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Ko Maungahaumi te Maunga, Ko Waipaoa te A wa,

Ko Te A i tanga a Mahak i te I wi www.mahak i .com

Maungahaumi te maunga

Waipaoa te awa

Te A i tanga a Mahaki te iw i

Ian Ruru May 2006

IWI MANAGEMENT PLAN

Te Ai tanga a Mahaki Iwi Envi ronmental Inventory

M a y 2 0 0 6 2

Haramai a Paoa

Haramai a Paoa i runga i tona waka i a Horouta

Ka pakaru ki tuarae nui o Kanawa

Ka haramai ki uta ra

Ki te rapa haumi

Ki te rapa punake

Ka kitea te haumi

Ka kitea te punake

E kai kamakama ka miia tona mimi

Rere ana Motu, rere ana Waipaoa

Ko Kopututea te Putanga ki waho

Ki a unu mai tona kuri

E pakia mai ra, e nga ngaru o te moana

E takoto nei . . . i

Ka huri ka huri te haere a Paoa ki te Tairawhiti.

And Paoa came on his canoe called Horouta

It was wrecked at Tuarae nui o Kanawa

He landed

To search for haumi [a bow of a canoe]

To search for punake [the splicing section of the prow]

To search for haumi

To search for punake

He then partook of the ritual feast and released his urine

Thus was born the Motu, thus was born the Waipaoa

And Kopututea is its mouth

That his dog may drink [of the river’s water]

There yonder [Te Kuri a Paoa] it is dashed by the ocean waves

That lie before us

And Paoa turned to the rising sun.

Freshwater Policy Statement Te Mana o Taiao o Te Aitanga a Mahaki

Environmental Management Planning Group

September 2006

BACKGROUND This Freshwater Policy Statement was drafted by Te Mana o Taiao o Te Aitanga a Mahaki – the Environmental Management Group of Te Aitanga a Mahaki. It contributes to the overall vision of the iwi to ‘restore the mauri of the Waipaoa’ by articulating priorities and action points to be both a reminder and a point to measure achievements towards the vision. This document becomes another important Chapter of the ever-evolving Te Aitanga a Mahaki Environmental Inventory. The Environmental Inventory is available to the public at www.mahaki.com. The ‘results section’, identifying milestones and achievements made towards the action points can also be found and updated regularly on the website. We acknowledge the support that the Maruwhenua Team from the Ministry for the Environment has provided for the development of the Environmental Inventory.

1 PROTECTING SITE SPECIFIC CULTURAL HERITAGE

1.1 Scope A series of action plans are intended to pilot a different range of models and mechanisms to support and strengthen the ability of TAAM to protect and manage cultural heritage sites in the TAAM rohe. Pilot studies will be site or issue specific and are intended to cover the range of current heritage protection issues facing TAAM. The topics proposed include:

a) Development of cultural heritage strategies in selected areas. b) The protection of a cultural heritage site impacted on by

flood protection works. c) The protection of a cultural heritage site impacted on by

public purpose designations such as recreation reserve. d) The protection of a cultural heritage sites in urban, rural and



September 2006

coastal environments. e) The preservation and restoration of a pa käinga

1.2 Actions a) That Te Mana Taiao receives, analyses and provides

recommendations to TAAM regarding all issues pertaining to Local Council developments and the Resource Management Act.

b) Develop and implement management plans for the conservation, protection or restoration of selected sites and areas.

c) Work with agencies with heritage functions to provide formal protection to selected sites and areas.

2 MANAGING & PROTECTING THE WAIPAOA CATCHMENT

2.1 Scope Catchment based plans1 allow TAAM to track environmental changes, undertake restoration activities, improve understandings about local conditions and the management of land use effects. They provide a holistic context for a number of specific actions that collectively contribute to the sustainability of catchment ecosystems. Restoring the natural ability of Waipaoa catchment rivers to regulate water flows and availability during times of flood and drought; re-planting a network of forests for birds and other plant and animal life are the kinds of issues that would be addressed on a catchment wide basis.

2.2 Actions a) To develop catchment based strategies to:

o Protect land and encourage well-suited land uses. o Re-establish an inter-connected forest network. o Sustain minimum water quantity and quality standards.

1 Reference: Whaia Te Mahere Taiao a Hauraki



September 2006

o Restore wetlands and riparian plantings to reduce flood damage and lessen the effect of drought.

o Select tributaries for restoration of habitat for fisheries and other resources.

b) To develop a catchment monitoring programme that monitors:

o land-use suitability o recovery rates for erosion o forest inter-connectedness o flood reduction o water quality and quantity o habitat recovery l resource recovery o Waahi tapu and cultural heritage protection

c) Develop and disseminate educational materials and guidelines on the value of catchment base planning as a tool for managing local environments.

3 RESTORING RIVER & WETLAND ECOSYSTEMS

3.1 Scope These actions are focused on the restoration of river and wetland ecosystems. Here are found the gathering places for tuna, inanga, harakeke, rongoa, watercress and many other resources essential for the cultural, social and economic lifestyle of Te Aitanga a Mahaki.

3.2 Actions a) Survey and select sites for wetland and river habitat

restoration. b) Prepare manuals and educational materials c) Develop sites and restore habitats d) Select sites and plant harakeke beds e) Monitor habitat recovery



September 2006

4 SUSTAINING & DEVELOPING NATIVE FRESHWATER FISHERIES

4.1 Scope Action plans should focus on the restoration of former fisheries sites or the development of new ones, ways to protect, manage and monitor these sites and their fisheries.

