Hue Urban Sanitation Introduction

INTRODUCTION TO URBAN INTRODUCTION TO URBAN SANITATION STATUS IN SANITATION STATUS IN

HUE CITY, VIETNAM HUE CITY, VIETNAM

Pham Khac Lieu D EngPham Khac Lieu D EngPham Khac Lieu, D.Eng.Pham Khac Lieu, D.Eng.Head, Faculty of Environmental Science

H U i it f S i Vi tHue University of Sciences, VietnamE-mail: [email protected]

ContentsContentsContentsContents

• Introduction to Hue city• Introduction to Hue city• Hue urban sanitation

–Water supply–Sewer systems–Household sanitationHousehold sanitation–Solid waste management

Hue cityHue cityyy• Provincial capital of Thua Thien Hue province• An ancient capital of Vietnam• A World Cultural Heritage (since 1993 by

UNESCO)UNESCO)• Area: 71 km2 (Da Nang urban area: 213 km2)

P l ti 333 700 (D 2007)• Population ~ 333,700 (Dec. 2007)• 24 administrative units (wards and communes)

M j d l t ti iti• Major development activities: – tourism and services, – small industries– small industries, – agriculture,…

• per capita GDP ~ 1,000 USD/yr (2009)pe cap ta G ,000 US /y ( 009)

Thua Thien Hue ProvinceThua Thien Hue ProvinceThua Thien Hue ProvinceThua Thien Hue Province• Administrative units: Hue city and 8 districts• Area: 5060 km2

• Population: 1,1 million (as of 2009)

Hue cityHue cityyy

Famous sceneries in Hue cityAncient palace The CitadelAncient palace

Huong (Perfume) RiverHuong (Perfume) River

The King’s Tomb Trang Tien Bridge

Hue citadel (old city)Hue citadel (old city)Hue citadel (old city)Hue citadel (old city)

Hue urban: Water supplyHue urban: Water supplyHue urban: Water supplyHue urban: Water supplyExisting status • In Hue city: 3 water treatment plants, total capacity of

114,500m3/d, operated by Hue Construction and Water Supply Company (HUEWACO)Supply Company (HUEWACO).

(HUEWACO has 12 treatment plants on the whole province with total capacity of 130,000 m3/d).p y )

• Water source: surface water from Huong river• Service coverage: 100% of area and 99% of population

S l 120 140 L/ /d• Supply: 120 – 140 L/cap/day• Tap water quality meets National Technical Regulation

on drinking water quality (QCVN 01:2009/ BYTon drinking water quality (QCVN 01:2009/ BYT Declared water safety plan in June, 2008 (one of three companies in South-East Asia))

(Source: HUEWACO, 2009)

Water purification plants in Thua Thien Hue provinceWater purification plants in Thua Thien Hue provinceQuang Te 1 : 20,000m3/d

Quang Te 2 : 82,500m3/d

D Vi 12 000 3/d

Hoa Binh Chuong: 2,000m3/d

Da Vien: 12,000 m3/d

Chan May: 6,000m3/d

Bach Ma: 100m3/dTu Ha: 12,000m3/ d

Binh Thanh: 250m3/d TOTAL CAPACITY: TOTAL CAPACITY: 130,000 m130,000 m33/d/d

Phu Bai : 5 000m3/d

130,000 m130,000 m /d/d

Nam Dong : 2,000m3/d

Phu Bai : 5,000m3/d

Loc Bon: 250m3/d

9

Nam Dong : 2,000m /dVinh Hien: 100m3/d

Hue urban: Water supplyHue urban: Water supplyHue urban: Water supplyHue urban: Water supplyRaw water

PAC

Coagulation& Flocculation

PAC

Water

Sedimentationtreatment technology

Rapid sand filterJavelJavel

Disinfection

Distribution reservoir

Supply network

Hue urban: Sewer systemHue urban: Sewer systemHue urban: Sewer systemHue urban: Sewer system

• Existing status• Existing status– Only drainage function

No wastewater collection and treatment– No wastewater collection and treatment system

