HƯỚNG DẪN GIẢI BÀI TẬP HÓA HỌC 10 CƠ BẢN - TRẦN TRUNG NINH

8/10/2019 HNG DN GII BI TP HA HC 10 C BN - TRN TRUNG NINH

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TSTRN TRUNG NINH - v TH UN - PHM N6C SON

Hng dn

GII BI TPHA HC 10

(Ti bn ln th hai)

NH XUT BN I HC QUC GIA H NI

WWW.FACEBOOK.COM/DAYKEM.QU

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W.DAYKEMQUYNHON.UCOZ.COM

ng gp PDF bi GV. Nguyn Thanh T


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NH XUT BN I HC QUC GIA H NI

16 Hng Chui - Hai B Trung - H Niin thoi: Bin tp - Ch bn: (04)39714896

Hnh chnh: (04)39714899; Tng bin tp: (04) 39715011

Fax: (04)39714899

Chu trch nhim xu bn:

Gim c - Tng bin tp: TS. PHM TH TRM

Bin tp:

Ch bn:

Trnh by ba: CNG TY TNHH SCH - TBGD C TR

oi tc lin kt xut bn:

CNG TY TNHH SCH - TBGD C TR

___________ ______________________________ SCH LIN KT

Hung dn Gii bi tp Ha hc 10 ( Chong trnh chun)M s: IL-185H2013. -In 2000 cun, kh 16 X 24cm ti Cng ty TNHH In v Bao B Hung PhS xut bn: 342-2013/CXB/04-49/HQGHN, ngy 20/03/2013Quyt nh xut bn s: 186 LK/TNQ-NXB HQGHNIn xong v np lu chiu qu III nm 2013.



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LI NI U

Nm hc 2006 - 2007 l nm u tin sch gio khoa ha hc 10 c

p dng trn phm vi ton quc. c thm mt t liu tham kho cho cc em

hc sinh lp 10 yu thch mn Ha hc, chng ti bin son cun sch Hng

dn gii bi tp ha hc 10.

Sch c bin son theo chng trnh v sch gio khoa ha hc lp

10. Sch gm by chng, tng ng vi by chng ca sch gio khoa. Cu

trc ca mi chng gm:

A. Tm tt l thuyt.

- Bao gm nhng ni dung kin thc c bn ca chng.- Mt s lu khi gii bi tp ha hc trong chng.

B. c bi v hng dn gii.

- Cc bi c sp xp th t theo chng, bi.

- Hng n gii.

c . Mt s thng tin b sung.

Chng trnh Ha hc lp 10 c nhiu ni dung tru tng, phc tp

nh cu to nguyn t, lin kt ha hc v tc phn ng, cn bng ha hc.

Phn ha hc nguyn t cc nhm VIIA v VIA c trnh b khng theo

cch m t nh lp 8v lp 9 m c xy dng trn l thuyt cu to nguyn

t, lin kt ha hc v nh lut tun hon. Cc em hc sinh lp 10 c th tm

hy trong cun sch ny nhng gi suy ngh, nhng hng dn chi tit v

mt bi tp ha hc kh no trong sch gio khoa.

Hy vng rng sch s l mt ti liu thm kho b ch cho cc em hc

sinh. Chng ti chn thnh cm n v rt mong nhn c s gp ca cc bn c sch c hon chnh hn trong ln ti bn sau.

Cc tc gi

o



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C h ng 1. NGUYN T

A. TM TT L THUYT

I. CU TO NGUYN T

1. Thnh phn, cu to nguyn t

Nguyn t gm ht nhn v v electron. Ht nhn gm cc ht proton vntron, phn v gm cc electron. Cc c trng ca cc ht c bn trongnguyn t c tm tt trong bng sau:

Proton Ntron ElectronK hiu p n eKhi lng u (vC) 1 1 0,00055Khi lng (kg) 1,6726.10'27 1,6748. IO'27 9,1095 .1031in tch nguyn t 1+ 0 1-

in tch c (Culng) 1,602.10'19 0 -1 ,602.10'192. Ht nhn nguyn t

Nm 19 H , khi bn ph mt vng mng bng iia phng X ca 1ai v

dng mn hunh quang t pha sau l vng theo di ng i ca ht a,

Ro-d-pho v cc cng s pht hin hu ht cc ht a u xuyn thng qual vng. Ch c mt s rt t b lch hng ban u hay bt tr li khi gp lvng. iu ny ch c th c gii thch l nguyn t c cu to rng. Phnmang in tch dng nm tm gi l ht nhn nguyn t. Ht nhn nguyn

t c kch thc rt nh so vi kch thc ca ton b nguyn t.in tch ht nhn c gi tr bng s proton trong ht nhn, goi l z+. Do

nguyn t trung ha v in cho nn s electron bng s z . '

Th d: nguyn t oxi c 8proton trong ht nhn v 8electron lp v.

S khi: k hiu A, c tnh theo cng thc A = z + N, trong z ltng s ht proton, N l tng s ht ntron trong ht nhn nguyn tr.

Th d nguyn t nhm c z = 13, N = 14 => A = 13 + 14 = 27.

Nguyn t ha hcl tp hp cc nguyn t c cng in tch ht nhn.

ng v l nhng nguyn t c cng s proton nhng khc nhau v s ntron, do , s khi A ca chng khc nhau. Ngi ta bit khong 300 ng v t nhin ca cc nguyn t ha hc. Ngoi ra bng con ng nhn to, tng hp c khong 1000ng v khc.

II. CU TO V ELECTRON CA NGUYN T

1. Lp electron

Trong nguyn t, mi electron c mt mc nng lng nht nh. Cc electronc mc nng lng gn bng nhau c xp thnh mt lp electron.



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Th t ca lp tng dn 1, 2, 3, n th mc nng lng ca electron cng tdn. Electron lp c tr s n nh b ht nhn ht mnh, kh bt ra khnguyn t. Electron lp c tr s n cng ln th c nng ng cng cao, ht nhn ht yu v d tch ra khi nguyn t hn.

Lp electron c s electron ti a gi l lp electron bo ha.

Tng s electron trong mt lp l 2n2.

S th t ca lp electron (n) 1 2 . 3 4

K hiu tng ng ca lp electron K L M N

S electron ti a lp 2 8 18 32

2. Phn lp electron

Mi lp electron i c chia thnh cc phn lp. Cc electron thuc cnmt phn lp c mc nng lng bng nhau.

K hiu cc phn lp l cc ch ci thng: s, p, d, f.

S phn ip ca mt p electron bng s th t ca lp.

Th d: Lp K (n = 1) ch c mt phn lp s.Lp L (n = 2) c 2 phn lp l s v p.

Lp M (n = 3) c 3 phn lp l s, p, dLp N (n = 4) c 3 phn lp l s, p, d, f

S electron ti a trong mt phn lp:Phn lp s cha ti a 2 electron, phn lp p cha ti a 6 electron, ph

lp d cha ti a 10electron, phn lp f cha ti a 14 electron.

Lp electron S electron ti a ca lp Phn b electron trn cc phn lp

K ( n = l ) 2 ls2r

IIc 8 2s22p6

M (n = 3) 18 3s23p63d10

N (n = 4) 32 4s:4p64d4f14

3. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t

L cch biu din s phn b electron trn cc lp v phn lp cnguyn t. S phn b ca cc electron trong nguyn t tun theo cc nguyn v quy tc sau:

a. Nguyn l vng bn: trng thi c bn, trong nguyn t cc electrochim ln lt cc obitan c mc nng lng t thp ln cao.

b. Nguyn l Pau: Trn mt obitan ch c th c nhiu nht l haelectron v hai electron ny chuyn ng t quay khc chiu nhau xung quantrc ring ca mi electron.

c. Quy tc Hun: Trong cng mt phn lp, Gc electron s phn b trcc obitan sao cho s electron c thn l ti a v cc electron ny phi cchiu t quay ging nhau.

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d.Quy tc v trt t cc mc nng lngobitan nguyn t:

1s< 2s< 2p< 3s< 3p< 4s< 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d


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Khi , cc em lu , i vi cc nguyn t ha hc c s hiu nguyn t tZ

n. 82 trong bng tun hon th 1< < 1,5 .

K nng vit cu hnh electron, t xc nh nguyn t ha hc l kiloi, phi kim hay kh him cng l mt trong nhng yu cu ca chng 1. gii quyt tt cc bi tp dng ny cc em cn nm vng cc nguyn l v

bn, nguyn l Pauli, cc quy tc v trt t mc nng lng, quy tc Hun.

B. BI V HNG DN Gll

B11. THNH PHN NGUYN T BI

1. Cc ht cu to nn ht nhn ca nguyn t l :

A. Electron v proton c . Ntron v electron

B. Proton v ntron D. Electron, proton v ntronChn p n ng.

2. Cc ht cut nrilrht cu rrgtjyiv4

A. Proton v electron; c . Ntron v proton

B. Ntron v electron; D. Ntron, proton v electron

Chn p n ng.

3. Nguyn t c ng knh ln gp khong 10000 ln ng knh ht nhNu ta phng i ht nhn ln thnh mt qu bng c ng knh 6 cm t

bn knh khi cu s l:A. 200 m c. 600mB .300 m D. 1200 m

Chn p s ng.

4. Tnh t s v khi lng ca electron so vi proton, ntron.

5. Nguyn t km c bn knh r = 1,35.10'' nm, khi lng nguyn t l 65 u.

a) Tnh khi lng ring ca nguyn t km.

b) Thc t hu nh ton b khi lng nguyn t tp trung ht nhn vi bknh r = 2. 10'6nm. Tnh khi lng ring ca ht nhn nguyn t km.

P S V HUNG DN GII

1. p n B.

2. p n D.

3. p n c.

Gii thch : Nu phng i ht nhn ln thnh mt qu bng c nknh 6cm th ng knh ca nguyn t l: 6cm X 10000 = 60000cm = 600m

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4. T s v khi lng ca electron so vi proton, ntron.

9,1095xl(r28g 1

nip l,6726xl(T Mg ~ 1837

Ll = 9,1095xlQ-28g 1mn ~ l,67 48 xl0 '24g 1839

Nhn xt: khi lng ca proton v ntron u ln gp gn 2000 ln so vi khi lng ca electron.

5. a) Tnh khi lng ring ca nguyn t km l khi lng ca lcm3 nguynt km.

* , 4Th tch ca nguyn t km : V = Ttr

r= l,3 5 .1 0 ,0m = l,35 .10 8cmV = .3,14.(l,35.10'8cm)3 = 10,26.10~4 cm \

.Khi-lng-ring-ca nguyn

m _ 65u - . ~ij| I__(d = = ------------- 6.10 u/cm

V 10,26.10 cm3

Ta bit u SS 1,66. 10'24gam, cho nn d = 1,66. 1024. 6 . 1024as 10 (gam/cm3)

b) Th tch ht nhn nguyn t km l :

r = 2 . 0 l5m = 2 . 10Bcm

V = n r 3 = -x3 ,14 x(2 xl0 'n cm)3 *33,49. 103W .

Thc t, hu ht khi lng nguyn t tp trung ht nhn, nn lcm 3 htnhn nguyn t km nng hn 3 t tn.

Khi lng ring ca hat nhn : D = = -------u - ~ 2 . 1019u/cm3V 33.49. 10 cm

Hav 2. l(}*Vcm\ i,66.1024 3,32.1015(gam) hoc 3,32. i otah (hn 3 ti' ti/cm3)

BI 2

HT NHN NGUYN T - NGUYN T HA HC - NG V

BI

1. Nguyn t ha hc l nhng nguyn t c cng:

A. S khi. c . S proton.

B. S ntron. D. S ntron v proton.

Chn p n ng.