4.2 Actions a) Develop catchment-based strategies for the recovery of tuna

and other fisheries. b) Develop a programme to monitor recovery of the tuna etc

fisheries. c) Develop agreements with the Ministry of Fisheries to co-

manage freshwater customary fisheries. d) Develop and implement a glass eel and elver-monitoring

project on the Waipaoa River. e) Survey the Waipaoa River to determine the nature and

extent of other fisheries and its plant habitat. f) Trial and develop pilot commercial tuna farms within the

Waipaoa catchment. g) Work with the GDC and the Department of Conservation to

remove barriers of access for native fisheries.

5 AUDITING GDC & RMA POLICY STATEMENTS & PLANS

5.1 Scope Audit and make findings accessible on the extent to which RMA and GDC policy statements and plans in the TAAM rohe make provision for the interests of Te Aitanga a Mahaki.

5.2 Actions a) Assess whether the policy statements and plans of the GDC

can/have taken into account Iwi planning documents. b) Develop and disseminate report findings.



September 2006

6 KEY RELATIONSHIPS

Te Wai Maori

Trust

Ministry of

Fisheries

Ministry for the

Environment

Department

of

Conservation

Gisborne

District

Council

Landowners

Incorporations

Trusts

Marae

Iwi

Hapu

Te

Aitanga a

Mahaki


M a y 2 0 0 6 3

Nga Mihi

Te Aitanga a Mahaki Trust (‘the Trust’) represents Te Aitanga a

Mahaki as an "iwi authority" for the purposes of the Resource

Management Act 1991 and as the “mandated iwi organisation”

under the Maori Fisheries Act 2004.

In 2005 the Trust approached the Maruwhenua team from the

Ministry for the Environment with a number of environmental issues.

Together they identified a number of steps that would assist Te

Aitanga a Mahaki along with local and central governments to

evaluate and enhance local rivers and waterways whilst

educating and empowering its people.

This Environmental Inventory provides a framework to build upon

with future initiatives that will establish and implement strategies for

environmental restoration thus fulfilling the aspirations of the iwi as

kaitiaki of the area.

The Author acknowledges the assistance and guidance of the

Trustees and Research Team of Te Aitanga a Mahaki, the Historical

Records Section at the Department of Conservation, the Gisborne

District Council and the tautoko of the Ministry for the Environment.

This Report is another step towards realising the vision of “restoring

the mauri (life essence) of the Waipaoa River.”

Tena koutou, tena koutou, tena tatou katoa.

Ian Ruru B. Sci., M. Sci., PG Dip Mgt

Fisheries & Environmental Scientist

Email: i a n @ m a u m a h a r a . c o . n z


M a y 2 0 0 6 4

Contents

1 Introduction .......................................................................................................7

1.1 Background................................................................................................7

1.2 Statement of the problem .......................................................................7

1.3 Outline.........................................................................................................8

1.4 Overall Objective ......................................................................................9

1.5 Specific Objectives ...................................................................................9

2 Literature Review ............................................................................................10

2.1 Te Aitanga a Mahaki ..............................................................................10

2.1.1 Traditional History .............................................................................10

2.1.2 Associations with the land ..............................................................11

2.1.3 Te Aitanga a Mahaki – The Trust ....................................................11

2.2 Gisborne District Council (GDC) ...........................................................12

2.2.1 The People of Gisborne District ......................................................13

2.2.2 Purpose of Council...........................................................................13

2.2.3 GDC Representation .......................................................................13

2.2.4 Maori Wards and Constituencies ..................................................13

2.2.5 Combined Regional Land and District Plan ................................14

2.3 State of the Rohe.....................................................................................17

2.3.1 Pre-European times..........................................................................17

2.3.2 Environmental Change...................................................................21

2.3.3 Recent times .....................................................................................23

3 Mapping Methodology .................................................................................27

3.1 Database creation..................................................................................27

4 Results and Conclusions.................................................................................28

4.1 Connections to the Land .......................................................................28

4.2 Council Plans, the RMA and Kaitiakitanga .........................................28

4.3 Significant Regional Water Issues for Iwi ..............................................29

4.4 Freshwater issues and the GDC ............................................................30

5 Recommendations.........................................................................................31


M a y 2 0 0 6 5

5.1 Policy Development................................................................................31

5.2 Freshwater Monitoring ............................................................................31

6 LTCCP Submission............................................................................................32

7 Traditional Rohe of Te Aitanga a Mahaki ...................................................37

7.1 Nga hapu a Te Aitanga a Mahaki me o ratou whenua: ................38

7.2 Recognised Marae of Te Aitanga a Mahaki ......................................40

7.2.1 Deed of Trust Schedule 1: ...............................................................40

7.3 Te Aitanga a Mahaki Land Blocks of Interest......................................41

8 Te Aitanga a Mahaki Map Co-ordinates....................................................42

9 Presentation to Te Aitanga A Mahaki by Gisborne District Council .......45

10 Rohe Maps ...................................................................................................51

Rohe UNDERLAY 1: Greyscale. ........................................................................52

Rohe UNDERLAY 2: Main Roads. ......................................................................53

