Huong Dan Chung Ve DTM

D KIN CC PHN NI DUNG CA HNG DN TM CHUNG

TNG CC MI TRNG

CC THM NH V NH GI TC NG MI TRNG

HNG DN CHUNG V THC HIN NH GI TC NG MI TRNG I VI D N U T

H Ni, 12/2010

Mc lc3LI M U

4I. GII THIU CHUNG

41.1. Mc ch ca bn hng dn

41.2. Phm vi ca bn hng dn

41.3. i tng s dng bn hng dn

51.4. Cu trc ca bn hng dn v cch s dng

6II. KHI NIM C BN V NH GI TC NG MI TRNG

62.1. Khi nim v TM

62.2. Mc tiu ca TM

62.3. Li ch ca TM

72.4. Quy trnh TM v chu trnh thc hin d n

92.5. Quy trnh thc hin TM Vit Nam

17III. CC PHNG PHP TM

173.1. Phng php chp bn :

173.2. Phng php lp bng lit k (Check list):

183.3. Phng php ma trn (Matrix):

183.4. Phng php mng li (Networks):

183.5. Phng php nh gi nhanh (rapid Assessment):

183.6. Phng php m hnh ha (Modeling):

193.7.Phng php s dng ch th v ch s mi trng:

193.8. Phng php vin thm v GIS:

203.9. Phng php so snh:

203.10. Phng php chuyn gia:

203.11. Phng php tham vn cng ng

203.12. H thng nh lng tc ng

233.13. H thng nh gi mi trng Battelle

24IV. CN C PHP L V K THUT LIN QUAN N TM TI VIT NAM

244.1. Cn c php l

264.2. Cc tiu chun, quy chun k thut quc gia v mi trng

28V. NGUN LC THC HIN TM

285.1.Thnh phn on nghin cu TM

285.2.Yu cu v phng tin k thut

295.3 Yu cu v ti chnh

295.4. Yu cu v thi gian nghin cu TM

29VI. BIN SON BO CO TM

296.1. Cu trc ca bo co TM

306.2. Vn phong v yu cu th hin ni dung ca bo co TM

306.3. Bo co tm tt ca bo co TM

31VII. NI DUNG BO CO NH GI TC NG MI TRNG

317.1. M t tm tt v d n

337.2. nh gi hin trng mi trng t nhin v KTXH khu vc d n

437.3. Thc hin d bo, nh gi tc ng mi trng

457.4. Chng trnh qun l v gim st mi trng

477.5. Tham vn cng ng

LI M UNgy 2 v 3 thng 6 nm 2005 cc on i biu tham gia Hi ngh gia nhim k ca mt s nh ti tr cho Vit Nam v i din ca Chnh ph, cc b, ngnh v mt s tnh, thnh ph ca Vit Nam thng qua v cng b Bn Cam kt H Ni (HCS - Hanoi Core Statement) v hiu qu vin tr gm 14 ch tiu v 14 mc tiu nh hng n nm 2010. Trong 14 ch tiu c ch tiu s 8 v nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) v nh gi tc ng x hi (TX).

Ch tiu s 8 ca Bn cam kt nu r: Chnh ph Vit Nam v cc nh ti tr ci thin mi trng v an sinh x hi. T l phn trm ca bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) v nh gi x hi (SIA) thc hin theo tiu chun quc t v s dng cc h thng ca chnh ph.Mc tiu nh hng n nm 2010 t nht 100% bo co TM ca d n do cc nh ti tr c thc hin theo tiu chun quc t v t nht 30% trong s ny c thc hin thng qua cc h thng ca Chnh ph.

Nhn chung, quy nh v TM ca Vit Nam v ca cc t chc ti tr quc t v nc ngoi u da trn nhng nguyn tc chung v TM c tha nhn rng ri trn th gii. Nhiu bo co TM thc hin theo cc nguyn tc v quy nh ca cc t chc ti tr c cc c quan qun l mi trng ca nh nc Vit Nam thm nh v chp nhn. Tuy nhin, trong quy trnh thc hin TM c nhng im khc bit nht nh. Ch trng hi ha quy trnh TM ca Vit Nam vi quy trnh ca cc t chc quc t hot ng ti Vit Nam c t mt s nm v trc v thc hin qua mt s hot ng c th.

Hng dn chung v thc hin TM c xc nh nh mt phn ca qu trnh hi ho TM theo Bn cam kt H Ni v hiu qu vin tr. Mc tiu ca bn Hng dn ny l cung cp vn bn gip cho nhng ngi lin quan thc hin qu trnh TM ti Vit Nam.

Hng dn ny h tr k thut cho qu trnh thc hin Thng t s 05/2008/TT-BTNMT ngy 08 thng 12 nm 2008 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v Hng dn nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng, v nhng hng dn k thut TM chuyn ngnh ang tn ti. Hng dn ny l c hi hi ho cc quy nh TM ca Vit Nam vi cc t chc quc t, do vy, theo thi gian Hng dn ny s c cp nht khi cn thit.

I. GII THIU CHUNG

1.1. Mc ch ca bn hng dn

Mc ch ca hng dn ny l cung cp nhng ch dn chung cho nhng ngi lin quan quy trnh, phm vi ca nh gi tc ng mi trng (vit tt l TM). Hng dn ny cung cp thng tin y v thc hin TM bao gm t lp cng, trin khai nghin cu, lp bo co TM v gim st sau TM. Tuy nhin, v y l hng dn chung nn c s dng ng thi vi cc hng dn TM chuyn ngnh khc.

Hng dn ny khng cp ti vic lp bn Cam kt bo v mi trng, tuy nhin, trong chng mc nht nh v mt ni dung v phng php lun c th c tham kho trong qu trnh lp Cam kt bo v mi trng.

1.2. Phm vi ca bn hng dn

Hng dn ny cung cp ch dn i vi ton b qu trnh thc hin TM bao gm:

- Hiu bit v c s php l v yu cu v TM; - Sng lc d n phi lp bo co TM;- M t d n v cc phng n la chn d n;- nh gi hin trng mi trng t nhin v x hi ti vng tc ng ca d n;- Tham vn cng ng;- Thc hin TM v xc nh mc tc ng;- xut cc bin php gim thiu tc ng xu i vi mi trng;- Xy dng chng trnh qun l, gim st mi trng nhm thc hin cc bin php gim thiu tc ng xu v gim st tc ng sau TM.

1.3. i tng s dng bn hng dn

Hng dn ny c dng cho cc i tng trc tip tham gia vo qu trnh TM bao gm:

- Ch D n: Cn c quy nh ti iu 18 Lut Bo v mi trng nm 2005 (sau y vit tt l Lut BVMT), Ch d n phi lp bo co TM trnh c quan nh nc c thm quyn t chc thm nh v ph duyt. Tuy nhin, do bo co TM i hi tnh khoa hc, k thut v cng ngh cao, nn Ch d n thng thu t chc dch v t vn phi hp lp bo co TM, song Ch d n phi chu trch nhim v cc s liu, kt qu nu trong bo co TM.- C quan t vn hoc nhm chuyn gia t vn lp bo co TM (Gi chung v T vn): c trch nhim gip Ch d n lp bo co TM c cht lng ph hp vi quy nh php lut hin hnh v yu cu ca cc c quan ti tr quc t hay cho vay vn thc hin d n (trong trng hp c yu cu).

T vn TM l cc chuyn gia thuc cc lnh vc khoa hc t nhin, khoa hc x hi, sinh thi, cng ngh v lut php, m hnh ho ...

T vn TM c trch nhim lin kt cc cng vic ca nhm lin ngnh, xc nh phm vi TM, cch tip cn v phng php lun nh gi. T vn phi c hiu bit khoa hc lin ngnh, c kh nng ch o, iu ho cc quan h vi cc chuyn gia lin quan v cc c quan Nh nc, cng chng v Ch d n nhm m bo cht lng ca mt bo co TM.

- Cng ng dn c chu tc ng trc tip ca D n (Cng ng): Cng ng c vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh lp, thm nh bo co TM. Vic tham gia ca cng ng vo qu trnh TM c th thc hin thng qua yu cu v tham vn cng ng quy nh ti iu 20, Lut BVMT v hng dn chi tit ti im 2, mc III ca Thng t 05/2008/TT-BTNMT ngy 08 thng 12 nm 2008 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng hng dn v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng.- C quan Nh nc c thm quyn t chc thm nh v ph duyt bo co TM Trung ng v a phng: gm cc B, c quan thuc chnh ph v y ban nhn dn tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng c thm quyn t chc vic thm nh v ph duyt bo co TM quy nh ti khon 7, iu 21 Lut BVMT.- T chc dch v thm nh: l c quan c B Ti nguyn v Mi trng hoc UBND tnh tuyn chn t chc dch v thm nh bo co TM. T chc dch v thm nh c tham gia thm nh theo quyt nh ca c quan ph duyt d n v phi chu trch nhim v kin, kt lun thm nh ca mnh. - C quan ti tr D n: c quan ti tr trong nc cng nh nc ngoi thng thng l cc t chc cho vay vn nh Ngn hng Th gii (WB), Ngn hng Pht trin Chu (ADB), Ngn hng u t Pht trin Quc t Nht Bn (JBIC), Ngn hng c (KFW), C quan h tr ca Php (ADF)... Cc c quan ny u xem vic lp bo co TM v ph duyt bo co ny bi c quan c thm quyn ca Nh nc Vit Nam l mt trong nhng iu kin bt buc xt cho vay vn.

1.4. Cu trc ca bn hng dn v cch s dng

Bn hng dn ny c cu trc nh ti liu hng dn v quy trnh chung thc hin TM. Cu trc ca bn hng dn bao gm cc phn ni dung chnh sau :

- Khi nim c bn v TM v quy trnh thc hin TM ti Vit Nam.

- Cc phng php TM.

- C s php l v TM ca Vit Nam.

- Ngun lc thc hin TM.

- Bin son bo co TM.

- Yu cu ni dung bo co TM.

i vi mi giai on c bn ca qu trnh TM, nhng vn sau y s c cung cp cho ngi s dng: Mc tiu hot ng; Cch tip cn ti hot ng v Phng thc trin khai hot ng. Ngi s dng c ch dn n cc bn hng dn TM chuyn ngnh mi khi c iu kin.

II. KHI NIM C BN V NH GI TC NG MI TRNG

2.1. Khi nim v TM

nh gi tc ng mi trng (Environmental Impact Assessment) v bn cht l mt qu trnh d bo, nh gi tc ng ca mt d n n mi trng bao gm mi trng t nhin, mi trng kinh t - x hi v a ra cc bin php phng trnh, gim thiu tc ng xu ln mi trng. Cho n nay c nhiu nh ngha v TM c a ra nh ca Chng trnh mi trng Lin hp quc (UNEP-1991), ca y ban kinh t - x hi Chu v Thi Bnh dng (ESCAP-1990), ca Ngn hng th gii (WB), tuy nhin, cho n nay cha c mt nh ngha thng nht.

Trong khun kh ca Hng dn ny, khi nim v TM c hiu thng qua nh ngha v TM nu ti Lut BVMT: nh gi tc ng mi trng l vic phn tch, d bo cc tc ng n mi trng ca d n u t c th a ra cc bin php bo v mi trng khi trin khai d n . 2.2. Mc tiu ca TM

Vi khi nim nu trn, mc tiu chnh cn t c ca qu trnh TM gm:

- Ch danh mt cch h thng cc tc ng ln mi trng t nhin v mi trng x hi ca mt d n;

- xut cc bin php qun l v cng ngh nhm phng nga v gim thiu cc tc ng xu i vi mi trng;

- Xc nh chng trnh qun l v gim st mi trng nhm nh gi hiu qu ca cc gii php hn ch nhim v cc tc ng xy ra trn thc t.

Nh vy, mt TM c cht lng s p ng c cc mc tiu c bn sau:

- Cung cp kp thi cc thng tin ng tin cy v nhng vn mi trng ca d n cho Ch D n v nhng ngi c thm quyn ra quyt nh i vi d n ;

- m bo nhng vn mi trng c cn nhc y v cn bng i vi cc yu t k thut v kinh t ca d n lm cn c xem xt quyt nh v d n;- m bo cho cng ng quan tm v d n hoc chu tc ng ca d n c c hi tham gia trc tip vo qu trnh thit k v ph duyt d n.

Chnh v vy, TM c xem l mt cng c qun l mi trng hu hiu ng thi cng l phng tin thch hp nht cho vic lng ghp cc vn mi trng vo ni dung d n.

2.3. Li ch ca TM

TM mang li li ch khng ch cho Ch d n, l cng c hu hiu qun l mi trng ca c quan qun l m cn cho c cng ng quan tm hoc chu tc ng bi d n. Nhng li ch c bn ca TM gm:- TM l cng c cho vic xem xt thu o cc vn mi trng ngang bng vi cc yu t v kinh t, x hi trong qu trnh xy dng, thit k d n nhm m bo pht trin bn vng;

- L cn c Ch d n la chn phng n u t bao gm v tr, quy m, cng ngh, nguyn vt liu, sn phm ca d n mt cch ph hp, t hiu qu kinh t v kh thi nht, ng thi tit kim tin ca v thi gian cho Ch d n;

- Ch ng phng trnh v gim thiu mt cch hiu qu nht cc tc ng xu ca d n ln mi trng;- Cung cp thng tin chun xc, tin cy v nhng vn mi trng ca d n cho c quan thm quyn trong vic xem xt ra quyt nh u t d n mt cch minh bch v c tnh bn vng cao;- Trnh c nhng xung t vi cng ng dn c trong qu trnh thc hin d n.