Issues• Issues– Low service coverage

I d ti– Inundation– Surface water pollution

F t l i• Future planning– “Water environment improvement project”

Sewer systemSewer systemSewer systemSewer system• Drainage system = sewers + canals and rivers +• Drainage system = sewers + canals and rivers +

lakes Total length 150 km:• Total length ~ 150 km:61 km of D400~D1200 sewer pipes52 k f B400 B600 t l l t52 km of B400-B600 rectangular culverts20 km of soil ditches16 km of canals and rivers

• Service coverage: 30% of population.• Operational principle: natural flow(Source: HEPCO, 2009)( , )

Sewer network in Hue citySewer network in Hue city

Huong river’s north-bank area

Citadel

Huong river’sHuong river s south-bank area

Sewer system: Hue Citadel caseSewer system: Hue Citadel caseSe e syste ue C tade caseSe e syste ue C tade case

Components of sewer system inside Hue CitadelComponents of sewer system inside Hue Citadel

Ward Soil Rectangular concrete culvert (m) Sewer pipe (m)

Manhole Ward ditch (m) (unit)B300 B400 B500 B600 B800 B>1000 D< 600 D> 800

Thuan 950 997 2 3373 2 1260 1 337 6 0 4 5 5931 6 1583 595Hoa 950 997.2 3373.2 1260.1 337.6 0 4.5 5931.6 1583 595

Thuan Thanh 2302 0 1669.9 573 346 393 149 4915.6 814 485

Thuan Loc 2987 0 2209.5 251 143.2 56.3 106.3 3511.6 1555 383

Tay Loc 2423 0 20 413.3 3827.4 0 526 7565.8 1381.5 2.423

Total 8662 997.2 7272.6 2497.3 4654.2 449.3 785.8 21924.5 5333.5 3886

Sewer system: Hue Citadel caseSewer system: Hue Citadel caseSe e syste ue C tade caseSe e syste ue C tade caseThree ways of wastewater discharge by wardThree ways of wastewater discharge by ward

100%

To public sewer To lakes and canal Soil percolation • Connection rate to p blic se er

80%

100% to public sewer inside Citadel is higher than the

60%

higher than the whole city (56% vs. 30%).

40% • Thuan Hoa Ward had a highest

0%

20%g

connection rate (>70%)

0%Thuan Hoa Thuan Thanh Thuan Loc Tay Loc

Sewer system: Hue Citadel caseSewer system: Hue Citadel caseTypes of domestic wastewater discharge: average percentage for Citadel areayp g g p g

To public sewer56.4%

Soil percolation26 6%26.6%

To lakes and canal17.0%

Lakes and canal inside Hue CitadelLakes and canal inside Hue Citadel

• Lakes and canal system play an important a es a d ca a sys e p ay a po arole– 41 lakes total area ~42 ha (2007)41 lakes, total area 42 ha (2007)– Ngu Ha canal (Royal canal), length ~ 3,000 m

• Functions of lake and canal system• Functions of lake and canal system– drainage most important

beauty spots– beauty spots– navigation

irrigation– irrigation– cultivation and fish culture

waste assimilation– waste assimilation

1 B 21 S

Location map of lakes inside Hue citadel

Military zone1. Beo2. Tay3. Kham 4. Doai5 V

21. Sau22. Te Sanh23. Hoa Phao24. Nhan Hau 25 C M5. Vom

6. Tien Bao7. Ta Bao8. Vuong9 Ch

25. Cay Mung26. Long Vo27. Tan Mieu28. Phu Van29 R M

Hue Citadel9. Chua10. Hau Bao11.Ky Vo12. Tran Binh Dai13 H Nh

29. Rau Muong30. Xa Tac31. Vo Sanh32. Kim Thuy Ngoai33 Ki Th T

Royal palace

13.Hung Nhue14. Moc Duc15. Thanh Ninh16. Tinh Tam17 H H i

33. Kim Thuy Trong34. Ngoc Dich35. Thai Dich36. Lap37 Th h H

y p17. Hoc Hai18. Giam Thanh 19. Tien Y20. Phong Trach

37. Thanh Hoang38. Ho Ve39. Dong Thai40. Duc Hung41 B Vi41. Ba Vien


Drainage flflow direction: N H

Thuy Luong Y Gate

Ngu Ha canal

Quan Gate

serves as a main axis


Recent issues of lakes and canals:Recent issues of lakes and canals:• Declining water surface area g• Silting (deposition of solids)