Rohe UNDERLAY 3: Shaded Contours. ............................................................54

Rohe UNDERLAY 4: Native Bush remnants in Dark Green / Exotic Forest in

Light Green ..........................................................................................................55

Rohe OVERLAY 1: Te Aitanga a Mahaki MARAE. .........................................56

Rohe OVERLAY 2: PA SITES................................................................................57

Rohe OVERLAY3: CULTIVATED SOIL SITES.........................................................58

Rohe OVERLAY 4: MIDDEN SITES. ......................................................................59

Rohe OVERLAY 5: PITS & TERRACES..................................................................60

11 Te Aitanga a Mahaki Marae .....................................................................61

Tarere Marae.......................................................................................................61

Takitimu Marae, Rongopai Marae & Pakowhai Marae ...............................62

Parihimanahi Marae...........................................................................................63

Rangatira Marae and Takipu Marae ..............................................................64

Tapuihikitia Marae ..............................................................................................65

Mangatu Marae and Taihamuti Marae .........................................................66

Matawai Marae..................................................................................................67

Ngatapa Marae .................................................................................................68


M a y 2 0 0 6 6

12 Three Pa sites................................................................................................69

Ngatapa Pa.........................................................................................................69

Areoma Pa ..........................................................................................................70

Popoia Pa ............................................................................................................71

13 Mid-catchment example ..........................................................................72

Mid-catchment UNDERLAY. ..............................................................................72

Mid-catchment OVERLAY 1: Te Aitanga a Mahaki MARAE. .......................73

Mid-catchment OVERLAY 2: PA SITES..............................................................74

Mid-catchment OVERLAY 3: CULTIVATED SOIL SITES. ....................................75

Mid-catchment OVERLAY 4: MIDDEN SITES. ...................................................76

Mid-catchment OVERLAY 5: PITS & TERRACES. ..............................................77

14 Patutahi – Waituhi example ......................................................................78

PATUTAHI – WAITUHI AERIAL UNDERLAY...........................................................78

PATUTAHI – WAITUHI MARAE OVERLAY ............................................................79

PATUTAHI – WAITUHI PA SITE OVERLAY.............................................................80

PATUTAHI – WAITUHI PITS & TERRACES OVERLAY ............................................81

15 Pukepoto Pa ................................................................................................82

PUKEPOTO AERIAL UNDERLAY...........................................................................82

PUKEPOTO CONTOUR OVERLAY 1....................................................................83

PUKEPOTO PROPERTY BOUNDARY OVERLAY 2...............................................84

PUKEPOTO PA OVERLAY: Archaeological Record Y18/35 ...........................85

CD ROM Version

The electronic CD-ROM Version of this Report also contains files on:

1. The Resource Management Amendment Act 2005

2. Gisborne District Council’s

o Governance Statement

o Combined Regional Land & District Plan

o Draft Long Term Council Community Plan


I a n R u r u : M a y 2 0 0 6 7

1 Introduction

1.1 Background The Waipaoa River is the ancestral river of Te Aitanga a Mahaki.

This ancient connection, highlighting mana, tangata whenua and

kaitiakitanga, is symbolised in the whakatauki (proverb):

Ko Maungahaumi te Maunga Maungahaumi is the Mountain

Ko Waipaoa te Awa Waipaoa is the River

Ko Te Aitanga a Mahaki te Iwi Te Aitanga a Mahaki is the Tribe

Te Aitanga a Mahaki also trace their beginnings from the

moteatea (ancient chant) “Haramai a Paoa” which conveys the

arrival of some of the earliest inhabitants to the Tairawhiti East

Coast Region. Inextricably linking the people to the environment,

the moteatea implies the responsibility of Te Aitanga a Mahaki as

kaitiaki to its whenua, awa and moana - a role bestowed to

tangata whenua.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Kaitiakitanga, as defined by the RMA Act1, means ‘the exercise of

guardianship by the tangata whenua of an area in accordance

with tikanga Maori in relation to natural and physical resources;

and includes an ethic of stewardship.’ In recent history, human

activity has resulted in severe environmental and ecological

changes in the area. Resource depletion, water quality

degradation and changes in environmental conditions have

impacted negatively on the ability for Te Aitanga a Mahaki to

exercise its role of kaitiaki.

1 http://www.rmaguide.org.nz


I a n R u r u : M a y 2 0 0 6 8

1.3 Outline The previous paragraphs have introduced Te Aitanga a Mahaki,

some of the environmental challenges it faces and the its struggle

to exercise its role of kaitiaki. Section 2 provides a review of

relevant literature on the Iwi, the wider community, the unitary

authority for the region and relevant environmental legislation. The

methodology of how the Geographical Information System

mapping database was developed is explained in Section 3.

Section 4 details the results and conclusions from the consultation,

feedback and analysis. Section 4 presents recommendations

based on the conclusions of the report.

Section 7, the first of several appendices, recounts the traditional

tribal rohe of Te Aitanga a Mahaki. The GPS mapping co-ordinates

used on the mapping overlays are tabled in Section 8. The text

from the GDC presentation on council planning documents and

the Waipaoa River can be found in Section 9.

The mapping section of the Environmental Inventory is found in

Sections 10 to 15. They contain a compilation of maps that

demonstrate the powerful analytical tool that was developed to

identify geographical, historical and environmental information

significant to Te Aitanga a Mahaki.

