4. Huong Dan DTM Phan Bon Hoa Hoc

8/6/2019 4. Huong Dan DTM Phan Bon Hoa Hoc

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B TI NGUYN V MI TRNGHP PHN KIM SOT NHIM TI CC KHU VC

NG DN NGHO - PCDACC THM NH V NH GI TC NG MI TRNG

HNG DN K THUT LP BO CO

NH GI TC NG MI TRNG

DN SN XUT PHN BN HA HC

(Ti liu dng tham kho lu hnh ni b)

H NI, 10/2009

PCDA


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Hng dnnh gi tc ng mi trngdn sn xut phn bn ha hc Vit nam

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MC LC

LI GII THIU .................................................................................................. 4MU ................................................................................................................. 6

1. Xut x ca d n ................................................................................... 6

2. Cn c php lut v k thut ca vic thc hin bo co nh gi tc ngmi trng (TM) ...................................................................................... 63. Phng php p dng trong qu trnh TM: .......................................... 74. T chc thc hin TM .......................................................................... 7

Chng 1. M T TM TT DN ................................................................ 91.1. Tn d n .............................................................................................. 91.2. Ch d n ............................................................................................. 91.3. V tr a l ca d n ........................................................................... 91.4. Ni dung ch yu ca d n ............................................................... 10

1.4.1. Quy m d n .............................................................................. 101.4.2. Nguyn liu, nhin liu ............................................................... 111.4.3. Thit b ........................................................................................ 121.4.4.Cng ngh, sn phm d n ......................................................... 131.4.5. Tin d n ............................................................................... 141.4.6. Tng mc u t v ngun vn cho d n .................................. 141.4.7. T chc qun l v thc hin d n ............................................ 16

Chng 2. IU KIN TNHIN, MI TRNG V KINH T - X HI................................................................................................................................ 17

2.1. iu kin t nhin v mi trng ...................................................... 172.2. iu kin kinh t - x hi ................................................................... 26

Chng 3. NH GI TC NG MI TRNG ...................................... 27

Nguyn tc chung ...................................................................................... 273.1. nh gi tc ng ............................................................................... 28

3.1.1. nh gi tc ng trong giai on chun b mt bng ................ 283.1.2. nh gi tc ng trong giai on xy dng .............................. 293.1.3. nh gi tc ng trong vn hnh th nghim v vn hnh thngmi d n ............................................................................................... 30

3.2. nh gi tin cy ca phng php nh gi ................................. 56Chng 4. BIN PHP GIM THIU TC NG XU, PHNG NGA VNG PH SC MI TRNG ................................................................... 58

Nguyn tc chung ...................................................................................... 58

4.1. i vi tc ng xu .......................................................................... 594.1.1. Bin php gim thiu tc ng giai on chun b mt bng ..... 594.1.2. Bin php gim thiu tc ng giai on xy dng d n .......... 604.1.3. Bin php gim thiu tc ng giai on vn hnh th nghim vvn hnh thng mi ca d n ............................................................ 61

4.2. i vi s c mi trng ................................................................... 69Chng 5. CHNG TRNH QUN L V GIM ST MI TRNG . 70

5.1. Chng trnh qun l mi trng ..................................................... 705.2. Chng trnh gim st mi trng ..................................................... 71


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5.2.1. Gim st cht thi: ....................................................................... 715.2.2. Gim st mi trng xung quanh ................................................ 73

5.3. Gim st khc: .................................................................................... 73Chng 6. THAM VN KIN CNG NG.............................................. 74

6.1. kin ca y ban nhn dn cp x v y ban Mt trn T quc cp x.

................................................................................................................... 746.2. kin phn hi v cam kt ca ch d n trc cc kin ca y bannhn dn cp x v y ban Mt trn T quc cp x: .............................. 75

KT LUN, KIN NGH V CAM KT ........................................................ 771. Kt lun: ................................................................................................ 772. Kin ngh: .............................................................................................. 773. Cam kt: ................................................................................................ 77

3.1. Cam kt tun th quy hoch ........................................................... 773.2. Cam kt thc hin cc bin php tc ng xu trong giai on n b,gii phng mt bng .............................................................................. 77

3.3. Cam kt thc hin cc bin php tc ng xu trong giai on thicng xy dng ....................................................................................... 783.4. Cam kt thc hin cc bin php tc ng xu trong giai on vnhnh ....................................................................................................... 783.5. Cam kt tun th tiu chun/quy chun nu trong TM .............. 793.6. Cam kt thc hin chng trnh quan trc, gim st mi trng . 793.7. Cam kt thc hin cc bin php ng ph v bi thng i vi ccs c do d n gy ra ............................................................................ 79


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LI GII THIU

D tho hng dn c xy dng trn csPh lc IV Cu trc v yu cuv ni dung bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca Thng t 05/2008/TT-BTNMT Hng dn vnh gi tc ng mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ngmi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng banhnh ngy 8 thng 12 nm 2008.

Hng dn ny cha ra cc yu cu c th, ni dung cn t c trong ccbo co nh gi tc ng mi trng cc d n phn ho hc, n c s dng ngthi vi cc ti liu v cc qu trnh sn xut phn ho hc c cho trong mc giithiu cc qu trnh sn xut phn ho hc c th nh sn xut phn ln supe n, mu r, phn DAP, phn NPK, phn ln nung chy.

c trng quan trng ca cng nghip phn bn ha hc l:

- Nguyn liu/Sn phm trung gian ca qu trnh sn xut l nhng ha cht

nguy him, th d: acid sulfuric, acid phosphoric, acid nitric, xt, amoniac, cc hpcht cha flo

- Trong Quy trnh cng ngh c nhiu cng on s dng p sut cao, nhit cao, cha ng nhiu yu t ri ro, gy tim n nhng mi nguy him cho con ngi,ti sn v mi trng ni chung v c h sinh thi ni ring.

- Trong cng ngh sn xut, hu ht cc d n u c cc hp phn cng nghphc tp khng lin quan n sn xut phn bn, th d:

o Sn xut ha cht nguyn liu nhng l cc ha cht cbn dng cho nhiungnh cng nghip khc: acid, amoniac

o Cng nghip sn xut nng lng (nhit in, kh hay than) ng thi kthp sn xut kh nguyn liu, th d nh sn xut hi nc, sn xut kh cng nghipkhc nh N2, H2, O2..

- C th phi kt hp cc hot ng, bao gm:

o Cng nguyn liu: cho than, lu hunh, apatit, cc loi qung phi kim loikhc (serpentine, vi, fenspate)

o Khai thc v/hoc lm giu nguyn liu (tuyn) vi nhng c trng nhim khc hon ton vi cc qu trnh ha hc s dng sn xut phn bn.

- V tr ca cc cssn xut phn bn hu ht nhng ni c ngun tip nhnl sng. Tuy nhin cng nhiu cssn xut ang hot ng c v tr gn hoc gia

khu dn c (m H Bc, Phn ln Vn in), c nhy cm kh cao.- Do nhng c trng trn nn ngoi nhng yu cu vnh gi tc ng mi

trng thng thng, nhng vn v nhn dng v nh gi ri ro c trng chohot ng sn xut ha cht, c bit l ha cht nguy him cn c coi trng, ngthi cn lu v v tr c th ca d n nhng xc nh cc cch nh gi ph hp.

- Thng thng chu t d n c nhiu giai on u t: c th giai on ucha sn xut ha cht nguyn liu, ch sn xut phn bn, cc giai on sau mi xydng v vn hnh cc cng ngh sn xut ha cht nguyn liu (th d acid, amoiac..)


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- V sn phm phn bn cng nh cc sn phm trung gian t cc nh my snxut phn bn c th c nhiu chng loi vi cc tiu chun cht lng khc nhau, do cn cung cp y cc thng tin ny trong TM

S di y cho thy bc tranh v tnh a dng ca sn phm phn bn hahc i t nhng ha cht v nguyn liu cbn


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HNG DN TM CHI TIT

MU

1. Xut xca dn

- Tm tt xut x d n, hon cnh ra i ca d n: phn ny c tm tt

trong cc thng tin trong bo co nghin cu kh thi ca d n v:+L do xy dng d n.

+Hon cnh ra i ca d n: nu r d n l d n mi, b xung, mrng, dn c bao nhiu ch shu.

- Loi hnh qun l: cng ty c vn u t trong nc, nc ngoi, lin doanh... -gii thiu tm tt ch shu ca d n, nu l d n c nhiu cng, cn gii thiutng cng, a ch, kt qu hot ng kinh doanh, phn vn gp v ngi i dincho cc chu t. Nu d n l cc ch shu nc ngoi khng c Tr sti Vitnam th phi c thm Vn phng d n c s u quyn ca cc nh u t.

- C quan, t chc c thm quyn duyt d n: cn nu r c quan c thmquyn ph duyt, b xung, sa i d n u t (bo co u t/bo co thit k - kthut hoc ti liu tng t ca d n).

Lu : Cc d n sn xut phn ho hc ngy cng c xu hng c u t ln,hnh thc ch shu ngy cng a dng, do vy cn lm r cc chu t victhc thi sau ny cc yu cu v bo v mi trng c tt, trnh cc trng hp mts ngi ng , cn nhng ngi khc khng ng .

2. Cn cphp lut v k thut ca vic thc hin bo co nh gi tc ngmi trng (TM)

Lit k cc vn bn php lut c lin quan :-Lut Bo v Mi trng ngy 29 thng 11 nm 2005.

-Nghnh s 21/2008/N-CP ngy 28 thng 2 nm 2008 ca Chnh ph v sai, b sung mt siu ca Nghnh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09 thng 8 nm 2006ca Chnh ph v vic quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt siu ca LutBo v Mi trng.

-Thng t 05/2008/TT- BTNMT ngy 8 thng 12 nm 2008 ca B Ti nguynv Mi trng hng dn vnh gi tc ng mi trng chin lc, nh gi tcng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng.

-Cc tiu chun/quy chun mi trng, bao gm c cc tiu chun/quy chuncht lng mi trng, tiu chun/quy chun thi, tiu chun cht thi nguy hi (nulin quan n thi CTNH)

-Cc vn bn php qui khc v qun l mi trng. (quy nh v khai thc v sdng ngun nc, ngun nguyn liu nu l khong sn, v cc quy nh v x thi)

-Cc vn bn khc lin quan n d n ca cc C quan Trung ng v aphng. Vn bn lin quan n s dng t nu nm ngoi khu cng nghip, vn bnquy nh v quy hoch s dng t trong v ngoi KCN nu lin quan.


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Lit k cc vn bn k thut thc hin l p bo co nh gi tc ng mitrng:

- Bo co nghin cu kh thi hoc bo co d n u t.

- Nin gim thng k

- Cc ti liu k thut khc3. Phng php p dng trong qu trnh TM:

Cn la chn mt hay mt s cc phng php di y a vo mc ny vnn c phn tch ngn gn v bn cht v cch s dng trong d n c th:

Phng php lit k

Phng php ma trn

Phng php mng li

Phng php so snh

Phng php chuyn gia

Phng php nh gi nhanh

Phng php nghin cu, kho st thc a

Phng php m hnh ho

Phng php phn tch, chi ph, li ch

Phng php tham vn cngng

(V d vphng php lp Bo coTMc nu khung 1 di y)

nh gi mc tn cy ca cc phng php s dng.4. T chc thc hin TM

-Nu tm tt qu trnh thc hin lp bo co TM bt u t kho st, thu thp,nghin cu ti liu c lin quan, ly mu phn tch, gp a phng bao gm chnhquyn a phng, cquan qun l mi trng a phng.

- Cquan t vn: tn cquan, a ch, ngi ng u, danh sch nhng ngitham gia thc hin chnh. (nn lu nhng ngi ca chu t phi a vo danhsch nhng ngi tham gia xy dng TM). Nu r tn cquan cung cp dnh v; hv tn ngi ng u cquan cung cp dnh v; a ch lien h ca cquan cung cpdch v trong trng hp c thu dch v t vn.


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Khung 1 V d vphng php lp Bo coTM

Phng php thng k

Phng php ny c s dng thu thp v x l cc s liu v: Kh tng thuvn, a hnh, a cht, iu kin t nhin kinh t - x hi ti khu vc thc hin d n.

Cc s liu v kh tng thy vn (nhit , m, nng, gi, bo, ng t) c sdng chung ca tnh Lo Cai. Cc yu ta hnh, a cht cng trnh, a cht thu vnc s dng s liu chung ca Cm cng nghip Tng Long, tnh Lo Cai. Tnh hnh

pht trin kinh t - x hi c s dng s liu chung ca huyn Bo Thng.

Phng php iu tra x hi hc

Tham vn kin cng ng l phng php ht sc cn thit trong qu trnh lp boco TM. Cc phiu iu tra thm d kin cng ng gi cho UBND v MTTTQth trn Tng Long

Phng php ly mu ngoi hin trng v phn tch trong phng th nghim

Nhm xc nh cc thng s v hin trng cht lng mi trng khng kh, tingn, mi trng nc, t, cht thi rn, ti khu vc d n, nhm kho st tin hnh oc, quan trc v ly mu cc thnh phn mi trng.