Clogging of water inlet (Thuy Quan• Clogging of water inlet (Thuy Quan gate)

• Lake-lake and lake-canal disconnectiondisconnection

• Water pollution (esp. eutrophication)

Declining surface area of lakesDeclining surface area of lakesgg

• 01 lake (Rau Muong) was filled completely for01 lake (Rau Muong) was filled completely for building a market remain 40 lakes in 2010

• Total area of lakes reduced by: 18 1% from 2003Total area of lakes reduced by: 18.1% from 2003 to 2007; 16.0% from 2003 to 2010

• An increase in total area of 11450 m2(2 6%)An increase in total area of 11450 m (2,6%) from 2007 to 2010

• From 2007 to 2010 there were 15 lakes havingFrom 2007 to 2010, there were 15 lakes having area reduction and 8 lakes being isolated completely.p y

• Some lakes have been rehabilitated: Thanh Hoang, Moc Duc,…g

Drainage system Drainage system –– Hue Citadel caseHue Citadel caseg yg yWater spinach cultivation

Combined water spinach cultivation and fish culture

Drainage system Drainage system –– Hue Citadel caseHue Citadel caseg yg y

Thanh HoangThanh Hoang Lake is under rehabilitation forrehabilitation for conserving

Sewer system Sewer system –– Inundation problemInundation problemyy pp

Inundated after heavy rain (Oct., 2007)

Inundated after heavy rain (Oct., 2009)

Sewer system Sewer system –– Inundation problemInundation problemyy pp

Street inundation during flood

Sewer system Sewer system –– Planning for improvementPlanning for improvementyy g pg p

Project “Water environment improvement in Hue city”j p yProject owner: Hue Urban Environment and Public Works

Co. Ltd. (HEPCO).Project budget:

24.008 bill.JPY (222 mill.USD); 87% loaned from JapanProject location: Huong river’s south bank areaDuration: 2009 – 2016 (just commenced on June 25 2010)Major work-loads

- Construction of 250 km partially combined sewers- Dredging small rivers and culverts (400,000 m3)- Construction of WWTP (20,000 m3/d capacity)

(Source: Thua Thien Hue People Committee, 2007)

Household sanitation in HueHousehold sanitation in HueHousehold sanitation in HueHousehold sanitation in Hue• Existing statusg

– Percentage of households having toilets: 92.9% (the whole province: 78.3%)( p )

– Percentage of hygienic toilets: 95.6%(Classified according to the criteria in Decision No. ( g08/2005/QĐ-BYT issued by Ministry of Health)

– Type of hygienic toilets• Septic tank : 86.5%• Sulabh : 5.6%• Double-vault composting latrine: 2.7%• Vented pit latrine: 0.8%

Household sanitation facilities in Thua Thien Hue provinceHousehold sanitation facilities in Thua Thien Hue province

City/District No. of HHs

No. of HHs

having

Type of sanitation facility

Septic Sulabh Double- Pit OthHHs having toilet

Septic tank

Doublevault latrine

Pit latrine Other

Hue 57,519 53,450 46,219 3,022 1,428 426 2,355

Phong Dien 20,979 15,773 5,252 2,430 3,157 1,807 3,127

Quang Dien 18,693 15,284 4,469 3,355 1,665 4,839 956

Huong Tra 22 454 18 827 6 332 2 870 1 380 4 257 3 988Huong Tra 22,454 18,827 6,332 2,870 1,380 4,257 3,988

Phu Vang 34,574 22,210 12,035 1,168 1,469 1,207 6,331

Huong Thuy 19,626 16,455 7,410 943 4,070 1,379 2,653

Phu Loc 29,725 16,803 6,443 5,090 965 2,649 1,656

Nam Dong 4,516 3,946 732 15 59 132 3,008

A Luoi 8,580 6,882 650 510 631 381 4,710

Total 216,666 169,630 89,542 19,403 14,824 16,357 28,784

S Th Thi H C t f P ti M di iSource: Thua Thien Hue Center for Preventive Medicine.

