TNG LAI th dng TNG LAI hon thnh tip din.

Cc em cng thy trong 3 trng hp trn cc ch in hoa th hin s ging nhau trong cng thc, t cc em ch cn hc ci chung ch khng cn nh tng trng hp ring l. y l u im ca phng php tng qut. He was out of breath. He had been running for 2 hours. ( hnh ng "run" ko di t trc v a n kt qu l "th khng ra hi" - hnh ng "th khng ra hi" ny qa kh nn "run" chia QKHTTD. ) Cng ng cnh nhng di ln mc thi gian l hin ti / tng lai th hnh ng kia cng theo m chia cho ph hp: He IS out of breath. He HAS BEEN RUNNING for 2 hours. By the time he IS out of breath, he WILL HAVE BEEN RUNNING for 2 hours. ( mnh u v c cm " by the time" ( trc khi) dch ra c ch "khi" trong nn khng dng WILL, tng lai n bin thnh hin ti n. + Mt s trng hp ring l dng tip din: Phn ny bao gm cc trng hp dng tip din ring bit, khng theo cc cng thc chung trn. - Dng vi always ch s bc bi ca ngi ni: He is always borrowing my money. ( anh ta c lun mn tin ti) - Dng thay cho th tng lai khi mun ni n mt d nh chc chn tng lai. Would you like to come to my birthday party? We are having a party at NN restaurant. ( khi mi ai th tc l chun b ht mi th) Cc ng t khng dng tip din Nh bn trn cc em hc v cch chia cc th tip din, trong c nhng du hiu nhn bit cng nh cn c vo ni dung. Tuy nhin, trong ting Anh- khc vi ting Vit- Bn ting Vit ta c th ni " Ti ang yu" nhng bn ting Anh cc em c da theo m dch " I am loving" l sai . L do l c nhng ng t khng th dng tip din cho d c du hiu y ca tip din. Cc ng t khng dng tip din l: 1. Nhm gic quan: See, hear, taste ( nm c v), feel, sound ( nghe c v), notice... 2. Nhm ch tnh trng: Be, appear, seem...

3. Nhm s hu: Have ( c ), belong to ( thuc v), own ( c ) 4. Nhm s thch: Like, love, hate, dislike, prefer, desire, need ... 5 Nhm tri thc: Know, understand, want, think, doubt, forgive, mean ( mun ni), remember, forget, recognize, believe... Lu : i khi cc ng t trn cng dng tip din nhng rt him v dng ch mt tnh trng nht thi m thi.

Relative pronoun : WHO ,WHICH ,WHOM....Khng phi ngu nhin m ngi ta xem Relative pronoun : WHO ,WHICH ,WHOM....l mt trong " t tr" trong cu trc cu ting Anh ( cng vi : cu tng thut , chia ng t ,cu b ng ) .Hu nh trong bi vn, bi text no cng t nhiu dnh dng n n. Do cc em nn ch hc k cu trc ny nh

Thng thng khi mi hc ting Anh chng ta bit n WHO ,WHICH .. nh l ch hi trong cu hi : Who do you like ? bn thch ai ? ch WHO y l c ngha l AI v oc dng trong cu hi . Which color do you like : red or blue ? bn thch mu no : xanh hay ? WHICH trong cu ny c ngha l " NO " v cng c dng lm ch hi . Nhng hm nay chng ta lm quen vi mt cch dng hon ton khc ca nhng ch ny. Ch WHO khng c ngha l AI v ch WHICH cng khng c ngha l NO, m c hai u c ngha l :M ( hoc i khi khng dch cng c ), v t bit l chng khng phi dng cho cu hi. Ngi ta gi nhm ny l : relative pronoun tm dch l : lin quan i danh t, hoc i t quan h . y chng ta thng nht gi l i t quan h cho n gn nh . Vy cc ch ny dng lm g? v cng thc dng nh th no ? Khi ta c hai cu ring bit m trong chng c cng mt danh t th ngoi ta c th ni chng li vi nhau, v ngoi ta dng "i t quan h " ni 2 cu. V d trong ting Vit mnh nh, ta c 2 cu : Ti lm mt quyn sch .Bn cho ti quyn sch thng trc . Ni li nh sau : Ti lm mt quyn sch m bn cho ti thng trc . Ci ch " m " trong ting Vit chnh l i t quan h m ta sp hc y .