2.4. Quy trnh TM v chu trnh thc hin d n

Chu trnh ca mt d n u t gm 6 bc c bn gm: hnh thnh, xut d n; nghin cu tin kh thi; nghin cu kh thi; thit k chi tit; thc hin d n v bc cui cng l gim st, nh gi hiu qu d n.

Xut pht t c s khoa hc vi mc tiu lng ghp cc xem xt v mt mi trng vo ni dung d n nhm ch ng c bin php ngn nga v gim thiu cc tc ng xu ca d n n mi trng m bo mc tiu pht trin bn vng, quy trnh TM c gn kt rt cht ch vi chu trnh thc hin d n ngay t bc u tin l xc nh d n n khi d n c thc hin v i vo hot ng nh th hin trong hnh di y. Bc thc hin u tin trong chu trnh d n l xy dng tng v xut d n. Ngay t bc thc hin ny, vn mi trng c quan tm nhm xem xt, xc nh mc s b, tng th nhng thun li v cn tr v mt mi trng ca khu vc i vi loi hnh d n c la chn v s b xc nh nhng tc ng tiu cc tim tng ca d n ln mi trng lm c s cho vic xem xt d n c xut c i hi phi thc hin TM hay khng v nu cn thc hin TM th thc hin mc s b hay chi tit. Bc thc hin ny trong quy trnh TM c gi l sng lc (screening).

Sau khi d n c xc nh, bc tip theo trong chu trnh d n l xy dng bo co nghin cu tin kh thi vi vic xc nh a im, quy m, cng ngh v hiu qu kinh t ca d n. Cng vi bc thc hin ny l nghin cu TM s b vi mc tiu nhm xc nh nhng vn mi trng ca d n, nhng vn mi trng ct li cn phi nh gi, mc chi tit, phm vi khng gian v thi gian ca cc nh gi ny, cc gii php v mt k thut nhm phng trnh, khc phc v gim thiu mt cch hiu qu cc tc ng xu ca d n ln mi trng khu vc. Bc thc hin tip theo trong chu trnh d n l xy dng bo co nghin cu kh thi hay d n u t xy dng cng trnh (theo Lut Xy dng). Bo co nghin cu kh thi c cc ni dung ch yu gm: mc tiu, a im, quy m, cng sut, cng ngh, cc gii php kinh t - k thut, ngun vn v tng mc u t, hiu qu kinh t, thit k c s th hin cc gii php v kin trc, gii php v k thut, gii php v xy dng v cng ngh, trang thit b cng trnh, chng loi vt liu xy dng ch yu c s dng xy dng cng trnh.

Tin hnh song song vi qu trnh nghin cu kh thi ca d n l bc thc hin TM chi tit nhm ch ng lng ghp nhng xem xt, nh gi di gc mi trng vo qu trnh la chn a im, la chn quy m cng sut, la chn cng ngh... nhm t c hiu qu thn thin mi trng cao nht ng thi a ra cc bin php gii thiu mt cch hiu qu nht i vi cc tc ng xu ca d n ln mi trng t nhin v kinh t x hi. Bc tip theo ca quy trnh TM gn lin vi giai on thit k chi tit ca d n vi vic thit k chi tit cc bin php gim thiu, x l cht thi, c xc nh nh l kt qu ca qu trnh TM chi tit. Bc cui cng ca chu trnh d n ng thi cng l ca quy trnh TM l nh gi xem xt hiu qu ca d n ng thi l bc nh gi xem xt tnh ng n, hiu qu ca cc gii php phng trnh, cc bin php gim thiu, x l cht thi v xc nh nhng vn mi trng mi ny sinh cha c nhn bit trong qu trnh TM lm c s vic nh hng v hon thin hn cng tc bo v mi trng ca d n trong qu trnh hot ng sau ny.2.5. Quy trnh thc hin TM Vit NamQuy trnh TM chung nht theo UNEP c th hin qua cc bc gm: sng lc, xc nh phm vi, nh gi tc ng mi trng, thm nh ra quyt nh, quan trc v kim ton mi trng (auditing). Sng lc (Screening)Sng lc l bc thc hin u tin ca quy trnh TM vi mc tiu xc nh c cn c khoa hc mt d n c xut c cn phi thc hin TM hay khng v nu cn th thc hin n mc no, TM chi tit hay ch mc s b hoc khng phi lm g v mt mi trng. Sng lc l bc thc hin mang li li ch khng ch gii p nhng vn nu trn m cn gip trnh c s lng ph v thi gian, tin ca ca c quan nh nc, ca Ch d n ni ring v ca ton x hi ni chung.

C 2 cch sng lc gm sng lc da trn vic lp danh mc d n xc nh v sng lc da trn b tiu ch v kin thc chuyn gia:- Sng lc bng vic lp danh mc d n: Da trn kinh nghim qun l, quy m tnh cht ca d n, c quan nh nc c thm quyn (thng mc Chnh ph) xy dng v ban hnh danh mc cc d n phi thc hin TM mc khc nhau. Vit Nam p dng cch tip cn sng lc ny ngay t khi c Lut Bo v mi trng nm 1993. Hin nay, trn c s Lut Bo v mi trng nm 2005, danh mc gm 162 loi hnh d n phi lp bo co TM c quy nh ti Ph lc ca Ngh nh s 21/2008/N-CP ngy 28 thng 02 nm 2008 ca Chnh ph v sa i b sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09 thng 8 nm 2006 ca Chnh ph v vic quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Bo v mi trng. Nh vy, cc d n khng nm trong danh mc ny s khng phi lp bo co TM v thay th vo l lp Bn cam kt bo v mi trng tng ng vi mt bo co TM n gin.- Sng lc da trn b tiu ch:

Cch tip cn ny c da trn c s cc ch tiu gm: ch tiu ngng; ch tiu v cc vng nhy cm v ch tiu v cc kiu d n.

Ch tiu ngng c xy dng trn cc yu t nh: v tr, din tch t s dng, yu cu v c s h tng, chi ph v quy m d n.

Ch tiu v vng nhy cm l cn c vo mi quan h ca v tr d n vi cc vng nhy cm mi trng nh cc khu vc ng dn c, cc khu vc cn bo v nghim ngt v lch s vn ha ti nguyn thin nhin hoc khu vc c iu kin mi trng d b suy thoi, ph hy (vng t ngp nc vng ca sng...).

Ch tiu v kiu d n c phn thnh cc nhm: D n nhm ci thin mi trng; Nhng d n c tim nng gy tc ng xu ln mi trng nhng d xc nh v hn ch; Nhng d n c tc ng mi trng ln phi thc hin TM chi tit.

Cch sng lc ny c chnh xc, tuy nhin cng c nhng hn ch c bn l th tc hnh chnh v nhiu khi mt thi gian, tn km kinh ph do kh t c s ng thun gia Ch d n v c quan qun l mi trng c thm quyn.

Xc nh phm vi (Scoping)Xc nh phm vi c mc tiu nhm nhn dng v xc nh nhng vn mi trng chnh cn quan tm giai on sm ca qu trnh hoch nh d n nhm mc ch gip cho vic la chn a im, nh gi cc phng n thay th c thun li v chun xc, ng thi m bo cho TM c c mc chi tit cn thit, xc nh c trng tm ca cc vn v cc thng tin lin quan ng thi khng b st cc vn ct yu nht.

Xc nh phm vi bao gm cc ni dung sau:

- C s php l m TM cn tun th: cc quy nh v BVMT v cc tiu chun, quy chun k thut quc gia v mi trng...;

- Xc nh phm vi khng gian v thi gian ca TM. Phm vi v khng gian c xc nh da vo vng c kh nng chu nh hng ln bi tng tc ng ca d n. Phm vi ny c th l ni thc hin d n hoc cng c th l mt khu vc rng ln hn ty theo tnh cht v mc tc ng.

Phm vi thi gian cho vic nh gi thng thng ch t cng phi bao trm khong thi gian xy dng v vn hnh ca d n.

- Xc nh cc tc ng tim tng lm bin i v mi trng cn nh gi;

- L gii v nhng tc ng khng xem xt n;

- Mc chi tit ca cc nghin cu TM, xc nh cc phng n thay th ca d n cn c xem xt;

- Cc phng php, gii php gim thiu cc tc ng xu;

- Xc nh cc phng php TM thch hp, cc tiu ch v th tc t vn;

- nh gi mi quan tm ca cng ng nhm xc nh cch gii quyt hoc khng gii quyt tip cc mi quan tm ;

- Xc nh cc yu cu v iu tra, kho st, thu thp thng tin, d liu v mi trng cn thit;- T chc thc hin TM bao gm: xut chuyn gia theo cc chuyn mn ph hp; cc c nhn t chc s tham vn; phng php nh gi, mc chi tit i vi tng loi tc ng;

- Lch trnh thc hin TM v nhu cu v kinh ph.

Xc nh phm vi a li nhiu li ch: tit kim thi gian, kinh ph; nh hng r cc vn cn thc hin trong nghin cu TM; gim c khi lng ti liu cn thu thp, gip cho TM tp trung vo nhng ni dung chnh yu nht quan trng nht; to c mi lin kt gia ngi ra quyt nh vi cng ng; gip Ch d n cn nhc nhng bin php thay th, bin php gim thiu cc tc ng xu ln mi trng.

Kt qu ca xc nh phm vi l lp ra mt cng chi tit cho hot ng TM (TOR) vi nhng ni dung nu trn. Theo quy nh ca mt s nc, Bn cng c Ch d n v t vn phi hp lp s c trnh cho c quan Nh nc c thm quyn thm nh lm cn c cho nghin cu v lp bo co TM chi tit. Tuy nhin, Vit Nam, Lut BVMT quy nh Ch d n c trch nhim lp bo co TM, do vy, bc xc nh phm vi v lp cng nghin cu TM l mt cng vic ni b gia Ch d n v c quan t vn m khng c s tham gia hay thm nh ca c quan qun l nh nc v mi trng. Nghin cu v lp bo co TMTin hnh nghin cu TM l bc tip theo ca qu trnh TM c thc hin trn c s TOR c lp v theo cc hng dn k thut. Thc cht, y l mt hot ng nghin cu khoa hc, do vy, cn thit phi c mt h phng php nghin cu ph hp, mt c s d liu y v c thc hin bi mt i ng cc chuyn gia c trnh , kinh nghim thuc nhiu chuyn ngnh v khoa hc t nhin, khoa hc x hi, v cng ngh ph hp vi d n. Ni dung nghin cu TM bc thc hin ny l nhn dng, phn tch, nh gi, d bo cc tc ng tim tng ca d n, xc nh mc v i tng b tc ng ng thi xut cc bin php phng trnh, gim thiu tc ng xu v cui cng l a ra c mt chng trnh quan trc, gim st cc tc ng ny mt cch ton din v hiu qu nht.

Vic la chn phng php TM, nhn dng cc tc ng ln mi trng ca mt d n ph thuc vo cc yu t c bn gm: loi v quy m d n; c im mi trng t nhin, kinh t-x hi vng chu tc ng ca d n; bn cht ca cc tc ng mi trng; kinh nghim ca nhm chuyn gia TM; thi gian v kinh ph u t cho thc hin TM. Thng thng cc tc ng mi trng c th c phn loi theo cc tiu ch khc nhau nh:

- Phn theo i tng b tc ng: tc ng n mi trng vt l, tc ng n mi trng sinh hc, tc ng n mi trng x hi v tc ng v kinh t;

- Phn theo ngun gc gm: tc ng trc tip, tc ng gin tip, tc ng tch ly hay tc ng tng hp.

- Phn theo quy m, mc tc ng: tc ng mnh, tc ng trung bnh, tc ng yu;

- Phn theo mc b tc ng: tc ng phc hi v tc ng khng phc hi.

Ngoi ra, vic nh gi, d bo tc ng phi xt n cc kha cnh khc nhau ca mi tc ng gm: cng tc ng, phm vi tc ng v khng gian, thi gian, xc sut xy ra ca tc ng v mc nghim trng ca tc ng.

Vic gim thiu tc ng phi m bo cho d n pht trin tt nht ng thi loi b hoc hn ch ti mc c th chp nhn c cc tc ng xu ln mi trng, pht huy tt nht cc tc ng tch cc; m bo ngi dn khng phi chu thm cc thit hi mi trng khc ln hn li ch do d n mang li cho h. Cc bin php gim thiu bao gm t vic xem xt, thay i a im n vic thay i quy m (cng sut) d n, thay i cng ngh, thay i thit k. Cc bin php gim thiu ny phi c a vo thit k d n, thc thi v vn hnh cng d n.

Cc ni dung ca cng tc gim thiu c lp ph hp cho cc giai on thc hin d n gm: giai on tin xy dng (chun b mt bng), giai on xy dng v giai on vn hnh d n (a d n vo hot ng trong thc t). Kt qu nghin cu TM c th hin di dng mt bo co c gi l bo co TM. Ni dung ca bo co phi phn nh c y , khch quan v trung thc cc kt qu nghin cu TM.