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10/104

2. K hiu nguyn t biu th y c trng ch mt nguyn t ca nguyn t ha hc v n cho bit:A. S khi A. B. S hiu nguyn t z .

c . Nguyn t khi ca nguyn t. D. S khi A v s hiu nguyn t

Chn p n ng.

3. Nguyn t cacbon c hai ng v bn '^c chim 98,89% v '^c ch1,11%. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca nguyn t cacbon l:

A. 12,500, B. 12,011; c. 12,022; D. 12,055Chn p s ng.

4. Hy xc nh s n v in tch ht nhn, s proton, s ntron, s electnguyn t khi ca cc nguyn t thuc cc nguyn t sau:

Li; F; *M g; "Ca ;

5. ng c hai ng v bn jyCu v 2Cu. Nguyn t khi trungbnh

ng l 63,54. Tnh thnh phn phn trm ca mi ng v.

6 . Hiro iu ch t nc nguyn cht c nguyn t khi l 1,008, Hi c

nhiu nguyn t ca ng v trong 1ml nc?

7. Oxi t nhin l mt hn hp cc ng v 99,757% l60; 0,039%0,204% l80 . Tih s nguyn t ca mi loi ng v khi c 1 nguyn t 170 .

8 . Agon tch ra t khng kh l hn hp ba ng v: 99,6% 40Ar; 0,063 30,337% 36Ar. Tnh th tch ca 10 g Ar iu kin tiu chun.

P s V HNG DN GII1. p n c.

2. ps n D.

3. p n B.

12x98,89%+13x1,11% 1onNguyn t khi trung binh cua cacbon = ---------------- ----------- = 12,U I 1

6 100%

4. Xc nh s n v in tch ht nhn, s protn, s ntron, s electrnguyn t khi ca cc nguyn tr thuc cc nguyn t sau:

z Sp Sn S electron NTK(u)

73Li 3+ 3 4 3 7

'?F 9+ 9 1 0 9 19

Mg 1 2 + 1 2 1 2 1 2 24

2 0 + 2 0 2 0 2 0 40



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11/104

5. Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca ng 29Cu , 29Cu

t thnh phn % ca 29Cu l a%. Theo cng thc tnh nguyn t khi

trung bnh, ta c:

XT AU,-'-* U' u _ 65x% +63x(100-a)%Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Cu = -----------------;>L - 63 54 (u).100

%:=> a = 27%, thnh phn %ca 29Cu =10 0 -21 ~ 73%.

6 . Mt cch n gin, ta coi hiro ch c hai ng v H v ]H , p dng cng thc

tnh nguyn t khi tning bnh, t a l thnh phn % ca H , ta c:

XT - *'i _ 2Xa% + 1X(100-a)%Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca H = ----------------------- - = 1,008 (u)

100%

=> a = ^ ^ x l 00%.

1

lml nc nguyn cht nng lgam, c s mol H20 = - (moi)18

2S nguyn t H = X6,023 X 1023

5 J 18

> 2TT0,008 6,023 lr.23 riC'iCA 1ri2 *S nguyn t ,H = X xi o =0 ,5354 X 10 nguyn t.1 9

99 7577. S nguyn t 160 = = 2558 (nguyn t).

5 J 0,039 5

Snguyn t l80 = - = 5 (nguyn t). ; '6 0,039 . ^

8 . Agon tch ra t khng kh l hn hp ba ng v: 99,6% 40Ar; 0,063 38Ar;0 ,337% ?6Ar. Tnh th tch ca 10 g Ar iu kin tiu chun.

, A _ (99,6x4.0)+ (0,063X38)+ (0,337 X36)Nguyn t khi ca Ar = - --------- - ^ ---------- -=39,98 (u) 100

Khi lng mol ca Ar = 39,98(gam)

Th tch ca 10 gam Ar = X22,4 = 5,603 (lt)6 39,98

BI 3. LUYN TP THNH PHN NGUYN T

BI

1. The s liu bng 1, bi 1 trang 8 :

a) Hy tnh khi ng (g) ca nguyn t nit (gm 7 proton, 7 ntron, 7 electron).

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b) Tnh t s khi lng ca electron trong nguyn t nit so vi khi lnton nguyn t

2. Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca nguyn t kali bit rng trong t nhi

thnh phn % cc ng v ca kali l 93,258% 'K,, 0,012% *qK v

6,730% ^K.

3. a) nh ngha nguyn t ha hcb) K hiu nguyn t cho bit nhng c trng g ca nguyn t ca m

nguyn t ha hc, ly th d vi nguyn t kali.

4. Cn c vo u ngi ta bit chc chn rng gia nguyn t hiro (Z = v nguyn t urani (Z = 92) ch c 90 nguyn t.

5. Tnh bn knh gn ng ca nguyn t canxi bit th tch ca lmol canxtinh th bng 25,87cm3.

(Cho bit trong tinh th, cc nguyn t canx ch chim 74% th tch cn ll khe trng).

6 . Vit cng thc ca cc loi phn t ng (II) oxit, bit rng ng v oxi c

cc ng v sau : gCu , u ,o ,'O '* 0 .

P S V HNG DN GII

1. a) Tnh khi lng (g) ca nguyn tnit (gm 7 proton, 7 ntron, 7 electron).

mN= mp+ mn+ mc

mN= 7 X 1,6726 Xo 24+ 7 X 1,6748 X 10'24+ 7 X9,1095 X 10 28

Do khi lng electron rt nh so vi proton v ntron nn c th b

qua khi tnh khi lng nguyn t.mN= (11,7082 + 11,7236)1024 = 23,4318.10 24 (gam)

b) Tnh t s khi lng ca electron so vi khi lng ton nguyn t N

- 7x9,1095x10^ = 0 00027 2! 0,0003mN 23,4318x10 .

2. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca nguyn t kali bit rng trong t nhin thn

phn % cc ng v ca kali l 93,258% jK, 0,012% v 6,730%

xs- 93,258x39 + 0,012x4 0 + 6,730x41

NTK trung bnh ca K = --------- ------~ m ~ ------ -----------=39,13 ()3. a) nh ngha nguyn t ha hc

Nguyn t ha hc l tp hp cc nguyn t c cng s n v in tc

ht nhn.b) K hiu nguyn t cho bit nhng c trng g ca nguyn t ca m

nguyn t ha hc, ly th d vi nguyn t kali.

K hiu nguyn t cho ta bit:

12



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13/104

- S hiu nguyn t.

- S n v in tch ht nhn.

- S electron lp v nguyn t.

- S khi A.

Th d: k hiu ca nguyn t kali: ,K cho ta bit s hiu nguyn t l19. S n v if tch ht nhn l 19, c 19 electron trong lp v, s khi caK l 39.

4. Cn c vo s n v in tch ht nhn nguyn t ca mi nguyn t ha hcl nhng s nguyn dng. Gia nguyn t hiro (Z = 1) v nguyn t urani (Z = 92) ch c 90 s nguyn, dng tng ng vi 90 nguyn t ha hc.

5. Tnh bn knh gn ng ca nguyn t canxi bit th tch ca lmol canxtinh th bng/25,87cm3.

, - . , __- , 25,87cm3x74

The tch cua mt nguyn t Ca = 100x6,023x10

4 1Ap dng cng ihc V = nrrJ T - l

25x74x3

100x6.023.10 235= ,97.1 08(cm)

4x3,14

6 . Vit cng thc ca cc loi phn t ng (II) oxit, bit rng ng v oxi c

cc ng v sau : 29Cu , 2Cu ,'gO ,'gO ,'gO .

Vi ng v 16O: 65Cul60 , 63Cu160

Tng t nh v ng v oxi 16, ng v oxi 17 cng c cc oxit l :65Cu o! 63Cul70

ng v oxi 18 c hai oxit l: 65Cul80 v 65CulsO

BI 4. CU TO V ELECTRON CA NGUYN T

BI

1. Mt nguyn t M c 75 electron v 110 ntron. K hiu ca nguyn t M l:

A. ' M B. ,gM c. 'M D. ,; M

2. Nguyn t no trong cc nguyn tr sau y cha ng thi 20 ntron, 19proton v 19 electron?

A. ]c\ B. \lK C. 'Tsr D.Chn p n ng.

3. S n v in tch ht nhn ca nguyn t flo l 9. Trong nguyn t flo, s electron mc nng lng cao nht l:

A. 2 B. 7 c. 9 D. 11

13



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14/104

4. Cc electron ca nguyn t nguyn t X c phn b trn ba lp, lp th c 6electron. S n v in tch ht nhn ca nguyn t l:

A. 6 B. 8 c. 14 D. 16

5. a) Th no l lp v phn lp. S khc nhau gia lp v phn lp.

b) Ti sao lp N cha ti a 32 electron.

6 . Nguyn t agon c k hiu l |g Ar .

a) Hy xc nh s proton, s ntron v s electron ca nguyn t.b) Hy xc nh s phn b electron trn cc lp electron.

P S V HNG DN GII

1. p n A.

Gii thch: Trong nguyn t, s electron bng s proton bng 75, s kh

A = z + N = 75 + 110 = 185. Do k hiu ca M l '75M .

2. p n B.

3. p n B.Gii thch: Nguyn t F c 9 electron, chia thnh hai lp l ls 22s22p\

s' electron mc nng lng cao nht thuc lp th hai, c 7 electron

4. p n D.

Gii thch: Lp th nht (K) c ti a 2 electron. Lp th hai (L) c ti 8electron v lp th ba c 6electron, cho nn tng s electron l 16.

5. a) Th no l lp v phn lp. S khc nhau gia lp v phn lp.

Lp electron bao gm cc electron c mc nng lng gn bng nhau.

Trong mi lp electron li chia thnh cc phn lp nh s, p, d...Phn lp electron bao gm cc electron c mc nng lng bng nhau,

b) Ti sao lp N cha ti a 32 electron.

S electron ti a trong mt lp bng 2n2trong n l s th t ca lelectron. Lp N c gi tr n = 4 cho nn 2. 4 2= 32 (electron)

6. a) S proton, s ntron v s electron canguyn t JgAr .

z = 18; N = 40 -18 = 22; S electron = 18

b) S phn b electron trn cc lp:

Lp K: 2; Lp L: 8 ; Lp M: 8

BI 5: CU HNH ELECTRON CA NGUYN T BI

1. Nguyn t c z = 11 thuc loi nguyn t :

A. s B. p c. d D. f

Chn p n ng.

14



B

I

D

N

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O

N

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A

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0

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15/104

I 2. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t lu hunh (Z = 16) l :

A. ls22s22p53s23p5 B. ls22s'2p63s23p6

c . 1s22s22p63s23p4 D. ls 22s22p63s23p3

Chn p n ng.

I 3. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t nhm (Z = 13) l l s22s22p63s23p.

A. Lp th nht (Lp K) c 2 electron;

B. Lp th hai (Lp L) c 8electron;

c . Lp th ba (Lp M) c 3 electron;

I D. Lp ngoi cng c 1 electron;

I Tm cusa il

4. Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron trong nguyn t ca mt nguyn t l 13.

! a) Xc nh nguyn t khi.

b) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca nguyn t .