Maungahaumi, ancestral mountain, rising to an elevation of 1,213

metres, 50 kilometres north-west of Turanganui a Kiwa / Gisborne.


I a n R u r u : M a y 2 0 0 6 9

1.4 Overall Objective

To ratify an Environmental Inventory that provides a framework

that will allow Te Aitanga a Mahaki iwi along with local and central

governments to evaluate and enhance local rivers and waterways

whilst educating and empowering its people.

1.5 Specific Objectives o To identify links between Te Aitanga a Mahaki and its rohe.

Section 2.1

o To map wahi tapu and other significant traditional areas.

Section 10

o To identify the important rivers, streams, wetlands, lakes,

rivers (water resources) in the rohe. Sections 10 to 15.

o To identify flora and fauna and their cultural, recreational,

commercial importance. Section 2.3.1.

o To identify relevant GDC policies, objectives and rules and

their mechanisms for protection and managing wahi tapu.

Section 2.2.5.

o To identify significant regional water issues for iwi. Section 4.


I a n R u r u : M a y 2 0 0 6 10

2 Literature Review

2.1 Te Aitanga a Mahaki

2.1.1 Traditional History

Te Aitanga a Mahaki trace their beginnings from the moteatea

(ancient chant) “Haramai a Paoa” which conveys the arrival of

the Horouta waka. After running aground at Ohiwa in the Bay of

Plenty, Paoa and a group from the waka go inland to search for

materials to repair the broken haumi. They find suitable materials

on a mountain which is then named Maungahaumi. Two rivers are

also named at that time, the Motu River which runs to the north

and the Waipaoa River which runs to the south.

The repaired waka headed east, rounding the East Cape following

the coastline south, greeting the descendants of Toi, replenishing

water and food as they went. Some of the Horouta descendants

remained and settled with the Toi descendants on the way, whilst

the rest continued south until they reached a large bay where

Kiwa set up a rahui tuahu claiming the area in the names of the

remaining crew of Horouta. The landing place was named

Turanganui A Kiwa (Gisborne). To celebrate their discovery,

Hineakua the daughter of Paoa, was given in marriage to

Kahutuanui, the son of Kiwa, producing the future descendants of

Turanganui A Kiwa.

The marriage of Rakaikoko, a descendant of Hine Hakirirangi, sister

of Paoa, into the Kiwa – Paoa family, was an important alliance.

Hine Hakirirangi was the ancestor who, it is said, nurtured and

brought the kumara from Hawaikii in her sacred kete, and planted

the vines at Manawaru and Araiteuru, as sustenance for the tribe. 2

2 www.mahaki.com


I a n R u r u : M a y 2 0 0 6 11

2.1.2 Associations with the land

Paoa, Chief of the Horouta waka, figures prominently in the history

of the region. His travels and conquests are remembered through

associated place names such as Upoko o Paoa, Te manga i tu ai

te rakau a Paoa, (Mangatu) and Tuahenitanga a Paoa (Tuahine

Point).

Figure 1: Active Marae (in red) and selected Traditional Boundary Markers (blue) of Te Aitanga a Mahaki. See Section 7, Page 37 for a full account.

2.1.3 Te Aitanga a Mahaki – The Trust

Te Aitanga a Mahaki Trust was incorporated in 1995 to ‘advance

and promote Te Aitanga a Mahaki as an Iwi’ and represents 11

active marae spread throughout the Waipaoa catchment (Figure

1). In October 2005 the Trust became one of the first ‘mandated

iwi organisations’ under the Maori Fisheries 2004 Act. As a result

the Trust received an interim fisheries allocation having proved that

its election process was fair and inclusive, its structures were robust

and transparent, and that its constitutions were sound.


I a n R u r u : M a y 2 0 0 6 12

2.2 Gisborne District Council (GDC) The Gisborne Region covers a land area of 8,265 square kilometres

on the eastern coast of the North Island of New Zealand (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Gisborne District Council Regional Map.

The region is administered by the GDC, a unitary authority, which

has the functions of both a Regional and District Council. Its

mission is “to manage and enhance the district’s physical, social,

cultural and economic wellbeing efficiently, effectively and

equitably" and its role is defined in the Local Government Act

2002.


I a n R u r u : M a y 2 0 0 6 13

2.2.1 The People of Gisborne District

At the 2001 census the population of the region was 43,971 at the

2001 census. The Gisborne District has the highest proportion (45%)

of persons of Maori descent in New Zealand.

2.2.2 Purpose of Council

As a unitary authority, the GDC is responsible for the integrated

management of natural and physical resources of their region and

for controlling the impacts of land use within their district, including

the preparation of district plans, and the determination of

applications for land use and subdivision consent.

Environmental management is detailed in the Proposed Gisborne

District Combined Regional Land and District Plan (CRLDP) and

other environmental plans.

2.2.3 GDC Representation

The GDC currently operates with 14 councillors representing 7

wards (Table 1), with the Gisborne District Mayor elected at large.3

Table 1: GDC Councillor Representation.

Ward Councillors Electors Cook 1 1137 Gisborne 8 20,246 Matakaoa 1 970 Patutahi/Taruheru 1 2,410 Uawa 1 1,236 Waiapu 1 1,280 Waikohu 1 1,130

2.2.4 Maori Wards and Constituencies

The GDC does not have any Maori Wards or specific Maori

representation. The Local Electoral Act 2001, and it’s

amendments, gives the GDC the ability to establish separate

wards for Maori electors if demand is sufficient.