Household sanitation in HueHousehold sanitation in HueHousehold sanitation in HueHousehold sanitation in Hue

• Septic tank effluents: mainly discharged• Septic tank effluents: mainly discharged into the drainage network.

• Sludge from septic tanks (septage): mainly landfilled; a small fraction is co-composted ; pwith solid waste.Percentage of septic tank increased from• Percentage of septic tank increased from 80.4% in 2006 to 86.5% in 2009.

Household sanitation in Hue: the Citadel case Household sanitation in Hue: the Citadel case

Sanitation in the Citadel is better than other areas of the cityy• 99% of households having toilets (whole city: 92.9%)• 98.5% are hygienic toilets (whole city: 95.6%)

Type of sanitation facility No. of HHs %

Septic tank 9232 74.4Sulabh 2607 21 0Sulabh 21.0Double-vault latrine 426 3.4Other 129 1 0Other 129 1.0 No toilet 13 0.1Total 12407 100Total 12407 100


• Issues• Issues- Some people still have no sanitation facilities:

who live on boats (floating communities)- who live on boats (floating communities)- who live on the river/canal banks

- Inappropriate design of septic tanks (inadequateInappropriate design of septic tanks (inadequatecapacity)

- 78% septic tanks have never been desludged,78% septic tanks have never been desludged,even some of them were more than 30 years old.

- Lack of management policies and technology forLack of management policies and technology forseptic tanks


Floating communities

Basic facts about MSW in Hue cityBasic facts about MSW in Hue cityyy• MSW generation

– Generation rate: 0.98 kg/cap/day (MONRE, 2009)– Est. generation weight: 305 ton/d (MONRE, 2009)(This value is much higher than estimated value of 205 ton/d from(This value is much higher than estimated value of 205 ton/d from

HEPCO. Reasonable value at present may be about 250 ton/d)

• MSW collection– Collection capacity: 200 ton/d (HEPCO, at present)– Collection service coverage: 95-97% (AIT, 2009)– Collection rate (urban area only): 98% (AIT, 2009)

• Recycled and reused waste: 18-20% (AIT, 2009)N ti t• No separation at source.

• Percent of solid waste billed: 100% (AIT, 2009)• Collection fee: 0.38 USD/household/month (AIT, 2009)

Basic facts about MSW in Hue cityBasic facts about MSW in Hue cityyy• MSW disposal and treatment:

B f 2005 l l dfill ( t Th Ph S it L dfill)– Before 2005: only landfill (at Thuy Phuong Sanitary Landfill)– 2005 – 2007: 50% for landfill and 50% for the Waste Treatment

Plant– 2007 to present:

• Landfill (on weekend)• Treatment Plant (on week days)

Treatment PlantMonday~Friday Recycling

products

Collected waste: 200 ton/d ~10%

i i

Landfill

200 ton/d

Saturday-Sunday

remainings

Landfill

Basic facts about MSW in Hue cityBasic facts about MSW in Hue cityyyComposition of MSW in Hue city (2006)

No. Waste category Composition (%)1 Degradable organic wastes 74.502 Cardboard, paper 3.003 Plastics (PE, PVC, PET,…) 6.904 Clothes 2.605 Rubber 0.606 Leather 0 556 Leather 0.557 Glass 0.758 Metals 0 898 Metals 0.899 Others 10.21

Sum 100S HEPCO 2006 Sum 100Source: HEPCO, 2006

Basic facts about MSW in Hue cityBasic facts about MSW in Hue cityyyComposition of household solid waste in Hue city (2010)