Nhiu nc trn th gii trong c Vit Nam v cc t chc quc t u c quy nh mang tnh bt buc nhng ni dung cn c ca mt bo co TM. Thng thng, bo co TM gm cc phn ni dung: m t v d n, hin trng mi trng khu vc d n, d bo nh gi tc ng mi trng, cc bin php gim thiu v chng trnh qun l, gim st mi trng. Cn c quy nh ti khon 3 iu 19 Lut BVMT, Ch d n v t vn trc tip thc hin nghin cu TM, lp bo co TM. Thm nh v ph duyt bo co TM

Bc tip theo trong chu trnh TM l thm nh bo co TM. Hot ng thm nh nhm mc tiu nh gi, xc nh mc y , tin cy v chnh xc ca cc thng tin, kt lun nu trong bo co TM. Thng thng, cng tc thm nh v ph duyt bo co TM c thc hin bi mt c quan nh nc c thm quyn. Kt qu thm nh l ra mt quyt nh chp thun vi nhng iu khon, iu kin bt buc Ch d n phi tun th hoc khng chp thun. Vit Nam, hnh thc thm nh v trch nhim thm nh bo co TM c quy nh nh sau:

- Hnh thc thm nh bo co TM: Cn c quy nh ti khon 1 iu 21 Lut BVMT, vic thm nh bo co TM c thc hin thng qua hnh thc Hi ng thm nh hoc t chc dch v thm nh.

- Trch nhim thm nh: Cn c quy nh ti khon 7 iu 21 Lut BVMT, trch nhim t chc thm nh v ph duyt bo co TM c phn cng cho cc c quan nh nc Trung ng v a phng nh sau:

+ B Ti nguyn v Mi trng t chc hi ng thm nh hoc tuyn chn t chc dch v thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng i vi cc d n do Quc hi, Chnh ph, Th tng Chnh ph quyt nh, ph duyt; d n lin ngnh, lin tnh; Danh mc cc d n lin ngnh, lin tnh thuc trch nhim t chc thm nh ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng c nu ti Ph lc II Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09 thng 8 nm 2006 ca Chnh ph v vic quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut BVMT.

+ B, c quan ngang b, c quan thuc Chnh ph t chc hi ng thm nh hoc tuyn chn t chc dch v thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng i vi cc d n thuc thm quyn quyt nh, ph duyt ca mnh, tr d n lin ngnh, lin tnh; + U ban nhn dn cp tnh t chc hi ng thm nh hoc tuyn chn t chc dch v thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng i vi d n trn a bn qun l thuc thm quyn quyt nh, ph duyt ca mnh v ca Hi ng nhn dn cng cp.

Cn c Ngh nh s 29/2008/N-CP ngy 14 thng 3 nm 2008 ca Chnh ph Quy nh v khu cng nghip, khu ch xut v khu kinh t, UBND tnh c th y quyn cho Ban Qun l cc khu cng nghip, khu ch xut v khu cng ngh cao t chc thm nh bo co TM thuc thm quyn ca mnh.+ B, c quan ngang b, c quan thuc chnh ph v y ban nhn dn cp tnh c thm quyn tuyn chn T chc dch v thm nh thc hin thm nh bo co TM thuc thm quyn thm nh v ph duyt ca mnh. nh gi sau thm nh

y l bc thc hin khng km phn quan trng v l bc cui cng ca quy trnh TM nhm gim st vic tun th ca d n i vi cc yu cu bt buc v tnh hiu qu, mc ph hp ca cc bin php gim thiu tc ng xu c ra trong bo co TM c ph duyt. Ngoi ra, bc thc hin ny cn thm nh tnh chnh xc ca cc d bo tc ng v pht hin nhng vn mi trng ny sinh trong qua trnh thc hin d n c bin php ng ph, khc phc kp thi.

Vit Nam, hot ng gim st sau thm nh c quy nh ti iu 23 Lut BVMT vi vic ch r trch nhim ca Ch d n v trch nhim ca c quan ph duyt bo co TM i vi cng tc ny, trong c nhng quy nh quan trng:

- Ch d n ch a cng trnh vo s dng sau khi c c quan c thm quyn kim tra, xc nhn vic thc hin y yu cu (im , khon 1 iu 23 Lut BVMT);

- C quan ph duyt bo co TM c trch nhim ch o, t chc kim tra vic thc hin cc ni dung trong bo co TM c ph duyt.

Ni dung, cch thc v thi gian thc hin hot ng sau thm nh theo quy nh ca Lut BVMT nu trn i vi Ch d n v c quan ph duyt bo co TM c hng dn chi tit mc 11 v 12 Phn III ca Thng t s 05/2008/TT-BTNMT ngy 08 thng 12 nm 2008 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng hng dn v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng.

Theo quy nh ti Thng t ny, cn c kt qu kim tra, c quan ph duyt bo co TM c trch nhim cp giy xc nhn v vic Ch d n thc hin cc ni dung ca bo co v yu cu ca quyt nh ph duyt bo co TM.Tm tt ni dung cc hot ng sau thm nh bo co TM v phn chia trch nhim gia Ch d n, c quan ph duyt bo co TM v cc c quan nh nc lin quan trnh by trong Bng 2.1.

Bng 2.1: Khi qut v phn trch nhim trong cc hot ng sau thm nh bo co TM ca d n pht trin kinh t - x hiCh d nC quan xt duyt bo co TMC quan nh nc lin quanNhn xt

1) Bo co vi UBND ni thc hin d n ni dung ca quyt nh ph duyt bo co TM1) C vn bn bo co UBND cp tnh ni thc hin d n v ni dung ph duyt bo co TM1) UBND cp tnh thng bo ni dung quyt nh ph duyt bo co TM cho cc b/ngnh v UBND cc cp lin quanCn ni r: UBND cc cp ti a bn thc hin d n

2) Nim yt cng khai vi cng chng v cht thi, bin php x l, cc gii php BVMT2) Nim yt cng khai ti a bn d n bn tm tt bo co TM c ph duytCn ni v cc tc ng khc ti mi trng thin nhin, x hi, cc bin php x l

3) Thc hin ng, y cc yu cu ca quyt nh ph duyt bo co TM3) Ch o, t chc kim tra vic thc hin cc ni dung ca quyt nh ph duyt bo co TM2) Tham gia chun b, t chc kim tra vic thc hin cc ni dung bo co TM c ph duytCn ni r: UBND cc cp ti a bn thc hin ng

4) Thit k, xy lp cc cng trnh x l mi trng4) Xem xt, i chiu h s thit k, xy lp cc cng trnh BVMT ph duyt.Cn b sung vo k hoch thc hin cc nhim v khc v BVMT thin nhin v x hi

5) Thng bo cho c quan ph duyt bo co TM bit cc vic mnh lm thc hin quyt nh ph duyt v yu cu n kim tra, xc nhn5) Khi pht hin nhng iu khng ph hp vi h s ph duyt, thng co ngay cho Ch d n bit trong vng 7 ngy lm vic.

6) Trin khai cc bin php BVMT trong qu trnh thi cng6) Tip nhn cc xut mi ca Ch d n.

7) Th nghim cng trnh BVMT sau xy lp cc cng trnh ny7) B tr gim st, kim tra vic thc hin, xc nhn kt qu.Cn b sung: i din UBND cc cp tham gia gim st th nghim

8) Xem xt hiu qu ca cng trnh BVMT trong qu trnh vn hnh th nghim ton D n.8) B tr gim st, kim tra vn hnh th nghim. Xc nhn kt qu.Cn b sung thng bo kt qu gim st cho cc ni lin quan

9) a cc cng trnh BVMT vo hot ng sau khi c c quan ph duyt bo co TM xc nhn thc hin y yu cu ca vic ph duyt9) Lu gi, qun l h s v hot ng sau thm nh bo co TM ca D n.Cn b sung: vic thng bo vi cng ng cc ni dung chnh ca hot ng thm nh.

Cc bc thc hin trong quy trnh TM c th hin trong biu di y.

III. CC PHNG PHP TMTM l mn khoa hc a ngnh, do vy, mun d bo v nh gi ng cc tc ng chnh ca d n n mi trng t nhin v KT-XH cn phi c cc phng php khoa hc c tnh tng hp. Da vo c im ca d n v da vo c im mi trng, cc nh khoa hc s dng nhiu phng php d bo vi mc nh tnh hoc nh lng khc nhau.

Mi phng php u c im mnh v im yu. Vic la chn phng php cn da vo yu cu v mc chi tit ca TM, kin thc, kinh nghim ca ngi thc hin TM. Trong nhiu trng hp phi kt hp tt c cc phng php trong nghin cu TM cho mt d n, c bit cc d n c qui m ln v c kh nng to nhiu tc ng th cp.

3.1. Phng php chp bn : Phng php ny nhm xem xt s b cc tc ng ca d n n tng thnh phn mi trng trong vng, t nh hng nghin cu tip theo. Phng php chp bn da trn nguyn tc so snh cc bn chuyn ngnh (bn da hnh, bn thm thc vt, bn th nhng, bn s dng t, bn phn b dng chy mt, bn a cht, bn a mo, bn phn b dn c) vi cc bn mi trng cng t l. Hin nay k thut GIS (H thng tin a l) cho php thc hin phng php ny mt cch nhanh chng v chnh xc. - Phng php chng bn n gin, nhng yu cu phi c s liu iu tra v vng d n y , chi tit v chnh xc.

- Phng php thng k: Nhm thu thp v x l cc s liu v iu kin kh tng, thy vn, kinh t x hi ti khu vc xy dng D n.

3.2. Phng php lp bng lit k (Check list): Phng php ny da trn vic lp bng th hin mi quan h gia cc hot ng ca d n vi cc thng s mi trng c kh nng chu tc ng bi d n nhm mc tiu nhn dng tc ng mi trng. Mt bng kim tra c xy dng tt s bao qut c tt c cc vn mi trng ca d n, cho php nh gi s b mc tc ng v nh hng cc tc ng c bn nht cn c nh gi chi tit.

i vi phng php ny, c 2 loi bng lit k ph bin nht gm bng lit k n gin v bng lit nh gi s b mc tc ng.- Bng lit k n gin: c trnh by di dng cc cu hi vi vic lit k y cc vn mi trng lin quan n d n. Trn c s cc cu hi ny, cc chuyn gia nghin cu TM vi kh nng, kin thc ca mnh cn tr li cc cu hi ny mc nhn nh, nu vn . Bng lit k ny l mt cng c tt sng lc cc loi tc ng mi trng ca d n t nh hng cho vic tp trung nghin cu cc tc ng chnh.- Bng lit k nh gi s b mc tc ng: nguyn tc lp bng cng tng t nh bng lit k n gin, song vic nh gi tc ng c xc nh theo cc mc khc nhau, thng thng l tc ng khng r rt, tc ng r rt v tc ng mnh. Vic xc nh ny tuy vy vn ch c tnh cht phn on da vo kin thc v kinh nghim ca chuyn gia, cha s dng cc phng php tnh ton nh lng.

Nh vy, lp bng lit k l mt phng php n gin, nhng hiu qu khng ch cho vic nhn dng cc tc ng m cn l mt bng tng hp ti liu c, ng thi gip cho vic nh hng b sung ti liu cn thit cho nghin cu TM. Nh vy, phi thy rng, hiu qu ca phng php ny ph thuc rt nhiu vo vic la chn chuyn gia v trnh , kinh nghim ca cc chuyn gia .3.3. Phng php ma trn (Matrix): Phng php ma trn l s pht trin ng dng ca bng lit k. Bng ma trn cng da trn nguyn tc c bn tng t l s i chiu tng hot ng ca d n vi tng thng s hoc thnh phn mi trng nh gi mi quan h nguyn nhn hu qu mc nh lng cao hn vi vic cho im mc tc ng theo thang im t 1 n 5 hoc t 1 n 10. Tng s im phn nh thnh phn mi trng hoc thng s mi trng no b tc ng mnh nht. Mc d vy, phng php ny cng vn cha lng ha c quy m, cng tc ng.

3.4. Phng php mng li (Networks):Phng php ny da trn vic xc nh mi quan h tng h gia ngun tc ng v cc yu t mi trng b tc ng c din gii theo nguyn l nguyn nhn v hu qu. Bng phng php ny c th xc nh c cc tc ng trc tip (s cp) v chui cc tc ng gin tip (th cp). Phng php ny c th hin qua s mng li di nhiu dng khc nhau.

3.5. Phng php nh gi nhanh (rapid Assessment): L phng php dng xc nh nhanh ti lng, nng cc cht nhim trong kh thi, nc thi, mc gy n, rung ng pht sinh t hot ng ca d n. Vic tnh ti lng cht nhim c da trn cc h s nhim. Thng thng v ph bin hn c l vic s dng cc h s nhim do T chc Y t th gii (WHO) v ca C quan Mi trng M (USEPA) thit lp.3.6. Phng php m hnh ha (Modeling): Phng php ny l cch tip cn ton hc m phng din bin qu trnh chuyn ha, bin i (phn tn hoc pha long) trong thc t v thnh phn v khi lng ca cc cht nhim trong khng gian v theo thi gian. y l mt phng php c mc nh lng v tin cy cao cho vic m phng cc qu trnh vt l, sinh hc trong t nhin v d bo tc ng mi trng, kim sot cc ngun gy nhim.

Cc m hnh ang c p dng rng ri trong nh lng tc ng mi trng gm:

- Cc m hnh cht lng khng kh: d bo pht tn bi, SO2, NOx, CO t ng khi;

- Cc m hnh cht lng nc: D bo pht tn nhim hu c (DO, BOD) theo dng sng v theo thi gian; D bo pht tn nhim dinh dng (N, P) theo dng sng v theo thi gian; D bo pht tn cc cht c bn vng (kim loi nng, hydrocacbon a vng thm) t ngun thi; D bo nhim h cha ( nhim hu c, ph dng ha); D bo xm nhp mt v phn tn cht nhim trong nc di t; D bo xm nhp mn vo sng, nc di t; D bo lan truyn nhim nhit trong sng, bin; - Cc m hnh d bo lan truyn du; Cc m hnh d bo bi lng, xi l b sng, h, bin;

- Cc m hnh d bo lan truyn n;

- Cc m hnh d bo lan truyn chn ng;

- Cc m hnh d bo a chn.