I (Cho bit : cc nguyn t ha hc c s hiu nguyn t t 2 n 82 trong 2! bng tun hon th 1 <


16/104

z = 3 c cu hnh electron: ls22s' lp ngoi cng c electron.

z = 6c cu hnh electron: 1s22s22p2lp ngoi cng c 4 electron.

z = 9 c cu hnh electron: ls 22s22p5lp ngoi cng c 7 electron.

z = 18 c cu hnh electron: ls22s22p63s23p6 lp ngoi cng c 8electron.

6 . Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc cp nguyn t m ht nhn nguyn

tu c s proton l:a) l ,3 ; l s 1phi kim v ls22s kim loi.

b) 8 , 16; ls22s22p4phi kim v 1s22s22p63s23p4 phi kim.

c) 7, 9. ls22s22p3 phi km v ls22s22p5phi kim.

Bi v: Nguyn t c 1 - 3 electron lp ngoi cng (tr hiro) l kim loi.

Nguyn t c 5 - 7 electron lp ngoi cng l phi kim.

BI 6: CU HNH ELECTRON CA NGUYN T BI

1. Th no l nguyn t s, p, d, f?

2. Cc electron thuc lp K hay lp L lin kt vi ht nhn cht ch hcyn? V sao?

3. Trong nguyn t, nhng electron ca lp no quyt nh tnh cht ha hca nguyn t nguyn t ? Cho th .

4. V electron ca mt nguyn t c 20 electron. Hi

a) Nguyn t c bao nhiu lp electron?

b) Lp ngoi cng c bao nhiu electron?

c) Nguyn t l kim loi hay phi kim?

5. Cho bit s electron ti a cc phn lp sau:

/ a) 2s b) 3p c) 4s d) 3d.

6 . Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t photpho l: ls22s22p63s23p\ H:

a) Nguyn t photpho c bao nhiu electron?

b) S hiu ngun t ca p l bao nhiu?

c) Lp electron no c mc nng lng cao nht?

d) C bao nhiu lp electron, mi lp c bao nhiu electron?

e) Photpho l nguyn t kim loi hay phi kim? V sao?

7. Cu hnh electron nguyn t cho ta bit nhng thng tin g?Cho th d.

8 . Vit cu hnh electron y cho cc nguyn t c lp electron ngoicng l:

a )2s' b)2s22p' c) 2s32p6

d) 3s23p3 e) 3s23p3 g) 3s23p6

9. Cho bit tn, k hiu, s hiu nguyn t ca:

a) 2nguyn t c s electron ngoi cng l ti a.



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

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L

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A

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1

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17/104

b) 2nguyn t c 1 electron lp ngoi cng.c) 2 nguyn t c 7 electron lp ngoi cng.

P S V HNG DN GII1. Th no l nguyn t s, p, d, f?

Nguyn t s l nhng nguyn t m nguyn t celectron cui cng

c in vo phn lp s. Th d Na, Mg, Ca...Nguyn t p l nhng nguyn t m nguyn t c electron cui cngc in vo phn lp p. Th d AI, Si, c,...

Nguyn t l nhng nguyn t m nguyn t celectron cui cngc in vo phn lp d. Th d Cu, Fe, Ni...

Nguyn t f l nhng nguyn t m nguyn t c electron cui cngc in vo phn lp f. Th d Ce, Pr, Nd...

2. Cc electron lp K lin kt vi ht nhn cht ch hn lp L, bi v lp K gnht nhn hn.

3. Trong nguyn t, nhng electron ca lp ngoi cng quyt nh tnh cht hahc ca nguyn t nguyn t . Th d nguyn t Na c ba lp electron,nhng lp quyt nh tnh cht kim loi l lp ngoi cng, c I electron.

4. Vo electron cua mi nguyn i c 20 clecron, cho nn:

a) Nguyn t c 4 lp electron: K (2e), L (8e), M (8e) v N (2e).b) Lp ngoi cng c 2 electron.c) Nguyn t l kim loi.

5. S electron ti a cc phn lp sau:

a) 2s l 2 electron b) 3p l 6electron

c) 4s l 2 electron d) 3d l 10 electron.6 . Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t photpho l: ls22s22p63s23p\

a) Nguyn t photpho c 15 electron.

b) S hiu nguyn t ca p l 15.c) Lp electron M c ipc nng lng cao nht.d) C ba lp electron, lp K (2e), L (8e), M (5e).e) Photpho nguyn t phi kim. V p c 5 electron lp ngoi cng.

7. Cu hnh electron nguyn t cho ta bit nhng thng tin sau:

a) S hiu nguyn t, s proton trong ht nhn v s electron vnguyn t.

b) S lp electron, s phn b clectron trn cc lp, phn lp.

c) S electron lp ngoi cng, nguyn t l kim loi, phi kim hay kh him.Th d cu hnh electron ca magie: ls22s22p63s2

S hiu nguyn t ca Mg l 12. in tch ht nhn l 12+, lp v c 12electron, chia thnh ba lp, lp trong cng c 2electron, lp th hai c 8electron v lp ngoi cng c 2 electron. Mg l mt nguyn t kim loi.



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

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A

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2

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1

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0

0

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18/104

s. Cu hnh electron y u cho cc nguyn t l:a) ls22s' b) ls22 s22p3 c) ls22s'2p6

d) ls22s22p63s23p3 e) ls22s22p63s23p5 g) ls 22s22p63s23p6

9. Tn, k hiu, s hiu nguyn t ca:

a) 2nguyn t c s electron ngoi cng l ti a:

Hei: He, s hiu nguyn t l 2 v neon: Ne, s hiu nguyn t l 10.

b) 2nguyn t c 1 electron lp ngoi cng:

Natri: Na, s hiu nguyn t 11 v liti: Li, s hiu nguyn t l 3.

c) 2 nguyn t c 7 electron lp ngoi cng:

Flo: F, s hiu nguyn t l 9 v clo: Cl, s hiu nguyn t l 17.

c. MT S THNG TIN B SUNG

/. S lc lch s ph t trin ca thuyt nguyn - plin tT 2500 nm trc y, nh bc hc Hi lp eniocri a Ukhi ni

da tin v nguyn t ht nh nht c cht. cho ri, u c cilia Hn tip mt ng xu bng bc, n c khng th chia nh h c na th l nquyn t bc. Nguyn t ca cc cht khc nhu c kch thc, hnh ckhc nhau. Tuy nhin, cc thuyt v nguyn t trong sut nhiu th k khng cc tlit b khoa hc kim chng.

n th k XVI, Chu u, i thuyt v nquyn t, phn t c ph

hi. un-tn (1766 - 1844), nh bc hc nii Anh ra l thuyt nguy:t. ni> l ni u tin xy dng bng khi lng nguyn t ca cc nguy/ t ha hc. Cui th k XIX, bii th nghim phng troni kh km p / 0,00 nuuH ) th hiu khong 15000 vo nh bc hc Anh Tom-Xn ch

t nquyn t c cu to phc tp. Mt trong cc thnh phn ca nguyn t cc ht electron. Th nghim trn lm thay i quan im cho rng tguyt khng th phn chi c. ng Tom-xn cho rng nguy n t l mt khcu c, cc electron v cc ht mang in dng phn tn u trn ton b

khi cu, v nguyn t trung ha v in.S pht mnh ra hin tng phng x l bc pht trin rt quan trng c

l thuyt v nguyn t. Nh bc hc ngi Php Bec-c-ren pht hin cc hcht ca Itru l hig ngun phng x t nhin. Cc tia phng x khng nhthy c nhng c tc dng ln knh nh, on ha khng kh v git cht

bo, c kh nn xuyn qua nhng vt khng trong sut. Hai v chng nh bhc Marie v Pie Quyri tip tc nhng nghin cu v phng x, h tm rhai nguyn t mi c tnh phni x mnh hi uran l ri v pooni. N911, khi s cni tia phnt x ra rai bn ph mt l vng mng v s dn

18



B

I

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N

GT

O

N

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19/104

mn chn hunh quang quan st df> i ca ht a, Ruzpo khm ph

ht nhn nguyn t. Khm ph ca R - d ~pho lm thay i hon ton quan nim ca Tom-n v nguyn t. Nguyn t c cu to rii. Ht nhn chchim mt phn rt nh th tch ca c nguyn t, nhrii li tp truti hu nhon b khi ln q nguyn t.

2. Mt moi nguyn t c bao nhiu nguyn t? N i>i u tin tr c

cu hi ny l mt nong hg ngi sH lp l thuyt /Iquyn t - phn t, nh Ha hc v Vt l lgi Italia, Avogaro (776- JS56). sAvoaro N =,023.102\ Ngoi ra, Avogaro cn l ngi u tin Ac dinh chnh xc ctthc ha hc ca nc, carbonic, amonii, nit o.xit, ilidrosiuifua, etien, metnv nhiu cht khc. ng l ngi ph t minh nh lut v cht kh manq tn ng.

3. Nng lng ht nhn v mc ch ha bnh a n l mi ttat tm rt n t;u nhn loi. L do rt d hiu cc ngun nn lng tu thch nhthan v du m ngy cng khan him v t. Tuy nhin, c hai tr gi

chnh khi pht trin nng ltg ht nhn. Th nht l gi thnh thit b ca nh my in ht nhn cao, thi gian thu hi vn lu, do gi thnh in cao hn thy in v nhit in. Th hai l nguy c xy ra s c k thut, m inhnh l v n l phn tg ht nhn iiha my in muyn t Trecnobyl Ucraiia cch y hn 20 nam. Sc tn ph ca v n ny tn\> ni 400 qu bom nguyn t m M nm Min Hivosima ca Nht nm 1945. Mc d v lthuyt, xc sut xy ru s c nh vy rt nh, vo khong mt phn triu,nhni /iri ta khn tr li c chnh xc khi to Jxy ra s c. Theo ( kinca tii cng ty in lc Vit Nam , khong nm 2017 nc ta s xy dng nh

ty in ht nhn u tin.

Chng 2

BNG TUN HON V INH LiIT TUN HON - CC NGUYN T HA HC

A. TM TT L THUYTI. CU TO BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC

1. Nguyn tc sp xp cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon

a. Cc nguyn t c sp xp theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t.

b. Cc nguyn t c cng s lp electron c xp thnh mt hng.

c. Cc nguyn t c cng s electron ha tr c xp thnh mt ct.



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

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0

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20/104

2. Cu to ca bng tun hon

- 0 : S th t ca bng s hiu nguyn t v bng s n v in tcht nhn bng tng s electron ca nguyn t.

- Chu k l dy nguyn t m nguyn t ca chng c cng s lelectron, c xp theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn.

+ Chu k nh l cc chu k 1,2, 3 ch gm cc nguyn t s v cc nguyn t p

+ Chu k ln l cc chu k 4,5,6 ,7 gm cc nguyn t s, p, d v f- Nhm nguyn t l tp hp cc nguyn t m nguyn t c cu hn

electron tng t nhau, do tnh cht ha hc gn ging nhau v c xthnh mt ct.

+ Nhm A : S th t ca nhm bng s electron ha tr gm cc nguyt s v p.

+ Nhm B : S th t ca nhm B bng s electron ha tr gm cnguyn t d v f.

II. NHNG TNH CHAT BIN i TUAN h o n t h e o c h i

TNG CA IN TCH HT NHN

- Bn knh nguyn t.

- Nng lng ion ha.

- i lc vi electron.

- m in.- Tnh kim loi - phi kim.- Tnh axit - baz ca oxit v hiroxit.N quyn nhn cu s bin i tun hon tnh cht ca cc n cht, thn

phn v tnh cht ca c c hp cht ca cc nguyn t khi xp chng theo chitt ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t l s bin i tun hon ca s electro

} ngoi cum*.