Vy c qu nhiu ch : WHO , WHICH , THAT .. lm sao bit khi no dng ch no ? Trc tin cc em hy hc thuc cch dng ca chng nh sau y nh : WHO : dng th cho ch t - ngoi WHOM : dng th cho tc t - ngoi WHICH : dng th cho ch t ln tc t - vt WHEN : dng th cho thi gian WHERE : dng th cho ni chn THAT : dng th cho tt c cc ch trn ( c 2 ngoi l xem phn di ) WHOSE : dng th cho s hu ,ngi / vt OF WHICH : dng th cho s hu vt WHY : dng th cho l do ( reason /cause ) CCH GII BI TP DNG I T QUAN H WHO ,WHICH... DNG 1 : NI 2 CU Dng ny bi ngi ta cho 2 cu ring bit v yu cu mnh dng i t quan h ni chng li vi nhau. Cc bc lm dng ny nh sau: Bc 1 : Chn 2 t ging nhau 2 cu : Cu u phi chn danh t, cu sau thng l i t ( he ,she ,it ,they ...) v d : The man is my father. You met him yesterday.

BC 2 : Th who,which... vo ch chn cu sau, ri em (who ,which ..) ra u cu The man is my father. You met him yesterday. Ta thy him l ngi, lm tc t nn th whom vo -> The man is my father.You met whom yesterday. em whom ra u cu -> The man is my father. whom You met yesterday. Bc 3 : em nguyn cu sau t ngay pha sau danh t chn cu trc The man is my father. whom You met yesterday -> The man whom You met yesterday is my father

DNG 2 : IN VO CH TRNG

Dng ny bi ngi ta cho sn mt cu c ni vi nhau nhng cha ch trng th sinh in i t quan h vo. Cc bc lm dng ny nh sau:

+ Nhn danh t pha trc (k bn ch trng) xem ngi hay vt ( hoc c hai ): - Nu vt th ta in WHICH / THAT The dog __________ runs .....( thy phi troc l dog nn dng WHICH / THAT) Nu l : REASON, CAUSE th dng WHY The reason ________ he came ... ( dng WHY ) -Nu l th gian th dng WHEN -Nu l ni chn th dng WHERE Lu : - WHEN , WHERE , WHY khng lm ch t, do nu ta thy pha sau cha c ch t th ta phi dng WHICH / THAT ch khng c dng WHEN , WHERE , WHY. Do you know the city _______ is near here ? Ta nhn thy city l ni chn, nhng ch vi vng m in WHERE vo nh ( ci ny b dnh by nhiu lm y ! ). Hy nhn tip pha sau v ta thy k bn n l IS ( ng t ) tc l ch IS cha c ch t, v ch m ta in vo s lm ch t cho n -> khng th in WHERE m phi dng WHICH /THAT ( nu khng b cm k ) -> Do you know the city __WHICH / THAT_____ is near here ? - Nu ta thy r rng l thi gian, ni chn nhng xem k pha sau ng t ngi ta c cha li gii t hay khng, nu c th khng oc dng WHEN , WHERE, WHY m phi dng WHICH / THAT The house ________ I live in is nice . Ta thy house l ni chn, nhng ch vi in WHERE nh, nhn sau thy ngoi ta cn cha li gii t IN nn phi dng WHICH /THAT -> The house ___which/that_____ I live in is nice Nhng i khi ngo ta li em gii t ln troc th cng khng oc dng WHERE na nh : The house in ___which_____ I live is nice

- Nu l NGI th ta tip tc nhn pha sau xem c ch t cha ? nu c ch t ri th ta dng WHOM / THAT, nu cha c ch t th ta in WHO / THAT. - Lu : nu thy pha sau k bn ch trng l mt danh t tr tri th phi xem xt ngha xem c phi l s hu khng, nu phi th dng WHOSE . The man ________son studies at ..... Ta thy ch SON ng mt mnh khNG c a ,the ,.. g c nn nghi l s hu, dch th thy ng l s hu dng WHOSE (ngi n ng m con trai ca ng ta . .. ) => The man ____( whose )____son studies at .....