Phng php so snh

Cc s liu, kt quo c, quan trc v phn tch cht lng mi trng nn, c so snh vi cc tiu chun Vit Nam (TCVN) hoc cc tiu chun nc ngoitng ng rt ra cc nhn xt v hin trng cht lng mi trng ti khu vc thchin d n

Phng php m hnh ho

Tnh ton lan truyn cc cht nhim trong mi trng bng m hnh ton hc l

mt trongnhng phng php ang c s dng rng ri trn th gii cng nhVitNam hin nay. Phng php m hnh l s dng cc s liu kh hay nhiu ng khi ivo mi trng khng kh. M hnh s dng phng trnh ct khi n nh ca Gauss lp m hnh tnh ton nng cc cht thi t cc im thi lin tc v d nhng khi.

Phng php tham vn kin chuyn gia v hi tho khoa hc

Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng sau khi c d tho sc gi i xin kin cc nh khoa hc, qun l a phng trc khi lm cc th tc xin thm nh, phduyt ca cquan qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng. Cc kin ng gp ca ccnh khoa hc sc ch d n nghim tc tip thu, b xung v chnh sa vo bo coTM nhm hon thin bo co, va mang tnh khoa hc v tnh thc tin cao. Ngoi ra,

hot ng thm nh bo co TM ca Hi ng thm nh do cquan qun l nh ncv bo v mi trng (B Ti nguyn v Mi Trng) t chc cng chnh l phng

php hi tho khoa hc. Cc thnh vin ca Hi ng thm nh s bao gm cc nhkhoa hc, i din cc cquan qun l Nh nc cc ngnh, cquan qun l nh nca phng (s, phng sng gp cc kin qu gi cho bo co TM, gip chu thon thincc bin php bo v mi trng nhm gim thiu nhim mi trng, s cmi trng mc thp nht.


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Chng 1. M T TM TT DN

1.1. Tn dn

Nu chnh xc tn d n (nh tn trong bo co nghin cu kh thi hoc bo cod n u t).

Tuy nhin cn b sung thm hai thng tin:

-cng sut d n

-v tr d n

1.2. Ch dn

Nu tn ch shu d n, a ch, s fax, in thoi, e-mail, web ca cng ty,tn ngi i din cho ch shu.

Nu l d n lin doanh (hoc c phn) cn nu tn i din theo U quynca cc nh u t khc xin cp php u t v a ch Vn phng d n.

1.3. V tra l ca dn

Nu a chng k: theo a im ng k nu trong bo co nghin cu khthi/d n u t.

M t v tr d n bao gm: s v tr dnh trin khai (hnh ly t bn catnh, thnh ph v nh du), mi tng quan vi cc i tng t nhin, kinh t, xhi, cng trnh cng nghip khc. Nu ta ca v tr d n.

Nu d n c xy dng trong khu cng nghip th m t khu cng nghi p vv tr ca d n trong khu cng nghip; Nu cc cng trnh vn ha, tn gio; cc khudi tch lch s; khu dn c, khu th gn khu vc d n.

i vi nhng d n sn xut phn bn ha hc, do c trng nguy him caloi hnh ny v nguyn liu, ha cht trung gian v cng ngh c nhiu tim nnggy nhim khng ch bi cc cht nhim thng thng nh BOD, COD, SO2, Nox,

bi m cn do tnh nguy hi ca ha cht v c trng nguy him ca qu trnhcng ngh dn n hnh thnh cc yu t ri ro v mi trng v x hi. Do khim t v tr d n, cn c bit lu nhng vn sau:

-Cc khu vc nhy cm v mi trng v x hi: khu dn c, trng hc, bnhvin, khu vui chi, gii tr.

-ng giao thng k gn khu vc d n, c bit lin quan n vn chuyn

hay tip nhn nguyn liu (th d vn chuyn acid c, amoniac p sut cao, hydro,oxy p sut cao bng ng ng hay xe chuyn dng)

-V tr ca kho tng cha ha cht v kho nhin liu lin quan th no n hintrng s dng t.

-Cc lu vc tip nhn ngun nc thi, k c nc lm mt.

-Kh nng cp nc ti khu vc d n.


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1.4. Ni dung ch yu ca dn

1.4.1. Quy m dn

-Lit k y , m t chi tit v khi lng v quy m (khng gian v thigian) ca tt c cc hng mc cng trnh cn trin khai trong qu trnh thc hin dn, km theo mt s, bn v mt bng tng th b tr tt c cc hng mc cngtrnh hoc cc s, bn v ring l cho tng hng mc cng trnh. Cc cng trnhc phn thnh 2 loi sau:

o Cc cng trnh chnh: cng trnh phc v mc ch sn xut, kinh doanh,dch v ca d n;

o Cc cng trnh ph tr: cng trnh h tr, phc v cho hot ng ca cngtrnh chnh, nh: giao thng vn ti, bu chnh vin thng, cung cp in, cung cpnc, thot nc ma, thot nc thi, di dn ti nh c, cy xanh phng h mitrng, trm x l nc thi, ni x l hoc trm tp kt cht thi rn (nu c) v cccng trnh khc.

Cn m t ngn gn nhng thng tin v/ hoc bn v s khi cc hng mcsau y:

H thng cung cp nng lng trong d n: Cn m t ngn gn cc hngmc xy lp v sn xut in nng, sn xut hi nc, sn xut nc khng ion, snxut kh cng nghip

Cng nguyn liu

H thng phng th nghim kim tra cht lng sn phm v nguyn liu

H thng nc tun hon nc cng ngh nu c

H thng qun l CTR v CTNH ti cng ty (nu c)

Thot nc v v sinh mi trng

Cn m t r rng h thng thot nc trong khu vc d n v h thng thotnc bn trong nh my bao gm h thng thot nc mt, nc thi sn xut vnc sinh hot. Phi lm r v m t ngun tip nhn nc thi. Trong phn ny cnc cc bn v vi cc ni dung sau:

H thng thot nc mt (bn v h thng cng thot)

H thng thot nc thi sn xut (bn v h thng cng thot)

H thng thot nc sinh hot (bn v h thng cng thot)

Trong phn v sinh mi trng cn nu cc sinh v thu gom cht thi nguyhi, cht thi rn, rc thi v cc dch v mi trng khc ang c s dng trongkhu vc.

-Cung cp bn v cc hng mc cng trnh xy dng

o Mt bng xy dng nh my: bn v mt bng xy dng ti thiu A3

o Gii phng v san lp mt bng: k hoch n b, khi lng san lp, cchthc san lp v k hoch san lp.


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o Thng k cc hng mc cng trnh chnh: danh mc v khi lng xydng.

Trong phn ny cn cung cp thng tin v khi lng o p; v tr khai thchay t phc v cho vic san lp mt bng hay nn mng. Cc thng tn ny sc s dng nh lng cht thi trogn qu trnh xy dng v nh gi cc tc

ng mi trng v x hi trong qu trnh xy dng.1.4.2. Nguyn liu, nhin liu

- Lit k chng loi nhin liu v nh mc:

o than

o du

o kh

o kh cng nghip (SO2, H2, O2, CO...)

o qung

o ha cht nguyn liuo ph gia

- Lit k cc nguyn liu s dng trong dy chuyn; nu nguyn liu thuc danhmc cc ha cht nguy him th phi cung cp nhng thng tin cbn v tnh nguyhim ng thi cung cp MSDS trong phn ph lc ca TM

- Lp bng cc thng tin sau y:

o nh mc nguyn nhin liu (tnh theo tn sn phm).

o Tng lng nguyn liu, nhin liu, ha cht (tnh c nm theo cng sut),

o Cch thc ng gi v lu gi nguyn liu, nhin liu. Cc nh my snxut phn ha hc thng s dng lng nguyn liu rt ln, kho bi cha khng tptrung cn lm r cch thc vn chuyn v lu gi trong qu trnh vn chuyn.

Cn lu c bit cc vn sau:

- Trong bo co, bt buc phi c cc s liu v lng s dng nguyn liu, hacht c nm, khng nn ch ghi nh mc nguyn liu.

- Cc loi nguyn liu phi nu r thnh phn cc cht c trong nhin liu.

- Cc ha cht s dng phi c "MSDS Phiu s liu an ton" da vo lpphng n bo qun, vn chuyn, s dng, phng chng s c.

- Cn phi cung cp thng tin v kho tng lu gi nguyn liu, nhin liu v snphm nguy him.

Mt sv d vnh mc tiu hao nguyn nhin liu i vi mt sdy chuynsn xut phn bn v ha cht trung gian trong Ph lc I

Vn cung cp in, nc

Cp in:

-Lng in tiu th:


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o T li quc gia

o T ngun in t pht trong d n (nu c), thng thng hay xy ra ivi d n sn xut amoniac t than hoc kh, sn xut acid sulfuric t ngun nhit thuhi.

-Ngun cung cp

Cung cp nc:

- Lng nc cp

- Ngun cung cp

Nhng im cn ch :

- Lm r lng in do nh my to ra, v d nh cc nh my sn xut phn urthng c nh my in i km hoc nh my sn xut a xt sunphurc li c th tndng hi nhit tha chy my pht in.

- Lm r lng nc tun hon: cc nh my sn xut phn bn ha hc thng

dng mt lng ln nc v cng s dng li mt lng ln nc lm lnh. Nhmy sn xut a xt sunphurc sn xut phn supe pht pht, nh my sn xut khha sn xut u r, nh my sn xut a xt pht pho rc u c lng nc tun honrt ln.

- Cc nh my sn xut phn bn ni chung u cn mt lng nc cp ln dovy cn c thm giy php c s dng ngun nc cp khi nh my i vo hotng ca Chnh quyn a phng.

- Vn chuyn nguyn vt liu v sn phm

o Vn chuyn nguyn liu chnh (phng tin v c tnh ca phng tin)

o

Vn chuyn nguyn liu ha cht khc (phng tin v c tnh caphng tin)

o Vn chuyn sn phm (phng tin v c tnh ca phng tin)

Lu :

-Khi xem xt vic ng gi vn chuyn ha cht cn i chiu vi cc qui nhhin hnh v qun l ha cht, trong c phn ng gi, bo qun, vn chuyn hacht.

-c bit trong trng hp sn xut c s dng ha cht hay nguyn liu dngkh c p sut cao: NH3, CO, kh th nhin, H2, O2 cn m t v h thng kho,ng ng v phng thc vn hnh (nu c cc gii php v cnh bo an ton thc th a vo on ny, nu khng cn kin ngh phn cc thit b x l mitrng)

1.4.3. Thit b

Trong phn ny phi lit k cc thit b cng ngh chnh, s thit b tng loi,cng sut tng loi, nm sn xut, ni sn xut. Di y l danh sch cc thit bcng ngh chnh ang c s dng ti mt s nh my Vit nam, khi lp danh sch

phi cho thm cc thng tin v thit b.


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Trong nhiu d n, c bit l d n v cng nghip ha cht v ha du, ccthit b x l mi trng c lu tm ngay t khu thit k v u t ban u,nht l i vi kh thi, nc thi cng nghip c chng, nc tun hon, nc lmmt, mt s chng loi cht thi rn (th d xc tc, cn ni phn ng). Nh vytrong mc thit bchng 1 cn lit k ng thi vi cc thit b sn xut ni trn.Khi lit k trong bng cn ghi r chng loi, tn cng ngh, s lng thit b v cngsut tng thit b tng ng.

Mt sv d vthit bi vi mt sdy chuyn sn xut phn bn v ha chttrung gian trong Ph lc I

1.4.4.Cng ngh, sn phm dn

a, Cng ngh:

Cc cng nghcbn:

- cng ngh sn xut sn phm trung gian

- cng ngh sn xut sn phm cui cng

- cc loi hnh cng ngh sdng chung

- cc hng mc u tphc v cho cc mc ch cng ngh v sn xut khcnhau (in, nc, xl cht thi, sn xut kh nguyn liu)

Cc nh my sn xut phn bn thng c hnh thnh t nhiu cng on snxut, sn phm ca cng on ny li l nguyn liu u vo cho cng on khc vmi cng on sn xut thng c hnh thnh t nhiu thit b cng ngh, c nhngi hi ring v qun l ho cht, qun l k thut, qun l s c, an ton lao ng dovy ngoi s khi cng ngh sn xut ra sn phm, cn cn m t k cng ngh vthit b ca tng cng on.

Yu cu vm t cng ngh cho tng cngon:S cng ngh: l s khi bao gm cc cng on cng ngh v cc ng

lin kt gia cc cng on ny. Trong s ny cn ch r nguyn liu vo tngcng on, cht thi, ngun cht thi, cc yu t gy ra cht thi v kh nng s cdi dng cc mi tn ngi c c th hnh dung r rng cc c trng cng nghlin quan n ngun v c trng thi (khng nn s dng bn v thit k di dngCAT m nn chuyn sng dng s khi n gin hn).

M t cc thit b cng ngh sn xut chnh v lp bn k tng cc thit b snxut chnh (trong ph lc danh sch thit b c cc ct v xut x thit b, nm snxut, c , mi...).

Lu : Trong hu ht cc d n sn xut phn ho hc u c cng on chunb nguyn liu, do vy, chun b nguyn liu cng l mt cng on ca cng nghsn xut v phi m t k.

-Giai on chun b nguyn liu ca dy chuyn sn xut phn bn ha hcthng c nhng loi hnh cng ngh nh sau:

o cn, o

o nghin trn (di dng cc pha khc nhau (lng, rn hoc kh)


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14

o thay i m hay thnh phn no ca phi liu.