No. Waste category Generation rate (g/cap/d) Composition (%)1 Food waste 208.51 80.552 Plastics 19.29 7.453 Paper 12.37 4.784 Grass/wood 11.61 4.485 Glass 2.53 0.986 Metals 1 12 0 436 Metals 1.12 0.437 Textiles 0.96 0.378 Rubber/Leather 0.30 0.129 Ceramic 0.73 0.289 Miscellaneous 1.44 0.56

Sum 258.86 100Source: Thanh N.P. et al., 2010

Basic facts about MSW in Hue cityBasic facts about MSW in Hue cityyyThuy Phuong sanitary landfill• Location: about 12 km southern from Hue city• Operator: Hue Urban Environment and Public Works

Company (HEPCO)• Started operation since1998• Capacity 1.2 MT, 2 landfill sites:

– first site was closed in 2007.– second site is under operation.

• Type of waste: domestic waste (major) + others (demolition industrial )(demolition, industrial…)

• Leachate treatment: A pond system is currently used to treat landfill leachate However the efficiency is verytreat landfill leachate. However, the efficiency is very low.

The new landfill siteThe new landfill site

The closed landfill site

Thuy Phuong Waste Treatment PlantThuy Phuong Waste Treatment Plant

• Located nearby Thuy Phuong Landfill, area of 4.2 ha• Operated by Tam Sinh Nghia Co.Ltd.• Applied ASC® technology for waste separation and

t i l f 2007material recovery from 2007• Capacity: 200 ton of waste/day

Thuy Phuong Waste Treatment PlantThuy Phuong Waste Treatment Plant

• ASC® technology: – Totally domestic technology and equipment

Separating waste into many categories using– Separating waste into many categories, using multiple stages and devices for separation .

– Recovery products: • plastic material for recycling,plastic material for recycling,• soil conditioner,

t b d f tili• compost-based fertilizer.– Low residual to landfill (<10%).( )

Raw mixed MSW

Manual separation

Raw mixed MSW

Manual separation

Inert materials Bulky recyclable matters

Bulky combustible matters

Sale for recycling

Breaking

Air classification

to landfill

Mixed MSW Explosive wasteHazardous waste

to special treatment

Incineration

Inert materials Bulky recyclable matters

Bulky combustible matters

Sale for recycling

Breaking

Air classification

to landfill

Mixed MSW Explosive wasteHazardous waste

to special treatment

Incineration

Air classification

Mixed organic waste Mixed plastic waste

Trommel screen Trommel screen

Air classification

Mixed organic waste Mixed plastic waste

Trommel screen Trommel screen

Grits, small-sized org-waste

Large-sized organic waste

Vibration screen Magnetic separation

Mixed plastic waste Small-sized org-waste

Manual separation

Grits, small-sized org-waste

Large-sized organic waste

Vibration screen Magnetic separation

Mixed plastic waste Small-sized org-waste

Manual separation

Grits, sand,…

Humicparticles

Large-sized

humus

Organic waste (large-sized)

Vibration screen

Ferrous metal

Plastic material for recycling

products

to landfillfor soil conditioning

Grits, sand,…

Humicparticles

Large-sized

humus

Organic waste (large-sized)

Vibration screen

Ferrous metal

Plastic material for recycling

products

to landfillfor soil conditioning

Organic waste

Shredding

Other metallic materials

conditioningOrganic waste

Shredding

Other metallic materials

conditioning

Trommel screen

Compostable organics

Composting

Fibrous materials

Trommel screen

Compostable organics

Composting

Fibrous materials

Material recovery at Thuy Phuong Waste Treatment plant

Raw compost

FertilizerAdditives

Raw compost

FertilizerAdditives

Thuy Phuong Waste Treatment Thuy Phuong Waste Treatment Pl tPl tPlantPlant

Manual waste separationComposting house

Plastic recycling products Compost and block products

Waste recycling through scrap pickers and Waste recycling through scrap pickers and buyersbuyersbuyersbuyers