- Nu pha troc va c ngi + vt th phi dng THAT The man and his dog THAT .... cch dng WHOSE v OF WHICH WHOSE : dng c cho ngi v vt This is the book .Its cover is nice -> This is the book whose cover is nice . -> This is the book the cover of which is nice WHOSE :ng troc danh t OF WHICH : ng sau danh t ( danh t phi thm THE ) OF WHICH : ch dng cho vt ,khng dng cho ngi. This is the man . His son is my friend. -> This is the man the son of which is my friend.( sai ) -> This is the man whose son is my friend.( ng ) NHNG LU KHI DNG I T QUAN H ( WHO ,WHICH ,WHOM.... ) 1.Khi no dng du phy ? Khi danh t ng trc who ,which,whom... l : + Danh t ring ,tn Ha Noi, which .... Mary, who is ... + C this ,that ,these ,those ng trc danh t : This book, which .... + C s hu ng trc danh t : My mother, who is .... + L vt duy nht ai cng bit : Sun ( mt tri ), moon ( mt trng ) The Sun, which ...

2. t du phy u ? - Nu mnh quan h gia th dng 2 du phy t u v cui mnh My mother , who is a cook , cooks very well - Nu mnh quan h cui th dng mt du phy t u mnh ,cui mnh dng du chm . This is my mother, who is a cook . 3.Khi no c th lc b i t quan h WHO ,WHICH ,WHOM... - Khi n lm tc t v pha trc n khng c du phy ,khng c gii t ( whose khng c b ) This is the book which I buy. Ta thy which l tc t ( ch t l I ,ng t l buy ) ,pha trc khng c phy hay gii t g c nn c th b which i :

-> This is the book I buy. This is my book , which I bought 2 years ago. Trc ch which c du phy nn khng th b c . This is the house in which I live . Trc which c gii t in nn cng khng b which c . This is the man who lives near my house. Who l ch t ( ca ng t lives ) nn khng th b n c . 4. Khi no KHNG C dng THAT : - Khi pha trc n c du phy hoc gii t : This is my book , that I bought 2 years ago. (sai) v pha trc c du phy -.> khng c dng THAT m phi dng which This is the house in that I live .(sai) v pha trc c gii t in -> khng c dng THAT m phi dng which 5. Khi no bt buc dng THAT - Khi danh t m n thay th gm 2 danh t tr ln trong va c ngi va c vt The men and the horses that .... That thay th cho : ngi v nga 6. Khi no nn dng THAT - Khi u cu l IT trong dng nhn mnh (Cleft sentences) It is My father that made the table. - Khi ng trc l : all, both, each, many, most, neither, none, part, someone, something, so snh nht There is something that must be done This the most beautiful girl that I've ever met.

Trng m:1) Khi gp gch di ch S : bnh thng ch s pht m l /s/,nhng c nhng ngoi l cn nh l : s c /z/ cc ch sau: raise, busy, please, easy, present, desire, music, pleasant, desert, choose, reason, preserve, poison..

-Ch s c / / sugar,sure 3) i vi ch CH -CH c /ch/ l bnh thng - CH c : /k/ gm cc ch sau; chemist, ache, christmas, mechanic, architect, character ,chaos... ,technology ,echo...

-CH c l / / machine, champagne, chamois, chalet, charade ,... 4) i vi ch H cc ch H sau y l h cm hour, honor, honest (v cc gia nh t ca ch ny) 5) ch GH bnh thng c l /f/ nhng cc ch sau GH khng c: plough, though, although, weigh.... 6) ch B cm ,khi ng sau ch m: climb, bomb, lamb.... 7) W cm: sword Ch T , cm Listen , often i vi m /u/ v /u:/ /u/ gm: put, pull, full, could, woman, foot, look, good, book.... /u:/ gm: food, school, tooth, fruit, June, noon, soup, through, move, shoe,..... 9) c mt s ch khi thm vo pha sau th bin thnh m khc say -> /ei/ says -> /e/ nation -> /ei/ national -> /a/

south -> /au/ southern -> /^/ breath -> /e/ breathe -> /i:/ Sau y l vi nguyn tc m thy rt ra trong qu trnh xem xt cc thi, cc em c th p dng 1) Nguyn tc R : l nguyn tc : ch R khi ng sau mt nguyn m s lm bin i cch c ca nguyn m V d nh : hat -> c /a/ (a ngn ) rat -> c /a/(a ngn ) nhng : hart -> /a:/ (a di ) hot -> /o/ ( o ngn ) not -> /o/ ( o ngn ) nhng : morn -> /o:/ (o di )