III. MT S LU KHI GII BI TP CHNG 2

nh lut tun hon v bng h thng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc mt trong ba pht minh ln nht ca th k XIX. Nh bng tun honMeneleep d on c tnh cht ca nhiu nguyn t cha bit thim , ng thi nh chnh cc sai st v nhiu tnh cht ca mt s nguy

t bit. Tuy nhin, ch n khi l thuyt cu to nguyn t ra i mi sosng bn cht ca nh lut tun hon.Cc bi tp ca chng 2 nhm rn luyn cc k nng s ng bng h

thng tun hon nh mt phng tin hiu qu nghin cu ha hc. Cc knng bao gm kh nng so snh tnh cht ca mt nguyn t ha hc vi cnguyn t khc xung quanh n. Kh nng suy lun t v tr ca nguyn t tronbng h thng tun hon bit c cu hnh electron nguyn t, t suy rcc tnh cht c bn ca nguyn t.

20



B

I

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N

GT

O

N

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21/104

(Jc cu hi so snh tnh cht ca cc n cht (kim loi, phi kim), hay so snh cc tnh cht ca hp cht (axit, baz)... rn luyn kh nng vn dng quylut bin thin tnh cht cc nguyn t ha hc trong mt chu k, mt phnnhm chnh (nhm A).

Bi ton lp cng thc phn t trong chng nhm rn luyn k nng xc nh nguyn t khi ca cc nguyn t, xc nh ch s ca tng nguyn t

trong hp cht, t lp c cng thc ha hc.

B. BI V HNG DN GII

BI 7. BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC

BI

1. Cc nguyn t xp chu k 6c s lp electron trong trong nguyn t l.

A. 3 B.5 c. 6 D. 7

2. Trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t, s chujci nh v s chu k ln l:A. 3 v 3 B. 3 v 4 c . 4 v 4 D. 4 v 3

\

3. S nguyn l rong chu k 3 v 5 l:

A. 8 v 18 B. 18 v 8 c . 8 v 8 D. 18 v 18

4. Trong bng tun hon, cc nguyn t c sp xp theo nguyn tc;

A. Theo chiu tng ca din tch ht nhn.

B. Cc nguyn t c cng s lp electron trong nguyn t c xp thnhmt hng.

c. Cc nguyn t c cng s electron ha tr trong nguyn t c xp thnh mt ct.

D .C A , B, c . - ^

Chn p n ng.

5. Tm cusai.

A. Bng tun hon gm c cc nguyn t, cc chu k v cc nhm.

B. Chu k l dy cc nguyn t m nhng nguyn t ca chng c cng s lp electron.

c . Bng tun hon c 7 chu k. S th t ca chu k bng s phn lpelectron trong nguyn t.

D. Bng tun hon c 8nhm A v 8nhm B.

6 . Hy cho bit nguyn tc sp xp cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon cc

nguyn t ha hc.

7. a) Nhm nguyn t l g?

b) Bng tun hon cc nguyn t c bao nhiu ct?

21



B

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22/104

c) Bng tun hon c bao nhi nhm A.

d) Bng tun hon c bao nhiu nhm B? Cc nhm B gm bao nhiu ct?

e) Cc nguyn t s, p, d, f thuc nhm no trong bng tun hon.

8 . Hy cho bit quan h gia s th t ca cc nhm A v s electron ha trong nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong nhm.

9. Hy cho bit s electron thuc lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn

Li, Be, B, c, N, o, F, Ne.P s V HNG DN GII

1. p n c.

2. p ri B.

3. p n A.

4. p n D.

5. p n c.

6. Nguyn tc sp xp cc nguyn t ha hc trong bng tun hon:

- Cc nguyn t sp xp theo, chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t

- Cc nguyn t c cng s lp electron trong nguyn t c sp xp thnm i h ng .

- Cc nguyn t c s electron ha tr trong nguyn t nh nhau c sxp thnh mt ct.

7. a) Nhm nguyn t l tp hp cc nguyn t m nguyn t c cu hnelectron tng t nhau, do c tnh cht ha he gn ging nhau vc xp trong mt ct.

b) Bng tun hon cc nguyn t c 18 ct.c) Bng tun hon c 8nhm A nh s t I n Vm.

d) Bng tun hon c 8nhm B. nh s t IB n VHB. Mi nhm l mct ring, nhm VIIIB gm 3 ct,

8. Nguyn t cc nguyn t trong cng mt nhm ca cc nhm A l cc nguyt s v p, chng c cng s electron ha tr v bng s th t ca nhm.

9. S e thuc lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t-

Li: 1s22s' c s e thuc lp ngoi cng l 1.

Be: 1s22s2c s e thuc lp ngoi cng l 2.B: 1s22s22p' c s e thuc lp ngoi cng l 3.

C: 1s22s22p2c s e thuc lp ngoi cng ] 4.

N: 1s22s22p3c s e thuc lp ngoi cng l 5

O: 1s22s22p4c s e thuc lp ngoi cng l 6 .

F: 1s22s22p5c s e thuc lp ngoi cng l 7.

Ne: 1s22s22p6c s e thuc lp ngoi cng 8 .



B

I

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N

GT

O

N

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L

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23/104

BI 8. S BIN I TUN HON CU HNH ELECTRON

CA NGUYN T CC NGUYN T HA HC BI

1. Cc nguyn t thuc cng mt nhm A c tnh cht ging nhau, v velectron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t nhm A:

A. C s electron nh nhau.B. C s lp electron nh nhau.

c. C s electron lp ngoi cng nh nhau.

D. C cng s electron s hay p.

Chn p n ng.

2. S bin thin tnh cht ca cc nguyn t thuc chu k sau li c lp liging nh chu k trc l do:

. S lp li tnh cht kim loi ca cc nguyn t chu k sau so vi chu

k trc.B. S lp li tih cht phi kim ca cc nguyn t chu k sau so vi chu

k trc.

c . S lp li cu hnh electron nguyn t lp ngoi cng ca chu k sau sovi chu k trc.

D. S lp li tnh cht ha hc ca cc nguyn t chu k sau so vi chu k trc.

3. Nhng nguyn t thuc nhm A no l cc nguyn t s, nguyn t p? S'electron thuc lp ngoi cng trong nguyn t ca cc nguyn t s v p khc nhau th no?

4. Nhng nguyn t no ng u cc chu k? Cu hnh electron Jiguyen t cacc nguyn t c c im chung g? l

5. Nhng nguyn t no ng cui cc chu k? Cu hnh electron ca nguyn tca cc nguyn l c c im chung g.

6 . Mt nguyn t chu k 3, nhm VIA trong bng tun hon cc nguyn tha hc. Hi:

a. Nguyn t ca nguycn t c bao nhiu electron lp electron ngoi cng?

b. Cc electron ngoi cng nm lp electron th my?c. Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca nguyn t trn.

7. Mt s nguyn t c cu hnh electron nguyn t nh sau:

ls2 2 s2 2p4 ; ls22 s2 2p3

1s22s22p63s23p' ; 1s22s22p63s23ps

a) Hy xc nh s electron ha tr ca tng nguyn t.

b) Hy xc nh v tr ca chng (chu k, nhm) trong bng tun hon cc

nguyn t ha hc.23



B

I

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N

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O

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24/104

P S V HNG DN GII

1. p n c.

2. p n c

3. Nhng nguyn t thuc nhm A c cc electron cui cng phn lp s cc nguyn t s ( 2 nhm u). Cc electron cui cng phn lp p,

cc nguyn t p.- S electron ngoi cng trong nguyn t ca cc nguyn t s v p khc nhau

+ Cc nguyn t s: s electron ngoi cng l 1,2.

+ Cc nguyn t nhm p: s electron ngoi cng l t 3 - 8 .

4. Trnr-Qhu k l nguyn t c cu hnh electron nguyn t lp ngoi cnl ns' nhng nguyn t ng u cc chu k l nhng nguyn t thuc nhmIA. y l nhm kim loi kim (tr hiro).

5. Kt thc mi chu k l nguyn t c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng

ns2np6 (tr chu k 1). Nhng nguyn t ng cui ce chu k l nhnnguyn t thuc nhm VIIIA. y l cc nguyn t kh him.

6 . a) Nguyn t ca nguyn t 6electron lp ngoi cng v nhm VIA.

b) Cc electron ngoi cng nm lp electron th 3.

c) Cu hnh electron trong nguyn t ca nguyn t trn l: s22s22p63s23p

7. a) S electron ha tr tng nguyn t:

1s22s22p4 : C s electron ha tr i 6 .

1s22s22p63s23p' : C s electron ha tr l 3.

l s ^ s ^ p 3 : C s electron ha tr l 5.1s22s22p63s23p5 : C s electron ha tr l 7.

'ib) Cc nguyn t c cu hnh tng ng:

1s22s22p4 : thuc chu k 2, nhm VIA.

ls22s22p63s23p' : thuc chu k 3, nhm IIIA

I s22s22p3 : thuc nhm chu k 2, nhm VA.

1s22s22p63s23p5 : thuc chu k 3, nhm VIIA.

BI 9. S BIN I TUN HON TNH CHTCC NGUYN T HA HC - NH LUT TUN HON

BI

1. Trong mt chu k, bn knh nguyn t cc nguyn t:

A. Tng theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn.

B. Gim theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn,

c . Gim theo chiu tng ca tnh phi kim.

24



B

I

D

N

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O

N

-

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A

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25/104

D. C B v c.

Chn p n ng nht.

2. Trong mt nhm A, bn knh nguyn t ca ccnguyn t:

A. Tng theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn.

B. Gim theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn.

c. Gim theo chiu tng ca tnh phi kim.

D. C A v c.Chn p n ng

3. Nhng tnh cht no sau y bin i tun hn?

a) Ha tr cao nht vi oxi; b) Nguyn t khi;

c) S electron ngoi cng; d) S lp electron;

) S electron trong nguyn t.

Chn cc cu tr li ng.

4. Bn knh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t halogen c sp xp theo th t gim dn t tri sang phi nh sau:

A. I, Br, Cl, F B. F, Cl, Br, I

C. , Br, F, C . Bi, I, C, F

Chn p n ng.

5. Gi tr m in gim dn theo th t t tri sang phi ca cc nguyn t ca chu k 2 l:

A. F, o , N, c , B, Be, Li. B. Li, B, Be, N, c , F, o .

c . Be, Li, c , B, o , N, F. D. N, o , F, Li, Be, B, c.6. Oxlt cao nht ca mt nguyn t R ng vi cng thc RO,. Trong hp cht ca nguyn t vi H c 75% R v 25% H. Nguyn t R l. -

A. Magie B. Nit c . Cacbon D. Photpho

7. Theo quy lut bin i tnh cht ca bng tun hon th:

A. Phi kim mnh nht l iot. B. Kim loi mnh nht l liti.

c . Phi kim mnh nht l flo D. Kim loi yu nht l xesi.

Chn p n ng.

8 . Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t magie (Z = 12). t c cu hnh electron c nguyn t kh him gn nht trong bng tun hon, nguyn tmagie nhn hay nhng bao nhiu electron? Magie th hin tnh cht kim loi hay phi kim?

9. Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t lu hunh s (Z = 16). t c cuhnh electron ca nguyn t kh him gn nht trong bng tun hon, nguynt lu hunh nhn hay nhng bao nhiu electron? Lu hunh th hin tnh cht kim loi hay phi kim?

25



B

I

D

N

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O

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-

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-

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A

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26/104

10. itrn in ca mt nguyn t l g? Gi tr m in ca cc nguyn trong cc nhm A bin i nh th no theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng?