- Cng ngh sn xut phn ha hc thng di v phc tp, do vy phi chia ranhiu cng on nh. Vic ct nh ny dn ti mt su ra ca cng on khngc cung cp thng tin hya ch thch y , dn n thiu tnh logc hoc khngc c s lin h cc cng on vi nhau, v th cn gii thch u ra c th hn

c th theo di c. Nn s dng s khi nh ni trn trnh m t thiucc dng vt cht u ra (k c sn phm chnh, sn phm ph v cht thi)

- a ra s minh ha cng ngh sn xut, cng ngh vn hnh d n. Trn s minh ha, ch r cc yu t mi trng c kh nng b tc ng, ngun cht thi,cc yu t gy tc ng khc.

Mt sv d vcng nghi vi mt sdy chuyn sn xut phn bn v hacht trung gian trong Ph lc I

b, Sn phm

Lit k s chng loi sn phm/cht lngng k (c biti vi phn bn

ha hc, cn nu r cc sn phm c thva l sn phm trung gian hay sn phmcui cng: NH3, H2SO4, P3PO4)

- C nhng d n ngay t khi vn hnh to ra ng b cc sn phm cuicng v cc ha cht trung gian tng ng: m, suppern, supper kp NPK, phnln nung chy, acid sulfuric, acid photphoric, amoniac, h p cht flo.. vi cc mackhc nhau ph thuc vo sn phm cui cng v yu cu th trng v ha cht trunggian,

- Tuy nhin cng c nhng d n ch bt u sn xut tng loi sn phm cuicung l phn bn, hoc ch dng sn phm ha cht trung gian, th d: NH3, H2SO4,H3PO4

Trong nhng trng hp ny vic phn on u t rt quan trng cho vic xcnh cc ngun thi v cc tc ng ng vi tng thi k, c bit ng vi cc giaion u t vo cc thit b kim sot nhim tng ng.

Th di vi dy chuyn sn xut phn ln mono super photphat cn nh rdy chuyn sn xut sn xut phn ln c km theo dy chuyn sn xut acid sulfurichay khng hay ch nhp acid v trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. Vic nh gicc tc ng do sn xut acid sulfuric s khc hon ton vi dy chuyn sn xut phnln super; ng thi cc yu cu v kim sot nhim (u t cho thit b x l mitrng v quan trc) i vi dy chuyn acid sulfuric khc hon ton vi dy chuyn

phn ln.

1.4.5. Tin dnM t chi tit tin thc hin cc hng mc cng trnh ca d n t khi bt u

cho n khi hon thnh, vn hnh thng mi.

1.4.6. Tng mc u tv ngun vn cho dn

Tng mc u t

Giai on 1/ Sn phm/ vn u t/Din tch s dng

Giai on 2/ Sn phm/ vn u t/Din tch s dng:


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- Nu ch c sn phm trung gian c sn xut trong mt giai on no thphi c m t xc nh nhng vn mi trng ring ca tng giai on.

- Nu sn phm trung gian (th d NH3, Axit) c th sn xut ngay t mt giaion no ca d n hoc c cung cp t ngun khc, phi cung cp y thng tin v vn ny c th gii hn hay mrng vic nh gi cc tc ng.

Ch r mc u tcho hot ng mi trng ca dton, trong c bitch cc vn sau:

Xl kh thi

Lp bng tng hp vn u t cho tt c cc h thng x l kh thi d kin sxy dng

Bng tng hp vn u tcc cng trnh xl kh:

H thng x l kh thi A; B; C...

TT Hng mc Gi tr Ghi chChi ph h tng Chi ph mua sm thit b Chi ph xy dng v lp tChi ph dnChi ph vn hnh, chy th Tng cng:

Xl nc thi

Lp bng tng hp vn u t cho tt c cc h thng x l nc thi d kin s

xy dngBng tng hp vn u t x l nc thi

H thng x l nc thi A; B; C...

TT Hng mc Gi tr Ghi ch Chi ph h tng

Chi ph mua sm thit bChi ph xy dng v lp t Chi ph dn

Chi ph vn hnh, chy th Tng cng

Xl cht thi rn v cht thi nguy hi

Phi a ra c bin php x l cht thi rn v cht thi nguy hi v ni r ais thc hin, nu cha thc hin c th phi lu gi tm thi u.


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Cn c m t cc gii php ring cho cht thi nguy hi k c trong v ngoicng ty sn xut phn bn ha hc

Ngun vn

Ch r ngun vn thc hin d n.

1.4.7. T chc qun l v thc hin dn- Hnh thc qun l d n: v d nh thnh lp ban qun l d n c thm quyn

gii quyt cc vn khi thc hin d n.

- Hnh thc gp vn/ lin doanh

- Hnh thc pht trin th trng, c bit l i vi cc cssn xut phn bn

- Nu sn phm trung gian c nhp t mt ngun khc, cn nu r hot ngvn chuyn (l trnh, phng thc...)


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17

Chng 2. IU KIN TNHIN, MI TRNG V KINH T - X HI

2.1. iu kin tnhin v mi trng

-iu kin va l, a cht:

Da trn bo co nghin cu kh thi/bo co u t ca d n, bo co kho sta cht cng trnh ti khu vc d n hoc cc ti liu khc c cng b chnhthc (ch dn ngun ti liu, d liu tham kho, s dng), m t s lc iu kinal, a cht cng trnh. c bit quan tm vi cc d n c qui m ln, c kh nnggy ra cc s c ho cht ln lin quan ti a cht cng trnh, bo, l.

- M tc im a l, cnh quan khu vc d n; s thay i cc yu ta l,cnh quan b tc ng bi d n.

- Tnh cht vt l, tnh cht chc ca cc lp t

- Tr lng v cht lng nc di t (trong trng hp c khai thc ncngm ti ch th cn lm r theo qui nh hin hnh)

- Nhn xt:

Kh nng chu ti ca khu vc d n

nh gi gi tr ca ngun ti nguyn nc ngm ti khu vc v kh nng b nhim do chnh hot ng ti khu vc d n.

- M t chi tit cc d n khai thc khong sn, d n lien quan n cc cngtrnh ngm khu vc d n.

-iu kin vkh tng - thu vn/hi vn

Tng hp cc s liu v kh tng thu vn/ hi vn khu vc d n ly trong cc

Nin gim thng k gn nht (5 nm gn nht) do Tng Cc thng k xut bn hng nmcho cc tnh. Cn c cc s liu thu vn ca ton b h thng sng, ngi v vic s dngnc t cc sng, trong khu vc. c bit lu cc thu vc tip nhn ngun nc thi(nc ma chy trn v nc thi sn xut, sinh hot sau x l).

iu kin kh tng khu vc dn: da trn ngun s liu thng k ti cctrm quan trc ca Trung tm kh tng thu vn gn v tr d n v thuc a bntnh ni d n sc xy dng. S liu phi c thng k trong vng 5-10 nm gnnht. Trnh by r c trng kh tng c lien quan n d n

- Nhit khng kh

- S ginng

- Bc x mt tri

- m khng kh tng i

- Ch ma

- Ch gi

- Hng gi cho, tn sut gi, vn tc gi

- Mt s hin tng kh tng nguy him (nu c) nh: bo l, ging, t, sng,m


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- Nhn xt: nh gi nhng thun li v kh khn do thi tit kh hu tc ngn d n.

iu kin thu vn/hi vn: m t mng li thu vn ti khu vc d n, c thl ngun tip nhn nc ma v nc thi ca d n. Mng li thu vn phi thhin c cc c trng:

- Tn sng sui- Hnh thi v c trng ca sng sui: chiu di, chiu rng, su, lu lng

dng chy, vn tc dng chy, mc nc

- Nhn xt:

nh gi nhng thun li v kh khn do mng li thu vn tc ng n dn.

nh gi gi tr ngun nc mt ti khu vc d n

M tc trng hi vn khu vc d n (ch triu, c im cc dng hi

lu)- Hin trng cc thnh phn mi trng tnhin:

Cc nh my sn xut phn ho hc thng c nhiu loi cht thi, do vy phitu thuc vo thnh phn cht thi trong kh thi, nc thi v thnh phn cht gy nhim c trong nguyn liu (ch, cadmi, selen...) xc nh cc thng s mi trngt nhin cn o c, sau ny d so snh v i chng.

M t r hin trng cc hp phn mi trng: khng kh, nc mt, nc binven b, nc ngm, mi trng t, bn y, h sinh thi (cn, nc, c bit ngvt hoang d; thc vt qu him), sinh vt nng nghip trong khu vc d n v vngln cn.

Trong trng hp cn thit phi ly mu v phn tch c im trm tch khuvc tip nhn nc thi. Cn lu cc v tr ly mu nh gi cht lng mi trngnn phi c tnh i din, ch cc im tip nhn nc thi, v tr cc im xungquanh b tc ng ca kh thi (theo hng gi cho).

Cc thnh phn mi trng t nhin s chu tc ng trc ti p hoc gin tiptrong thi gian ngn hay di ca qu trnh thc hin d n, do vy vic nh gi ccthnh phn mi trng t nhin trc khi thc hin d n s gip cc nh qun l cci nhn sb v sc chu ti ca mi trng, cng nh d bo din bin mi trngkhu vc khi d n i vo hot ng, nguyn nhn v ngun gc nhim.

Bo co cn c trn kt quo c/phn tch/quan trc nh gi mc nhim

khng kh, nc, t, trm tch so vi tiu chun/quy chun k thut mi trng;mc a dng sinh hc/nhy cm sinh thi ca khu vc d n.

Cc s liu quan trc cc thnh phn mi trng t nhin c th ly t nhiungun t liu khc nhau nh: cc trm quan trc (monitoring) mi trng quc gia vtnh, cc cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc, kho st trong nhiu nm c cng bchnh thc hoc d n t tin hnh kho st, o c.

Cc thng s mi trng v ti nguyn cn kho st v quan trc xc nhiu kin mi trng nn i vi d n c phn nh (mang tnh tham kho)


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Hin trng cht lng khng kh

- V tr cc im o c v ly mu khng kh: m t r im quan trc nmtrong hay ngoi d n, nu nm ngoi th c tnh khong cch n v tr d n vnm v pha no ca d n.

- Minh ha bng s b tr cc im o c/ly mu khng kh trn bn khu

vc d n.- Thi gian ly mu, phng php o c/phn tch: ghi r thi gian ly mu v

phng php o c/phn tch cho tng ch tiu mi trng.

- iu kin ly mu: m t thi tit kh hu, mt giao thng ti thi im ly mu.

Khung 2V d: V tr cc im o c/ly mu khng kh v iu kin ly mu

TT Mu M t v tr v iu kin ly mu

1 Mu 1 M t v tr To ly mu Nhit khng kh m khng kh Vn tc gi Mt giao thng (nu v tr o/thu mn gn ng giao thng)

2 Mu 2 M t v tr To ly mu Nhit khng kh m khng kh

Vn tc gi Mt giao thng (nu v tr o/thu mu gn ng giao thng)n Mu

N M t v tr To ly mu Nhit khng kh m khng kh Vn tc gi Mt giao thng (nu v tr o/thu mu gn ng giao thng)

- Thng so c, phn tnh:- So snh vi TCVN/quy chun


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20

Khung 3

Bng........ Hin trng cht lng khng khkhu vc dn

TT V tr kho stBi

(mg/m3)NOx

(mg/m3)SOx

(mg/m3)CO

(mg/m3)1 K12 K23 K34 K4n Kn

TCVN/quy chunmi trng

K1: im 1 theo s mt bng d nK2: im 2 theo s mt bng d n

K3: im 3 theo s mt bng d nK4: im 4 theo s mt bng d nKn: im N theo s mt bng d n

Sau cc Bng Kt qu cn a ra cc nhn xt v:

nh gi s thay i, khc bit gia cc v tr quan trc d trn iu kin vthi gian ly mu.

So snh thng s vi TCVN/quy chun mi trng

Kt lun: cht lng khng kh ti khu vc d n t hay khng t TCVN, l

do khng t.Hin trng cht lng nc mt

- V tr cc im o c v ly mu nc mt: m t r im quan trc nm trnsng sui no, khong cch t v tr ly mu n v tr d n.

- Thi gian ly mu, phng php o c/phn tch: ghi r thi gian ly mu vphng php o c/phn tch cho tng ch tiu mi trng.

- iu kin ly mu: m tiu kin kh hu ti thi im ly mu.

(Thng so c, phn tch: pH, DO, SS, Tng P, Tng N, BOD, COD, Dum, Coliform, kim loi nng (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, As, Hg, Fe,)

(Trong trng hp d n theo thit k c mt s cht thi c th khc th cn bsung cc thng s vo thng s phn tch mi trng nn.)

So snh vi TCVN/quy chun)


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Khung 4Bng. V tr cc im o c/ly mu nc mt v iu kin ly mu

TT Mu M t v tr v iu kin ly mu1 Mu 1 M t v tr

To ly mu Khong cch so vi v tr x thi nc ma, nc thi t

khu vc d n v cc d n khc ang hot ng nu c. Nhit mt nc

2 Mu 2 M t v tr To ly mu Khong cch so vi v tr x thi nc ma, nc thi t

khu vc d n v cc d n khc ang hot ng nu c. Nhit mt nc

n MuN

M t v tr To ly mu Khong cch so vi v tr x thi nc ma, nc thi t

khu vc d n v cc d n khc ang hot ng nu c.- Nhit mt nc

Khung 5Bng.......Hin trng cht lng nc mt ti khu vc dn

TT Mu Mu 1 Mu 2 Mu n TCVN/quychun mi

trng1 pH2 DO (mg/l)3 SS (mg/l)4 Tng P

(mg/l)5 Tng N

(mg/l)6 BOD

(mg/l)7 COD

(mg/l)8 Du m

(mg/l)9 Coliform

(mg/l)10 Kim loi

nng (mg/l)


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Nhn xt: nh gi s thay i, khc bit gia cc v tr quan trc da trn iu kin v

thi gian ly mu. So snh cc thng s vi TCVN/quy chun mi trng. Kt lun: v cht lng nc mt ti khu vc d n v nu c phn tch

nguyn nhnHin trng cht lng nc ngm

Ly mu t cc ging khoan/o sn c trong vng d n v khu vc xung quanh

V tr cc im o c v ly mu nc ngm: m t r im quan trc l ging khoanhay ging o, su ca ging, tn ch h, a ch

Thi gian ly mu, phng php o c/phn tch: ghi r thi gian ly mu v phngphp o c/phn tch cho tng ch tiu mi trng.

iu kin ly mu: m tiu kin kh hu ti thi im ly mu.