Nhng lu trong vic s dng phng php ny l: phi la chon ng m hnh c th m phng gn ng vi iu kin t nhin ca vng nghin cu; s liu u vo phi y , chnh xc; cn kim chng kt qu d bo vi thc t.3.7. Phng php s dng ch th v ch s mi trng:

- Phng php ch th mi trng: l mt hoc tp hp cc thng s mi trng c trng ca mi trng khu vc. Vic d bo, nh gi tc ng ca d n da trn vic phn tch, tnh ton nhng thay i v nng , hm lng, ti lng (pollution load) ca cc thng s ch th ny.

V d:

+ V cc ch th mi trng nh gi cht lng nc: DO, BOD, COD ( nhim hu c; NH4+, NO2-, NO3-, tng N, tng P ( nhim cht dinh dng); EC, Cl- (nhim mn)

+ V ch th mi trng nh gi cht lng khng kh: Bi, SO2, CO, VOC (t nhin liu ha thch; CH4, H2S, mi (bi rc).

- Phng php ch s mi trng (environmental index): l s phn cp ha theo s hc hoc theo kh nng m t lng ln cc s liu, thng tin v mi trng nhm n gin ha cc thng tin ny.

Ch s mi trng thng c s dng gm: + Cc ch s mi trng vt l: ch s cht lng khng kh (AQI), ch s cht lng nc (WQI), ch s tiu chun nhim (PSI);

+ Cc ch s sinh hc: Ch s nhim nc v sinh hc (saprobic index); ch s a dng sinh hc (diversity index); ch s ng vt y (BSI);+ Cc ch s v kinh t, x hi: ch s pht trin nhn lc (HDI); ch s tng trng kinh t theo tng thu nhp quc ni (GDP); ch s thu nhp quc dn theo u ngi (GDP/capita).

Vit Nam nm 1999 a ra b ch th v pht trin bn vng gm 4 ch s v kinh t, 15 ch s v x hi v 10 ch s v mi trng.

3.8. Phng php vin thm v GIS:Phng php vin thm da trn c s gii on cc nh v tinh ti khu vc d n, kt hp s dng cc phn mm GIS (Acview, Mapinfor, ...) c th nh gi c mt cch tng th hin trng ti nguyn thin nhin, hin trng thm thc vt, cy trng, t v s dng t cng vi cc yu t t nhin v cc hot ng kinh t khc.

3.9. Phng php so snh:

Dng nh gi cc tc ng trn c s cc Tiu chun, Quy chun k thut quc gia v mi trng;

3.10. Phng php chuyn gia:

L phng php s dng i ng cc chuyn gia c trnh chuyn mn ph hp v kinh nghim TM.

3.11. Phng php tham vn cng ng

Phng php ny s dng trong qu trnh phng vn lnh o v nhn dn a phng ti ni thc hin D n thu thp cc thng tin cn thit cho cng tc TM.

3.12. H thng nh lng tc ng

Phng php ma trn hin ang c p dng c tnh tng hp cao l H thng nh lng tc ng (impact quantitative system IQS) c xy dng trn c s cc hng dn TM ca T chc E&P Forum, UNEP v WB (VESDI, 2008). Trong h thng IQS, mi tc ng sau khi xc nh s c nh gi da trn cc c im sau:

Yu tCc thng s i din

- Cc tng tc vt l, ha hc, sinh hc- Cng , tn sut

- Kh nng xut hin- Phm v tc ng

- Thi gian phc hi li trng thi ban u

- Qun l- Php lut, chi ph, mc quan tm ca cng ng

Cc thng s nh gi gm: cng tc ng (M); phm vi tc ng (S); thi gian phc hi (R); tn sut xy ra (F); quy nh lut php (L); chi ph (E) v mi quan tm ca cng ng (P). Cc tc ng s c phn tch, nh gi v cho im tng ng theo Bng 3.1. H thng phn loi IQS

Thng sH thng xp loi

Tc ngMc nh nghaim

Cng tc ng

(M)

Tc ng ln hoc nghim trng (significant impacts or major impact)Tc ng c th lm thay i nghim trng cc nhn t ca mi trng hoc to ra bin i mnh m v mi trng. Tc ng loi ny c th nh hng ln n mi trng t nhin hoc KT-XH ca mt khu vc.3

Tc ng trung bnh

(medium or intermediate impacts)Tc ng c th nh hng r rt mt s nhn t ca mi trng. Tc ng loi ny c th nh hng khng ln n mi trng t nhin hoc KT-XH ca mt khu vc.2

Tc ng nh (small impacts or minor impacts )Tc ng c th nh hng nh n mi trng t nhin hoc mt b phn nh dn s.1

Tc ng khng ng k hay khng tc ng (non impacts )Hot ng ca d n khng to ra cc tc ng tiu cc r rt. 0

S tng tcPhm vi tc ng

(S)Khng ng kPhm vi hp quanh ngun tc ng0

Cc b Phm vi tc ng xung quanh ngun gy tc ng (trong phm vi x, phng)1

Khu vcPhm vi tc ng xung quanh ngun gy tc ng (trong phm vi lin x)2

Lin vngPhm vi tc ng trn 2 huyn xung quanh ngun gy tc ng3

Quc tPhm vi tc ng nh hng n lnh th nc lng ging4

Thi gian tc ng

(S) 5 nmThi gian phc hi trng thi ban u t trn 5 nm.4

S

c

mi trngTn sut

(F)Rt him hoc khng xy raS c mi trng rt him khi hoc khng bao gi xy ra0

Him khi xy raS c mi trng c kh nng xy ra nhng c d bo l him1

Nguy c xy ra tng i caoNguy c xy ra s c mi trng tng i cao2

Nguy c xy ra rt caoNguy c xy ra s c mi trng cao3

Qun lLut php

(L)Khng c quy nhPhp lut khng c quy nh i vi tc ng0

Quy nh c tnh tng qutPhp lut quy nh tng qut i vi tc ng1

Quy nh c thPhp lut quy nh c th i vi tc ng2

Chi ph

(E)Chi ph thpChi ph thp cho qun l v thc hin cc bin php phng nga, gim thiu tc ng tiu cc1

Chi ph trung bnhChi ph trung bnh cho qun l v thc hin cc bin php phng nga, gim thiu tc ng tiu cc2

Chi ph caoChi ph cao cho qun l v thc hin cc bin php phng nga, gim thiu tc ng tiu cc3

Mi quan tm ca cng ng

(P)t quan tmS kh chu hoc quan tm ca cng ng i vi cc vn mi trng ca d n l t hoc khng c1

Mc quan tm trung bnhS kh chu hoc quan tm ca cng ng i vi cc vn mi trng ca d n l khu vc tng i hp (x, phng).2

Mc quan tm caoS kh chu hoc quan tm ca cng ng i vi cc vn mi trng ca d n l trn phm vi rng (lin x, phng).3

Cc tc ng s c phn tch, nh gi v cho im tng ng da trn cc c im ca tc ng. Tng s im s c tnh ton da trn cng thc sau:

TS = (M+S+R) x F x (L+E+P) = Mc tc ng tng th

Cc gi tr ca mi thng s s c chia lm 5 mc gm: cc tiu, thp, trung bnh, cao v cc i v c th hin nh Bng 3.3.Tng s im ca mi gi tr lin quan a vo cng c tnh ton theo cng thc trn.Bng 3.3. Xp hng tc ng theo thanh im

Xp hngMSRFLEPTS

Rt thp00100110

Thp11101119

Trung bnh222222272

Cao3332233144

Rt cao3443233264

Cc tc ng mi trng c phn ra 4 mc sau:imMc tc ng

0 - 9Khng tc ng hoc tc ng khng ng k

9 - 72Tc ng nh

72 144Tc ng trung bnh

144 264Tc ng ln (hoc nghim trng

(S im ch l v d, c th thay i ty trng hp)

3.13. H thng nh gi mi trng Battelle

Phng php ny da vo vic nh gi tng thng s mi trng, sau cho im nh lng tc ng i vi tng thng s. Phng php ny ph hp cho vic TM i vi d n pht trin vng hoc d n pht trin ti nguyn nc.

H thng nh gi mi trng Battelle c s dng d bo cht lng mi trng trong cc phng n c v khng c d n. Gi tr tc ng mi trng th hin cc tc ng mi trng tch cc khi EI>0 hoc tiu cc vi FI0: D n c tc ng tch cc.

Gi tr EI tuyt di cng ln th tc ng cng r nt.IV. CN C PHP L V K THUT LIN QUAN N TM TI VIT NAM

4.1. Cn c php l

4.1.1. Cn c php l lin quan n TM- Lut Bo v mi trng c Quc hi nc CHXHCN Vit Nam thng qua ngy 29 thng 1 nm 2005;

- Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09 thng 8 nm 2006 ca Chnh ph v vic quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Bo v mi trng;

- Ngh nh 21/2008/N-CP ngy 28 thng 02 nm 2008 ca Chnh ph v sa i, b sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09 thng 8 nm 2006 ca Chnh ph v vic quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Bo v mi trng;

- Thng t s 05/2008/TT-BTNMT ngy 08 thng 12 nm 2008 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng hng dn v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng;

- Ngh nh s 117/2009/N-CP ngy 31 thng 12 nm 2009 ca Chnh ph v x l vi phm php lut trong lnh vc mi trng;

- Thng t s 08/2009/TT-BTNMT ngy 15 thng 7 nm 2009 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng quy nh v qun l v BVMT khu kinh t, khu cng ngh cao, khu cng nghip v cm cng nghip.

4.1.2. Cn c php l lin quan n qun l cht thi

- Ngh nh s 67/2003/N-CP ngy 13 thng 6 nm 2003 ca Chnh ph v ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi;

- Ngh nh s 04/2007/N-CP ngy 08 thng 01 nm 2007 ca Chnh ph v sa i, b sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh 67/2003/N-CP ngy 13 thng 6 nm 2003 ca Chnh ph v ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi.

- Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP ngy 09 thng 4 nm 2007 ca Chnh ph v qun l cht thi rn;

- Thng t s 125/2003/TTLT-BTC-BTNMT ngy 18 thng 12 nm 2003 ca B trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v hng dn thc hin Ngh nh s 67/2003/N-CP ngy 13 thng 6 nm 2003 ca Chnh ph v thu ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi;

- Thng t s 12/2006/TT-BTNMT ngy 26 thng 12 nm 2006 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng hng dn v iu kin hnh ngh v th tc lp h s ng k, cp php hnh ngh, m s qun l cht thi nguy hi;

- Quyt nh s 152/1999/Q-TTg ngy 10 thng 7 nm 1999 ca Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt Chin lc qun l cht thi rn ti cc th v KCN Vit Nam n nm 2020;

4.1.3. Cn c php l lin quan n qun l ti nguyn nc

- Lut Ti nguyn nc c Quc hi nc CHXHCN Vit Nam thng qua ngy 20 thng 5 nm 1998;

- Ngh nh s 149/2004/N-CP ngy 27 thng 7 nm 2004 ca Chnh ph quy nh vic cp php thm d, khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc, x nc thi vo ngun nc;- Thng t s 02/2005/TT-BTNMT ngy 24 thng 6 nm 2005 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v Hng dn thc hin Ngh nh s 149/2004/N-CP ngy 27 thng 7 nm 2004 ca Chnh ph quy nh vic cp php thm d, khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc, x nc thi vo ngun nc;

- Thng t s 02/2009/TT-BTNMT ngy 19 thng 3 nm 2009 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng quy nh v nh gi kh nng tip nhn nc thi ca ngun nc;

4.1.4. Cc vn bn ban hnh tiu chun, quy chun k thut quc gia v mi trng

- Quyt nh s 22/2006/Q-BTNMT ngy 18 thng 12 nm 2006 ca B trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v vic bt buc p dng Tiu chun Vit Nam v mi trng;

- Quyt nh s 23/2006/Q-BTNMT ngy 26 thng 12 nm 2006 ca B trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v vic ban hnh danh mc Cht thi nguy hi;

- Quyt nh s 04/2008/Q-BTNMT ngy 18 thng 7 nm 2008 ca B trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v vic ban hnh Quy chun k thut quc gia v mi trng;

- Quyt nh s 16/2008/Q-BTNMT ngy 31 thng 12 nm 2008 ca B trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v vic ban hnh quy chun k thut quc gia v mi trng;- Thng t s 16/2009/TT-BTNMT ngy 07 thng 11 nm 2009 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng quy nh Quy chun k thut quc gia v mi trng;

- Thng t s 25/2009/TT-BTNMT ngy 16 thng 11 nm 2009 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng quy nh Quy chun k thut quc gia v mi trng.4.1.5. Cc vn bn lin quan khc

- Ngh nh s 88/2007/N-CP ngy 28 thng 5 nm 2007 ca Chnh ph v thot nc th v Khu cng nghip;- Ngh nh s 29/2008/N-CP ngy 14 thng 3 nm 2008 ca Chnh ph Quy nh v khu cng nghip, khu ch xut v khu kinh t.

4.2. Cc tiu chun, quy chun k thut quc gia v mi trng

4.2.1. V cht lng mi trng khng kh

- QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng khng kh xung quanh;

- QCVN 06:2009/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v mt s cht c hi trong khng kh xung quanh;

- TCVN 3985: 1985 - Tiu chun v gii hn ti a cho php ting n ti khu vc lao ng;

- TCVN 5949: 1998 - Tiu chun v gii hn ti a cho php ting n khu vc cng cng v dn c (theo mc m tng ng);- TCVN 6962:2001 - Tiu chun v gii hn ti a cho php rung ng i vi khu cng nghip v khu dn c.4.2.2. V cht lng mi trng nc

- QCVN 08/2008/TNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng nc mt.