11. Nguyn t no c gi tr m in ln nht? Ti sao?

12. Cho hai dy cht sau:

Li20 BeO B20 3 C02 N20 5

c h 4 n h 3 h 2o h f

Xc nh ha tr ca cc nguyn t vi oxi v vi hiro.P S V HNG DN GII

1. p n D

2. p n D

3. Nhng tnh cht sau y bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn:

a) Ha tr cao nht vi oxi;

c) S electron ngoi cng;

4. p n A.

5. p n A.6 . p n c.

Hm ci!

Gi cng thc ca R vi H l RHy. iu kin 4 > y > 1, ta c.

J L = o , 75 = - 4R = 3R + 3y => R = 3 yR+y 4

Ta c bng:

y 1 2 3 4R 3 6 9 12(Q

Vy R l cacbon.

h . p n c.

8 . Cu hnh electron ca Mg: pMg: 1s22s22p63s2.

t c cu hnh electron ca nguyn t kh him gn nht bng tuhon, nguyn t Mg nhng i 2e t cu hnh bn Vng: ls22s22p6.

Do Mg nhng 2e nn Mg c tnh kim loi.

9. Cu hnh electron ca S: 16S. ls22s'2p63s23p4.

t c cu hnh electron ca nguyn t kh hin gn nht bng tuhon, nguyn t s nhn thm 2e t cu hnh bn vng: I s^s^p63s23p6.

Do s nhn 2e t cu hnh bn vng nn s th hin tnh cht phi kim.

10. - m in ca nguyn t c trng cho kh nng ht electron c

nguyn t trong phn t. m in l mt i lng tng i, mang tnhkinh nghim, thay i theo thang o.

26



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

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2

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27/104

- Gi t m in ca cc nguyn t trong cc nhm A: khi i t trxung di theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, gi tr m in l gim.

11. Flo l nguyn t c m in ln nht v nguyn t flo c bn knhnguyn t nh nht v s electron lp ngoi cng gn bo ha nht nn d thuthm electron hn c.

12. Ha tr (x) ca cc nguyn t vi:

: Li20 : L i: X = 1 b) Hiro: c h 4 c : X = 4BeO : Be: X = 2 n h 3 N: X = 3

BA - B : X = 3 h 2o O: X = 2CO, : IIX

uHF F: X = I .

N20 5 : N : X = 5

B110. NGHA CA BNG TUN HON

CC NGUYN T HA HC) BI __

1. in tch ht nhn ca cc nguyn t l: X (Z = 6), A (Z = 7), M (Z = 20), (Z = 19). Nhn xt no ng:

A. X thuc nhm VA. B. A, M thuc nhm IIA.

c . M Thuc nhm IB. D. Q thuc nhm IA.

2. in tch ht nhn ca cc nguyn t l: X (Z = 6 ), A (Z = 7), M (Z = 20),

Q (Z = 19). Nhn xt no sau y l ng?A. C 4 nguyn t trn thuc 1 chu k.

B. M, Q thuc chu k 4. >c. A, M thuc chu k 3

D. thuc chu k 3.3. Nguyn t X c s th t z = 16, v tr ca nguyn t X trong bng tun hon l:

A. Chu k 3, nhm IV A. B. Chu k 4, nhm VI A.c . Chu k 3, nhm VI A. D. Chu k 4, nhm III A.

Chn p n ng.4. Da vo v tr ca cc nguyn t Mg (Z = 12) trong bng tun hon.

a) Hy nu tnh cht c bn ca n.

- L kim loi hay phi kim?- Ha tr cao nht i vi oxi?- Vit cng thc ca oxi cao nht v hiroxit tng ng. Chng c tnh

cht axit hay baz?

b) So snh tnh cht ha hc ca nguyn t Mg (Z.= 12) vi Na (Z = 11),

AI (Z = 13). 27



B

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28/104

5. a) Da vo v tr ca nguyn t Br (Z = 35) trong bng tun hon, hy ntnh cht ha hc c bn ca n:

- L kim loi hay phi kim?

- Ha tr cao nht i vi oxi v hiro

- Vit cng thc hp cht kh vi hiro ca n.

b) So snh tnh cht ha hc ca Br vi Cl (Z = 17) v I (Z = 53).6 . Da vo quy lut bin i tnh kim loi, phi kim ca cc nguyn t tronbng tun hon, hy nu ln:

a) Nguyn t no l kim loi mnh nht? Phi kim mnh nht?

b) Cc nguyn t kim loi c phn b khu vc no trong bng tun hon?

c) Cc nguyn t phi kim c phn b khu vc no trong bng tun hon?

d) Nhm no gm nhng nguyn t kim loi in hnh? Nhm no gnhng nguyn t phi kim in hnh?

) Cc nguyn t kh him nm khu vc no trong bng tun hon?

7. Nguyn t atatin (Z = 85) thuc chu k 6 , nhm VIIA. Hy d on tnh chha hc c bn ca n v SOsnh vi cc nguyn t khc trong nhm.

P s V HNG DN GII

1. p n D.

Hng dn: Cu hnh electron ca cc cht:

X (Z = 6 ): ls22s22p2 thuc nhm IVA

A (Z = 7): ls ^ s^ p 1 thuc nhm VA

M (Z = 20): ls22s22p63s23p64s2thuc nhm IIA (Z = 19): ls22s22p63s23p64s' thuc nhm IA

'2. p n B.

Hng dn:C M v Q u c 4 lp electron v vy chng u thuc chu k 4.

3. p n c.

Hng dn:

Cu hnh electron ls 22s22p63s23p4, X thuc chu k 3 do c 3 lp electro

v phn nhm VIA do c 6electron lp ngoi cng.4.H ng dn:

Da vo v tr ca Mg (Z = 12) trong bng tun hon, ta bit

Cu hnh electron ca Mg: ls22s22p63s2

a) - Mg l kim loi.

- Ha tr cao nht i vi oxi l II.

- Cng thc oxit cao nht: MgO, MgO c tnh baz.

MgO + 2HC1 MgCl2 + H20.

28



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O

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29/104

Hiroxit tng ng: Mg(OH) c tnh baz.Mg(OH)2 + 2HC1 -> MgCl2 + 2HO.

b) So snh tnh cht ha hc ca nguyn t: Mg, Na, AITrong bng tun hon, cc nguyn t Mg, Na, Al, cng thuc mt chu k

nu xp theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn ta c Na (11), Mg (12), AI (13) do :

+ Mg c tnh kim loi yu hn Na.+ Mg c tnh kim loi mnh hn AL

5. Hi dn:Da vo v tr Br (Z = 35) trong bng tun hon th Br:a) - L phi kim.

- Ha tr cao nht vi oxi l VII (Br20 7), vi hiro l I (HBr).- Cng thc hp cht kh vi hiro ca n l HBr.

b) So snh tnh cht ha hc ca Br vi Cl (Z = 17) v I (Z = 53 ).Trong bng tun hon, cc nguyn t Br, Cl, I cng thuc mt nhm. Nu

xp tho chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn ta c Cl, Br, I. Do :+ Tnh phi kim ca brom mnh hn iot.+ Tnh phi kim ca brom yu hn clo.

. Hrg cuti:Theo quy lut bin i tnh cht ca cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon.a) Kim loi mnh nht l xesi (Cs), phi kim mnh nht lflo (F).b) Cc nguyn t kim loi c phn b nhm I, II, III, IV trong bng

tun hon.c) Cc nguyn t phi kim c phn b nhm IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA.

d) Nhm nguyn t kim loi in hnh l nhm IA.Nhm nguyn t phi kim in hnh l nhm VIIA. e) Kh him nm nhm VIIIA trong bng h thng tun hon.I 7.Hng dn :

Atatin c 6 lp electron v c 7 electron ha tr, v vy tnh cht ha hcc trng ca atatin l tnh phi kim.

So vi cc nguyn t trong phn nhm VIIA (flo, clo, brom, iot, atatin)th At c tnh phi kim yu nht.

B111. LUYN TP BNG TUN HON, s BIN lTUN HON CU HNH ELECTRON TRONG NGUYN T

V TNH CHT CC NGUYN T HA HC BI

1. a) Cn c vo u m ngi ta xp cc nguyn t thnh chu k, nhm,b) Th no chu k? Bng tun hon c bao nhiu chu k nh, chu k ln?

I Mi chu k c bao nhiu nguyn t?

29



B

I

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N

GT

O

N

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30/104

2. Tim cusaitrong nhng cu di y:

A. Trong chu k, cc nguyn t c xp theo chiu in tch ht ntng dn.

B. Trong chu k, cc nguyn t c xp theo chiu s hiu nguyntng dn.

c. Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong cng mt chu k c s elect

bng nhau.D. Chu k no cng bt u l mt kim loi kim, kt thc l mt kh him.

3. T tri sang phi trong mt chu k, ti sao bn knh nguyn t cc nguyngim, th tnh kim loi gim, tnh phi kim tng?

4. Trong bng tun hon, cc nhm A no gm hu ht cc nguyn t kim lnhm A no gm hu ht cc nguyn t phi kim, nhm A no gm nguyn t kh him. c im s electron lp ngoi cng ca cc nguyntrong tng nhm.

5. Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t mt nguyn t thnhm VIIA l 28.

a Tnh ngj iven tir kh i

b) Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t nguyn t .

6 . Mt nguyn t thuc chu k 3, nhm VIA trong bng tun Hon.

a) Nguyn t ca nguyn t c bao nhiu electron lp electngoi cng?

b) Cc electron ngoi cng lp electron no?

c) Vit s electron tng lp electron.7. Oxit cao nht ca mt nguyn t l RO3, trong hpcht ca n vi hiro

' 5,88% oxi v khi lng. Tm nguyn t .

/ 8 . Hp cht kh vi hiro ca mt nguyn t l RH4. Oxit cao nht ca n c53,3% oxi v khi lng. Tm nguyn t .

9. Khi cho 0,6 gam mt kim loi nhm II A tc dng vi nc to ra 0,336kh hiro ( iu kin tiu chun). Xc nh kim loi .

P S V HUNG DN GII

1. Hn dna) Nguyn tc sp xp cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon.

- Cc nguyn t c cng s lp electron trong nguynt c xpv

mt chu k.

- Cc nguyn t c cng s electron ha tr trong nguyn t c sp x

thnh mt nhm.b) Chu k l dy nguyn t m nguyn t ca chng c cn

electron v c xp theo chiu din tch ht nhn tng dn.

30



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

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2

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31/104

- Bng tun hon c 7 chu k :

4- 3 chu k nh 1 (1 nguyn t); 2 (8nguyn t); 3 (8nguyn t)

+ 4 chu k ln: 4 v 5 (u c 18 nguyn t); 6(32 nguyn t); 7 (cha y ).

2. p n c.

3.Hn d t

Trong mt chu k, in tch ht nhn tng dn, bn knh nguyn t gim

dn nn kh nng nhng electron kh hn, c trng cho tnh kim loi gimdn, ng thi kh nng thu electron, c trng cho tnh phi kim tng dn.

4. Hm ln:

- Trong bng tun hon, cc nhm FA, IIA v IIIA gm hu ht ccnguyn t kim loi.

+ Nhm IA : C 1 e lp ngoi cng.

+ Nhm-IIA : C 2 e lp ngoi cng.

+ Nhm IIIA : C 3 e lp ngoi cng.- Nhm VA, VIA v VIIA gm hu ht l cc'nguyn t phi kim :

-f Nhrr. VA : C 5 e !p ngoi cng.