I a n R u r u : M a y 2 0 0 6 14

2.2.5 Combined Regional Land and District Plan

Land Use is managed by a zoning and overlay technique and

both regional and district provisions in the CLRDP take the form of

objectives, policies, methods and rules4. Variations and plan

changes open for public submission can be found at

http://www.gdc.govt.nz/Consultation/

The CD Rom version of this Report also contains the full contents of

the CLRDP.

Table 2: Contents of the CLRDP. Sections underlined are of

particular relevance to Iwi.

Plan text

1 Introduction (63 kb)

1A Tangata Whenua (84 kb)

2 Monitoring (52 kb)

3 Cultural Heritage (83 kb) 5

4 Natural Heritage (319 kb)

5 Natural Hazards (136 kb)

6 Land Disturbance and Vegetation Clearance (194 kb)

7 Beds of Lakes and Rivers (130 kb)

8 Utilities (80 kb)

9 Contaminated Sites (58 kb)

10 Signs (92 kb)

11 Noise and Vibration (192 kb)

12 Subdivision (137 kb)

3 District Council: Governance Statement – April 2005. 4 http://www.gdc.govt.nz/PlansAndReports/CRLDP.htm 5 referencing error + polygon plus buffer


I a n R u r u : M a y 2 0 0 6 15

13 Esplanade Reserves/Strips-Conservation Protection (98 kb)

14 Financial Contributions (144 kb)

15 Roads, Accessways and Parking (491 kb)

16 Papakainga and Marae Settlements (52 kb)

17 Residential Zones (116 kb)

18 Commercial Zones (469 kb)

19 Industrial Zones (258 kb)

20 Port Management Zones (150 kb)

21 Rural Zones (124 kb)

22 Reserve Zones (73 kb)

23 Information Requirements (94 kb)

24 Glossary (140 kb)

25 Acronyms and Abbreviations (29 kb)

26 Bibliography (50 kb)

Appendices

1 Archaeological Sites Schedule (NZAA & HPT) (23 kb)

1A Archaeological Area Schedule (2307 kb)

1B Sites and Part Sites Developed Prior to 1900 (115 kb)

2 Waahi Tapu Schedule (35 kb)

3 Central Business District - Heritage Schedule (141 kb)

4 Post European Contact Schedule (45 kb)

5 District Plan - Heritage Orders (15 kb)

7 Outstanding Landscape Area Overlay (30 kb)

8 Protection Management Area Overlay (157 kb)

8A Regionally and Nationally Rare or Threatened Species

Found in the Gisborne District (109 kb)

9 Important Geological Sites Schedule (148 kb)


I a n R u r u : M a y 2 0 0 6 16

10 Designation Requirements (57kb)

11 Airport Designation Noise Conditions (29 kb)

14 Airport Height Control Surfaces (68 kb)

15 Gisborne District Contaminated Sites Schedule (34 kb)

16 Hazardous Facilities Screening Procedure (HFSP) (107 kb)

17 List of Approved Sites for Election Signs (9 kb)

18 Properties Exempt from Commercial Noise Standards :

Awapuni Road (30 kb)

22 List of Residential Protection Zones Sites (18 kb)

23 Central Business District Inner Commercial Design

Guidelines (297 kb)

24 Recommended Tree Species for Rural Industrial Zones

(14 kb)

25 Special Rules for Specific Rural Residential Zones (11 kb)

26 Transport Corridor (9 kb)

27 Canopy Distances for Verandahs (32 kb)

29 Perimeter Fencing Standards For Deer (13 kb)

CRLDP maps

Associated maps are organised by “r” maps for rural areas and “u”

maps for urban areas.

The maps can have up to 3 parts:

A contains: zoning, designations, network utilities and schedule

archaeological and other heritage items.

B contains: Heritage overlays, Land overlays Boundaries such as

the Coastal Marine Area Boundary and the Gisborne Urban Area

Boundary.

C contains hazard overlays, Airport Protection Overlay Areas as

well as boundaries such as the Air Noise Boundary.


I a n R u r u : M a y 2 0 0 6 17

2.3 State of the Rohe

2.3.1 Pre-European times

Anne Salmond6 provides an eloquent and extensive account of

the historical landscape of Turanganui a Kiwa (Poverty Bay) which

was based on Native Land Court records. The following account is

quoted in full because it represents a comprehensive overview of

Turanganui a Kiwa’s resources in 1769:

Inland, the bay was sheltered by ranges covered with thick forest, while the hills nearer the flats were sparsely clad in scrub, with fern and grasses on the ridges. The central plains were braided by the courses and fertile fans of three major rivers, where taro, kumara, gourds and probably yams flourished in sunlit gardens. Gardens were also cleared on frost-free hillsides near the rivers, and fernroot diggings were scattered around the bay. Grasslands, wetlands, swamps, scrub and great stands of kahikatea, pukatea, and tawa trees on the flats provided a variety of foods and materials for weaving and building… Pigeons, kaka, pukeko and parakeets were plentiful on the plains, and thousands of ducks lived by the rivers and the Awapuni Lagoon. Creeks leading into the main rivers on either side of the central plain were crossed by eel weirs with names such as Makaroro, Te Rua-o-Mapewa, Arowhati, built and maintained by particular families. Mullet, eels and whitebait swarmed in season in the tidal waterways. The bay was famous for its crayfish, caught off Titirangi or further north along the coast, and the reefs and tidal flats harboured quantities of shellfish. Paua were plentiful off Onepoto (now Kaiti), and there were beds of white pipi off Oneroa, where the tamure (snapper) came to feed, crunching the shells in their powerful jaws. Sharks, kahawai, kingfish, flounder and many other species of fish were caught in the bay, and there were a number of favourite fishing grounds, including Te-Wai-o-Hi-Harore at Waikanae, where a spring seeped into the ocean, attracting kahawai, which, according to one early Land