- QCVN 09/2008/TNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng nc ngm.

- QCVN 10/2008/TNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng nc bin ven b

4.2.3. V cht lng mi trng t

- QCVN 03:2008/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v gii hn cho php ca kim loi nng trong t;

- QCVN 15:2008/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v d lng ho cht bo v thc vt trong t.

4.2.4. V kh thi cng nghip

- QCVN 02/2008/TNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v kh thi l t cht thi rn y t;- QCVN 19:2009/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v kh thi cng nghip i vi bi v cc cht v c ;- QCVN 20:2009/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v kh thi cng nghip i vi mt s cht hu c;- QCVN 21:2009/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v kh thi cng nghip sn xut phn bn ha hc;

- QCVN 22:2009/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v kh thi cng nghip nhit in;

- QCVN 23:2009/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v kh thi cng nghip sn xut xi mng;

- Tiu chun cc cht nhim trong khng kh ti ni sn xut (Tiu chun ca B Y t nm 2002);4.2.5. V nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip- QCVN 01:2008/BTNMT-Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi cng nghip ch bin cao su thin nhin.

- QCVN 11/2008/TNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi ch bin thu sn.

- QCVN 12/2008/TNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi cng nghip sn xut giy v bt giy.

- QCVN 13/2008/TNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi cng nghip dt may. - QCVN 14/2008/TNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi sinh hot.

- QCVN 24:2009/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi cng nghip.- QCVN 25:2009/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi ca bi chn lp cht thi rn;

V. NGUN LC THC HIN TM

Cht lng ca cng tc TM ni chung, cht lng ca bo co TM ni ring ph thuc rt nhiu vo yu t ch quan v khch quan, trong quan trng nht l cc yu t v thnh phn cc chuyn gia tham gia vo nghin cu TM, vo s p ng ca cc phng tin k thut, mc p ng v ti chnh v mc p ng v thi gian nghin cu.

5.1.Thnh phn on nghin cu TMTu thuc vo tng loi hnh d n u t (cng nghip ho cht, xi mng, du kh, nhit in, thu in, xi mng, thu li, giao thng, thy in, thu sn, du lch) v c im iu kin t nhin, mi trng vng d n, thnh phn chuyn gia ca on nghin cu TM c th khc nhau. Tuy nhin, d loi d n no on chuyn gia cng cn c ti thiu cc thnh phn sau:

- on trng: l chuyn gia hiu bit su v TM, c kh nng t chc nghin cu, sng lc, xc nh phm vi TM, xy dng cng TM, ng thi c kh nng phn tch, d bo tc ng, tng hp, lp bo co TM. - Chuyn gia v sinh thi hc;

- Chuyn gia v khoa hc mi trng hoc cng ngh mi trng;

- Chuyn gia v x hi hc;

- Cn b tin hc.

i vi cc d n quy m ln c tim nng tc ng n hu ht cc thnh phn mi trng t nhin v x hi, thnh phn on nghin cu phi rng hn v nhiu chuyn gia: chuyn gia v sinh thi (trn cn, di nc), chuyn gia v a cht, chuyn gia v a l, a mo, chuyn gia v thy vn, chuyn gia v cng ngh mi trng, chuyn gia v m hnh ha, chuyn gia v ha phn tch, chuyn gia x hi hc, chuyn gia v tin hc, bn .

Cc chuyn gia ny phi l nhng ngi khng ch am hiu su v lnh vc chuyn mn m cn phi c kin thc nht nh v TM v c kinh nghim trong hot ng nghin cu TM.Trong thc t, khng c mt n v (khoa, trung tm, vin nghin cu chuyn ngnh) no c cc thnh phn chuyn gia nu trn. Do vy, ch u t c th hp tc vi mt n v t vn (thng l ni c chuyn gia m ng trch nhim on trng) c nng lc tp hp cc chuyn gia ph hp t nhiu n v khc tham gia vo on nghin cu TM.

5.2.Yu cu v phng tin k thut

m bo cng tc kho st, phn tch xc nh hin trng mi trng vng d n, on nghin cu TM cn c m bo c s vt cht ph hp:- Cc phng th nghim chuyn ngnh: phn tch ho - l, phn tch vi sinh; phn tch sinh hc vi thit b v phng php phn tch theo Tiu chun Vit Nam, tiu chun ca cc quc gia tin tin hoc tiu chun ngnh. Trong trng hp nghin cu TM cho cc d n vay vn quc t, cc phng php phn tch theo Tiu chun ca H thng Quan trc mi trng Ton cu (GEMS) hoc theo ISO, hoc theo cc phng php Tiu chun ca Hoa K, EU nn c s dng d c cc t chc quc t chp nhn;

- Cc thit b x l, lu tr s liu, lm bn ;

- Cc thit b phc v kho st, thu mu thc a, thit b nh v GPS; cc thit b chuyn dng ly mu nc, khng kh, t, thu sinh; thit b o n, rung; thit b phn tch cht lng nc d ngoi;

on nghin cu TM c th s dng cc trang thit b hin c ca n v ch tr TM hoc hp ng vi cc n v c thit b chuyn dng. Cc n v phn tch, nghin cu mi trng chu trch nhim vi ch u t v kt qu o c, phn tch.

5.3 Yu cu v ti chnh

Cn c Lut Bo v mi trng nm 1993, B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng ban hnh Vn bn s 1485/MTg ngy 10 thng 9 nm 1993 v "hng dn tam thi v anh gia tac ng cua d an kinh t - ky thut i vi mi trng", trong c quy nh kinh ph cho lp bo co TM chim khong t 0,01% n 0,5% ca tng mc u t d n. Tuy nhin, cho n nay, Vit Nam cng nh nhiu quc gia cha c quy nh chnh thc v t l phn trm (%) chi ph cho TM trn tng vn u t ca d n. Do vy, trn thc t, mc chi ph TM cho cng mt loi hnh, cng quy m d n rt khc nhau, tu thuc vo thng tho gia ch u t v n v t vn TM hoc tu thuc vo t chc cho vay vn.

m bo nhu cu v ti chnh cho nghin cu TM l mt yu t rt quan trng cho nghin cu TM t kt qu. Ty thuc vo tnh phc tp ca loi hnh d n, mc kinh ph ny c th khc nhau, song nht thit phi m bo kinh ph cn thit cho nghin cu TM. Theo kinh nghim, mc kinh ph ny giao ng trong khong t 0,01% n 1% ca tng mc u t d n ty thuc vo loi hnh, quy m d n.5.4. Yu cu v thi gian nghin cu TM

c mt TM c cht lng p ng yu cu, thi gian trin khai thu thp s liu, kho st, phn tch, d bo mi trng, nghin cu xut cc bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc v lp bo co TM chi tit i vi cc d n khc nhau, u t nhng khu vc khc nhau l khc nhau. Tuy nhin, thng thng mc thi gian ti thiu cho vic thc hin TM l t 60 n 100 ngy i vi d n c quy m nh v t 90 ngy n 120 ngy i vi d n quy m ln. Thi gian ny khng phi l quy nh cng m ch c ngha tham kho.VI. BIN SON BO CO TM6.1. Cu trc ca bo co TM

Kt qu nghin cu TM c th hin di dng mt bo co, do vy, v bn cht th y l mt cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc, song bo co ny cn c gi tr trong vic qun l mi trng ni chung, qun l, theo di cc hot ng bo v mi trng ca d n ni ring. Do vy, m bo tnh lgic, gn kt hu c khoa hc gia cc phn ca bo co v tnh thng nht chung trong cng tc qun l, cu trc ca bo co TM c quy nh ti Ph lc 4 ca Thng t s 05/2008/TT-BTNMT ngy 08 thng 12 nm 2008 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng hng dn v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng. Nh vy, tt c cc bo co TM c thc hin Vit Nam v trnh cho c quan qun l nh nc c thm quyn thm nh v ph duyt phi c cu trc tun th quy nh ny. 6.2. Vn phong v yu cu th hin ni dung ca bo co TM

Nh trnh by trn, bo co TM l mt cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc v theo quy nh ti khon 1, khon 3, iu 18 Lut BVMT, Ch d n phi lp bo co TM v chu trch nhim v cc s liu, kt qu nu trong bo co TM, do vy, v vn phong v th hin cc ni dung ca bo co TM khng th ty tin m phi m bo cc yu cu:

- Hnh vn ca bo co phi l ca Ch d n. Khng hnh vn theo cch t vn cho Ch d n thc hin;- Din t phi c tnh khoa hc, ngn gn ng thi phi ht sc n gin, d hiu. Yu cu ny nhm m bo cho bt k ai quan tm n bo co TM d khng c chuyn mn c cng c th hiu c nhng nt c bn; - Trnh li din t dn n hiu nc i c th th ny hoc th kia. Cn din t, nhn nh r rng mi c quan, c nhn lin quan u hiu ng ;

- S liu, danh php khoa hc, k thut trong bo co phi c th hin theo ng quy nh;- Cc bn , s , bn v k thut phi c ch gii r rng v th hin ng quy phm.- Trnh by ba v trang ph ba theo ng quy nh;

- Cc bo co TM u phi c cc mc xp theo th t sau: Bng gii thch cc t, cm t vit tt; Mc lc; Danh mc cc bng; Danh mc cc hnh; Tm tt bo co TM; Ni dung bo co TM chi tit (cc chng, phn, mc); Ti liu tham kho; Ph lc (nu ph lc c dung lng ln c th tch thnh tp ring).

- Cc s liu v iu kin t nhin, kt qu phn tch cc thnh phn mi trng nn c tng hp v th hin trong phn vit ca bo co TM di dng bng, biu d theo di. S liu chi tit v cc kt qu phn tch gc a vo ph lc phn bo co chnh c gn v r rng.

6.3. Bo co tm tt ca bo co TM

Bo co tm tt (Executive Summary) l vn bn cc c quan, ngi ra quyt nh v nhng i tng quan tm khc nh y vin Hi ng thm nh bo co TM c c th hiu c nhanh nht v y nht v cc ni dung ca bo co chnh. Do vy, bo co tm tt phi th hin c mt cch tm lc cc vn mi trng ca d n v gii php gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc, khng c quy nh c th, song thng thng dung lng ca bo co tm tt bng khong 10% dung lng ca bo co chnh.VII. NI DUNG BO CO NH GI TC NG MI TRNG

7.1. M t tm tt v d n Yu cu v thng tin

- Cc thng tin v d n nu trong phn ny phi ph hp vi ni dung ca d n trong bo co nghin cu kh thi/d n u t xy dng cng trnh hoc bo co khc tng ng vi gian on pht trin d n nh cc bo co trn;

- Th hin y cc la chn u t d n bao gm phng n v a im phng n v quy m cng sut, phng n v cng ngh, sn phm

Cc thng tin chung v d n

Cn c vo Bo co u t xy dng cng trnh, d n u t xy dng cng trnh hoc bo co kinh t - k thut ca D n, vic m t s lc D n u t c th hin theo cc ni dung chnh di y:

- Tn d n: Nu chnh xc tn d n ng vi tn ca d n trong bo co u t xy dng cng trnh, d n u t xy dng cng trnh, bo co kinh t - k thut hoc ti liu tng ng ca d n.

- Ch d n: Nu y tn ca c quan, a ch lin h vi c quan; h tn v chc danh ca ngi ng u c quan.

V tr a l ca d nM t r rng v tr a l (gm c ta , ranh gii...) ca a im thc hin d n trong mi quan h khng gian vi cc i tng t nhin (h thng ng giao thng; h thng sng sui, ao h v cc vc nc khc; h thng i ni...), cc i tng v kinh t - x hi (khu dn c, khu th, cc i tng sn xut - kinh doanh - dch v, cc cng trnh vn ho - tn gio, cc di tch lch s ...) v cc i tng nhy cm khc xung quanh khu vc d n, c th hin trn mt bn hoc s c ch gii r rng v tun th danh php v quy phm bn . Ni dung ca d n

Lit k y , m t chi tit v khi lng v quy m (khng gian v thi gian) ca tt c cc hng mc cng trnh cn trin khai trong qu trnh thc hin d n.

- Phng n s dng t:

M t r phng n s dng t ca d n vi vic b tr cc hng mc cng trnh bo gm c cc cng trnh BVMT nh h thng thu gom, x l nc thi, bi trung chuyn cht thi rn, din tch cy xanh, mt ncTrnh by r din tch t chim dng ca tng hng mc cng trnh, t l % trn tng mt bng d n. Cc ni dung ny c th hin r trn mt s b tr tng mt bng.

- Cc hot ng gii phng mt bng, n b, gii to, ti nh c

M t r hin trng khu t d n bao gm cc s liu o c, kim k hoa mu, cc cng trnh tin ch; s h dn v nhn khu b tc ng do gii to; s m m, phi di di c tnh kinh ph n b; ch r phng n ti nh c (s h ti nh c, v tr ti nh c).

- Cc hot ng san lp mt bng

M t r khi lng t b mt b bc tch trc khi san lp; phng n thi b t bc tch. M t cao san lp mt bng; khi lng t ct cn thit cho cng tc san lp; ngun cung cp t ct san lp, phng tin vn chuyn t ct san lp (ng b, ng thu).