2) Phong php vn nhn: Nguyn tc ny nh sau: Nguyn m no c vn nhn (stress) th s pht m khc vi nguyn m khng c vn nhn.

v d : her -> / di / ( 1 vn xem nh l vn nhn ) certain -> / di / ( vn nhn ) nhng: father -> / ngn / ( vn khng nhn ) Theo kinh nghim th 2 phng php ny c xc xut ng kh cao y, khong 70% - nu kt hp c 2 phong php th xc xut cn cao hn. Cc em c th v p dng xem sao nh. A. i vi loi t 1, Noun & Adj i vs danh t v tnh t, trng m thng ri vo m tit 1 eg: 'happy 'exercise *Ch :

-Nhng t c tn cng l nhng vn ch: ic, ics, ion, ia, iar, ial, ical, iance, ance, ium, ience, ence, ity, ious, ual, uous, tive, sure, ophy, iogy,... th trng m ri vo m tit trc n. eg: eco'nomic, con'tinuous,... -nh trng m vo chnh n: ade, ee, een, ear, oo, etle, esque, eum, aire,... eg: car'toon, car'eer, vietnam'ese,... -Mt s m tit m c 1 nguyn m ng ring l u th trng m s ri vo m tit ng ngay sau n. eg: a'board, a'wake, e'vent,... -Tn cng l ing, ed th trng m ri vo m tit trc n. eg: ex'citing,... -Tuy vy nhng vn c mt s trng hp ngoi l: eg: re'port, ho'tel, maga'zine, ma'chine, enter'tainment, ad'venture, 'television, en'viroment, suc'cess, di'sease,... 2, ng t, gii t, trng t, lin t th trng m thng ri vo m tit th hai: eg: en'joy, be'cause, be'fore,... *Ch : -Cc ng t c ui l cc vn: ish, en, age, ure, y, el, er, le,... th trng m ri vo m tit th nht eg: 'finish, 'happen, 'vanish,... -Nhn trng m vo m tit 1 vi cc trng t c ui: er, en, ward,.. eg: 'forward,... -Khng c nhn trng m vo tin t hoc hu t. eg: + t gc: 'happpy

+ un'happy 'happily un'happily B. i vi s lng m tit 1. T c hai m tit

a, i vi ng t, tnh t, trng t, gii t -Nu m tit th hai c cha nguyn m di hoc nguyn m kp hoc kt thc l hai hay nhiu ph m th trng m ri vo m tit th hai. eg: ar'rive, at'tract, cor'rect, per'fect, a'lone,... -Nu m tit th hai c cha nguyn m ngn hoc nguyn m kp " ", hoc kt thc l mt ph m th trng m ri vo m tit u. eg: 'open, 'borrow, 'lovely, 'sorry,.... b, i vi danh t -Nu m tit th hai c cha nguyn m ngn th trng m ri vo m tit u. eg: 'money, 'product,... -Nu m tit th hai c cha nguyn m di hoc nguyn m kp th trng m ri vo m tit th hai. eg: bal'loon, de'sign,... 2. T c ba m tit a, i vi ng t -Nu m tit cui l m tit mnh, trng m s ri vo chnh n. eg: enter'tain,... -Nu m tit cui cng l m tit yu, trng m s ri ngay trc n. eg: en'counter,... -Nu c m tit hai v ba u l m tit yu, trng m s ri vo m tit u. eg: 'advertise,... b, i vi danh t -Nu m tit cui cng yu v m tit th hai mnh, trng m s ri vo m tit th hai. eg: sta'tistics,... -Nu m tit hai v ba yu th d nhin trng m s ri vo m tit u ri. eg: 'cinema

Trn y l tt c nhng g t c hc trn lp, t thng b mt im dng bi nh trng m. y vn cha hon ton l tt c, bn no c kin th ng gp cho hon chnh nh! Nm nay t cng thi i hc! Hy vng ai c nhng phng php hc v lm bi th hy post ln y cho c nh cng tham kho nh! Cm n!