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Khung 6Bng. V tr cc im o c/ly mu nc ngm v iu kin ly mu

TT Mu M t v tr v iu kin ly mu1 Mu 1 Tn ch h, a ch

To ly mu

su2 Mu 2 Tn ch h, a ch To ly mu- su

3 Mu n Tn ch h, a ch To ly mu- su

Bng .....Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc ngm khu vc dn

STT Ch tiu phn tchn v

TCVSNS -

BYT NN1 NN

1 TSS mg/l2 cng tng mg/l3 BOD5 mg/l4 COD mg/l5 F mg/l6 CN- mg/l7 PO4

3- mg/l8 P tng mg/l9 As mg/l

10 Hg mg/l11 Pb mg/l12 Zn mg/l13 Fe mg/l14 Mn mg/l15 Phenol tng mg/l16 Du m mg/l17 Coliform MPN/100ml18 pH

So snh vi TCVN

Nhn xt v Hin trng cht lng nc ngm ti khu vc d n:

nh gi s thay i, khc bit gia cc v tr quan trc da trn iu kin vthi gian ly mu.

So snh cc thng s vi TCVN Kt lun: v cht lng nc mt ti khu vc d n v nu c phn tch

nguyn nhn


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24

Hin trng cht lngt

V tr cc im o c v ly mu t: m t r im quan trc.

Thi gian ly mu, phng php o c/phn tch: ghi r thi gian ly mu vphng php o c/phn tch cho tng ch tiu mi trng.


Khung 7Bng.... V tr cc im o c/ly mu t v iu kin ly mu

TT Mu M t v tr v iu kin ly mu1 Mu 1 M t v tr

To ly mu Phu din

2 Mu 2 M t v tr

To ly mu- Phu dinn Mu N M t v tr

To ly mu- Phu din

Thng so c, phn tch: pH, thnh phn cp ht, t trng, m, tng N, tng P,hm lng hu c, TBVTV, kim loi nng (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, As, Hg, Fe,)So snh vi TCVN/quy chun

Bng ..Hin trng cht lng t ti khu vc dn

TT Thng s n va im ly mu1 2

1 pH -2 cng mg/l

3 khong ho mg/l

4 Ca2+ mg/l5 Mg2+ mg/l

6 St mg/l7 Cl- mg/l8 SO4

2- mg/l9 NO3

- mg/l10 Tng N mg/l11 Tng P mg/l12 TBVTV mg/l13 Cu mg/l14 Pb mg/l


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15 Zn mg/l16 Cr mg/l17 Cd mg/l18 As mg/l19 Hg mg/l

20 Fe mg/lNhn xt:

nh gi s thay i, khc bit gia cc v tr quan trc da trn iu kin vthi gian ly mu.

So snh cc thng s vi TCVN/quy chun mi trng

Kt lun: v cht lng nc t ti khu vc d n v nu c phn tchnguyn nhn.

Hin trng cht lng bn y

V tr cc im o c v ly mu bn y: m t r im quan trc nm trnsng sui hay bbin no, khong cch t v tr ly mu n v tr d n

Thi gian ly mu, phng php o c/phn tch: ghi r thi gian ly mu vphng php o c/phn tch cho tng ch tiu mi trng.


Khung 8

Bng.... V tr cc im o c/ly mu bn y v iu kin ly mu

TT Mu M t v tr v iu kin ly mu

1 Mu 1 M t v tr To ly mu

2 Mu 2 M t v tr To ly mu

n Mu N M t v tr To ly mu

Thng so c, phn tch: TBVTV, kim loi nng (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, As, Hg,Fe,). So snh vi TCVN

Bng ..Hin trng cht lng bn y ti khu vc dn

TT Thng s n va im ly muB1 B2

1 TBVTV mg/l2 Cu mg/l

3 Pb mg/l

4 Zn mg/l5 Cr mg/l


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6 Cd mg/l7 As mg/l8 Hg mg/l9 Fe mg/l

Hin trng h sinh thi

Thu thp thng tin t liu iu ta cb ca vng v kho st ti ch b sung

H thc vt: Cc loi thc vt chim u th, cc loi thc vt qu him (nu c)

Hng vt: cc loi ng vt chim u th, cc loi ng vt hoang d, loing vt c trong sch nu c.

nh gi mc nhy cm ca h sinh thi cn khi d n trin khai.

i vi H sinh thi nc: Cn a ra thng tin v thc vt phiu sinh; ng vtphiu sinh; ng vt y: thnh phn loi, s lng, mt , cc loi chim u th.

nh gi mc nhy cm ca h thy sinh vt.

2.2. iu kin kinh t - x hi

-iu kin vx hi:

Trong phn ny sa ra cc thng tin v gio dc, trnh vn ho, v cc iukin khc ca dn c cc khu vc b tc ng ca d n. Kh nng thch ng vi ccthay i khi thc hin d n. Lu ch r vic thc hin d n c nh hng n ccdi tch lch s, danh lam thng cnh, cc cng trnh vn ho, x hi, tn ngng, khudn c, khu th c th trc tip bnh hng do hot ng ca d n. Lu v vn di di m m v cc vn c tnh tm linh khc.

i vi cc d n c ng khi cao t 70 m trln, bn knh vng c kh nng b

nh hng nn ly trong khong 10 km.Cc ngun s liu s dng cn cp nht v l ngun s liu chnh thc ca a

phng v cc cquan lin quan.

-iu kin vkinh t:

Cn cp n cc cng trnh cng nghip, nng nghip, khai khong ln trongkhu vc d n v rng cc d n phn ho hc mi a s l ln v qui m nh hngca n cng ln. Ch r ngun s liu ly s dng. Ngoi ra cn c s liu v snxut mt s sn phm nng nghip chnh (nng sut, sn lng... cc s liu ny cth ly trong cc nin gim thng k hoc cc ngun tin cy khc); giao thng vn ti;du lch, dch v v cc ngnh khc ca x thuc d n.

Nu d n nm trong Khu hay Cm cng nghip cn tm tt thng tin v hotng ca Khu/Cm cng nghip: cc ngnh nghu t; csh tng; c bit lu v cng tc qun l mi trng hin c ca Khu/Cm cng nghip ( c cc hthng x l cht thi tp trung cha? c Ban qun l mi trng?,v.v.).

Cn phn tch r viu kin kinh t: ngh nghip, thu nhp, mc sng ca cch, dn bnh hng trc tip v gin tip ca d n lm cscho nh gi tc ngv xut bin php gim thiu Chng 3 v 4.


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Chng 3. NH GI TC NG MI TRNG

Nguyn tc chung

Phn ni dung ny cn c ch ra mt cch nh lng, ton din nhng tcng tim tng bao gm nhng tc ng trc ti p, gin ti p, trc mt v lu di,nhng tc ng tim n v tch lu, nhng tc ng c th hoc khng th khc phcc tim nng ln gy suy thoi, nhim mi trng khu vc.

Nguyn tc: nh gi tc ng mi trng i vi D n phn bn v ha chtcn c tin hnh cho ba giai on thc hin D n

Giai on chun b mt bng

Giai on thi cng xy dng nh my

Giai on vn hnh th v vn hnh chnh thc nh my

V cbn Chng 3 l chng a ra nhng thng tin mang tnh d bo datrn mt s thng tin bit trc hay ngoi suy bng nhng phng php khoa hc haykinh nghim no . Do vic tn ti cc sai s ca d bo (k cnh lng, bnnh lng hay nh tnh) cng c th chp nhn mc no . Tuy nhin cn nhrng d bo cng gn vi s tht bao nhiu th cng gim thit hi v mi trng, xhi cng nh v kinh t cho chnh nh u t by nhiu. Do ngi d bo cn trinkhai d bo mt cch khch quan nht.

Yu cu chung ca chng 3 i vi cc d n sn xut phn bn ha hc cngnh cc d n sn xut ha cht l:

-Ngoi cc ngun pht sinh cht thi thng thng trong c hai giai on xy

dng v vn hnh, cn lu n vic s dng, lu kho v pht sinh ha cht v chtthi nguy hi trong ton b qu trnh xy dng, vn hnh th v vn hnh chnh thc.

-Cn xem xt n tnh bt tng thch ca mt s loi vt liu, ha cht,nguyn liu v hot ng c th dn n ri ro cho d n.

-Cc yu t ri ro trong cc d n ny l c trng, c bit i vi cc d n sdng nguyn liu dng kh c c tnh cao, d chy, n; do phn nh gi vQun l ri ro phi l mt phn quan trng trong Chng 3.

-Nn s dng cc m hnh ton ph hp xc nh vng v mc nh hngca cc ngun thi ln. Tuy nhin khi s dng m hnh phi cung cp cc iu kin chy m hnh: i vi kh thi, nc thi, nc lm mt, m hnh nh gi ri ro

-Cn nh gi cc trng hp xu nht, th d s dng nc ma cn, h thngx l cht thi s c


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3.1. nh gi tc ng

3.1.1. nh gi tc ng trong giai on chun b mt bng

Ch : cn xc nh r khi lng o p xc nh chng 1 nhm to ranhng ngun thi no mc ny da trn:

-khong cach vn chuyn lng t o p

-Phng thc tin hnh vn chuyn (l trnh, thi gian, loi hnh xe, my thicng)

+ Ngun gy tc ng c lin quan n cht thi

nhim do khi, bi trong qu trnh san lp mt bng

Nc thi sinh hot ca cn b thi cng trong cng trng; nc thi cngnghip thi ra t cc phng tin vn chuyn nguyn vt liu san lp v thit b san imt bng.

Cht thi rn sinh hot ca cn b thi cng trong cng trng; sinh khi vcht thi rn thi ra do qu trnh pht quang to mt bng thi cng, cht thi rn xydng do hot ng san lp mt bng.

Ch i vi mt svn nhim sau:

-Kh thi v bi: cn phi c s liu v loi xe s s dng (trng ti, s bnh xe)v lng xe s dng hang ngy, thi gian s dng xe vn chuyn.

-Nc thi: C th s dng cc h s ca WHO tnh ton lng nc thi vcht thi rn ti a do hot ng ca cn b thi cng cng trng nhm to cschovic nh gi tc ng Chng ny cng nh kin ngh cc gii php kim sot nhim sau ny.

-Xc nh ngun thi khng nn b qua pht thi du, mt cc hot ng camy mc thi cng. C th s dng phng php nh gi nhanh ca WTO.

+ Ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi

Vic chuyn i mc ch s dng t

Ting n do hot ng san lp mt bng

Thay i cnh quan khu vc

Xi mn, trt, st, l, ln t; xi lb sng, b sui, bh, bbin; bilng lng sng, lng sui, lng h, y bin; thay i mc nc mt, nc ngm; xm

nhp mn; xm nhp phn; bin i a dng sinh hc.

Thay i vn ha, tp qun bn a;

+ i tng b tc ng

Li sng ngi dn

Kinh t - x hi khu vc v ngi dn vng d n

Vn ha, tn ngng, di tch lch s, danh lam, thng cnh.


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Cc thnh phn mi trng t nhin (khng kh, nc, t, sinh hc)

3.1.2. nh gi tc ng trong giai on xy dng

+ Ngun gy tc ng c lin quan n cht thi

nhim do khi, bi thi ra t phng tin thi cng cgii; my mc vn

chuyn v hot ng xy dng cng trnh.Nc thi sinh hot ca cn b thi cng trong cng trng; nc thi cng

nghip thi ra t cc phng tin xy dng, do tp kt nguyn vt liu xy dng hoccc cu kin xy lp ca d n.

Nc cun tri b mt

Nc thi xy dng cng trnh

Tc ng trc tip n cht lng nc ngm do qu trnh s dng (tnh chtvt l, ha hc, lu lng).

Cht thi rn sinh hot ca cn b thi cng trong cng trng; ph thi xy

dng; cht thi rn cng nghip do vic lp ghp cc thit b v cu kin xy lp cad n.

Ch i vi mt svn nhim sau:

-Kh thi v bi: cn phi c s liu v loi xe s s dng (trng ti, s bnh xe)v lng xe s dng hang ngy, thi gian s dng xe vn chuyn.

-Nc thi: C th s dng cc h s ca WHO tnh ton lng nc thi vcht thi rn ti a do hot ng ca cn b thi cng cng trng nhm to cschovic nh gi tc ng Chng ny cng nh kin ngh cc gii php kim sot nhim sau ny.

-Xc nh ngun thi khng nn b qua pht thi du, mt cc hot ng camy mc thi cng. C th s dng phng php nh gi nhanh ca WTO.