- Cc hot ng xy dng c bn

M t cc hot ng xy dng c bn bao gm xy dng h thng x l nc thi, kho cha nguyn vt liu, nhin liu, vn phng; cc hng mc h tng k thut (ng giao thng, cp in, chiu sng, cp nc, thng tin lin lc, bi trung chuyn cht thi rn); c tnh tng khi lng cc loi nguyn vt liu s dng cho xy dng c bn (, ct, xi mng, gch, st thp ); xc nh ngun cung cp v phng tin vn chuyn ti khu vc d n. Lp s b tr ng giao thng, cp nc, thot nc mt, nc thi.

- Quy hoch h thng cy xanhM t h thng cy xanh, din tch, v tr b tr cy xanh. Lu tng din tch cy xanh khng thp hn 15% tng din tch khu t d n. Lp s b tr h thng cy xanh trn khu t n.

- Sn phm, cng sut:M t cc sn phm v cng sut tng sn phm trn mt n v thi gian (V d: ngy, thng hay nm).

- Cng ngh sn xut, cng ngh vn hnh:Ph thuc vo tng chng loi d n, cng ngh sn xut s khc nhau. Phn ny s m t chi tit quy trnh cng ngh sn xut, cng ngh vn hnh.

- My mc, thit b:

Lit k y cc loi my mc, thit b cn c ca d n km theo ch dn v nc sn xut, nm sn xut, c tnh k thut v tnh trng (mi hay qua s dng cn bao nhiu phn trm). Cc ni dung trn c th c th hin di dng Bng 2. Bng 2. Cc hng mc cng trnh v thit b ca d n

TTTn thit bS lngc tnh k thutTnh trngXut s

- Nhu cu nguyn vt liu, ha cht, in, ncLit k y thnh phn, tnh cht, ca cc loi nguyn nhin liu, vt liu vi vic ch r tn thng hiu v cng thc ha hc v tng hp trong mt bng nh Bng 3 di y.

Bng 3: Nhu cu nguyn vt liu, ho cht, in, nc cho D n

TTSttNguyn liun v tnhnh mc cho m3.nc thiKhi lng (kg/ngy(

- Nhu cu v ngun cung cp lao ng Trong phn ny trnh by v nhu cu v cn b, cng nhn vin lm vic ti khu vc d n; s ngy lm vic trong 01 nm; s gi trong 1 ca, s ca lm vic trong 1 ngy; t chc qun l v thc hin d n. Ngoi ra, cn trnh by v ngun cung cp nhn lc cho d n.

- Tin thc hin d nNu r tin , lch trnh thc hin cho tng hng mc cng trnh ca d n t giai on chun b n giai on hon thnh a cng trnh vo hot ng.

- Tng mc u t Cn trnh by v tng mc u t v ngun vn u t ca d n, nu r vic phn b vn u t cho xy dng c bn, mua sm my mc, thit b, vn u t cho cc cng trnh bo v mi trng.

7.2. nh gi hin trng mi trng t nhin v KTXH khu vc d n

7.2.1. Yu cu s liu v hin trng mi trng t nhin v KTXH

Cc s liu v hin trng mi trng ti khu vc d n l nhng cn c khoa hc TM v nh gi hiu qu ca cc gii php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc. Do vy, Chng ny phi nh gi c cht lng mi trng ti khu vc d n thng qua nhng s liu quan trc, o c cc ch tiu mi trng c trng cho hot ng ca d n.

Cc ti liu, s liu v hin trng mi trng ti khu vc d n cn t nhng yu cu cht lng sau y:

- C tin cy, r rng v phi r ngun gc xut x. S liu ny c th ly t nhiu ngun ti liu khc nhau nh: cc trm quan trc mi trng quc gia v tnh, cc cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc, kho st trong nhiu nm c cng b chnh thc hoc s liu t tin hnh kho st, o c trong qu trnh lp bo co TM.

- Cc s liu, ti liu phi c thu thp, kho st, o c ti khu vc d n v vng ln cn chu tc ng trc tip ca d n.

- Cc s liu phi c x l s b, h thng ho, r rng gip cho ngi nh gi d dng phn tch tng hp, phn chia thnh cc nhm s liu, nhn nh c im ca vng nghin cu.

- Phng php kho st, o c, ly mu, phn tch phi tun th cc Tiu chun, Quy chun hin hnh. Trong trng hp thiu cc Tiu chun, Quy chun th c th s dng Tiu chun ca nc ngoi sau khi c php ca c quan qun l nh nc v mi trng Trung ng v a phng.

- Cc my mc thit b o lng ngoi thc a v trong phng th nghim phi c chun ho.7.2.2. Cc ch th v mi trng t nhin v KTXHVic thu thp s liu, kho st v quan trc cc ch th mi trng t nhin, KT -XH phi y lm c s nh gi hin trng mi trng trc khi thc hin d n, cng nh d bo din bin mi trng khi thc hin d n. Cng tc thu thp, o c, iu tra cc s liu v mi trng, ti nguyn thin nhin, KT - XH phi tin hnh khu vc d n v vng ln cn chu tc ng ca D n.

Hin trng mi trng t nhin, KT-XH ti khu vc D n v vng ln cn c xc nh thng qua cc ch th c nu trong Bng 4 di y.

Bng 4. Cc ch th mi trng v ti nguyn cn kho st khi lp TM D n

TTMi trng v ti nguynThng sPhng php kho st v quan trc

(1)(2)(3)(4)

1. iu kin t nhin

1.1V tr a la danh, to v v tr a l ca khu vc thc hin d n. V tr d n trong mi quan h vi khu vc ln cn. Ti liu d n hoc atlat quc gia

1.2c im a hnh, a moM t nhng c im a hnh ca khu vc d n mt cch chi tit (ni, i, ng bng...) Ti liu d n hoc a l, a cht khu vc

1.3c im kh tng, kh hu, thu vn- Nhit

- Lng ma, m

- Ch gi

- Cc hin tng thi tit bt thng

- Lu lng, tc dng chy, mc nc ca ngun tip nhn nc thiTi liu ca cc trm kh tng thu vn khu vc v s liu quan trc ti hin trng

2. c im kinh t - x hi

2.1Dn c -lao ngCh n tnh hnh dn c sinh sng ti khu vc thc hin d n v chu tc ng ca d n Theo s liu thng k ca a phng v ti liu iu tra, phng vn khi kho st

2.2Kinh tVic pht trin d n trong mi lin quan n Quy hoch pht trin kinh t ca a phng, tnh v vng. Theo s liu quy hoch ca a phng

2.3Tnh hnh x hi- Y t v sc kho cng ng

- Bnh lin quan n ngun nc v bnh h hp.

- Mng li v tnh hnh gio dc, nng cao nhn thc cng ng

- Vic lm v tht nghip Theo s liu thng k ca a phng v ti liu iu tra, phng vn khi kho st

2.4Lch s, vn ho - Cc cng trnh vn ho, lch s, du lch c gi tr trong khu vc thc hin d n hoc nhng khu vc ln cn chu tc ng ca d n.

- Thun phong m tc v phong tc tp qun ca dn a phng c th c nh hng n vic thc hin d n Theo s liu thng k ca a phng v ti liu iu tra, phng vn khi kho st

3. Ti nguyn thin nhin

3.1Ti nguyn t- Tng din tch t t nhin v cht lng t

- Hin trng s dng t (nng nghip, lm nghip, chuyn dng, t , t s dng khc, t cha s dng) Theo s liu thng k ca a phng v ti liu iu tra, kho st

3.2Ti nguyn nc mt- c im thu vn ti khu vc d n (sng, h, knh mng)

- Hin trng s dng ti nguyn nc mt trong khu vc Thu thp thng tin, t liu iu tra c bn ca khu vc v kho st, iu tra b sung

3.3Ti nguyn nc ngm (v nc khong)- c im a cht thu vn khu vc (tng cha nc, tr lng, cht lng nc ngm).

- Hin trng khai thc v s dng. Thu thp thng tin, t liu iu tra c bn ca khu vc v kho st, iu tra b sung

3.4Ti nguyn sinh vtCc s liu v thm thc vt v h ng vt trong khu vc thc hin d n. Cn c bit ch n nhng chng loi c th ca khu vc hoc c trong Sch Thu thp thng tin, t liu iu tra c bn ca khu vc v kho st, iu tra b sung

4. H tng c s v dch v

4.1Giao thng- c im ca cc tuyn ng giao thng (thu, b) c lin quan n hot ng vn chuyn ca d n

- Tai nn, s c giao thng Ti liu ca c quan chc nng v qun l hnh chnh a phng

4.2Dch v, thng miHin trng v kh nng cung cp dch v, thng mi Ti liu ca c quan chc nng v qun l hnh chnh a phng

5. Hin trng cht lng mi trng vt l

5.1Cht lng t- Tng Phenol

- Cc kim loi nng

- Du m

- Thuc bo v thc vt

- Phng php trc quang

- Quang ph hp th nguyn t

- Sc k kh, sc k lng cao p

5.2Cht lng nc mt- Nhit

- pH

- Cht rn l lng

- c

- mu

- Oxy ho tan (DO)

- Nhu cu oxy sinh ho (BOD5)

- Nhu cu oxy ho hc (COD)

- Clorua

- Tng lng st (Fe)

- Hm lng du, m

- Tng phenol

- Cc cht hot ng b mt

- E.Coli

- Tng s Coliform - Nhit k

- My o pH in cc thu tinh

- Lc, sy 1050C

- My o c

- My o mu

- Winhle hoc in cc oxy

- Oxy tiu th sau 5 ngy nhit 200C

- Oxy ho bng K2Cr2O7- So mu quang ph kh bin


- Sc k kh, theo TCVN 5070-1995

- Lc qua mng v nui cy 430C

5.3Cht lng nc ngm- Nhit

- pH

- c

- mu

- Tng cht rn ho tan

- Clorua

- Tng lng st (Fe)

- Hm lng du, m

- Tng phenol

- Cc cht hot ng b mt

- E.Coli

- Tng s Coliform - Nhit k

- My o pH in cc thu tinh

- My o c

- My o mu

- My o khong

- So mu quang ph kh bin


- Sc k kh, theo TCVN 5070-1995

- Lc qua mng v nui cy 430C

5.4.Cht lng khng kh - SO2 - NH3

- H2S

- Bi l lng tng s (TSP)

- Tng hydrocacbon (THC)

- Aldehyt- Phng php sc k kh theo TCVN 5972-1995 hay phng php th Folin-Ciocalteur

- Phng php Tetracloromercurat (TCM/pararosanilin) theo TCVN 5971-1995

- Phng php Griss-Saltman theo ISO 6768/1995

- Phng php o khi lng, theo TCVN 5067-1995

- Phng php sc k kh

5.5Ting n- L50- L eq- Lmax - My o mc n tng ng tch phn.

5.6 rung- Gia tc

- Vn tc

- Tn s - My o rung

Lu ch thu thp, o c, phn tch cc s liu v mi trng v ti nguyn thin thin khu vc c lin quan trc tip vi d n v nhng thng s mi trng s b tc ng bi d n. Khng kho st, quan trc nhng thng s mi trng khng chu tc ng trc tip hoc gin tip bi d n.7.2.3. X l ti liu, s liu v cc thnh phn mi trng:

Ti liu, s liu v mi trng t nhin v KT-XH sau khi c thu thp cn phi c x l v th hin r rng, chi tit trong bo co TM. Di y l mt s hng dn k thut v yu cu ca vic xc nh cht lng i vi tng thnh phn mi trng.

- Mi trng t

Mi trng t ca khu vc d n c nh gi thng qua cc ni dung v hin trng s dng t v cht lng t.

Ti nguyn t ti khu vc d n c nh gi da vo cc s liu iu tra v hin trng s dng t cho cc mc ch pht trin kinh t - x hi. Cc s liu cn c th hin mt cch nh lng nh Bng 5 di y.

Bng 5: Hin trng s dng t khu vc d nTTMc ch s dngDin tch cc loi t (ha) theo nmGhi ch

2006200720082009

01t nng nghip

02t lm nghip

03t

04t khc

Tng din tch t t nhin

Cht lng t c phn nh thng qua cc s liu phn tch nh lng v hm lng cc cht nhim trong tng loi t ca khu vc d n nh: kim loi nng, du m, tng phenol, thuc BVTV v cc thnh phn nhim khc. - Mi trng nc

Vic nh gi cht lng nc bao gm nc mt v nc di t c cn c vo kt qu o c v phn tch mu nc ti cc im ly mu trong khu vc d n. Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc c trnh by theo mu ti cc Bng 6-7.

Bng 6. Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc mt.

Thi gian ly mu: ...............................................

TTCh tiun vim o/ly muPhng php ly

mu/thit b o

W1W2

01Nhit 0C

02pH -

03 c NTU

04Hm lng cn l lng (SS)mg/l

05xy ho tan (DO) mg/l

06BOD5 mg/l

07COD mg/l

08Tng Nmg/l

09Tng Pmg/l

10Kim loi nngmg/l

11Tng phenolmg/l

12Du mmg/l

13Cht hot ng b mtmg/l

14E.ColiMPN/100 ml

15Coliform MPN/100 ml

Ghi ch : V tr ly mu: im W1, W2

Bng 7. Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc di tThi gian ly mu: ...............................................TTCh tiun vim o/ly muPhng php ly

mu/thit b o

GW1GW2

01pH -

02 c NTU

03Tng cht rn ho tan (TDS) mg/l

04 oxy ho KMnO4 mg/l

05 kim ton phn mglg/l

06 cng mg/l

07Cl- mg/l

08PO43-mg/l

09NH4+mg/l

10NO2-mg/l

11SO42-mg/l

12S2- mg/l

13 Fe mg/l

14Tng Phenolmg/l

15Du mmg/l

16Cht hot ng b mtmg/l

17E.ColiMPN/100 ml

18Coliform MPN/100 ml

Ghi ch : V tr ly mu: im GW1, GW2 lm c s cho vic nh gi tc ng ca d n ln mi trng nc khu vc d n, vic la chn cc thng s phn tch trc ht phi l cc thng s c th lin quan hoc chu tc ng trc tip bi loi hnh d n.