CHIA NG. TCho cc em ! Nh cc em bit chia ng t l mt trong nhng vn rc ri m cc em lun gp phi trong qu trnh hc ting Anh, nm nng kin thc chia ng t khng nhng gip cc em lm c cc bi tp v chia ng t trong ngoc m cn gip cc em t tin khi vit cu. Troc khi vo ni dung chnh cc em cn nm vng mt nguyn tc cn bn nht trong ting Anh l : C CH T TH NG T CHIA TH, KHNG C CH T TH NG T KHNG CHIA TH m phi chia dng Xem v d sau: when he saw me he (ask) me (go) out Xt ng t ask : nhn pha trc n c ch t he v th ta phi chia th - y chia th qu kh v pha trc c saw Xt n ng t go, pha trc n l me l tc t nn khng th chia th m phi chia dng - y l to go, cui cng ta c when he saw me he asked me to go out V vn chia th chc cc em cng nm c bn ri. Hm nay ti mun cng cc em i su vo vn chia dng ca ng t . ng t mt khi khng chia th s mang 1 trong 4 dng sau y : - bare inf (ng t nguyn mu khng c to ) - to inf ( ng t nguyn mu c to ) - Ving (ng t thm ing ) - P.P ( ng t dng past paticiple ) Vy lm sao bit chia theo dng no y ? Ta tm chia lm 2 mu khi chia dng : 1) MU V O V L mu 2 ng t ng cch nhau bi 1 tc t Cng thc chia mu ny nh sau : Nu V1 l : MAKE , HAVE ( dng sai bo ch ng ), LET th V2 l BARE INF V d: I make him go I let him go Nu V1 l cc ng t gic quan nh : HEAR, SEE, FEEL, NOTICE, WATCH, OBSERVE... th V2 l Ving (hoc bare inf ) V d: I see him going / go out Ngoi 2 trng hp trn chia to inf

2) MU V V L mu 2 ng t ng lin nhau khng c tc t gia Cch chia loi ny nh sau: Nu V1 l : KEEP, ENJOY, AVOID, ADVISE, ALLOW, MIND, IMAGINE, CONSIDER, PERMIT, RECOMMEND, SUGGEST, MISS, RISK, PRACTICE, DENY, ESCAPE, FINISH, POSTPONE, MENTION, PREVENT, RECALL, RESENT, UNDERSTAND, ADMIT, RESIST, APPRECIATE, DELAY, EXPLAIN, FANCY, LOATHE, FEEL LIKE, TOLERATE, QUIT, DISCUSS, ANTICIPATE, PREFER, LOOK FORWARD TO, CAN'T HELP, CAN'T STAND, NO GOOD, NO USE Th V2 l Ving V d: He avoids meeting me 3) RING CC NG T SAU Y VA C TH I VI TO INF VA C TH I VI VING TY THEO NGHA STOP + Ving :ngha l dng hnh ng Ving li V d: I stop eating (ti ngng n ) + To inf : dng li lm hnh ng to inf V d: I stop to eat (ti dng li n ) FORGET, REMEMBER + Ving : Nh (qun) chuyn lm I remember meeting you somewhere last year (ti nh gp bn u hi nm ngai ) + To inf : Nh (qun ) lm chuyn g V d: Don't forget to buy me a book : ng qun mua cho ti quyn sch nh (cha mua ,) REGRET + Ving : hi hn chuyn lm I regret lending him the book : ti hi hn cho anh ta mn quyn sch + To inf : ly lm tic ...... V d: I regret to tell you that ...( ti ly lm tic ni vi bn rng ...) - cha ni - by gi mi ni TRY + Ving : ngha l th V d: I try eating the cake he makes ( ti th n ci bnh anh ta lm ) + To inf : c gng ... V d: I try to avoid meeting him (ti c gng trnh gp anh ta ) NEED , WANT NEED nu l ng t c bit th i vi BARE INF V d:

I needn't buy it ( need m c th thm not vo l ng t c bit ) NEED l ng t thng th p dng cng thc sau : Nu ch t l ngi th dng to inf V d: I need to buy it (ngha ch ng ) Nu ch t l vt th i vi Ving hoc to be P.P V d: The house needs repairing (cn nh cn c sa cha ) The house needs to be repaired 4) MEAN Mean + to inf : D nh V d: I mean to go out (Ti d nh i chi ) Mean + Ving :mang ngha V d: Failure on the exam means having to learn one more year.( thi rt ngha l phi hc thm mt nm na) 5) GO ON Go on + Ving : Tip tc chuyn ang lm After a short rest, the children go on playing (trc bn chng chi ) Go on + to V : Tip tc lm chuyn khc. After finishing the Math problem, we go on to do the English exercises (trc lm ton by gi lm ting Anh )