Ting n do hot ng xy dng

Chn ng do hot ng xy dng

Thay i cnh quan khu vc

Xi mn, trt, st, l, ln t; xi lb sng, b sui, bh, bbin; bilng lng sng, lng sui, lng h, y bin; thay i mc nc mt, nc ngm; xm

nhp mn; xm nhp phn; bin i a dng sinh hc.Thay i vn ha, tp qun bn a;

Cc t nn x hi; vn sc khe cng ng do s tp trung ngn hn mtlng ln cn b, cng nhn thi cng cng trnh.

+ i tng b tc ng

Li sng ngi dn

Kinh t - x hi khu vc v ngi dn vng d n


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-Nn ch ghi r iu kin xem xt, th diu kin tiu chun hay iu kinthc t

-Cc thng tin vng khi l kch thc vt l: chiu cao thc ca ng khi tnhtchn ng khi (thng l met), ng knh bn trong ca ng khi.

Cc ngun nc thi:

Nc thi sn xut cho tng cng on v nc thi sn xut chung ( lulng m3/h; nng cc cht gy nhim; mg/l; pH).

Nc thi h thng x l kh thi l hi: lu lng (m3/h); nng cc chtgy nhim (mg/l); pH.

Nc thi ra nn nh: lu lng (m3/h); nng cc cht gy nhim (mg/l); pH.

Nc thi tun hon: bn cht l nc cng nghc x l s dng tunhon li trong chu trinh sn xut (m3/h)

Nc thi c nhim du: ngun gy ra nhim, lu lng (m3/h)

Nc thi khi h thng x l cui cng: lu lng m3/h; nng cc cht gy nhim (mg/l); pH.

Nc thi sinh hot: lu lng (m3/h), nng cc cht gy nhim (mg/l), pH.

Cht thi rn.

X l: lng thi (tn/h); thnh phn x l (% khi lng)

Xc tc qua s dng (thi): lng thi (tn/nm); thnh phn xc tc thi(% khi lng); thnh phn cc kim loi (% khi lng hoc mg/kg)

X than l hi: lng thi (tn/h); thnh phn x l (% khi lng)

Bn cc h thng x l nc cp v nc thi: lng thi (tn/h); thnh phncc cht gy nhim (% khi lng hoc mg/ kg)

Rc thi sinh hot: lng thi (kg/ ngy)

Tingn.

-Cc ngun gy ra ting n ln (cc my bm, my nn kh...)

-Cn ch v ngun nhim do ting n: cn nu mc n v bi cnh gy tinn (tn sut pht ting n, v tr t my gy ting n)

Nhn din cc ngun c thgy ri ro:

-Cc ngun ri ro t cng ngh s dng cc ha cht nguy him, c th da vo8 loi ha cht nguy him sau y:

o Chy

o N

o n mn (acid hoc kim)

o D phn ng vi cht khc hay mi trng (m)

o Kh di p lc co


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o c (cp tnh v mn tnh) i vi sc khe v mi trng

o Phng x

nhn dng nguy him, cn bit nhng thng tin sau y:

-Lng ha cht a vo quy trnh

-Tnh cht ha l ca ha cht: nhit si, p sut hi, tan (trong nc,trong dung mi hu c), nhit chp chy, gii hn n trn, di

-Quy trnh vn hnh h thng

Cn ch thm n khu kho tng v vn chuyn trong ni b cng ty nhngloi vt cht nguy him ni trn trong qu trnh nhn dng nguy cgy ri ro. Trongtrng hp ny cn cung cp cc thng tin sau:

-Lng ha ti acht c trong ko hay trong 1 ln vn chuyn

-Phng thc lu gi / bo qun hay vn chuyn vt liu nguy him

-Cc gii php m bo an ton c cn nhc trong d n v kh nng thc thi.c im cc ngun thi trong ngnh ha cht-phn bn ha hc

Nguyn liu chnh sn xut phn ho hc l qung pht pht, kh cng nghip,than, lu hunh, nc. Cc nguyn liu ny kt hp vi nhau theo cc cch khc nhau sto ra cc loi phn bn khc nhau. Trong qu trnh sn xut, nhiu cht gy nhimthot ra ngoi bao gm kh thi, nc thi v cht thi rn.

Qua m t cng ngh sn xut phn ho hc cho thy, vn cht thi ti cc nhmy cn c quan tm ng mc, mt khc mi trng lm vic ca cc thit b trongsn xut phn ho hc thng iu kin pH th p, p sut lm vic cao, nguy cnhim ti cc nh my sn xut phn ho hc rt d xy ra.

A. Kh thiSn xut axt sun phurc

Nng cc cht kh thi trong sn xut ph thuc vo cc yu t:

- Hiu sut thu bi ca thit b thu v x l bi trong cng on cung cp lu hunh

- Hiu sut thit b v hiu qu ca xc tc trong thit b chuyn ho SO2 thnh SO3.

- Hiu sut ca thp hp th SO3.

Trong sn xut a xt sun phu rc, kh thi ch yu bao gm SO2, m H2SO4, bi.Kh thi ny hnh thnh cc cng on sau:

- Bng ti v bunke cha: Bi lu hunh- L nu chy lu hunh: Kh thi tt du FO, thnh phn gy nhim chnh

CO, SO2, bi.

- L t lu hunh:

- Thp tip xc: Sau kh tin hnh chuyn ho cn li thi ra ngoi khng kh,thnh phn nhim chnh l SO2, H2SO4

- SO2: Lng SO2 thi vo khng kh ph thuc vo hiu sut chuyn ho SO2thnh SO3 trong thp tip xc, tc l ph thuc vo s bc chuyn ho, lng cht xc


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tc, loi xc tc, iu kin nhit v p sut, t l nng xi v SO2 a vo phnng. Nng SO2 trong kh phng khng sau thp tip xc khong 1.200 mg/Nm

3,Gn nh ton b kh SO2 thi ra ngoi mi trng ti cc xng sn xut sunphurcc sinh ra t cng on ny. Bng di y cho mi tng quan gia hiu sutchuyn ho SO2 v ti lng thi.

Ti lng thi SO2 tcc nh my sn xut axit sunfuric

TT H/s chuyn ho SO2 SO3( % )

Ti lng thi( kg SO2/ tn SP )

93 4894 4195 3596 27,597 2098 13

99 799,5 3,599,7 2,0

Vi cng ngh v thit b s dng ti x nghip a xt 1 v 2 ca cng ty Supepht pht v Ho cht Lm Thao hiu sut chuyn ha SO2 nm trong khong99,6%, tc l cn li khong 2,75 kg SO2c phng khng khi sn xut 1 tn a xtH2SO4.

- M axt H2SO4

M a xt c hnh thnh do SO3 kt hp vi hi nc nhit thp hn imsng ca SO3. N c hnh thnh ngay trong qu trnh cng ngh v cc m a xtny bn, ch mt phn nhc gi li trong thit b hp th.

Ni chung, lng v s phn b kch thc ca cc ht m a xt ph thuc voloi lu hunh s dng, nng a xt sn phm v cc iu kin lm vic ca thphp th. V trong lu hunh nguyn t khng c nc do trong qu trnh t c rtt m a xt c hnh thnh. Nhng hydrocacbon c trong nguyn liu s b xi hathnh hi nc trong qu trnh chy v hi nc sau s kt hp vi SO3 trong qutrnh lm lnh kh v to thnh m.

Khi axt c c sn xut (oleum hoc axt 99%) th n cng nh hng ti spht thi m a xt, n lm tng lng cc ht nh v nh vy s kh thu hi hn.

Nhit lm vic ca cc thp hp th cng nh hng trc tip ti qu trnhhp th SO3, v nh vy cng nh hng trc tip n lng SO3 thot ra ngoi. iukin lm vic ti u ca thp h p th ph thuc vo nng a xt sn phm, lulng, nng SO3 vo v mt vi thng s khc lin quan ti cng ngh sn xutla chn. Nhng hiu sut chuyn ha SO2 thnh SO3 khng nh hng n s hnhthnh m a xt.

Ti lng thi ring ca m a xt trc thit b tch m vo khong 0,174-0,4kg/tn a xt.


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Sn xut axt phtphorc

Kh thi t qu trnh sn xut axit photphoric ch yu l HF v SiF4 m chngc hnh thnh trong qu trnh phn ng gia axit sunfuric v qung apatt trongthit b phn ng v cc thit b cng ngh khc. Qung pht pht thng cha 2,5 -3% flo. Sau khi phn ng mt phn flo trong nguyn liu nm trong b gip, mt phn

i vo a xt sn phm, phn cn li b bay hi v i vo thit b phn ng hoc thit bbc hi. Lng hp cht flo c trong gip v a xt ph thuc vo loi qung v iukin cng ngh.

Thit b phn ng m trong a xt sunphurc tc dng vi qung apatit l ngungy ra nhim chnh. Cc hp cht flo bay ra ngoi cng vi khng kh dng lmngui hn hp huyn ph.

C c axt bng cch lm bay hi l ngun gy nhim khng kh. Khong 20- 40% lng flo c trong qung bay ra theo con ng ny.

Nng cc hp cht kh flo c trong mi trng lao ng ph thuc vo khnng x l ca h thng x l kh. Nng cc kh hp cht flo thi ra ngoi tri ph

thuc vo hiu sut hp th hp cht flo ca h thng x l. t c hiu sut xl cao, p ng tiu chun thi, cn c h thng hp th nhiu cp cng vi chlm vic ph hp mi p ng c.

Flo l cht gy nhim chnh trong kh thi, nc thi v cht thi rn (gp) cacc nh my sn xut phn bn c s dng qung apatit. Flo c trong qung apatt vihm lng t 2,0 - 2,7% khi lng. Trong qu trnh sn xut axit photphoric, lngflo c phn b d kin nh sau (da trn c s t l phn b trong sn xut axit

photphoric bng phng php dihydrate v qung l qung apatt Florida- M).

Flo c trong mi trng di c 3 dng sau:

o

Flo trong kh thio Flo trong nc tun hon

o Flo trong cht thi rn (gp)

- Kh HF: c hnh thnh trong qu trnh phn ng gia axit sunfuric v qungapatt.

- Kh SiF4: c hnh thnh do tc dng ca HF vi SiO2 c trong qung photphat.

Thi lng kh thi nh my sn xut 150.000 tn H3PO4/ nm

Lng flo thot vo khng kh chim t 5 - 10% tng lng flo c trong qung.Khi thi lng thi khi khng c h thng x l ca flo c tnh nh sau:

Lng qung apatt kh cn trong 1 nm l:

0,85 x 579.000 tn = 492.150 tn/ nm.

Lng apatt kh s dng trong 1 gil:

492.150 / (330 ngy x 24 gi) = 62,14 tn/ h.

Lng flo thi vo mi trng khng kh khi cha x l l:

0,07 x 0,025 x 62.14 = 108,7 kg F/h.


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Trong sn xut NPK, cc cht gy nhim thot ra t qu trnh sn xut ch yul bi v lng nh NH3 v cc kh khc nh SO2, NOx, CO v bi thot ra t kh thicc l t du cung cp nhit cho l sy.

Ngun pht thi kh v bi t h thng sn xut phn sn c l kh thot t thit

b phn ng v my p ba sn phm (phn kp).Ngun pht thi chnh l kh thi l sy v ng bao.

Ti lng v nng kh thi my s y NPK (Cng sut nh my 150 000tnNPK/nm)

STT Cht thi Ti lng thi (kg/h) N ng thi (mg/ m3)Bi 29,25 650SO2 6,66 148

NO2 9,9 220

x l bi ny, mt h thng thu bi 2 cp c lp t bi sau khi x lt tiu chun cho php v < 100 mg/m3. Bi thu c di dng kh c quay trli qu trnh sn xut.

Kh thi ng khi ni hi

Ni hi trong xng axit sunfuric s dng ngun nhit c tn dng t qutrnh t lu hunh. Tuy nhin hng nm xng sn xut phi c thi gian dng myi tu, sa cha thit b. V vy khi khi ng li l phi dng du t l cpnhit cho ni hi.

Nhin liu sdng:

+ Loi nhin liu: Du nh

+ Hm lng lu hunh: 0,5% S

+Tiu hao nhin liu : 1.700 kg/ gi

Ti lng nhim kh thi l hi

Kt qu tnh ton ti lng v nng cc cht nhim chnh trong kh thi lhi cho bng di y.

Ti lng v nng cc cht trong kh thi l hiSTT Thng s Ti lng ng

Bi 0,4 kg/gi 10mg/Nm3

SO2 17 kg/gi 420 mg/ Nm3

NO2 40 kg/gi


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o Nc thi m n c th tch ra s dng cho cng on khc hoc s dng lio Nc thi sinh hoto Nc thi do r r hoc do s c.

Ni chung, nc thi trong ngnh sn xut phn bn c tun hon/ti s dngkh nhiu.

Nc thi ca cc nh my sn xut supe pht pht n l nc thi c tnh a xt,nc thi ca nh my sn xut u r c cha nhiu NH4, cn li cc nh my sn xutDAP, NPK th hu nh khng c nc thi sn xut.

Di y dn ra cc v d tng ng v cc ngun nc thi trong ngnh:

Sn xut axt sunfuricTrong cng ngh sn xut a xt sunphurc t nguyn liu l lu hunh nguyn t,

thy rng cc cng on sn xut u khng c nc thi sn xut, ch c nc lmlnh c tun hon li. Thp lm ngui nc c s dng tun hon li ton

b nc lm lnh, nc mi c b sung ch b p lng nc b bay hi vtht thot trong qu trnh s dng.

Lu lng nc lm mt ty thuc vo cng sut thit b, ch yu l khu vcthp chuyn ha v hp th.