6 Salmond, A. 1991. Two worlds: first meetings between Maori and Europeans, 1642-1772. Page 119. Auckland: Viking.


I a n R u r u : M a y 2 0 0 6 18

Court witness, came there to drink the fresh water. Now and then whales stranded on the beaches, to be claimed by the chiefly leaders of whichever kin-group controlled that part of the shoreline.

The quotation lists no fewer than 15 species of flora, 5 species of

bird, 3 river species, 3 types of shellfish, 5 species of finfish and

marine mammals. Te-Wai-o-Hi-Harore at Waikanae was also

significant as a place to beach war canoe.

As well as providing food and materials (e.g., Harakeke (flax) for

kete, whariki, raranga and hinaki), examples of flora and fauna

could be found in important spiritual or ceremonial occasions. For

example, Pukeko (swamp birds) were used in Te Aitanga a Mahaki

ceremonies to propitiate war gods and determine the chances of

success.

Other species of significance include Kiore (Polynesian rodent) and

Weka on land and Koura (fresh water crayfish), Inanga

(Whitebait), Morehana (cockabully), Moruru, and Korokoro

(Lamprey) in the rivers. But Tuna (eels) were by far the most

important river species to Te Aitanga a Mahaki.


I a n R u r u M a y 2 0 0 6 19

Tuna/Eels

Eels were the principal freshwater customary fishery of the iwi and

hapu of Te Aitanga a Mahaki. Pa tuna (eel weirs) were highly

prized and often the cause of many battles. In one Maori Land

Court record7, Wi Haronga lists the following 15 eel weirs in the

lower Waipaoa River alone.

Roroapako Te Arowhata Turi a Parua

Pou ate Ra Totara Hauai Tunui

Whakawhiti Mahuwaka Rua Mapewa

Te Mingi Whainu Kota Te Moutere

Tauhinu Te Kotipua Whatuahi

Several more pa tuna were found along waterways throughout

Patutahi and Waituhi and belonged to Te Whanau a Kaikoreaunei

(Section 7.1). In particular, Lake Repongaere provided an

important eel fishery that still exists today ((Figure 3), Ruru, 2004).

Lake Repongaere was famous for providing plentiful amounts of

eels and always having kai for the people. Locals remember times

as recently as the 1950s when around April and May there would

be big rains and the water would spill out into the paddocks up to

1.5 metres in depth. Within the spill zone would be thousands upon

thousands of eels and the whole community would go there and

harvest the multitude of eels. The eels would be pawhara

(prepared) and preserved by being hung out to dry. Each family

had its own rua or shed for storing the eel meat once it had

shrivelled and dried hard. The pawhara eels could be stored for

over a year and were a delicacy when reconstituted with boiled

vegetables (puha).

7 Maori Land Court Record: Awapuni 23-6-1875, No 2 Book.


I a n R u r u M a y 2 0 0 6 20

To local Maori, Lake Repongaere was more than a significant

source of sustenance for the generations that lived around it. The

Maori owners of the lake tell of its significance as a provider of

natural resources, ‘te waiora o oku tupuna’, but there are also

traditional accounts of the origin of the lake itself. One account

tells of a pa that existed at the southern end of the lake. People

from that pa travelled further up the East Coast and returned with

a legendary eel. The eel was placed in a drinking well to keep the

water clean. This special eel, mokemoke, was restless and

became very agitated. In a frenzied state it thrashed around and

around thus creating the lake. The trapped eel eventually grew

to such a size that it became a man eater, ‘ko ena nga

pakiwaitara”.

In the often turbulent times of early settlement, Lake Repongaere

was of particular strategic advantage to competing factions as

indicated by the archaeological evidence (Figure 3) of pre-

nineteenth century pa sites.

Figure 3: Map of Pa and Marae sites surrounding Lake Repongaere.


I a n R u r u M a y 2 0 0 6 21

2.3.2 Environmental Change

Environmental transformations and the extent to which Treaty

principles have influenced the management of resources spaces

of importance to Maori are the two purposes of Dr Brad

Coombes’8 report, ‘Ecological impacts and planning history – An

environmental history of the Turanganui a Kiwa case book area’. It

provides extensive accounts of resource depletion, water quality

degradation and changes in environmental conditions have

impacted negatively on the ability for tangata whenua to exercise

their role of kaitiaki.

The three parts to Coombes’ report include:

1. Alterations to the upper catchment area of major river

systems which have transformed downstream resource

spaces [Part I – Forces of Change.]

2. Modification of landscapes and alterations to indigenous

habitats [Part II – Remodelling landscapes.]