6) cc mu khc HAVE difficulty /trouble / problem + Ving WASTE time /money + Ving KEEP + O + Ving PREVENT + O + Ving FIND + O + Ving CATCH + O + Ving HAD BETTER + bare inf. 7) Cc trng hp TO + Ving

Thng thng TO i vi nguyn mu nhng c mt s trng hp TO i vi Ving ( khi y TO l gii t ), sau y l mt vi trng hp TO i vi Ving thng gp :

Be/get used to

Look forward to Object to Accustomed to Confess to Ngoi cc cng thc trn ta dng TO INF.

S NHIU V S TThng thng mt danh t c s pha sau l danh t s nhiu, cn ngc li l s t. Nhng cng c nhng ngoi l cn nh : 1) N AND N (hai danh t ni vi nhau bng ch and ) Khi 2 danh t ni nhau bng ch and th thng thng l dng s nhiu, nhng trong cc trng hp sau th li dng s t : - Khi chng cng ch mt ngui, mt b, hoc 1 mn n i vi ngi th du hiu nhn bit cng 1 ngi l danh t th 2 khng c THE V d: The professor and the secretary are ......(ng gio s v ngi th k .....) => 2 ngi khc nhau The professor and secretary is ......(ng gio s kim th k ...) => mt ngi i vi mn n th cng phi dch theo ngha V d: Salt and peper is ..... ( mui tiu ) xem nh mt mn mui tiu Bread and meat is.... (bnh m tht ) xem nh mt mn bnh m tht. The saucer and cup is... (tch v da tch c xem nh mt b ) - Php cng th dng s t: Two and three is five (2 + 3 = 5) 2) LUN LUN S T : Gp cc ch sau y lun lun dng s t EACH, EVERY, MANY A,TO INF, VING, MNH DANH T,TA Lu ch " MANY A " + danh t s t Many a book is.... ( Nhng many khng c a th vn dng s nhiu nh :Many books are..) V d: Each man and woman is .....( c ch each trc th pha sau d c "and" bao nhiu ln cng mc k ta vn dng s t ) - Ch t l To inf. hoc Ving

V d: To do this is .... Learning English is ......... - Ch t l mnh danh t Cch nhn dng ra mnh danh t l c cc ch hi u nh what, when, why, how...hoc that V d: why he doesn't come is.... what he said is .......... That he stole the bicycle is true.(s vic m anh ta n cp xe p l s tht ) - Ch t l ta Du hiu nhn ra ta l n c vit trong ngoc kp. V d: "Tom and Jerry " is .... "War and Peace " is...(chin tranh v ha bnh l ...) "Gone with the wind "is..(Cun theo chiu gi l ...) 3) DANH T C S NHNG DNG S T - Nhm Mn hc : physics (vt l ), mathematics (ton ).... , du hiu nhn bit l c tn cng l ICS - Nhm Bnh tt : Measles (si ), mumps (quai b )..... - Ch News - Nhm o lng : V d: Two pounds is .....(2 cn ) - Nhm Khong cch : V d: Ten miles is ...( 10 dm ) - Nhm Thi gian : V d: Ten years is .....( 10 nm ) - Nhm Ga tin V d: Ten dollars is ...(10 la ) - Nhm Tn nc : The United States (Nc M), the Philipines 4) KHNG C S NHNG DNG S NHIU Cc danh t tp hp sau y People, cattle, police, army, children - Nhm tnh t c the The poor (ngi ngho ), the blind (ngi m ), the rich (ngi giu ), the deaf ( ngi ic ), the dumb (