Sn xut phn supe pht phtCc cht gy nhim trong sn xut phn supe pht pht l nhng axt v c

H2SO4, H3PO4 v sn phm, ngoi ra cn ngun thi lm sch kh cha HF, SO2,...

c im nc thi ca nh my sn xut supe pht pht

STT Thng s n v Nng pH - 5,4 - 6,6Cht rn llng mg/l 150 600

Cht rn ho tan mg/l 644 980COD mg/l 35 175Florua (F-) mg/l 1920 2163Clorua mg/l 42 234Sunfat (SO4

2-) mg/l 40 336Can xi mg/l 32 86Phtphat (PO4

3-) mg/l 0,4 1

Sn xut phn ur

Cc cht gy nhim ngun nc trong sn xut phn m bao gm: cc cht

trung gian v sn phm nh NH3, ur, du cng nghip s dng trong cc thit b, tpcht trong qu trnh t than, kh t than v cc thnh phn khc nh xyanua, asen,

phenol, bi than. Phn ln nc thi phn xng ur c tun hon li hoc thi rangun nc thi chung, nhng c mt lng nh t cc h thng nh thu hi NH3 cncha 0,15 - 2% NH3 .

c im cc dng thi:


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+ Nc thi t cng on kh ho than: Thnh phn nhim cht rn l lng,cht rn ho tan, nhu cu xi ho ho hc, nhu cu xi ho sinh hc, xyanua,amonic.

+ Nc thi ra methanol: Thnh phn nhim CH3OH, HCl, NH3

+ Phn ln nc thi phn xng ur c tun hon li sn xut.

c im dng thi sn xut phn m ur

STT Thng s n v ng pH -Tng cht rn mg/l 5400Cht rn ho tan mg/l 1435

NH3 mg/l 700Ur mg/l 600Florua mg/l 15Du mg/l 50 500Asenic mg/l 1,5

Nc thi sn xut N-P-K

Nc thi sn xut NPK khng c nhiu, ch c nc thi t h thng x l kh thiv nc v sinh nh xng, thit b. Thnh phn nc thi ch yu l cht rn llng.

Nc thi sn xut phn DAP

Nc thi ca qu trnh sn xut axit photphoric l nc theo gp ra h tunhon, nhng nc thi ny c thit k lm ngui, tch gp s dng li ton b.

Nng cc cht trong nc thi ny c thay i khi tri ma, nhng ni chungkhng nhiu. Cc cht gy nhim v nng c cho trong bng 3.6.

Cc ngun thi:

- H thng thp lm ngui cho xng axit sunfuric v trm pht in. Nc nyc tun hon lm ngui gin tip trong xng axit sunfuric v trm pht in.

Nc chy ra khi thp lm ngui ny c a ti xng axit photphoric l nguncp nc b sung.

- H thng thp lm ngui i vi cng on c c axit photphoric. Nc nyc tun hon ny gi l nc lm ngui bn v n cha mt t hp cht flo v axit

photphoric thot ra trong ming thit b c c v b cun ra cng vi hi. Nc ra

khi thp lm ngui sc s dng trong sn xut axit photphoricNng cc cht trong nc thi

STT Thnh phn n v NngP2O5 mg/l 6.000 - 12.000Flo mg/l 3.000 - 5.000Sunft mg/l 2.000 - 4.000Can xi mg/l 350 - 1.200Amnic mg/l 0 100


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Nitrat mg/l 0 100 pH - 1,0 - 1,5

C. Cht thi rn v cht thi nguy hi

Cht thi sn xut phn ur

Trong sn xut amoniac v urea, cc ngun chnh pht sinh CTR v CTNH baogm:

-X than t l kh ho than: x than, bi tro

- Xc tc chuyn ho CO: Crm, Mlpen

- Xc tc tng hp NH3: Fe, FeO, Fe2O3

- B thi cht kh lu hunh: Al2O3

-Cc cht xc tc s dng (cho rt nhiu cng on trong dy chuyn)

-Cc bao b, thng cha nguyn liu, ho cht-Bn cc h thng x l nc thi

-Bi urea t thp to ht

Cc ngun ny cn c lit k thnh cc bng vi cc trng tin nh sau:

-Tn cht thi rn

-c tnh cbn (c bit quan trng vi CTNH)

-V tr thi (ti giai on cng ngh no)

-Ti lng thi (kg/ngy; tn/nm)

-Phng php qun l (lu gi, ti s dng, thu x l, bn)

Ngun pht thi bi urea trong kh thi thp to ht l ngun rt quan trng v biurea chnh l sn phm, nhng khi thi vo mi trng li l cht thi. Tc thi t thpto ht khng c kim sot bnh hng bi cc thng s sau:

o Cp cht lng sn phm to ra

o Tc dng kh trong thp

o Loi thp to ht s dng

o Nhit v m khng kh

Cht thi rn sn xut phn supe pht phtCc ngun CYTR v CTNH cbn trong quy trnh sn xut ln l:

o X l t lu hunh, x ny hnh thnh do tp cht c trong nguyn liu (luhunh nguyn t) khng chy c cng vi lu hunh cha chy ht, hm lng luhunh khong 20 - 25% khi lng.

o Xc tc qua s dng: xc tc V2O5 cho qu trnh chuyn ha SO2 thnhSO3 vi tiu hao ring 0,16 kg/ 1 tn H2SO4.


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o Bn thi h thng x l nc thi: Thnh phn chnh l CaSiF6 v Ca SO4,bt apatit

Cht thi rn sn xut phn N-P-K

- Bao b cc loi, ch yu l cha cc nguyn liu sn xut NPK

Cht thi rn sn xut phn DAPLng cht thi rn ln nht ca cng nghip phn bn l b thi gip t qu trnh

sn xut axt pht pho rc. Khong 1,5 tn gp c to ra khi sn xut 1 tn axt phtpho rc (tnh theo P2O5). Ngoi ra trong sn xut axt sunphurc cn c cn lu hunh tl nung chy lu hunh. cn ny c hnh thnh ch yu do cc tp cht c trong luhunh nguyn t, cn ny thng cha 30 - 50% lu hunh.


Ma a xit

Bin i kh hu (hiu ng nh knh)

Thay i mc nc bin, nc sng, sui, h (do s bin i kh hu).

Suy gim a dng sinh hc

+ i tng v mc b tc ng

i tng b tc ng

Lit k tt c cc i tng t nhin, kinh t, vn ho, x hi.. c kh nng b tcng do cht thi, do hot ng ca d n. M t qui m, khng gian v thi gian c th

b tc ng.

Nh cp trong Chng I v m t d n, mc v tr d n, cc thng tin v vtr d n kt hp vi thng tin v cc ngun thi chng ny s quyt nh cc dungcn cp v phn tch trong mc ny.

Cc ni dung v yu cu cbn trong mc ny bao gm:

-Nu c cc i tng hay thnh phn mi trng chc chn s chu tc ngthng xuyn hay s chu tc ng khi c s c. Cc i tng hay thnh phn c th l:

Cht lng mi trng

Dn c gn d n

Cc hot ng kinh t-vn ho-x hi ln cn

-Mc nhy cm ca cc i tng hay thnh phn i vi cc tc ng tngun thi khc nhau (Rt nhy cm/nhy cm va phi/khng nhy cm):

i vi kh thi

i vi nc thi

Ha cht nguy him

S c


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-Quy m v khng gian v thi gian cng nh cc i tng nhy cm vi tcng s chnh l cs tin hnh nh lng, bn nh lng hay nh tnh cc tcng t cc ngun thi c xc nh.

A. Tc ngn mi trng khng kh

nh gi tc ng ca kh thi, trc nht phi so snh vi tiu chun thi v tiuchun cht lng khng kh xung quanh. nh gi nh hng ca n ti cht lngkhng kh xung quanh v cc i tng khc bnh hng nh sc kho con ngi,ng thc vt... cn s dng m hnh khuych tn kh.

Cc cht lm gim cht lng khng kh trong sn xut phn bn ha cht thng l:

Bi cc loi bao gm nguyn liu, sn phm, bi do xe vn chuyn trnng:

Kh lu hunh: SO2, SO3, H2S

Kh ni t: NO, NO2

Cc cht kh halogen: HF, HCl, Cl2,F, Si F4 Cc hp cht a moniac: NH3

Xyanua

Da vo cc tiu chun hin hnh v tiu chun thi so snh xem kh thi ra ct tiu chun thi khng.

Da vo kt qu tnh ton lng bi v kh c thot ra t cc xe vn chuyn trongqu trnh xy dng v cc ngun kh thi thot qua ng khi v khng qua ng khi. Sdng kt qu tnh phn tn kh thi ng khi d bo tc ng ti cht lng khng kh,sc kho v cc i tng c lin quan ti cht lng khng kh.

B. Tc ng ti cht lng nc cp cho sinh hot, dng trong thy li, v dngtrong cc hotng kinh tkhc

nh gi c tc ng ny cn da t nht vo cc thng tin sau:

+ Loi nc thi: nc thi sn xut, nc thi sinh hot, nc ma chy trn.

+ Lu lng nc thi cho tng loi

+ Cht gy nhim, nng thi

+ Ngun tip nhn

+ Cht thi rn: qun l v x l bn thi cc h thng x l nc thi, v tr cc bi

thi tng quan vi cc ngun cung cp nc, qun l cht thi nguy hi nh xc tc qua s dng.

+ S dng nc: lng nc s dng c nh hng ti vic s dng nc trongkhu vc d n

Ch c bit ti cc ngun gy pH thp cho cc ngun cung cp nc, v kim loic trong qung nguyn liu i vi cht nc cc ngun nc mt v nc ngm. Sosnh nc thi t c cc tiu chun thi hin hnh cha.

C. Tc ngn mi trngt v hsinh thi


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Trong phn ny cn da vo cc tiu chun i vi cc loi t v nc khc nhaunh gi. Tuy nhin vic nh gi l c th vi v tr ca khu vc d n, cn sdng cc thng tin trong Chng III v hin trng mi trng t v cc h sinh thi nh gi. Nhn chung y l mt qu trnh nh gi kh kh khn, c bit l tc ngn cc h sinh thi. Tuy nhin trong chng mc no cn nu c nhng thng tin vtc ng ca d n sn xut ha cht-phn bn ha hc vi cc c th v ha cht nguyhim n cht lng t (do nc thi, CTR, CTNH hoc do s c r r ha cht), v

bin i a dng sinh hc ti khu vc.

Tc ng n mi trng t

o Thay i thnh phn ca t

o Hy hoi thc vt, vi sinh vt

Tc ng mi trng sinh thi

o H sinh thi trn cn

o H sinh thi di nc

D.nh hng ti giao thng trong khu vc

Cc nh my sn xut phn bn ha hc thng phi dng mt lng nguyn liurt ln v to ra sn phm phn bn c khi lng ln do vy phi nh gi tc ng cavic vn chuyn ny ti giao thng trong khu vc. nh gi phi da trn s liu v

phng tin vn chuyn, ti lng tng loi phng tin, cch thc ng gi vt liuchuyn ch, tn sut vn chuyn trong ngy..

- nh hng ti pht trin nng nghi p bao gm vic s dng nc cho nngnghip, cht lng nc ti cho nng nghip v cht lng khng kh. Ch tiu nh gil sn lng v cht lng sn phm nng nghip.

- nh hng ti sc khe cng ng v ngi lao ng. Cc s liu s dng nh gi l nc cp cho sinh hot, cht lng khng kh, ting n v s c c th xy ra.

- nh hng ti di tch lch s. Cc s liu s dng nh gi l cc di tch lch strong vng bn knh 5- 10 km, ty thuc vo ng khi.

E. Cc tc ng ca sn xut phn ho hc n nhn tcon ngi

Hot ng sn xut phn ho hc tim n trong n nhiu tc nhn nh hng ti sckho con ngi, vic ngi lao ng v dn c trong khu vc t cc nh my thngxuyn tip xc vi cc ngun nhim l nguyn nhn gy nn nhiu cn bnh mang tnhc th. Ngun gy nhim c trong tt c cc loi hnh sn xut phn ho hc v tn titt c cc dng, pht tn trong khng kh, nh hng ti ngun nc v t ti cc khu

vc tip nhn cht thi.Vi cc loi hnh sn xut phn ho hc trn, cc nhn t tc ng trc tip n con

ngi qua cc con ng:

- Qua khng kh: CO2, CO, SO2, NO2, NH3, CH4, F2, HF, H2SO4, HCN, bi. Khnng pht tn ca cc ngun trong khng kh nhanh v mnh hn cc ngun khc rtnhiu, kh nng pht tn ph thuc vo hng gi, tc gi, chiu cao ngun thi. Mcnh hng tu theo tng cht v nng cc cht c trong kh quyn.