3. Pollution of waterways, the Bay and other places where

Maori traditionally collected kai and, in particular, the

impact of sewage and refuse disposal practices on

traditional resources

[Part III – Pollution of

resource spaces.]

This report follows with

accounts of the effects on

the Waipaoa River

catchment.

8 Ecological impacts and planning history – An environmental history of the Turanganui a Kiwa case book area: Dr. Brad Coombes, University of Auckland. 2000., and Tangata Whenua Perspectives of Wastewater: A Report prepared for the Gisborne District Council. 2000.


I a n R u r u M a y 2 0 0 6 22

Erosion problems began in the Waipaoa catchment from about

1910 onwards, when European settlers began deforesting the

unstable hill country for pasture9. Heavy rain storms resulted in land

slips and large amounts of sediment washing into rivers increasing

the incidence of further flooding. Stopbanks were constructed

along the Waipaoa River after floods in the 1930’s and 1940’s.

The East Coast region represents 7 percent of the land area of the

North Island, but it contributes 50 percent of the worst soil erosion

(Miller, 1991).

In 1915, Tarndale was a single, narrow gully but due to

deforestation (Figure 4) has become one of the largest single

examples of fluvial and mass movement erosion in New Zealand.

Today the slip covers an area of 50 hectares and the gravel and

sediment it has dumped in the gully has raised the bed of the Te

Weraroa Stream below by approximately 30 metres (Glasby, 1991).

The Tarndale Gully complex is now the major sediment source to

the Waipaoa River. It is estimated to still retain 14 million tonnes of

sediment which will still take decades to release.10

Figure 4: Tarndale Gully Complex.

9 State of New Zealand's Environment 1997: http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/ser/ser1997/html/chapter8.1.html 10 Gully erosion and sediment production: Te Weraroa Stream, New Zealand. Gomez et al., 2003.


I a n R u r u M a y 2 0 0 6 23

2.3.3 Recent times

The Waipaoa River enters the sea at the southern end of

Turanganui a Kiwa. It is a high sediment-yielding river, annually

depositing 15 million tonnes of sediment into Poverty Bay. This

equates to 33.54 cubic metres of sediment per second, from the

Waipaoa catchment (Figure 5).

Figure 5 Waipaoa River Mouth.

In 1988, Cyclone Bola dumped 0.5 to 1.0 metre of rain on the

region over a 72 hour period. The scale of erosion was

unprecedented. In economic terms, it was one of the worst

natural disasters in NZ costing nearly $120 million and affecting

some 1,500 landowners.

Afforestation of eroding land has been ongoing for a considerable

period of time. Initial afforestation included the land acquisition

and planting of Mangatu Forest in the 1960’s. Farm scale

afforestation of protection blocks was subsidised by the East Cape

Catchment Board (formerly the Poverty Bay Catchment Board)

during the 1970’s and 1980’s.

Subsequent to Cyclone Bola, the East Coast Project Conservation

Forestry Scheme was initiated, a five year scheme administered by

the Gisborne District Council (initial planting in 1989 by the East


I a n R u r u M a y 2 0 0 6 24

Cape Catchment Board), for severely eroding land in the

Waipaoa and Uawa Catchments.

In 1992 the district wide East Coast Forestry Project, administered

by the Ministry Of Forestry commenced and is proposed to

continue for a period of 26 years.

Today, the Waipaoa River drains a catchment of 2,200 km2 and is

the main river discharging into Turanganui a Kiwa / Poverty Bay11.

It is predominantly slow-flowing through wide, open valleys,

becomes silt-laden

after heavy rain. It

experiences low

summer flows which

can result in

elevated water

temperatures above

30 degrees Celsius

(Authors observations).

Table 3: Waipaoa River Quality - average values for 2003-04 Suspended solids(g/m3) 2003 / 2004

pH 2003/2004

BOD g/m3

2003 / 2004

Dissolved Oxygen g/m3 2003 / 2004

Ammonia5 g/m3

2003 / 2004

Temperature 0C min max

2003 / 2004 2003/2004

1579 v.high xx

166 high x

8.1 . .

8.1 . .

1.25 low . .

0.75 low . .

9.7 high . .

9.4 high . .

0.01 low . .

0.01 low . .

7.7 7.4 22.5 20.5

11 The State of Our Environment 2003-2004; Freshwater Resources by the GDC.


I a n R u r u M a y 2 0 0 6 25

Lakes and wetlands

The region has very few wetlands and only a few minor lakes.

Historically around 90% were drained when the land was

converted to pasture. Those that remain comprise small farm

ponds and dams, however collectively these are significant

habitat for waterbirds. Many farmers, recognising the conservation

value of wetlands, are now fencing and restoring these areas on

their land. There are an estimated 600 ha of wetlands in the

district. Most of these are on private land (Table 4).

Table 4: Significant Wetlands in the Gisborne District.

Tiniroto Lakes 10 small lakes, ponds and wetlands (53ha) on private land.

Emirau Wetlands, Tolaga Bay

15ha of small ponds with diverse vegetation, on private land

Wherowhero Lagoon 200ha of estuary south of Waipaoa River mouth comprising tidal mud flats, lagoon, dunes and sandspit. Part is on private land, the central 69ha protected by a QEII open space covenant.

Motu Wetland 24.5 ha on alluvial terraces of the Motu River. Some vegetation modified some areas of primary vegetation with kahikitea on the margins.