+ Nhm VIA : C 6 e lp ngoi cng.

+ Nhm VIIA : C 7 e lp ngoi cng

- Nhm VIIIA l nhm kh him, ce nguyn t ca nguyn t trongnhm (tr Heli) u c 8electron lp ngoi cng.

5.Hn dn

a) Gi ln lt p, N, e l s proton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t trn ta c.p + N + e = 28.

M p = e -=>2P + N = 28 =>N = 2(1 4-P ).

V nguyn t thuc nhm VIIA nn nguyn t l flo

Trong cc tnh ton gn ng, coi nguyn t khi bng s khi :

A = p + N = 9 + 10= 19.

b) Cu hnh e.

|(,F: ls22s22p5.

6 . H m* dn

Nguyn t thuc chu k 3, nhm VIA c cu hnh electron: ls22s22p63s23p4

Do :

a) Nguyn t nguyn t c 6e lp electron ngoi cng.

b) Cc electron ngoi cng lp s v p, thuc lp th ba (lp M).

c) S electron tng lp:

Lp th nht (Lp K): 2 e

31



B

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O

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L

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32/104

Lp th hai (Lp L ): 8e

Lp th ba (Lp M): 6e

7. Hng dn

Gi hp cht ca R vi H l: HXR theo gi thuyt ta c.

Theogt: %H = _ ^ _ = 0,0588 =>R= 16x. (x N).X+R 100

Ta c bng:

X 1 2 3

R 16 32 48

sVy R l s.

8 . Hng dn

Hp cht kh vi hiro ca mt nguyn t l RH4 vy cng thc ca

cht oxit cao nht ca nguyn t l R 02._ _ 32 53 3Ta c => R = 28 (Si)

32+J? 100

Vy R l Si9.Htii dn

Gi kim loi cn tm l A, VI thuc nhm IIA nn c ha tr II.

Phng trnh ha hc

A + 2H20 ^ A(OH)2 + H2 (1).

Ta c s mol Ho sau phn ng:

nH = = 0,015(m o/) . Theo phn ng (1). nA= nHj = 0,015 (mol).22,4

Khi lng phn t A: M = = 40. Vy A l Ca. 0,015


Lch s pht minh inh lut tun hon v bng tun hon gn lin vi tn v ship ca nh ha hc nqi Nga .I. Men--l-ep (1834 -1907).

Nni 1955, cc nh vt M u Sibo (G. Seaborg) tm ru ngut ha hc th 101 troii bng tun hon. H t tn tiiuyn t ha hc HVmendelevi d ri nhn s crn hin ca nh bc hc N v i. H thni tu

io/I do /I* thit lp l cha kha dn n pht minh nhiu nguyn t'ha hc m

inh lut tun hon v h th tun hon l c)> hin quan trng n

ca .. Men--l-ep trong s nghip pht trin khoa hc, cng ngh. NluO

32



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O

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33/104

ch l mt phn trong di sn sng to to ln ca nh bc hc. Ton b sngtc ca ng gm ti 25 tp sch dy, l mt bch khoa ton th thc s.

.. Men--l-ep pht hin nhit s ti hn, trn nhit nycht khng th tn ti trng thi lng. ng l ngi nghin cu v xy dng lthuyt hrat v dung dch, v thuc sng khng khi, v hon thin k thut oig. ng xut thuyt v ngun gc v c ca du m, thuyt ny cho n

nay vn c nhiu ngi ng h. i vi ng, nghin cu khoa hc l s phcv u tin cho t quc. S phc v th hai l hot ng s phm. .I. Men---ep l tc g i ca sch gio khoa nhng c s ca ha hc". Khi I cn

sng, cun sch c ti bn ti 8 ln, v c dch ra nhiu th ting ncgoi. ng ging dy nhiu trng i hc Petecbua - th ca nc Nga thi by gi. Hc tr ca ng c hng nghn ngi, trong s c nhiu nh bc hc xut sc ca Lin x c. S phc v th ba ca nh bc hc l cc hot ng trong lnh vc cng nghip v nng nghip. ng thng xuyn c

mi lm chuyn gia gii quyt nhng vn kinh t phc tp... Men--l-ep l mt trong nhng ngi c trnh vn ha cao nht thi i ng. Ong quan tm su sc n vn hc, ngh thut, xy clig mt b

su tp khng l phin bn tranh ca cc ha s trong v ngoi nc Nga. .I.Men---ep l vin s ca hn 50 vin hn m khoa hc ca cc nc trnth gii.

Chng 3

LIN KT HA HC

A. TM TT L THUYT

I. SO SNH LIN KT ION V LIN KT CNG HA TR

Ging nhau : Lin kt ion v lin kt cng ha tr ging nhau vnguyn nhn hnh thnh lin kt. Cc nguyn t lin kt vi nhau t cu hnh electron bn vng ca kh him.

Khc nhau : Lin kt ion v lin kt cng ha tr khc nhau v bncht lin kt v iu kin lin kt:

Loi lin kt Lin kt on Lin kt cng ha tr

Bn cht L lc ht tnh ingia cc ion mang intch tri du

L s dng chung cc electron

Th d Na+ + cr -----> NaCl H + Cl ----- HC1

33



B

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L

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A

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34/104

iu kin hnh Cc kim loi in hnh Xy ra gia cc nguyn t c

'\ " thnh lin kt lin kt vi cc phi kim bn cht ha hc ging nha in hnh. Gia cc hoc gn ging nhau.Thn

ngun t c bn cht xy ra gia cc nguyn t phha hc khc hn nhau kim cc nhm 4,5,6 ,7.

Lin kt ion v lin kt cng ha tr khng phn cc l hai trng hp g

hn ca lin kt cng ha tr phn cc. i vi hu ht cc cht trong t nhkhng c ranh gii tht r rt gia in kt ion v lin kt cng ha tr. Ngda vo gi tr hiu m in gia hai nguyn t ca mt lin kt xc mt cch tng i loi lin k t:

Hiu m in Loi lin kt

0,0 - < 0,4 Lin kt cng ha tr khng phn cc

0,4 1,7 Lin kt ionII. S LAI HA CC OBITAN NGUYN T V HNH DNG C

PHN T

Lai ha obitan l s t hp cc obitan ha tr cc phn lp khc nhau to ra cc obitan lai ha ging ht nhau. Cc kiu lai ha thng gp l lai hsp, sp2v sp\ Tng ng vi cc kiu lai ha trn, dng hnh hc ca phn tng thng, tam gic v t din

III. S XEN PH CC OBITAN TO THNH CC LIN KT

LIN KT I, LIN KET b a/ S xen ph trc l s xen ph trong trc ca obitan lin kt trng

ng ni tm ca hai nguyn t lin kt. S xen ph trc to thnh lin k

; xch ma().S xen ph bn l s xen ph trong trc ca cc obitan lin kt so

song vi nhau v vung gc vi ng ni tm hai nguyn t lin kt. S x

ph bn to thnh lin kt pi (7).Lin kt n to thnh t mt cp electron dng chung v lun lun

lin kt , c to thnh t s xen ph trc v thng bn vng.Lin kt i bao gm mt lin kt v mt lin kt n. Cc lin kt

thng km bn hn so vi lin kt . Th d CH2=CH2

Lin kt ba bao gm mt lin kt v hai lin kt T. Th d N=N.

IV. MNG TINH TH NGUYN T, PHN T V KIM LOIMng tirih th nguyn t, Th d mng tinh th kim cng c to th

bi cc nguyn t cacbon, mi nguyn t cacbon lin kt vi bn nguyn cacbon gn nht, 4 nh ca mt t din u bng bn cp electron d

34



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

R

N

H

N

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35/104

chung. Mi nguyn t cacbon nh li l tm cia t din u khc, lin ktvi bn nguyn t cacbon nh ca t din . Tinh th nguyn t rt bn vng, kim cng l cht c cng ln nht trong s cc vt liu bit.

Mng tinh th phn t . Th d mng tinh th nc . Lc tng tc giacc phn t trong mng tinh th phn t rt yu. Tinh th phn t thng mm, nhit nng chy thp.

Mng tinh th kim loi tn ti ba dng chnh l : lp phng tm khi,lp phng tm din v lc phng.V mng li tinh th kim loi tn ti cc electron chuyn ng t do nn cc kim loi dn nhit, dn in tt, c nhkim, c tnh do (d rn, dt mng, ko si).

B. BI V HNG DN GII

B112. LIN KT ION - TINH TH ION BI

1. Lin kt ha hc trong NaCl c hnh thnh l do:A. Hai ht nhn nguyn t ht electron rt mnh.

B. Mi nguyn t Na v C1 gp chung le.

c. Mi nguyn t nhng hoc thu electron tr thnh cc ion tridu ht nhau.

D. Na - e - Na+ ; C1 + e -> C1 ; Na++ C1 -> NaCl

Chn p n ng nht.

2. Mui n th rn l:

A. Cc phn t NaCl.B. Cc ion Na+v cr.

c . Cc tinh th hnh lp phng: Cc ion Na+ v c r c ph b lunphin u n trn mi nh.

D. Cc tinh th hnh lp phng: Cc ion Na+ v c r c phn b lunphin u n thnh tng phn t ring r.

Chn p n ng nht.

3. a) Vit cu hnh ca electron ca cation liti (Li+) v anion oxit (O2).

b) Nhng in tch ion Li+v o 2' do u m c?c) Nguyn t kh him no c cu hnh electron ging Li+ v nguyn t

kh him no c cu hnh e ging o 2'?

d) V sao hai nguyn t liti ch kt hp c vi mt nguyn t oxi?

4. Xc nh s proton, ntron, electron trong cc nguyn t v ion sau:

a) ] H \ > r , "C1-; *Fe2+. b) ;Ca2\ * s 2~, ;7,A13\

5. So snh s electron trong cc cation sau: Na+, Mg2+, Al3+.

35



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

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36/104

6 . Trong cc trng hp sau y, cht no cha ion a nguyn t? K tn ion a nguyn t .

a) H3P04 b) NH4N 0 3 c) KC1

d) K2S04 e) NH4C1 d) Ca(OH)

P S V HNG DN GII

1. p n D.2. p n c

3. Hng dn

a) Cu hnh electron ca.

- Cation iti (Li+): ls 2

- Anion oxit (O2): ls22s22p6.

b) Nhng in tch ion Li+v o 2 c c l do:

- Lp ngoi cng ca Li c xu hng nhng i le t cu hnh b

tr thnh ion dng.- Lp ngoi cng ca o c xu hng nhn i 2e t cu hnh bn,

thnh ion m.

c) Nguyn t kh him He ging Li+.

Nguyn t kh him Ne ging o 2'

d) Hai nguyn t liti kt hp c 1 nguyn t oxi do: s electrnhng bng s electron nhn. Nguyn t Li nhng (e) cho nguyn t oxibin i thnh cation L i\ ng thi nguyn t o 2 nhn 2(e) ca nguyn t

bin i thnh anion o 2', hai ion c to thnh mang in tch ngc dht nhau bng lc ht lnh in to nn phn t Li20 .

4. Hii d

S proton (P), ntron (N), electron (e) trong cc nguyn t v ion:

a) H+ : p = 1, e = 1 - 1= 0, N = A - P= 2- 1 = 1

?Ar : P = 1 8 ; e = 1 8 ; N = 40- 18 = 22.