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+ SO2 l sn phm ca qu trnh t chy nguyn liu ho thch cha hp cht calu hunh v thp chuyn ho trong sn xut a xt sunfuric. SO2 l cht kh khng mu,l cht kh linh hot n c th phn ng ngay trn b mt cht rn (y l bi), ngthi cng rt d tan trong nc v c th b xi ha trong khng kh khi c cc git nchoc hi nc. Cc nh hng i vi cth ngi, do tnh d ha tan SO2 thng bhp th ngay trn l mi v cung phi. Lng hp th ph thuc vo nng SO

2trong

khng kh. nng 1 mg/m3 kh, tip xc trong vng 10 pht, ngi tip xc c ththy nh hng ca n n sc khe, do vy cng ng Chu u ly gii hn tip xctrong thi gian ngn l 0,5 mg/m3 v trong thi gian di l 0,35 mg/m3. Theo tiu chuncht lng khng kh xung quanh ca Vit Nam l 0,5 mg/m3 cho trung bnh 1 giv 0,3mg/m3 cho trung bnh 24 gi. Theo tnh ton nng SO2 c trong khng kh xungquanh u nh hn Tiu chun Vit Nam v ca Cng ng Chu u, nhng s c mtca kh ny vn c nh hng ti dn c xung quanh mc thp v ty thuc vothi gian tip xc. Cc kt qu nghin cu v mc nh hng do cc cht gy nhimkhng kh i vi sc khe con ngi (Air quality guideline for Europe do T chc sckhe th gii pht hnh nm 1987), nng c kh nng gy ra nh hng n sc khe

con ngi l 0,25 mg/m

3

(i vi SO2 v m a xt H2SO4).+ H2SO4 sinh ra trong qu trnh sn xut ti cc nh my sn xut phn DAP, supe

pht pht, bnh thng H2SO4 tn ti dng dung dch, khi nng cao (dng oleum)hoc tc ng ca nhit trn 500C bt u tch ra SO3 to sng m vi hi nc cakhng kh. Tc ng ca m H2SO4i vi cth con ngi c th gy bng trc tip,

ph hu t chc da khi ti p xc vi nng cao, trng h p ti p xc thng xuynnhng nng H2SO4 thp gy vim mng mt, mi, thanh qun, hng rng li, mng

phi b tn thng, c th gy vim ph qun mn tnh.

+ Bi c trong khng kh khu vc xung quanh nh my sn xut phn bn thngl bi apatit i vi cc nh my c s dng qung apatit, bi tro trong qu trnh t than,

m a xt, sol kh v bi hn hp thnh phn c trong nguyn liu sn xut. Kch thcca cc bi ny thng nh hn 0,01 mm. Cc ht bi ny tc ng n con ngi quang h hp, n c tch t trong cc ph nang ca phi, nh ni trn thnh phn cccht cha trong bi rt nhiu, cc nh hng c th trc tip hoc lu di, lm gim khnng h hp, mt s thnh phn c th l tc nhn gy bnh ng th. Trong bi apatitcha thnh phn SiO2 rt cao, y l nguyn nhn gy ra bnh Silocosis, thng kmtheo chng lao phi c th dn ti cc bnh khc nh vim ph qun, dn ph nang,...qu trnh pht trin ca bnh tu theo mc tip xc vi ngun nhim. Trong trnghp khng kh c kh khc th mc nh hng ca bi li tng ln.

+ NO2 hnh thnh trong tt c cc qu trnh t nhit cao, NO2 l cht kh cmu nu , d tan trong nc to thnh HNO3 v NO. nhit thp cc phn t NO2

lin kt vi nhau to thnh N2O4. Khi tip xc vi dioxit nitnng cao gy ra kchthch ng h hp trn, cm gic kh th, ho nhiu, khc ra dch ln mu, thgp, da vnim mc tm ti, xut hin ph phi cp, nng thp hn c th gy kch thchng h hp trn v mt, c thau tc ngc v ho, trng hp tip xc lu di c thgy tn thng phi, ph phi, c nhng trng hp gy ln tc ng ti ton cth dosn phm c to t t bo phi b phn hu. Vi cc nh my, tiu chun cho php thi

NO2 phi thp hn gi tr cho php ca Vit nam l 0,1 mg/ m3, trong khi Tiu chun

ca Cng ng Chu u l 0,15 mg/ m3.


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+ NO thng sinh ra trong cc qu trnh t, phn hu NO2, ti cc nh my snxut phn ur, DAP c h thng x l NH3 bng phng php sinh hc. y l cht khkhng mu, t tan trong nc, khi b xi ho chuyn thnh NO2. Khng nh NO2 tcng n ng h hp, NO sau khi qua ng h hp vo c th ngi, chuyn vomu v l c t ca mu, chuyn hemoglobin thnh h p cht vi NO c tn lmethemoglobin, lm gim kh nng vn chuyn xi ca h thng tun hon, nh hngtrc tip n h thn kinh trung ng. Cc tc ng th hin trn cth con ngi: Khi bnhim c nng xut hin cc triu chng nhau u, chng mt bun nn, mt miton thn, da mi c mu xanh tm, mch yu, huyt p h, chn tay kh cng, khi bnhim c nng c th gy co git ton thn. Khi b nhim c nh gy au u, chngmt, mt mi v cc triu chng ny s mt khi ra khi khu vc nhim c.

+ Ngun sinh ra HF v F2 c trong tt c cc qu trnh c s dng qung apatit vy l thnh phn cha trong qung, khi thc hin cc phn ng vi H2SO4 sn phmchnh c to thnh l SiF4 nhng cc kh ny cng c to thnh, chng l cc a xtv cht xi ho mnh c bit l F2 c tnh xi ho rt mnh, tip xc vi cc ngun cH2 c th gy n, khi tip xc vi nc to ra HF c thnh phn c hn rt nhiu, khi

tip xc vi cth ngi nng cao, trong thi gian ngn gy bng trn da ging nhbng nhit, hoi t biu b. Khi ht phi nim mc ng h hp b hoi t, tn thngn cc ph nang, c th gy ph phi. Nu tip xc lu di nng thp gy kchthch ng h hp, mt, mi. Cc hp cht ca flo c tnh cht tch t trong cc t chcxng v rng, nu nng thp chng c tc dng tt lm tng cng, chc caxung, nhng khi nng cao chng li ph hu cc t chc trong xng.

+ HCN c hnh thnh trong cc nh my DAP v ur cng on to kh nguynliu. L cht lng khng mu rt d bay hi ngay nhit thng, c mi hnh nhn,ho tan mnh trong nc v cc dung mi hu c: ru v ete. y l thnh phn c ctnh rt cao i vi cth con ngi. Khi tip xc nng cao 0,12- 0,15 mg/l gy ri

lon h h p, da nim mc c mu hng khc thng, mt li, ng t dn, gy chtngi rt nhanh. Trng hp tip xc trong thi gian ngn, nng thp gy ra nhcu, chng mt, nhng cc triu chng ny nhanh chng mt i khi ra khi vng nhimc.

+ CO2 c sn trong thnh phn kh quyn nng khong 0,4%, trong cc qutrnh sn xut vic t chy nguyn liu CO2c sn sinh ra rt nhiu. L cht khkhng mu, nng hn khng kh, d tan trong nc to ra axt yu. CO2 ch gy nhimc trong khng gian hp, nng cao. nng 10% gy ra cc triu chng au u,hoa mt, chng mt, tai, bun ng ri bt tnh. Khi nng cao hn s b ngt rtnhanh, da tm ti hi thchm, chn tay lnh, cng c th gy cht nhanh.

+ CO tn ti rt nhiu trong qu trnh kh ho than, l cht kh khng mu, nh hnkhng kh, c tnh xi ho mnh chuyn thnh CO2. Cc tc ng ti cth ngi ngoitc dng trc tip vo ng h hp, CO to hp cht bn vi hemoglobin trong mu, tothnh cacboxyhemoglobin lm gim kh nng vn chuyn xy n cc t chc t bo.

Qua nc thi:

c trng nc thi ca cc nh my sn xut phn bn l c pH thp, t cctiu chun thi trong h thng x l lun c cng on iu chnh pH bng cch a vocc ho cht c tnh kim nh: NaOH, Ca(OH)2, CaO. Nhng ho cht ny gp phn lmtng hm lng cc cht ho tan trong nc thi. Ngoi ra theo c trng ca tng loi


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hnh sn xut ngun nc thi cn mang theo nhiu cht nhim khc: pH, SS, BOD5,COD, NH3, H2S, tng N, tng P, du m,...

Thi gian trc y vn bo v mi trng cha c cp ng mc, vic xl cht thi, qun l cc ngun thi ti cc nh my sn xut phn ho hc cn lng lo.c bit l nc thi lm nhim ngun nc mt, dn n cc tc ng n con ngi

thng qua s dng nc sinh hot, qua thc n l cc loi thu sinh sng trong vng nhim.

Nc thi t ngnh ha cht-phn bn ha hc, nu v sinh cng nghip trong cckhu vc sn xut v kho tng khng hp l v thc hin khng ng cch, c th s dnn nhim nc mt v nc ngm bi cc ha cht c c tnh cao cho con ngi vcc h thy sinh. Trong trng hp ny khng nn ch dng cc thng s BOD, COD,Tng N-P, Coloform hay mt s kim loi nng nh gi cc tc ng. Cn thit cnhng phng php xc nh cc loi ha cht c th cho tng ngnh sn xut phn

bn-ha cht v nh gi cac stacs ng da trn cc thng tin v an ton ha cht(MSDS). Nhng ha cht c th cho cc nhm ngnh ny bao gm:

-Sn xut cc loi sn phm ha cht t apatit:o Florua, floruasilicat, HF

o Cc kim loi nng: Cd, Hg, Zn, Cr, Ni, Pb, As

o Kim loi khc nh Al, Fe

o Cc loi acid mnh nh: sulfuric, photphoric, clohydric

-Sn xut ha cht t than v du m, th d nh NH3

o Cc hp cht cha cyanua

o Cc hp cht vng (PAHs)

-Cc tc ng n mi trng nc do qun l Gips khng hp l.

-Cc ha cht trng thi t do hoc t ngun nguyn liu, hoc t cc qu trnhphn hy:

o Amoniac t phn hy urea khi sn xut NPK

o Amoniac t do trong nc thi t dy chuyn sn xut NH3

Qua cht thi rn:

Tc ng ca cc cht thi rn n con ngi thng l khng trc tip, do qu trnhbo qun lu tr khng ng quy trnh k thut, cc tc ng ca mi trng lm h hng

lp bo v dn ti s pht tn ca cc cht cha trong cht thi rn vo ngun nc vkhng kh, ty nh hng ti con ngi nh cc cht nm trong mi trng ny.

i vi cng nhn trc tip sn xut ti cc nh my, ngoi cc tc ng chung nitrn, cn cc tc ng mang tnh ngh nghip v nh hng ca cc yu t vi kh hutrong mi trng lm vic. Vic thng xuyn lm vic trong iu kin nhit cao,ting n ln, t th lm vic g b, lun trong tnh trng cng thng thn kinh, th giccng l nguyn nhn quan trng lm suy gim sc kho ngi lao ng.


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Qua tc ng ca nhit d

Nhit cao s gy nn nhng bin i v tm sinh l ca cth con ngi nh ram hi nhiu gy mt cho cth. Nhit cao s gy ri lon cth nh ran nng v cogit, chong, nhc u. Nhit cao s lm cho h tim p mnh hn, nh hng nthn v h thn kinh trung ng.

Qua tc ng ca tingn v rung trong nh my

Ting n trong cc khu vc nh xng kh cao (85- 95 dB). iu ny s gy rabnh lng tai cho cng nhn khi lm vic lu di.Ting n gy nh hng ln n sckho con ngi, tc hi ca ting n l gy nn nhng tn thng cho cc b phn trncth con ngi. Trc ht l cquan thnh gic chu tc ng trc tip ca ting n lmgim nhy ca tai, thnh lc gim st, gy nn bnh ic ngh nghip. Ngoi ra, tingn cn gy ra cc chng au u, tai, chng mt, bun nn, au khp xng, ri lonthn kinh, ri lon tim mch v cc bnh v h thng ng tiu ho.

Trong cc loi nhim t hot ng sn xut ca cc nh my sn xut phn hohc, nhim ting n l mt trong nhng ngun nhim th yu. Cc tc ng xu t

vic nhim ting n c th gy ra nhng nh hng n con ngi, n nng sut laong ca ngi lao ng lm vic ti nh my.

Ting n nh hng n con ngi khng ch hon ton ph thuc vo tnh cht vtl m ch yu ph thuc vo s cm th tm l ca con ngi. Nhn chung bt c tingn no c trong mi trng u l nhim v n h thp cht lng cuc sng.

Ting n tc ng ln con ngi ba mt:

o Tc ng v mt chc: nh che lp m thanh cn nghe

o Tc ng v mt sinh hc: ch yu l i vi thnh gic v h thn kinh, cngc th gy ra bnh tim mch v nh hng n thai nhi. Tip xc vi n dn n bnh

ic ngh nghip.o Tc ng ln cc hot ng x hi: gy xung t vi nhng ngi xung quanh

Ting n c tc ng xu i vi con ngi thng qua mt s th hin sau y:

o Thng xuyn quy ry gic ng: vo ban m nu ting n vt 45dBAthng xuyn, con ngi c th b mt ng, kh ng, hoc gic ng khng su do bnhthc bi mc cng m thanh cao. Sau khi ng, nu b ting n nh thc s gy nntm l kh chu. Thiu ng s gy nn nhng tc ng nng n v tm l i vi cucsng con ngi.

o Tc dng i vi thnh gic: thnh gic ch bnh hng nu nh m thanhqu to, khong t 100 dB tr ln. Nu tip xc thng xuyn vi ting n mc cao,thnh gic gim st r rt. Ting n nu qu mnh c th gy chi tai, au tai, thm chlm t mng nh.

o Tc dng i vi th lc, i vi tinh thn v hiu qu lm vic ca con ngi:ting n c th lm suy yu v th lc, suy nhc thn kinh v lm gim hiu qu lmvic i vi mt s ngi. Nu ting n t ti 100 dB th n khng nhng ch gy bnhtm thn m cn gy tn thng i vi phn tai trong. c bit mt s ngi cn kh


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chu ngay c vi nhng ting thm th, hoc ting tch tc ca ng h. Ting n c thlm gin on suy ngh, do s lm gim hiu qu cng tc.