ngi cm), the injured (ngi b thng ).... 5) Hai danh t ni nhau bng cc ch : OR , NOR , BUT ALSO th ng t chia theo danh t pha sau V d: you or I am .....(chia theo I ) Not only she but also they are .... 6) Cc danh t ni nhau bng : AS WELL AS, WITH, TOGETHER WITH, WITH th chia theo danh t pha trc V d: She as well as I is ...( chia theo she ) 7) Hai danh t ni nhau bng ch OF th chia theo danh t pha trc nhng nu danh t pha trc l none, some, all, most, majority, enough, minority, half, phn s .... th li phi chia theo danh t pha sau: V d: The study of science is ...(chia theo study) Some of the students are ...( nhn trc ch of gp some nn chia theo ch pha sau l students) Most of the water is ...(nhn trc gp most nn chia theo N pha sau l water ) Lu : Nu cc ch trn ng mt mnh th phi suy ngh xem n l i din cho danh t no, nu danh t m c th dng s nhiu, ngc li dng s t. V d: The majority think that....(a s ngh rng..) ta suy ra rng "suy ngh' oc phi l danh t m c (ngi ) => dng s nhiu :The majority think that.. 8) NHM TING NI, DN TC Ting ni dng s t Dn tc dng s nhiu Ting ni v dn tc vit ging nhau nhng khc ch : dn tc c the cn ting ni th khng c the V d: Vietnamese is ....(ting Vit th ..) The vietnamese are ....(dn tc Vit Nam ...) 9)A NUMBER v THE NUMBER A NUMBER dng s nhiu THE NUMBER dng s t 10) DANH T TP HP Bao gm cc ch nh : family, staff, team, group, congress, crowd, committee .... Nu ch v hnh ng ca tng thnh vin th dng s nhiu, nu ch v tnh cht ca tp th nh 1 n v th dng s t V d: The family are having breakfast ( ni tng thnh vin trong gia nh ang n sng )

The family is very conservative (ch tnh cht ca tp th gia nh nh l mt n v ) 11) GP CH THERE : Th chia theo danh t pha sau: There is a book (chia theo a book) There are two books (chia theo books) Tuy nhin : there is a book and two pens (vn chia theo a book) 12) I VI MNH RELATIVE Chia ng t trong mnh trc sau b mnh i chia ng t cn li V d: One of the girls who go out is very good. Ch go c ch t l who = girls => chia theo s nhiu B mnh i cho d thy: One of the girls is good (gp of chia theo ch trc l one => s t ) 13) GP CC I T S HU NH: MINE, (ca ti), HIS (ca anh y), HERS (ca c y)... Th phi xem ci g ca ngi v n l s t hay s nhiu V d: Give me your scissors. Mine (be) very old. (ta suy ra l ca ti y l ni scissors ca ti l s nhiu nn dng s nhiu: => ...Mine are very... Nu khng thy nm trong 13 iu ny th chia theo qui lut bnh thng: c s -> s nhiu .Khng s -> s t

AT IN ONV thi gian: Chng ta s dng in khi ni v thng, nm v cc qung thi gian. V d: In 1997 the twenties (trong nhng nm 20) the 21st century the morning/afternoon/evening Chng ta cng s dng in khi ni n cc qung thi gian trong tng lai nh va ri Linh c dng: in 5 minutes v in a few days, in 2 years, in a couple of months At ch c s dng vi mt mc thi gian r rng no : March

At

10 p.m. half past six 5 oclock noon/night

On c s dng khi cp n nhng ngy c th trn lch: On March 5th Christmas Lu rng in the morning/afternoon/evening nhng at night/noon v cn phn bit s khc nhau gia in time v on time.

V a im: Chng ta s dng in vi nhng khong khng gian nh: In a park a garden a room space (trong v tr) vi cc thnh ph v cc quc gia; v vi cc dng ca nc nh: In the sea the ocean the river

the pool hay vi cc hng, ng thng nh: In a line a row a queue At th c s dng khi cp n cc a im: At the cinema the bus stop the end of the street v cc v tr trn mt trang giy: At the top/bottom of the page v tr trong mt nhm ngi: At the back of the class the front of the class On c s dng vi cc b mt: On the ceiling/the wall/the floor

the table v cc hng: On the right

your left v khi ni mt trc/sau ca mt t giy: On the front/back of a piece of paper/the bill Lu : Cng c th s dng at the river/sea khi mun cp n river/sea nh mt a im. V d nh We met at the river and headed North (chng ti gp nhau ti b sng v tin v hng Bc) hay Breakfast at the sea (ba sng bn b bin) C th s dng on i vi nhng hn o nh.

Chng ta ni in the corner of the room(1) nhng li ni at the corner of the street (2) v (1) mun cp n mt v tr tng i (gc phng, gia phng) cn (2) mun cp n mt a im. o o Tng t chng ta nh trn i vi: in the front/back of a car (v tr) at the front/back of buildings (a im)