- Mi trng khng kh

Cc s liu kho st, o c cn phi c la chn sao cho phn nh c mt cch chnh xc v trung thc nht v cht lng khng kh ti khu vc d n v vng ln cn chu nhng tc ng trc tip ca d n. Mi trng khng kh c nh gi thng qua s liu v kh tng v s liu cht lng khng khS liu quan trc kh tng nhiu nm v s liu v cht lng khng kh c th c th hin theo mu trong Bng 8 v Bng 9 di y.

Bng 8: S liu kh tng trung bnh thng nhiu nm ti khu vc d n

Thi gian quan trc:..........................................

Tn trm : .

ThngThng 1Thng 2Thng 12Trung bnh nm

Hng gi

Tc gi (m/s)

Nhit (oC)

m (%)

p sut (mbar)

Bng 9: Cht lng khng kh ti khu vc d n

Thi gian o c, ly mu: ...............................................

a im o c/ly muNng cc kh c hi (mg/m3)

Bi SO2 H2S NH3THCAldehyt

KK1

KK2

KK3

QCVN 05:2008/BTNMT ( so snh)

Ghi ch: im o: KK1, KK2, KK3

- Ting n, rung

nh gi mc n nn ti khu vc d n, phi tin hnh la chn a im ph hp c th xc nh nhng ngun gy ra ting n hin c trong khu vc ng thi nh gi c kh nng lan truyn m thanh. Kt qu o c ting n c th c th hin theo mu Bng 10.Bng 10 : Kt qu o ting n

Thi gian o : .......................

a im oLaeq (dBA)Lamax (dBA)L50 (dBA)Ghi ch

TO1

TO2

TO3

..........

TCVN

( so snh)

Ghi ch : V tr o ting n : TO1, TO2, TO3 ...

rung s c o theo 3 thng s (Gia tc, vn tc v tn sut) ti cc im o ting n, sau so vi Tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam (Xem bng 11).

Bng 11: Kt qu o rung

Thi gian o : .......................

a im oGia tc (m/s2)Vn tc (m/s)Tn sut (Hz)Ghi ch

DR1

DR2

DR3

.....

TCVN

Ghi ch : V tr o rung : DR1, DR2, DR3 ...

- Hin trng v iu kin kinh t - x hi

Hin trng v iu kin kinh t - x hi c cp trong phn ni dung ny ch i vi khu vc D n v khu vc ln cn s chu tc ng trc tip bi d n. Khng trnh by cc thng tin v iu kin kinh t - x hi cho c mt vng qu rng nh mt tnh hoc mt vng. Ngoi ra, cn c cc thng tin v cc h dn chu tc ng mnh bi d n (mt t, di di...) nh: dn tc, tn gio, iu kin sng, ngh nghip kim sng...7.2.4. nh gi hin trng mi trng t nhin v KTXH khu vc d nDa vo cc s liu iu tra, o c cc ch th mi trng t nhin v KTXH nu trn, nh gi hin trng mi trng t nhin v KTXH ti khu vc D n trn c s so snh vi cc Tiu chun Vit Nam v mi trng, Quy chun k thut quc gia v mi trng theo cc ni dung nh sau:

- Mi trng vt l: cht lng t, nc mt, nc ngm, cht lng khng kh, iu kin kh tng, ting n, rung. - Ti nguyn sinh vt: ng vt, thc vt, h sinh thi, bao gm c sinh vt di nc v sinh vt trn cn, cn c bit quan tm i vi ng vt hoang d c trong sch v thc vt qu him.- Ti nguyn t: hin trng s dng t, vn gii to mt bng phc v cho d n;

- Cng trnh vn ho, lch s: cng trnh tn gio, m m, khu kho c, cng trnh vn ho - lch s, cnh quan, du lch;- Kinh t - x hi: dn s, ngh nghip, mc sng, iu kin v sinh, sc kho cng ng, n b, ti nh c v.v...7.3. Thc hin d bo, nh gi tc ng mi trng

nh gi tc ng ca d n ln mi trng l d bo, nh gi nhng tc ng tim tng bao gm tc ng tch cc v tc ng xu, tc ng trc tip v gin tip, tc ng trc mt v lu di, tc ng tc thi v tch lu, nhng tc ng c th v khng th khc phc ca d n n cc yu t cnh quan, mi trng t nhin, kinh t - x hi v cc gi tr khc. y l mt trong nhng chng trng tm ca bo co TM.

nh gi tc ng mi trng i vi d n cn m bo cc nguyn tc c bn sau:

- nh gi tc ng i vi mt d n c th phi c chi tit ha v c th ha cho d n , khng nh gi mt cch l thuyt chung chung;

- Vic nh gi tc ng ca d n c thc hin theo 3 giai on: Giai on chun b v gii phng mt bng; giai on thi cng xy dng v giai on vn hnh d n;

- Ni dung nh gi tc ng phi c c th ha cho tng ngun gy tc ng v tng i tng b tc ng;

- Mi tc ng u phi c nh gi mt cch c th v quy m khng gian v thi gian v c mc nh lng cng cao cng tt. - Mc tc ng c xc nh trn c s i snh vi cc quy chun k thut quc gia hoc tiu chun Vit Nam v mi trng hoc cc tiu chun, quy chun ca cc t chc quc t, ca cc nc tin tin khc (trong trng hp Vit Nam khng c cc quy chun, tiu chun tng ng).

Ni dung ca phn ny gm xc nh ngun gy nhim lin quan n hot ng ca d n, cc i tng b tc ng v mc tc ng.

7.3.1. Ngun gy tc ng Xc nh cc ngun gy tc ng ca d n n mi trng bao gm ngun gy tc ng c lin quan n cht thi v ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi.

Ngun gy tc ng gm:

- Ngun lin quan n cht thi bao gm tt c cc ngun c kh nng pht sinh cc loi cht thi rn, lng, kh cng nh cc loi cht thi khc trong qu trnh trin khai d n v ngun- Ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi l tt c cc ngun gy xi mn, trt, st, l, ln t; xi l b sng, b sui, b h, b bin; bi lng lng sng, lng sui, lng h, y bin; thay i mc nc mt, nc di t; xm nhp mn; xm nhp phn; bin i v kh hu; suy thoi cc thnh phn mi trng; bin i a dng sinh hc v cc ngun gy tc ng khc.

Yu cu ca phn ny l phi nhn bit y v lit k chi tit tt c cc ngun gy tc ng ca d n theo tng giai on pht trin d n.

7.3.2. i tng, quy m tc ngCn lit k tt c cc i tng t nhin, kinh t, vn ho, x hi, tn gio, tn ngng, di tch lch s v cc i tng khc trong vng d n v cc vng k cn b tc ng bi cht thi, bi cc yu t khng phi l cht thi, bi cc ri ro v s c mi trng khi trin khai d n. Trong cc i tng nu trn, c bit ch trng n i tng l cng ng dn c chu tc ng trc tip bi d n.

7.3.3. nh gi tc ngnh gi tc ng c thc hin i vi cc tc ng lin quan n cht thi v cc tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi. Cc i tng chu tc ng chnh gm mi trng vt l (nc, khng kh v t), mi trng sinh thi v mi trng kinh t - x hi.

nh gi mc tc ng ca d n ln mi trng khu vc c phn nh theo tng giai on pht trin ca d n v gm cc ni dung chnh sau:

- Xc nh tng lng cht nhim (theo tng cht) trong kh thi, nc thi, cht thi rn thi;

- nh gi phm v tc ng trong khng gian, thi gian v mc tc ng n tng i tng chu tc ng ca d n trong khu vc. nh gi, d bo phm vi tc ng ca cht nhim trong mi trng (kh v nc) v bn cht l vic xc nh c im, mc khuch tn, bin thin ca nng cht nhim theo thi gian v khng gian. S bin thin ny c lm sng t bng nhiu phng php, trong hiu qu v thng dng hn c l bng cc phng php m hnh ton.

7.3.4. Xc nh mc tc ng

Mc tc ng ti tng i tng c th c xc nh thng qua cng c chia thnh 4 mc gm: Tc ng mnh (nghim trng - major impact); Tc ng va (trung bnh - medium/intermediate impact); Tc ng nh (small impact) v Khng tc ng (no impact). Ngoi ra, thc t cn c cc tc ng cha c r (unknown impact). Cc mc ny c cp trong phn phng php TM.V mc nh hng ca tc ng c th chia thnh tc ng phc hi v tc ng khng phc hi.

- Tc ng hi phc: l tc ng ti mi trng nhng sau thi gian no thnh phn v c tnh ca mi trng b tc ng c th hi phc v trng thi ban u.

- Tc ng khng hi phc: Tc ng khng hi phc l tc ng lm cho thnh phn v c tnh ca mi trng vnh vin chuyn sang trng thi mi.

Vic phn loi cng tc ng v mc nh hng ca tc ng l da trn c s l lun v kinh nghim ca cc chuyn gia nghin cu TM v c kim chng qua nh lng tc ng.

7.4. Chng trnh qun l v gim st mi trng

Phn ni dung ny phi xut c chng trnh qun l v gim st, quan trc mi trng nhm thc hin c hiu qu cc bin php bo v mi trng v pht hin nhng khim khuyt trong qu trnh thc hin cng nh biu hin suy thoi, nhim mi trng do d n gy ra iu chnh, ngn nga. Do vy, nhng xut phi m bo cc nguyn tc sau:

- Chng trnh qun l v gim st mi trng phi c lp cho cc giai on pht trin ca d n (giai on gii phng mt bng, giai on thi cng xy dng v giai on vn hnh).

- Nhng xut di gc qun l mi trng phi ht sc c th v ph hp vi trnh t chc, qun l ca d n;

- Nhng xut v gim st mi trng ch tp trung vo nhng thnh phn mi trng, nhng ch tiu mi trng chu tc ng trc tip ca d n;

- Phng php ly mu v phn tch mu phi tun th quy chun k thut quc gia v tiu chun cho php;

- Cc im gim st mi trng phi c m ha v th hin r trn s hoc bn t l thch hp.

7.4.1. Chng trnh qun l mi trng

ra mt chng trnh nhm qun l cc vn v bo v mi trng trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng cc cng trnh v trong qu trnh vn hnh d n. Do vy, ni dung chnh ca chng trnh qun l mi trng ch yu s gm:

- T chc v nhn s cho qun l mi trng; qun l cht thi, cht thi nguy hi; phng chng s c mi trng, s c chy n...

- Lp k hoch qun l, trin khai cc cng tc bo v mi trng tng ng cho cc giai on pht trin ca d n;- K hoch o to, nng cao nhn thc mi trng cho cn b, cng nhn;

- Chng trnh gim thiu pht sinh cht thi (sn xut sch hn, cng ngh thn thin mi trng, thay th nguyn liu, ti s dng..);- Khng ch v gim lng tiu hao nguyn liu, ho cht, nng lng bng vic p dng cc bin php qun l v k thut ph hp;

- Kim tra, gim st vic thc hin quy c, cam kt v v sinh cng nghip v bo v mi trng.

7.4.2. Chng trnh gim st mi trngChng trnh gim st mi trng l qu trnh theo di c h thng v mi trng, cc yu t tc ng ln mi trng nhm mc tiu nh gi hin trng, din bin cht lng mi trng khu vc d n. Hot ng gim st c thc hin theo cc giai on pht trin d n c bit i vi giai on thi cng xy dng d n v giai on vn hnh ca d n. i tng gim st bao gm cc ngun thi ca d n thc cht l gim st cht thi v mi trng xung quanh (trong trng hp khu vc khng c cc trm, im gim st chung ca c quan nh nc).

Gim st mi trng cn t cc mc ch sau:

- Cung cp c s d liu cho c quan qun l Nh nc v ch u t v cht lng mi trng, bng chng v tc ng ca D n n mi trng t nhin v KT-XH trong vng;

- Cung cp s liu d bo kh nng m rng phm vi tc ng, kh nng gy s c mi trng (nu c);

- nh gi s tun th cc tiu chun Vit Nam v mi trng ca Ch d n.

Chng trnh gim st mi trng cn xc nh r: i tng v cc thng s nhim c trng ca d n cn c gim st; V tr, thi gian v tn sut gim st; Nhu cu thit b gim st; Nhu cu nhn lc; D tr kinh ph cho hot ng gim st.

Cc thnh phn mi trng cn gim stTrong phn ln cc D n chng trnh gim st cn bao gm 2 thnh phn mi trng:

- Mi trng vt l:

+ Dng thi: thnh phn, hm lng/nng , ti lng, khi lng cc cht nhim trong kh thi, nc thi, cht thi rn.

+ Cht lng mi trng, mc nhim ca ngun tip nhn cht thi hoc cht lng mi trng khng kh, nc, t ca vng b nh hng do D n (nu D n khng c ngun thi: D n thy li, thy in, lm nghip)

+ Mc xi l, bi lng, thay i ch thy vn (i vi cc D n thy li, giao thng, thy in, cng trnh thy)

- Mi trng sinh hc:

+ H sinh thi cn (din tch rng/thm thc vt, cc loi thc, ng vt hoang d) vng b nh hng do D n

+ H sinh thi nc (din tch thy vc, cc loi phiu sinh thc, ng vt, c) vng b nh hng do D n.