• A survey from March to May 2010 found inA survey from March to May 2010 found in Hue city there are: 61 primary scrap stores (buying wastes 61 primary scrap-stores (buying wastes

collected by pickers and buyers) 11 secondary scrap stores (buying wastes 11 secondary scrap-stores (buying wastes

from primary stores) 400 450 scrap pickers and buyers among 400-450 scrap pickers and buyers, among

them 5% pick only, 36% buy only and 59% do both activitiesboth activities. 120-125 HEPCO’s workers picking wastes

during their workingduring their working

Waste recycling through scrap pickers Waste recycling through scrap pickers and buyersand buyersand buyersand buyers

• Structure of waste picking and buying system in Hue

secondary scrap-stores

(some stores also do processing waste)(some stores also do processing waste)

primary scrap-stores

(buying and classification of waste)

scrap pickers and buyers


S i k d bScrap pickers and buyers

Primary scrap-stores


Secondary scrap-stores and their products available for recycling


• Waste categories and their weights to be recycled through scrap pickers and buyers:through scrap pickers and buyers:

Waste category Weight (kg/d) Ratio (%)Metals 14,377 40.3

Paper and cardboard 15,830 44.4Pl ti d 2 750 7 7Plastic goods 2,750 7.7Plastic bags 685 1.9

Others 2 015 5 7Others 2,015 5.7Total 35,657 100

• Scrap pickers and buyers have contributed a recycling p p y y gratio as: 35,657/250,000 = 14,3%

Concluding remarksConcluding remarksConcluding remarksConcluding remarksIn Hue cityIn Hue city • Good water supply (quantity as well as quality);

S• Sewer system should be upgraded, especially, wastewater collection and treatment;

• Household sanitation should be improved in terms of technical design and management.

• Hue city has a high potential in waste recycling and resource recovery.y

ReferencesReferencesReferencesReferences1. Thua Thien Hue People Committee (2007). Report on progress of the p ( ) p p g

project “Water environment improvement in Hue city” No.02/BC-UBND.2. HEPCO (2009). Personal communication.3 HUEWACO (2009) Presentation at the Workshop on applying the3. HUEWACO (2009). Presentation at the Workshop on applying the

advance of technical science and new technology. Hue, August, 2009.4. Asian Institute of Technology (2009). Benchmarking on environmental

infrastructure management in selected cities of Southeast Asia Finalinfrastructure management in selected cities of Southeast Asia. Final report of the JAR (Join Action Research) project, under CIDA-AIT Partnership through Southeast Asia Urban Environmental Management Applications (SEA-UEMA) ProjectManagement Applications (SEA UEMA) Project.

5. Pham Khac Lieu and Nguyen Bac Giang (2010). Water quality concerns of lake and canal system inside Hue citadel. Presentation at the International Workshop: Wateralong community Hue; Tokyothe International Workshop: Wateralong community, Hue; Tokyo, January 11, 2010.

6. Phan Xuan Thanh (2007). Assessment of the existing status of lakes in Hue citadel B Sc Thesis Dept of Environmental Science Hue CollegeHue citadel. B.Sc.Thesis, Dept.of Environmental Science, Hue College of Sciences.

ReferencesReferences

7. MONRE (2009). Draft version of National strategy on waste reduction, reuse and recycling until 2020. Ha Noi.

8. N.P. Thanh, Y. Matsui, N.T.M.Yen, P.K.Lieu and T N T (2010) A t d f th h h ld lid tT.N.Tuan (2010). A study of the household solid waste generation and characteristic in a North central Vietnam City-Hue City Abstrat submitted to the InternationalCity-Hue City. Abstrat submitted to the International Conference on EcoBalance 2010, Tokyo - Japan.

9 Pham Thi Nguyet (2010) Waste recycling through waste9. Pham Thi Nguyet (2010). Waste recycling through waste pickers and scrap-buyers in Hue city. B.Sc.Thesis, Dept.of Environmental Science, Hue College of Sciences.

10. Thua Thien Hue People Committee (2007). Decision on approvement of “Strategy on socio-economic

f 2006 2020”development of Hue city period 2006-2020”.

Documents

Hue Urban Sanitation Introduction