How Sahara Contribute to Sustainable Energy Production?

How Sahara Contribute to Sustainable Energy Production?

La contribution du Sahara dans la production d'une énergie durable

Electrical Engineering Laboratory of Oran (LGEO)Electrical Engineering Laboratory of Oran (LGEO)Faculty of Electrical EngineeringFaculty of Electrical Engineering

University of Science and Technology of Oran (USTO-University of Science and Technology of Oran (USTO-MB)MB)

S. Flazi, A.Boudghene Stambouli and Z. Khiat

1Salon International des Energies Renouvelables, des Energies propres et du Développement Durable Salon International des Energies Renouvelables, des Energies propres et du Développement Durable

28 & 30 Octobre 2013 / ORAN-CCO28 & 30 Octobre 2013 / ORAN-CCO

La contribution du Sahara dans la production d'une énergie durable

مخبر الهندسة الكهربائية بوهرانElectrical Engineering Laboratory of Oran (LGEO, USTO-MB)



جامعة العلوم والتكنولوجيا بوهران ”محمد “بوضياف

University of Sciences and Technology of Oran « Mohamed BOUDIAF »

3

13000 Students800 Lecturers and researchers30 Research laboratories

Salon International des Energies Renouvelables, des Energies propres et du Développement Durable Salon International des Energies Renouvelables, des Energies propres et du Développement Durable 28 & 30 Octobre 2013 / ORAN-CCO28 & 30 Octobre 2013 / ORAN-CCO

1. Sahara Irradiation compared to World Energies

4

Primary energy consumption in the world at 2011 is 12275 Mtoe /y.Sahara annual irradiation is 1701000 Mtoe , nearly 140 times bigger


Unfortunately, it is impossible to use the total area of the Sahara for VLS-PV

Because the Sahara offers contrasting landscapes: Erg (sand dunes), oasis, reg (pile of rocks and stones),

rivers, mountains and Steppes.

The erg: Sand dunes The reg: Pebbles and gravel

mountains

The wadis: dry beds of

rivers and streams The oasis

Steppe


2. Suitable Sahara area for VLS-PV: (Very Large Scale PhotoVoltaic) system

SAHARA / North Africa (NA)SAHARA / North Africa (NA)

Area (km²)

Sand dune area

(km²)

Oasis area (km²)

Mountain area (km²)

18%

Human and Energy area

(km²)

8 600 000 1 720 000 200 000 1 548 000 5 132 000

The reg: Pebbles and gravel Steppe

Reference ENERGY FROM THE Reference ENERGY FROM THE DESERTDESERT

Gravel desert area

(km²)

Steppe area (km²)

Human and Energy area

(km²)

4 492 500 838 400 5 330 9005 132 000 5 330 900


3. Sahara solar net energy potential using VLS-PV systems

PV capacity (TW)

Annual generation

(PWh)

Annual generation

(EJ)

Annual generation

(Mtoe)

Annual generation to gross annual irradiation %

359 578 2 082 49 740 2,92

257 414 1 489 35 564 2,09

171 276 992 23 710 1,39

Without buffer plant and without roads

Without buffer plant but with roads

With buffer plant and withroads

world primary energy supply in 2030 is estimated to 15000 Mtoe.


5 132 000 km2 or 23 700 Mtoe/y

4. What can we do

by this area or this energy?

2

Exportation

3Sahara cultivation &

Repopulated

Clean energy production for:

1sustainable

development of Sahara countries

21900 Mtoe /Y = 92% Or 420 Milions Hab.1 Hectar /Habitant 5

Mtoe /H/Y

23 700 Mtoe/y = 100 %

1800 Mtpe /y = 8%energy needs 2030,

(5toe/capita)


Exportation and Sahara repopulation


DescriptionMap showing major Dune seas (ergs) and Mountain ranges of the Sahara. Red dashed line shows approximate limit of the Sahara. National borders in grey. Dune seas in yellow. Derived from Blank map Image:Africa_topography_map_with_borders.png. Data taken from http://www.sahara-overland.com image of Michlein Map and Geology.com's [http://geology.com/records/sahara-desert-map.shtml

5. Silicon (Si) potential of the Sahara


Sand dune area S:is approximately 20% of Sahara area, that means

S=1 720 000 (km²)

Volume of the sand reserves V: We proposed the following formula to calculate V

V= S. hmin + S/3.(hmax – hmin)= S/3.(2.hmin+ hmax)

Taking hmax average= 100 m, hmin average= 50 m;

V = 1720x10^3x10^6(100+100)/3

V = 115x10^12 m3

hmax

hmin

5.1. Sahara sand reserve



Weight of the sand reserves W (ton):While 1m3 sand is aproximatly1850 kg, the total weight will be:

W= 1850xV= 212x10^12 tons.

5.1. Sahara sand reserves



5.2. Sahara Silicon (Si) potentials

Taking an average rate of Silica in the sand (SiO2 / Sand) = 70%

the rate of Silicon (Si) in Silica = 28/60

We therefore obtained the rate of Silicon in the sand = 70*28/60= 32%

If the extraction efficiency of Silicon =30%

The Si extracting rate will be = 30%x32%= 10%

That means that 1 ton of Si needs 10 tons of Sand

Si reserve will be then equal to 212x10^11 tons.



5.2. Sahara Silicon (Si) potentials5.2. Sahara Silicon (Si) potentials

If 1MW PV needs 10 tons of Si, which means that we can produce 212x10^10 MWPV or 212x10^4 TWPV of PV cells.

This quantity is approximately 10 000 Times Sahara capacity as demonstrated in slide 11.



6. PV energy powered reference village in the Sahara for ecological and social stability

A sustainable society in the

Sahara

inhabit comfortably the Sahara=

Production of clean sustainable energy to:

cultivate bio

+


1The transfer of appropriate technologies to the Sahara

To realize or to achieve these objectives we have to do:

2The domiciliation of these

Technologies(Apply, test, choosing the most

suitable upgrade .... etc)

3Training of the local community and new

habitants to use these technologies and to

adapted with


These technologies are actually multidisciplinary, they primarily concern the following applications:

Housing and Planning;Housing and Planning;

Water: pumping, desalination Water: pumping, desalination and treatment;and treatment;

Bio fixing, bio washing …etcetc

Organic agriculture: irrigationOrganic agriculture: irrigation techniques and plants; techniques and plants;


Currently, these technologies and their applications are being developed in :

A laboratories, A research centers, A manufactures, An agencies, etc..

1 Separately with respect to

each other 3 Separately , sometimes, from the destination sites2

Separately from the users


A reference village to combine the applications and to link the development centers

We propose to combine the applications for the villages in a reference village, in experimental village, in a mother oasis.

This reference village is linked to development centers by development engineers, researchers and trainers.


A reference village to combine the applications and to link the development centers

Laboratory X

Research centers X

University X

Manufacture XLaboratory Y

Research centers Y

University Y

Manufacture Y

Agency X Agency YAnother X Another Y


Thank you for your attendance

and your attention

21


Documents

How Sahara Contribute to Sustainable Energy Production?