Tt c cc tc ng ny dn n nhng biu hin xu v tm l, sinh l, bnh l, nhhng n hiu qu lao ng, c ngha l nh hng n cuc sng ca con ngi.

Mc b tc ng

A. Cc thng tin c thc sdngnh ginh lng hay bn nhlng cc tc ng mi trng tkh thi, nc thi v CTR/CTNH

Trn thc t, nh gi mi trng c sc thuyt phc hay khng chnh l hm lngcc thng tin nh lng c cung cp trong phn nh gi cc tc ng ny. Nhngthng tin nh lng trong mc ny chnh l cs trin khai cc hot ng u t vox l nhim, vo chng trnh quan trc, cng nh cc cam kt trong bo co. Chngcng l cs trin khai ly kin ca cng ng.

Thng tin u tin cn c nh gi cc tc ng mi trng chnh l ti lngthi. nh lng ti lng thi chnh l xc nh ti lng thi mt cht thi c th (bao

nhiu g/sec, kg/gihay tn/nm) trong iu kin c th ca d n.T s liu v ti lng thi, c th s dng mt s cng c m hnh ha qu trnh

lan truyn cht nhim c th trong mi trng tip nhn cht thi: mi trng khngkh hay mi trng nc (mt hay nc ngm).

B. Cc cng c c thc s dng nh gi nh lng hay bn nh lngcc tc ng mi trng t kh thi, nc thi v CTR/CTNH

C 3 phng php cbn nh lng ha cc ti lng cht nhim dng d bo tc ng mi trng. (nn nh rng nh lng trong d bo c th c mc cchnh xc khc nhiu so vi nh lng cho thit k v thi cng cng trnh). Nhng

phng php l:

-S dng tnh ton cn bng vt cht vi mt siu kin hay gi thit nht nhvi cc d liu u vo tnh cn bng l t ti liu bo co kh thi ca d n.

-S dng cc h s pht thi (emission factors):

-S dng trc tip hay ngoi suy t mt s s liu ca cc d n khc tng t vcng ngh, cng sut.


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Di y dn ra mt s v d v h s pht thi:

th sau y cho bit mi tng quan gia nng SO2 trong khi thi t thpchuyn ha SO2 thnh SO3 (khi khng c thit b x l) vi mc chuyn ha v hmlng SO2u vo ca thp chuyn ha ti dy chuyn sn xut axt sulfuric tt luhunh:

H s pht thi EPA ang s dng tnh pht thi mt s cht nhim quatrng trong ngnh phn bn:

-0.075 gam H2SO4 / tn H2SO4 100%-2 kg SO2 / tn H2SO4 100%

-Vi cng ngh phn supper phosphate: 5 g F / tn P2O5

-Vi cng ngh DAP: 30 g F / tn P2O5

-Vi cng ngh tripoliphosphats: 100 g F / tn P2O5

-Vi cng ngh to ht: 0.25 g F / gi/ tn P2O5

-Vi cng ngh Amon Sulfat: 150 g bi / tn SA

-Vi cng ngh nghin apatit: 30 g bi / tn qung apatit.


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Bng di y cho bit h s pht thi (vo c 3 thnh phn mi trng t,nc v khng kh i vi cc cng on cng ngh trong dy chuyn tng hp NH3ca mt s cht nhim quan trng bao gm:

-Cht xc tc

-NO2-SO2

-CO

-CO2

-Bi

-Amine

-Metanol


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Bng sau y cung cp H s pht thi i vi dy chuyn acid sulfuric bngcng ngh tip xc n

Bng di y cung cp h s pht thi vi bi, PM10 v Florua trong cc cngon pht thi bi t dy chuyn sn xut mono super photphat:

Sdng phng php m hnh ha trongnh gi tc ng mitrng


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Cc m hnh tnh ton lan truyn cht nhim l cng c quan trng nh gi:

-Phm vi nhim v phng din khng gian t nhng ngun thi cnh (ngkhi) hay di ng (xe t)

-Mc nhim cc i, trung bnh trong mt khong thi gian quy nh(nng cc i, nng trung bnh)

-Vng nguy him khi d n hot ng

M hnh i vi kh thi c 3 loi cbn:

-M hnh tnh ton lan truyn cho ngun ng khi

-M hnh tnh ton lan truyn cho ngun b mt v ngun th tch

-M hnh tnh ton lan truyn cho ngun di ng

M hnh i vi nc thi c 3 loi cbn:

-M hnh tnh lan truyn theo dng chy (sng)

-M hnh tnh lan truyn trong h hay i dng-M hnh tnh lan truyn i vi ti nc ngm

Trong nc lm mt, ngi ta cng s dng m hnh nhit (Thermo Plume) xc nh mc thay i nhit khi x nc lm mt vo cc lu vc.

M hnh ton dng cho cc mc ch khc nh:

-nh gi ri ro do ha cht (bn cht l xc nh cc cn bng phase ca mts ha cht c)

-Xc nh ti lng r r ha cht t s c (kg/gi)

-Xc nh nng lng bc x v p sut do s c chy/n

-nh gi tc ng ca ha cht n thy sinh (mt , loi)

Nhn chung m hnh s dng trong TM rt a dng, v ty thuc vo nhngbi cnh c th la chn v s dng cho ph hp. Tuy nhin c mt s nguyn tccn tun th khi s dng m hnh trong tnh ton lan truyn nh sau:

-Cn hiu r v bn cht thut ton c s dng trong m hnh bit bncht ca kt qu nhn c t m hnh.

-Cn hiu r v la chn nhng iu kin chy m hnh:

o Phm vi p dng ca m hnh

o Cc thng tin u vo (ti lng thi, iu kin thi, kch thc ngun thi,iu kin kh hu/thy vn.)

o iu kin a hnh (c bit i vi kh thi tng khi)

o S ngun thi m m hnh cho php tnh gp trong mt chng trnh.

-Cn thn trng vn v tnh ton khi s dng m hnh


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M hnh l cng c rt hu hiu nh gi phm vi v mc tc ng cangun thi. Tuy nhin iu quan trng l kh nng bin lun t cc kt qu ca mhnh lan truyn. Trn thc t m hnh a ra kt qu c th l t hng ngn n hngtriu kt qu tnh ton, trong bao gm cc s tr:

-Gi tr cc i

-Gi tr trung bnh-Gi tr ph bin nht

Khng nn ch s dng gi tr cc i bin lun cc tc ng, v trn thc tgi tr cc i c th cao g p nhiu ln gi tr trung bnh hay gi tr ph bin(percentile). Theo hng dn ca WB, cn phi ra gi tr ph bin (percentile) vimt s mc: 99%, 98%, 95% nh gi cc tc ng n vng dn c. Tuy nhincc gi tr cc i l cn thit khi tnh n cc trng hp xu nht (worst cases).

Khi s dng m hnh lan truyn i vi kh thi cn lu la chn gi tr trungbnh cho 1h, 8h, 24h hay 1 thng. Cn cn c vo tiu chun la chn gi tr trung

bnh. nh gi tng hp cc tc ngi vi mi trng do hotng ca

dn gy ra

T tt c cc phn tch v nh gi nh lng, bn nh lng hay nh tnh nitr, c th trin khai vic nh gi tng hp cc tc ng vi mi trng do d n(bao gm c ri ro) gy ra.

Phng php lun ni chung khng khc vi cc loi hnh d n khc. C th sdng phng php sau nh gi tng hp:

-Lp ma trn

-Thit lp h s tng quan cho im (scoring)Mc d hin nay hu ht cc kt qunh gi tng hp cn nng v ch quan

ngi lm TM, nhng v cbn vic nh gi tng hp ny s gp phn:

-Xt u tin u t cho cc gii php bo v mi trng ca d n

-Xy dng kt lun cui cng ca bo co TM mt cch logic v khch quan,khng ph thuc vo chu t.

+ Dbo nhng ri ro, sc mi trng do dn gy ra

Cc ri ro trong hot ng ha cht thng bao gm:

Chy n trong qu trnh sn xut do nhiu nguyn nhn ni ti trong cng nghhay/v qun l

Ha hon, bo lt, lt (do yu t t nhin)

Tht thot cc ha cht c hi l nguyn liu cho qu trnh sn xut, lu gisn phm v ha cht trung gian

Phn ng gia cc vt liu khng tng thch

Tai nn lao ng gn vi ha cht nguy him


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Mc tiu ca nh gi ri ro l to ra c mt cng c nhm hn ch nhngnguy ctrthnh hin thc, v nu xy ra th hu qu smc thp nht. V cbnnh gi ri ro phi l mt phn nh nhng rt quan trng ca TM. TM xem xtcc trng hp pht thi nhim gy tc ng thng xuyn, cn GRR xem xt chvi trng hp nguy c tr thnhf s c. Mun vy phi hiu bn cht cc s c vnguyn nhn dn n s c l g.

Trong nh gi ri ro ni chung v ri ro ha cht ni ring, cn thng tin tr li cc cu hi sau y:

S tn ti ca ha cht c gy nn s c g khng i vi sc khe/mi trng?

Nu iu xy ra th nguyn nhn l ci g

Kh nng xy ra iu l bao nhiu (xc sut ?)

Nu iu xy ra th thit hi (tc ng) s l g.

Cn phi lm g ngn nga ri ro, hn ch kh nng xy ra s c

Xy dng k hoch ng ph s c v hn ch hu quNhng bc cbn nh gi ri ro l:

Xc nh nguy him (hazard)

nh gi Kh nng tip xc (exposure)

T hp: c trng ha cc ri ro

Kim sot-qun l ri ro

Quan trc

i vi ngnh ha cht phn bn ha hc, nhng nguy cch yu lin quan

n ha cht l chy, n v r r ha cht c; Bng sau y cho thy mi quan hgia cc i lng c th tnh ton c l: xc sut xy ra, tim nng gy cht ngiv tim nng gy thit hi v kinh t ca 3 loi s c: chy, n v r r ha cht.

Dng sc Kh nngxy ra

Tim nng gy chtngi

Tim nng gythit hi vkinh t

CHY Cao Th p Trung bnh

N Trung bnh Trung bnh Cao

R R

CHTC

Th p Cao Thp

c th nhn dng cc nguy cni trn cn da vo:

-Bo co u t d n/bo co thit k

-Cc thng tin c c t phn tch quy trnh cng ngh v thit b

-Cc thng tin v bn cht ha cht (l nguyn liu, sn phm hay sn phm trunggian): nhng thng tin ny c c t cac sphieeus d liu an ton ha cht (MSDS)


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Di y dn ra mt th d vGRR ti cng on tng hp NH3. S cngngh dng GRR cng on ny c th hin hnh v di y.

T cc kt qu kho st v tnh ton c th xc nh c mt bng d liu sauy v xc sut xy ra s c n ti khu vc tng hp NH3 do nguyn nhn chp inca ng c lai turbin (trong reactor) kt hp vi s r r t van an ton cho ngng dn H2 vo thit b phn ng.


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Cng t kt qunh gi ri ro do r r NH3 t khu vc bn cha vi mt githit l bn cha b thng, c thc nh c hm lng NH3 trong khng kh nhng c l khc nhau; th di y th hin mc thay i nng NH3 trongvng 60 pht c ly 100m t bn cha:

T vic nh gi cc ngun gy ri ro khc c th tp h p thnh mt bngquan h gia xc sut s c v hu qu s c nhm gip cho ch d n xc lp cc thtu tin trong u t ngn nga ri ro nh sau:

3.2. nh gi tin cy ca phng php nh gi

nh gi tin cy ca cc phng php c s dng lp bo co nhgi tc ng mi trng bao gm 1 s trong cc phng php sau:(1) lp bng thngk cc tc ng; (2) m hnh ho (3) ly kin cng ng; (4) iu tra kho st thca; (5) phng php nhn dng v d bo tc ng; (6) phng php tnh chi ph.


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nh gi tin cy ca cc s liu a vo bao gm cht thi, ngun thi,lng thi, cng ngh sn xut, thit b sn xut, s liu kh tng thu vn, kinh tx hi.

nh gi mc chi tit, tin cy ca cc nh gi v ri ro, s c mitrng c kh nng xy ra khi trin khai d n v khi khng trin khai d n.

Nu nhng vn cn thiu tin cy cn thit, nu r cc l do khch quanv cc l do ch quan (nh thiu thng tin, d liu; s liu, d liu hin c b lchu; s liu, d liu t to lp cha c chnh xc, tin cy; thiu hoc tin cyca phng php nh gi c hn; trnh chuyn mn ca i ng cn b vTMc hn; cc nguyn nhn khc).

Nu nhng vn cn li cn nghin cu v hon chnh thm sau khi d n ivo hot ng.


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Chng 4. BIN PHP GIM THIU TC NG XU, PHNG NGA VNG PH SC MI TRNG

Nguyn tc chung

Trn cscc tc ng mi trng nu trong chng 3, xut cc bin phpqun l v k thut mang tnh kh thi cao, nhm phng trnh, gim thiu cc tc ngmi trng do vic thc hin d n gy nn.

Vic khng chv gim thiu nhim do cht thi ca dn c tin hnh kthp 3 bin php sau:

Bin php ngn nga nhim v s cu ngun

Bin

Documents

4. Huong Dan DTM Phan Bon Hoa Hoc