-;*cr : p= 17; e= 17+ 1 = 18 ; N = 35 - 17= 18

F e 2+: p = 26; e = 26 - 2 = 24 ; N = 56 - 26 = 30

b). 42"Ca2+ : p = 20; e = 20 - 2 = 8; N = 4 0 - 2 0 = 20

] s2- : p = 16, e = 16 + 2 = 18; N = 32 - 16 = 16

?JA13+: p= 13; e = 13 -3 = 10; N = 2 7 - 1 3 = 1 4

5. Hng dn

Cc ion trn u c cng s electron, chng u c cu hnh electron 1s22 s22p6



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

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H

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37/104

6 .Hng dn

Trong cc hp cht trn, cc cht H3P04; NH4N 0 3, K-,S04, NH4Q vCa(OH), c cha ion a nguyn t. Cc ion a nguyn t l:

PO]' : Photphat NH4 : Amoni NO; : Nitrat

SO4 : Sunfat OH : Hiroxit.

B113. LIN KT CNG HA TR BI

1. Chn nh ngha ng nht v lin kt cng ha tr.

Lin kt cng ha tr l lin kt:A. Gia cc phi kim vi nhau.B. Trong cp electron chung b lch v mt nguyn t.

c . c hnh thnh do s dng chung electron ca hai nguyn t khc nhau.D. c to nn gia hai nguyn t bng nhng cp electron chung.

2. Chn cu ng trong cc cu sau:

A. Trng lin kt cng ha tr, cp electron lch v pha nguyn t c m in nh hn.

B. Lin kt cng ha tr c cc c to thnh gia hai nguyn t c hiu m in t 0,4 n 1,7.

c. Lin kt cng ha tr khng cc c to nn t cc nguyn t khc hn nhau v tnh cht ha hc.

D. Hiu m in hai nguyn t ln th phn t phn cc yu.

3. m in ca mt nguyn t c trng cho:A. Kh nng ht electron v pha mnh ca nguyn t trong phn t.

B. Kh nng nhng electron ca nguyn t cho nguyn t kht

c. Kh nng tham gia phn ng mnh hay yu.

D. Kh nng nhng proton ca nguyn t ny cho nguyn t khc.

Chn p n ng.

4. Th no l lin kt ion, lin kt cng ha tr khng cc, lin kt cng ha trc cc? cho th d minh ho.

5. Da vo hiu m in cc nguyn t, hy cho bit loi lin kt trong cc cht sau y: AICI3, Cau, CaS, A1,S3?

Ly gi tr m in ca cc nguyn t bng 6v 9 trang 45.6 . Vit cng thc electron v cng thc cu to cc phn t sau:

C12, c h 4, c 2 h 4, c 2 h 2, NH3 .7. X, A, z , l nhng nguyn t c in tch ht nhn l 9, 19, 8 .

a) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t .

b) D on lin kt ha hc c th c gia cc cp X v A, A v z , X v z.

37



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

R

N

H

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38/104

P S V HNG DN GII

1. p n D.

2. p n B.

3. p n A.

4.Hi> dn

- Lin kt ion l lin kt c hnh thnh bi lc ht tnh in gia

ion mang in tch tri du.- Lin kt cng ha tr khng cc l lin kl cng ha tr, trong nh

cp electron dng chung khng b lch v pha nguyn t no.

- Lin kt cng ha tr c cc l lin kt trong cp (e) chung b lchpha nguyn t c m in ln hn.

Th d: + Lin kt ion: phn t NaCl : Na+c r

+ Lin kt cng ha tr khng cc:N2 : N = N

+ Lin kt cng ha tr c cc: HC1 : H - C1

5.Hng dnTrong A1C13 hiu m in AI v C l :'3,16 - 1,61 = 1,55: Lin

cng ha tr c cc

CaCl9 hiu m in Ca v C1 l: 3,16 - 1,00 = 2,16: Lin kt ion.

CaS hiu m in Ca v s l: 2,58 - 1,00 = 1,58: Lin kt cng hac cc.

A12S3 hiu m in AI v s l: 2,58 - 1,61 = 0,97: Lin kt cng hac cc.

6 .Hng dnc C l: Cl hay Cl - C1CH4: hay

H

H : c : H

H

H H

H

H - - H

H

C2H4: C = CC2H2: H -C = C -H

H

H - N - H

(X )



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

R

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H

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39/104

z = 19. IK :l s 22s22p63s2 3p64s' (A)

z = 8 . K0 : l s 22s22p4 (Z).

b) Lin kt gia X v A: Lin kt ion, do X l phi kim cn A l mt kim loi.Lin kt gia A v Z: Lin kt ion

Lin kt gia X v Z: Lin kt cng ha tr do X v z u l phi kim.

B114. TINH TH NGUYN T V TINH TH PHN T BI

1. Tm cusai.

A. Kim cng l mt dng th hnh ca cacbon, thuc loi tinh th nguyn t.

B. Trong mng tinh th nguyn t, cc nguyn t c phn b lun phin u n theo mt trt t nht nh.

c. Lc lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong tinh th nguyn t l lin kt yu.D. Tinh th nguyn t bn vng, rt cng, nhit nng chy v nhit

si kh cao.

2 . m cusai.

A.Nc thuc li tinh th phn t.B. Trong tinh th phn t, lc lin kt gia cc phn t l lin kt cng

ha tr.c . Trong tinh th phn t, lc lin kt gia cc phn t l rt yu.D. Tinh th iot l tinh th phn t.

3. Hy k tn cc loi tinh th hc v tnh cht chung ca tng loi.4. a. Hy a ra th d mt s cht c mng tinh th nguyn t, mng tinh th

phn t. ^' b. So snh nhit nng chy ca hai loi tinh th ni trn. Gii thch.

5. V sao cc hp cht ion c nhit nng chy cao?

6 . Hy nu lin kt ha hc ch yu trong ba loi mng tinh th bit.

P s V HNG DN GII1. p n c . .

2. p n B.3.Hng dn

C bn loi tinh th chnh, l tinh th ion, tinh th nguyn t, tinh th kim loi v tinh th phn t.

Th d:+ Tinh th ion: NaCl, CaCl2...nhit nng chy, nhit si cao, d

tan trong nc to thnh dung dch dn in.

+ Tinh th nguyn t: kim cng, than ch,...cng, bn vng

39



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

R

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40/104

+ Tinh th phn t : nc , iot, bng phin...nhit nng chy thd bay hi.

+ Tinh th kim loi: ng, nhm, st... tnh cht chung do, dn dn nhit tt, c nh kim.

4 .H tgdn

a. - Tinh th nguyn t: kim cng, than ch,...

- Tinh th phn t: nc , naphtalen, iot...b. Nhit nng chy ca tinh th nguyn t cao hn, cng cao hn tinh phn t, do trong nguyn t lin kt cng ha tr bn hn lc lin kt phntrong tinh th phn t.

5.Hg dn

Cc lin kt trong cc tinh th ion rt bn vng v lc ht tnh in gcc ion ngc du trong tinh th ion rt ln. Do , nhit nng chy ca tinh th ion rt cao.

6 .Hng dn

Lin kt ha hc ch yu trong loi mng tinh th ion l: lin kt ion.

Lin kt ha hoc ch yu trong loi mng tinh th nguyn t l: lin cng ha tr.

Lin kt ha hc ch yu trong loi mng tinh th phn t l: lin gia cc phn t.

B115. HA TR V s OXI HA

BI

1. S oxi ha ca nit trong NH4 , NO2 v HN03 ln lt l:

/ A. +5, -3, +3 B. - 3, +3, +5

c. +3, -3, +5 D. +3 ,+5, -3 .

Chn p n ng.

2. S oxi ha ca Mn, Fe trong Fe3+, s, trong SO , p trong PO4' ln lt l:

A. 0, +3, +6 , +5 B. 0, +3, +5, + 6

c. +3, +5,0,+6 D. +5,+6, +3,0.Chn p n ng.

3. Hy cho bit in ha tr ca cc nguyn t trong cc hp cht sau y:

CsCl, Na20 , BaO, BaCl2, A120 3

4. Hy xc nh ha tr ca cc nguyn t trong cc hp cht sau y:

H A CH4, HC1, NH3.

40



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

R

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H

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41/104

5. Xc nh s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong cc phn t v ion sau:

C 02 H20 , SO , NH3, n o , N 02, Na+, Cu2+, Fe2, Fe3+, p ,6. Vit cng thc phn t ca nhng cht m trong s ln lt c s oxi ha

-2, 0, +4^+6.

7. Xc nh s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong cc hp cht, n cht v ion sau:a) H2 S, s, H2 S03, H2 S04.b) HC1, HCIO, NaC102, HCIO3 , HC104.c) Mn, MnCl2, Mn2, KMn04.

d) Mn04, s o } , n h ; .

P S V HUNG DN GII1. p n B.

2. p n A.3.Hng dn :

-Trong hp cht CsCl: Cs c in ha tr 1+ v C1 c in ha tr 1-.- Trong hp cht NaaO: Na c in ha tr 1+ v o c in ha tr 2-- Trong hp cht BaO: Ba c in ha tr 2+ v o c din ha tri 2-- Trong hp cht BaCl2: Ba c in ha tr 2+ v C1 c in ha tr 1-- Trong hp cht A120 3: AI c in ha tr 3+ v o c in ha tr 2-

4.Hng dn

Trong CTCT ca H20 , H - o - H nguyn t H c ha tr 1 ,0 c ha tr 2.H

- Trong CTCT ca CH4: H - c - H nguyn t H c ha tr 1, c c ha tr 4.H

- Trong CTCT ca HC1, H - C1 nguyn t H c ha tr 1, C1 c ha tr 1.- Trong CTCT ca NH3: H - N - H nguyn t H e ha tr 1, N Qha tr 3.

H

5.Hng dn:

S oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong cc phn t v ion nh sau:

Trong C 0 2 : c l +4; O: -2 Trong Na+: +1Trong H2 : H:+l; O:-2 Trong Cu2+:+2Trong SO3 : s : +6 ; O: - 2 Trong Fe2+: +2

Trong NH3 : N: -3; H:+1 Trong Fe3+: +3

Trong NO : N: +2; O: -2 Trong Al3+: +3

Trong N 0 2 : N: +4; O: -2

6 .Hng dn

-2 : H,s.

41



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

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T

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H

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42/104

: s+4 : S02, H2S03

+6: SO-, H,S0 4.

7.Hng dn :

a) H2S: s -2; H: +1

S: 0H2S 0 3: s : +4; H:+l;0:-2

H2S 0 4:s +6.

c) Mn : Mn: 0

MnCl2: Mn: +2

MnOo: Mn: +4

KMn04: Mn: +7

b) HC1 : Cl: -1

HCIO :C1:+1NaC102: Cl: +3

HClOj

HCIO4

d) Mn04

so42

N H /

: Cl: +5

: Cl: +7.

Mn: +7

S: + 6

: N: - 3

BI i. LUYN TP L!N KT HA HC

BI

1 a) Vit phng trnh biu din s hnh thnh cc ion sau y t cc ngu

t tng ng:

Na -> Na+ C1 C1

Mg -> Mg2+ s -> s2AI -> Al3+ o - o 2b) Vit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t v cc ion. Nhn xt v cu

electron lp ngoi cng ca cc ion c to thanh.2. T r n h by s ging nhau v khc nhau ca 3 loi lin kt: Lin kt ion

kt cng ha tr khng c cc v lin kt cng ha tr c cc.