Cc thng s chn lc cn gim stTp hp cc thng s cn gim st i vi mi trng vt l, mi trng sinh hc l khc nhau gia cc loi D n. Tuy nhin, cn phi la chn cc thng s ch th (indicators) phn nh ng c trng tc ng do D n ch khng phi tt c hoc phn ln cc thng s c trong QCVN hoc TCVN v mi trng.

Vic la chn ng thng s ch th khng ch gip nh gi ng thc cht tc ng ca D n, m cn gim chi ph cho cng tc quan trc.

Tn sut quan trc

V nguyn tc, tn sut gim st cng ln chnh xc TM cng cao. Tuy nhin, theo quy nh hin hnh, tn sut gim st i vi cht thi ca d n l 3 thng/ln v i vi mi trng xung quanh l 6 thng/ln. Trong trng hp D n gy s c mi trng tn s quan trc cn dy hn (c th l hng ngy v cht lng nc, khng kh).

V tr cc im gim stS lng v v tr gim st cng nhiu cng phn nh ng vng b nh hng do D n. Tuy nhin, vic la chn cc im gim st cn m bo phn nh ng phm vi tc ng ca d n v mt khng gian. Do vy, trn thc t, cc im gim st khng ch nm trong m cn c th gm c nhng im nm bn ngoi vng D n.

Phng php gim st m bo s liu gim st l chnh xc, vic gim st cn tun th cc quy nh:

- Phi s dng cc thit b tiu chun (v thu mu, bo qun mu, phn tch thc a, phn tch trong phng th nghim);- Phi thc hin o c, phn tch theo cc phng php tiu chun;Thit b v phng php tiu chun nu trn c hiu l cc tiu chun c cng nhn rng ri, c s dng nhiu quc gia (theo ISO, tiu chun Hoa K, theo GEMS hoc TCVN, QCVN).- Vic phn tch phi c tin hnh lp li (ti thiu 3 ln/1 thng s/1 mu) c tnh thng k;- Phi c kim tra v cht lng phn tch (QA/QC) gia cc phng th nghim, c bit khi c kt qu phn tch ng ng.

7.5. Tham vn cng ng

Tham vn cng ng l mt ni dung quan trng m bo khng ch cho qu trnh ra quyt nh c minh bch, chun xc m cn to iu kin cho ngi dn trc tip b tc ng bi d n v nhng ngi quan tm v d n c th tham gia vo qu trnh TM v tng lng tin i vi d n. y l nhng yu t quan trng gp phn m bo cho d n pht trin bn vng. Do vy, vic tham vn cng ng phi m bo cc nguyn tc sau:

- Tham vn ng i tng;

- Ni dung tham vn phi xc thc vi d n vi vic s dng ngn ng d hiu ph hp vi trnh dn tr ca i tng c tham vn;

- Kt qu tham vn phi c lng ghp trong qu trnh thc hin TM v phn nh trong bo co TM.

7.5.1. i tng tham vn

Vic xc nh cc i tng tham vn c vai tr quan trng quyt nh tnh hiu qu ca hot ng tham vn. Do vy, xc nh cc nhm i tng tham vn c cn c vo phm v tc ng (theo khng gian v thi gian) v mc tc ng ca d n ti mi trng khu vc c bit l ti iu kin sng v sc khe ca cng ng. Do vy, i tng tham vn thng thng gm:

- Nhm ngi chu nh hng trc tip ca d n bao gm nhm ngi mong mun c hng li t d n; nhm ngi chu ri ro hay tc ng xu bi d n;

- Nhm ngi chu nh hng gin tip bao gm nhng ngi sng vng ln cn hoc nhng ngi s dng ti nguyn nh ngun nc xut pht t khu vc d n;

- Cc c quan nh nc: cc B lin quan, chnh quyn a phng ni thc hin d n;

- Cc i tng khc gm cc t chc NGO, nhm ngi khng chu nh hng ca d n nhng quan tm n d n v nhng tc ng ca d n (cc nh khoa hc, cc nh t vn, cc nh u t...). y l nhm ngi khng i din cho cng ng dn c a phng, song c nhng thng tin, ngun lc quan trng c tm v m;

- i din cho cc nhm cng ng cn tham vn nu trn thng thng c th gm: y ban nhn dn, Mt trn t quc phng, x; Nhng ngi c thm quyn theo truyn thng: trng lng, trng bn, nhng ngi lnh o trong tn gio, dng h ...;

- T chc on th, x hi a phng;

Do vy, phn ni dung ny khng ch a ra cc i tng c la chn tham vn m cn cn phi c nhng l gii mang tnh khoa hc, khch quan v vic la chn ny.

7.5.2. Hnh thc tham vn

Vic la chn hnh thc tham vn c cn c vo iu kin c th ca d n v ca a phng ni thc hin d n. Thng thng, vic tham vn cng ng c thc hin qua 2 hnh thc chnh l trao i trc tip gia Ch d n vi cng ng v chnh quyn a phng v nhn bit kin ca cng ng qua cc hnh thc thu thp thng tin.

- Tham vn thng qua hnh thc trao i trc tip: hnh thc tham vn ny phi m bo c s trao i bnh ng gia Ch d n v i tng c tham vn (nhng i tng b tc ng). Vic trao i trc tip gia Ch d n v cng ng a phng thng c t chc thng qua hi ngh, hi tho, cc cuc hp theo tng chuyn hoc l hnh thc gp g trc tip trao i vi tng nhm i tng c th. Cc hnh thc ny c la chn ty thuc vo iu kin v quy m ca vn cn tham vn.

Hot ng tham vn ca hnh thc ny nn c ghi nhn bng bin bn theo mu tham kho di y.CNG HO X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

c lp - T do - Hnh phc

BIN BN PHIN HP THAM VN CNG NG

1. a im hp (ghi r a im thuc thn, xm, x, phng...);

2. Thnh phn tham gia

2.1. i din Ch d n (nu r h tn, chc v);

2.2. i din chnh quyn a phng (nu r h tn, chc v cng tc);

2.3. i din cng ng dn c (nu r h tn);

2.4. C nhn, t chc tham gia (c danh sch km theo).

2.5. i din c quan t vn

3. Ni dung din bin phin hp:

Lu :

- Ghi theo trnh t din bin ca phin hp;

- Ghi mt cch y , trung thc cc cu hi, tr li, cc kin trao i, tho lun ca cc bn tham gia phin hp.

Trnh t phin hp c th nh sau:

3.1. Nhng ni dung trnh by ca Ch d n v nhng vn ca d n ly kin cng ng.

3.2. Nhng ni dung trao i gia Ch d n v nhng ngi tham gia hp.

3.3. Kt lun ca cuc hp (cn ghi r nhng kin thng nht, nhng kin bo lu khc vi kt lun chung v nhng kin ngh lin quan).

(a im hp), ngy....thng....nm.....

I DIN CH U T I DIN CNG NG A PHNG

(K v ghi r h tn) (K v ghi r h tn)

XC NHN CA UBND X (PHNG)

(K v ghi r h tn, chc danh)

- Tham vn thng qua thu thp thng tin: hnh thc tham vn ny bao gm vic Ch d n cung cp cc thng tin v ni dung c bn ca d n v nhng tc ng mi trng, bin php gim thiu tc ng xu trn cc phng tin thng tin i chng (i pht thanh, truyn hnh, bo ch) ca a phng v Trung ng hoc qua hnh thc gi phiu iu tra trc tip n tng i tng tham vn. Ni dung ca phiu iu tra c th c tham kho nh mu di y.

C quan d n

CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

c lp - T do - Hnh phc

PHIU THAM VN KIN CNG NG

I. H tham vn:

- H v tn ch h: ................................................. Tui : ..................................

- a ch thng tr:(ghi y theo h khu).

- S nhn khu trong gia nh : ...........; n tui lao ng : ......... cha n tui lao ng: .....................

II. Hin trng s dng t:

- Tng din tch t ang s dng (m2):.; t .; t nng nghip.; t vn..; t sn xut..; t khc

III. Ngun thu nhp chnh ca gia nh:

- T sn xut nng nghip:

+Din tch trng la (ha) : ....................;Sn lng (T/ha) : ....................

+Din tch hoa mu (ha) : ....................; Sn lng (T/ha) : .....................

- T ngnh ngh khc : ...................................... Thu nhp (thng) : ....................

IV. Nhng nh hng trc tip ca d n n h gia nh:

- Tng din tch t b d n chim dng (m2):.; t .; t nng nghip.; t vn..; t sn xut..; t khc

- Mt vic lm: s ngi.........; tui:..........; loi hnh cng vic:..................

- nh hng n sc khe do cht thi ca d n: (d bo trn c s nhn thc v d n).

IV. Cc yu cu v kin ngh ca ch h v d n:

1. V vn thu hi t : ........

2. V vn n b t, nh ca v hoa mu : ...

3. V vn GPMB ca d n : ..

4. V vn di di, ti nh c : .

5. V vn m bo cuc sng : ..

6. V vn mi trng i vi cc hot ng ca d n :

.............................................................................................................................

7. Cc yu cu v kin ngh khc :

.............................................................................................................................

.., Ngy thng nm 200

NGI THAM VN

NGI C THAM VN

(K v ghi h tn)

Phn ni dung ny khng ch a ra hnh thc tham vn m cn cn phi c l gii m bo tnh khoa hc, khch quan ca vic la chn ny.

7.5.3. Ni dung tham vn

Ni dung tham vn cng ng v d n bao gm:

- Nhng ni dung c bn ca d n;

- Nhng tc ng xu ln mi trng ca d n;

- Nhng bin php gim thiu tc ng xu ln mi trng s c p dng.

Kt qu ca qu trnh tham vn phi c phn nh mt cch trung thc trong bo co TM bao gm c cc kin tn thnh, khng tn thnh vic t d n ti a phng hoc khng tn thnh i vi cc gii php bo v mi trng d kin s c p dng. 7.5.4. Quy nh tham vn cng ng trong qu trnh TM ca Vit Nam

Cn c quy nh ti khon 8, iu 20 ca Lut BVMT v iu 1, Ngh nh s 21/2008/N-CP ngy 28 thng 2 nm 2008 ca Chnh ph, kin tham vn cng ng l mt phn bt buc phi c trong bo co TM. i tng tham vn, hnh thc tham vn, ni dung tham vn c quy nh nh sau:

- i tng tham vn: i tng tham vn l t chc thay mt cho cng ng ni thc hin d n gm U ban nhn dn v y ban mt trn t quc x, phng, th trn; - Ni dung tham vn: Thng bo bng vn bn v cc hng mc u t chnh, cc vn mi trng, cc gii php bo v mi trng ca d n cho cc i tng tham vn nu trn xin kin v ngh y ban nhn dn, y Mt trn T quc cp x ni thc hin d n tham gia kin. Ni dung chi tit ca vn bn tham vn quy nh ti im 2 mc 2 phn III ca Thng t s 05/2008/TT-BTNMT ngy 08 thng 12 nm 2008 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng hng dn v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng.- Hnh thc tham vn: Tham vn bng cch gi vn bn c ni dung nh nu trn cho cc i tng tham vn quy nh xin kin bng vn bn. - X l kt qu tham vn: kin tham vn phi c tng hp v th hin y , trung thc trong bo co TM bao gm nhng kin tn thnh, khng tn thnh vic t d n ti a phng hoc khng tn thnh i vi cc gii php bo v mi trng.- Nhng trng hp khng phi ly kin cng ng:

D n u t nm trong khu cng nghip, khu ch xut, khu cng ngh cao trong trng hp d n xy dng kt cu h tng ca khu cng nghip, khu ch xut, khu cng ngh cao c c quan qun l nh nc c thm quyn ph duyt bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng.

D n trn vng bin khng xc nh c trch nhim qun l hnh chnh ca y ban nhn dn cp x ly kin trong qu trnh lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng;

Cc d n u t thuc lnh vc an ninh, quc phng lin quan n b mt quc gia.

TM chi tit, xc nh cc phng n la chn v s cn thit gim nh

Sng lc v mi trng

Thit k chi tit cc bin php gim thiu

Nghin cu

kh thi

xut d n

Nghin cu tin kh thi

Thit k chi tit

Thc hin

d n

nh gi sau

d n

Chu trnh d n

TM s b, la chn a im

Quan trc v nh gi hiu qu, xc nh tc ng ngoi d kin

Thc hin cc bin php gim thiu v BVMT khc

Sng lc

(Sreening)

Quyt nh mc thc hin TM

Xc nh phm vi

(Scoping)

Xy dng TOR cho thc hin TM

Lp TOR theo mu

Tham gia ca cng ng

Phn tch, nh gi tc ng

Cc bin gim thiu

K hoch gim st

Chng trnh qun l mi trng

Tin hnh TM v lp bo co TM

(EIA report)

Thm nh

(Review)

Thm nh bo co TM

Tham gia ca cng ng (c th)

Ph duyt vi cc iu khon v iu kin

(Approval with term and condition)

Ph duyt hoc khng ph duyt

Cc iu khon v iu kin km th eo v :

- Bo v mi trng

- Gim st

Thc hin qun l mi trng

(Implementation

of environmental management)

Thc hin chng trnh qun l mi trng

Cc bin php gim thiu

K hoch gim st

nh gi sau thm nh

(Post audit and evaluation)

Kim tra mc thc hin chng trnh qun l mi trng

nh gi hiu qu ca cc bin php gim thiu

PAGE 49

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