3. Cho dy oxit sau y:Na^O, MgO, A120 3, Si02, P20 5, 3, C120 7. , ,

Da vo gi tr hiu m in ca hai nguyn t trong phn t, hynh loi lin kt trong tmg phn t oxit (tra gi tr m in bng 6 b

45 GK).iA T- 'X QR- o- ^ 4-4' c \ ' 3 16* N: 3,04),hy x4. a) Da gi tr m in (F: 3,9; U: ^,44; J, ~

tnh phi kim thay i nh th no trong dy nguyn t sau: r, o , u , JN.

b) Vit cng thc cu to ca cc phn t sau y: N2. CH4, H20, NH3.

Xet xern phn t no c lin kt cig ha tr khng phn cc, lin kt

ha tr phn cc mnh nht.



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

R

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H

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43/104

5. Mr nguyn t c cu hnh electron 1s22s22p3

a) x !!_ ! ^ "Suyn t trong bng tun hon, suy ra cng thcphn t hp cht kh vi hiro.

b) Vit cng thc electron v cng thc cu to ca phn t .

6. a) Ly th d v tinh th ion, tinh th nguyn t, tinh th phn t.

b) So snh nhit nng chy ca cc loi tinh th . Gii thch.c) I*nh , f "f0 dn in c tr?n thi rn? Tinh th nao dn in

c khi nng chy v khi ha tan trong nc?

7. Xc nh in ha tr ca cc nguyn t nhm VIA, VIIA trong cc hp cht vi cc nguyn t nhm I A.

8' . vi tr ca cc nguyn t trong bn8 tun hon- hy nu r trongcc nguyn t sau y nhng nguyn t no c cng ha tr trng cng hcha hc cc oxit cao nht.

Si, p, Cl, s, c, N, Se, Br.b) Nhng nguyn t no sau y c cng ha tr trong cng thc ha hccc hp cht kh vi hiro.

p, s, F, Si, Cl, N, As, Te9. Xc nh s oxi ha ca Mn Cr C1 p-

a) Trong phn t: KMnOj, Na2Cr20 7, KCIO,, H ,P04.

b) Trong ion : NO SO;-,C Oj-,B r, NH*

P S V HNG DN GII

1.Hng dna) Vit phng trnh biu din s hnh thnh cc ion

Na - le -> Na+ CI + le - C1'7

Mg - 2e -> Mg2+ s + 2e -> s2AI - 3e -> Al3+ o + 2e > o 2

b) Vit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t v cc ion. Nhn xt v cuh n h 1r t n n n n n i ____. V .

Nguyn t v cu hnh electron lon v cu hnh electronNa ls22s22p63s' Nar 1s22s22p6Mg 1s22s22p63s2 Mg2+ ls22s22p6AI ls22s22p63s23p' Al3+ 1s22s22p6

Ging nhau: u l cc loi lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t cc ht.hp cht

Khc nhau:

43



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

R

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H

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44/104

Loilin kt

Lin kt ionLin kt cng ha tr

Lin kt khng cc Lin kt c c

nhngha

L lin kt c hnh lc gia cc ion mang intch tri du

L lin kt c to nn gia hanguyn t bng cc cp e chung

Bn chtca linkt

Cho v nhn electron i e chung khngb lch v pha no

i e chunglch vnguyn t nc m inln hn

Hiu m in

>1,7 0 < 0,4 0,4-> 1,7

c tnh Bn Bn Bn

3.Hng dnTrong Na20 hiu m in Na v o l: 3,44 - 0,9 = 2,54 - lin kt inMgO hiu m in Mg v o l : 3,44 - 1,31 = 2,13 > 1,7: lin kt ionAI20 3hiu m in A v a : 3,44 - 1,61 = ,83 > 1,7: in ki ORSiOi hiu m in Si v o l : 3,44 - 1,90 = 1,54


45/104

5.Hng dn

a) V tr ca nguyn t trong h thng tun hon:

+ S th t z = 7: v c 7 electron trong nguyn t, l nit.

+ Chu k 2: v c 2 lp electron.

+ Nhm VA: v c 5 electron ha tr.

Nguyn t N c ha tr III vi hiro, do cng thc phn t vi H l: NH 3

b) Cng thc phn t NH3:H. - H

H : N :H H - N - H

6 .Hng dn

a) Tinh th ion: NaCl, CaCl2...

Tinh th nguyn t: Cacbon

Tinh th phn t: 0 2, C 02...

b) Nhit nng chy ca cc tinh th:

Tinh th phn t < Tinh th nguyn t < Tinh th ion.

c) Mt s tinh th nguyn t dn in trng thi rn, th d than ch. Tinh th iondn in khi nng chy v khi ha tan trong nc, th d mui n (NaQ).

7.Hng dn

Trong cc hp cht vi cc nguyn t nguyn t nhm A, cc nguyn t nhm VIA c in ha tr l 2-, nhm VIIA c in ha tr l 1-.

8 . Hng dn:

a) Trong cc nguyn t. Si, p, Cl, s, c, N, Se, Br. Nhng nguyn t c cng ha tr trong cng thc ha hc cc oxit cao nht l nhng nguyn t trong cng mt nhm. Vy nhng nguyn t c cng ha tr trong oxit cao nht : .

+ Si v c : SiOi, C0 2 (ha tr IV)

+ p v N : P2Os v N2Os (ha tr V)

+ : 3 3( I)

+ CI v Br : C20 7v Br20 7(ha tr VII)

b) Trong cc nguyn t. p, s, F, Si, Cl, N, As, Te. Nhng nguyn t c

cng ha tr trong cng thc ha hc vi cc hp cht hiro l:+ F v Cl : HF v HC1 (ha tr I)

+ s v Te : H2S v H2Te (ha tr II)

+ N, p v As : NH3v PH3(ha tr III)

9.Hng dn:

a) S oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong cc phn t :

KMn04:

Mn c s oxi ha x: 1 + X+ 4 (-2) = 0 -> X= + 7

45



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

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Na2Cr20 7: Cr c s oxi ha x: 2.1 + 2.x + 7 (-2) = -> X = + 6

KC103: Cl c s oxi ha x: 1 + X+ 3 (-2) = 0 - X= + 5

H3P04: p c s oxi ha x: 3.1 + X+ 4.(-2) = 0 -> X= + 5

b) Trong ion:

NOj: N c s oxi h x: X+ 3 (-2) = -1 > X= + 5

SO* : s c s oxi ha x: X+ 4 (-2) = -2 -> X= + 6

c o ^ : c c s oxi ha x: X + 3 (-2) = -2 - X = + 4

Br : Br c s oxi ha x: X= -1

NH*: N c s oxi ha x:

x + 4 ( + l ) = + l X = - 3.


Vn nit lin kt.

Hng nm, ma mng ly khi t ai mt lng ln cc cht khoTrom> c t c mui nitrat. Lam the no e b Sling N dng hp cht ct. Mc d, N chim khong 78% th tch khng kh, nhng cy trni (cy h u) khng th ng ha c nitclm n cht.

N i ta tm kim cc m phn m. Nhng khtii may l cc mitrat li d tan trong nc, cho nn khng tm thy cc m vi tr lng lCui cng, ngi ta tm c mt m mui NNO Chi L, mt nc

lng ma trung bnh hng nm vo oi thp nht th gii. Cc on tu

Chu u n Chi L khai thc NciNO . Cht ny ngoi cng dng lm ph

bn, cn c s dng ch to thuc n. Tuy nhin, m mui ny cnhanh chng b cn kit. Lm th no c nhiu phn m, p ng nhu cca dn s ngy cng tng ca th gii?

Nqi tu s dm* phn ni ha hc ca /V2 v On t iu cuxit HNO v cc mui nitrat. Ptn H ny ch .xy ra nhit rt CUO ch quang in (st). Tuy nhin, hiu sut ca phn ng ch t khong 2%

tiu th rt nhiu nng lng. Cc nh khoa hc tip tc nghin cu v dphn n ca N2 vi H2. Phn ni ny khn^ i hi nhit qu cao nphn H trn, c th s dng xc tc tm* tc phn ng. Hiu sut c

phn ng tng hp N Hc th t 20%. Sau khi tni hp c amoniac, ngta tng hp oc ph ure, uxit nitric cc mui trat... Nh vy, vn

sung phn m cho t nng nghip c bn c gii quyt qua qu trnghin cu khoa hc, cng ngh hng trm m.

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47/104

Chng 4 . PHN NG OXI HA KH

A. TM TT L THUYT

I. PHN LOI PHN NG HA HC

C nhiu c s phn loi phn ng ha hc.

Nu da vo du hiu s lng cc cht tham gia phn ng ha hc v cccht to thnh sau phn ng c th chia thnh phn ng h hp v phn ngphn hy. Th d

Phn ng ha hp:

CaO + H 20 -> Ca(OH)2 (1)

2Na + Cl2 -> 2NaCl (2)

Phn ng phn hu:

CaC03 CaO +CO:T (3)

2K C10, > 2K C1 + 30: (4)

Ngoi phn ng ha hp v phn hy cn c cc phn ng th, phn ngrrao di, phn ng trung ha. Th d

Phn ng th:

Fe + 2HC1 -------- FeCI2 + H2T (5)

Fe + CuS04 --- > FeS04 + Cu(6 )

Phn ng trao i:

AgNO, + NaCl ----- AgC l + NaNO, (7)Phn ng trung ha:

Ca(OH)2 +2HC1-----> CaC, + 2H20 (8) 7

Nu da vo du hiu nhit ca phn ngcthchia cc phn ng ha

hc thnh hai loi l phn ng ta nhit (AH < 0) vphn ng thunhit

(AH > 0). Cc phn ng ha hc ta nhit l c s ca ngnh cng nghip nnglng. Th d

Na + 1/2C, -> NaCl AH = - 411,1 kJ/mol

II. PHN NG OXI HA - KHTrong s cc phn ng ha hc trn, cc phn ng (2), (4), (5), (6 ) c c im

chung l s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trc v sau phn ng c s thay i. Ngi ta gi nhng phn ng ha hc l cc phn ng oxi ha - kh. Cc phn ng oxi ha- kh l c s ca cc qu trnh nh h hp, quang hp ca cy xanh, s trao icht, s chy ca nhin liu, cc qu trnh xy ra trong pin v acquy, luyn kim, chto dc phm, cht do, phn bn ha hc v.v...

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48/104

B. BI V HNG DN GII

B117. PHN NG 0X1 HA KH BI

1. Trong cc phn ng sau, phn ng no l phn ng oxi ha - kh?

A. 2HgO/

2Hg + o2tB. COOv 1 -> CaO + co2tc. 2Al(OH)3 tu - ai2o3 + 3H20D. 2NaHCOj tn > Na2COs + co2t

Cho cc phn ng sau:

A. 4NH3 + 5 0 2 4NOt + 6H20

B. 2NH3 + 3c2

->N2t + 6HC1

c. 2NH3 + 3CuO -> 3Cu + N2T +3H20D. 2NH-, {- HA + Mns -> MnO? + (NI

Phn ng no NH3khngng vai tr cht kh?

3. Trong s cc phn ng sau:

A. h n o 3 + NaOH NaNOa + H20

B. N A + h 2o -> 2HNO3

c . 2HNO3 + 3H2S -> 3S + 2NOT + 4H20

D. 2Fe(OH)3 Fe20 3 + 3H20

Phn ng no l phn ng oxi ha - kh?

4. Trong phn ng:

3N 02 + H2 - 2HN03 + NOt

N 0 2ng vai tr g?

A. Ch l cht oxi ha.

B. Ch l cht kh.

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HƯỚNG DẪN GIẢI BÀI TẬP HÓA HỌC 10 CƠ BẢN - TRẦN TRUNG NINH