I a n R u r u M a y 2 0 0 6 26

Repongaere Lakes 70 ha of private land, including Repongaere Lake, Tuhoe and Dods lakelets

Matawhero Loop Oxbow lagoon isolated by completion of the Waipaoa Flood Control Scheme. Wildlife reserve of 48 ha.

Lake Repongaere provided an important eel fishery that still exists

today.

Aquifers such as the Makauri, extends under most of the Poverty

Bay flats. It yields large quantities of water and is extensively used

for irrigation.


I a n R u r u 27

3 Mapping Methodology

3.1 Database creation A database was created that allowed for icons and photos to be

overlayed upon digital maps of the Waipaoa Catchment. Text

information was also imbedded under geographically positioned

icons on the map which allowed for a spatially accurate record of

the findings.

Map co-ordinates from Appendices 1 (Archaeological Sites

Schedule), 1A (Archaeological Area Schedule) and 2 (Waahi Tapu

Schedule) from the Combined Regional Land and District Plan

(GDC) were transposed to a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet (Section

8). This dataset was then filtered to identify sites within the Te

Aitanga a Mahaki rohe and data-linked to the Tumonz mapping

programme (Figure 6).

Figure 6: Computer screen-shot showing data linkages between marae GPS points and an aerial map.


I a n R u r u 28

4 Results and Conclusions

The overall objective was to ratify an Environmental Inventory that

would provide a framework that will allow Te Aitanga a Mahaki iwi

along with local and central governments to evaluate and

enhance local rivers and waterways whilst educating and

empowering its people.

The main findings were:

4.1 Connections to the Land Te Aitanga a Mahaki has always had an affinity and an obligation

to the land, rivers and sea. This connection is reflected in the

moteatea ‘Haramai a Paoa’ which tells the story of Paoa, the

chief of the Horouta waka. As the result of one of his travels the

mountain Maungahaumi was named and river Waipaoa, literally

meaning the water of Paoa, was created. This ancient chant

serves both as a reminder and as a guide for the descendants of

Paoa and the people of the region.

4.2 Council Plans, the RMA and Kaitiakitanga Remnants of these connections are illustrated by an Environmental

Inventory (Sections 10 to 15). These series of maps identify a

number of Te Aitanga a Mahaki’s environmental resources by

providing spatial and pictorial examples of environmental detail

that are significant to Te Aitanga a Mahaki.

This powerful Geographical Information System database tool was

developed to demonstrate the level of detail possible in

identifying:

1. Geographical, aerial and orthographic information

2. Layers identifying remnants of native bush and exotic forest

blocks


I a n R u r u 29

3. Locations of historic: Pa sites, cultivated soil sites, middens,

pits and terraces

4. Property boundary information

The aim was to ensure that the maps were easily understood and

flexible enough to accommodate a variety of queries.

Information continues to be added and site specific maps can be

provided when requested. Further historical information may be

sourced by cross-referencing NZ Archaeological Archive Metric

Site Numbers.

Limitation

While the Inventory identifies many water related features it was

noted that historical records available through the GDC are far

from comprehensive and often have little supporting information.

Possible reasons include; resource limitations on past research,

reluctance from iwi to release sensitive information into the public

domain. Of particular note was limited understanding of how the

RMA and GDC’s plans, policies and rules can be utilised to protect

these sites and address further kaitiakitanga issues.

4.3 Significant Regional Water Issues for Iwi

The following issues were identified as a result of discussions with

the Trust, a presentation from the GDC and an RMA for Maori

Workshop.

1. Kaitiakitanga - limited input into plans and implementation

2. Cultural landscapes – restoring mauri, protecting wahi tapu

3. Wastewater discharge – untreated discharge to the moana

4. Coastal development – limited tangata whenua input


I a n R u r u 30

4.4 Freshwater issues and the GDC In November 2005, Kerry Hudson from the GDC provided an

informative presentation (Section 9) on Council Planning and

relevant freshwater issues. In 1996, the East Coast Hawkes Bay

Conservancy of the Department of Conservation carried out an

inventory of freshwater diversity providing information for the Motu

River, Mohaka River, Whakaki Lagoon, and Lake Waikaremoana.

The report identified a lack of information for waters draining into

Poverty Bay.

Reasons given for the lack of ecological research into the largest

catchment in the district (Waipaoa; 2,200 km2) were:

o Remoteness/Difficult access (upper reaches)

o Perception of low biodiversity values due to high sediment

volumes

o Lack of perceived management issues (other than

sediment)

o Lack of Council and Fish and game monitoring

programmes.

The overall conclusion was that further work into freshwater

ecology is required. Te Aitanga a Mahaki support this conclusion

with the expectation that matauranga Maori be incorporated into

any monitoring programme. This would ensure that perceptions of

‘low biodiversity values’ and ‘lack of perceived management

issues’ were corrected and addressed appropriately.


I a n R u r u M a y 2 0 0 6 31

5 Recommendations

5.1 Policy Development

To identify relevant GDC policies, objectives and rules relating to

tangata whenua. For example, mechanisms for protecting and

managing wahi tapu.

To develop a series of issues, objectives and polices for Te Aitanga

a Mahaki.

The purpose of this would be to assist the council in its work and

help GDC staff to understand Te Aitanga a Mahaki’s relationship

with its fresh water resources.

For Te Aitanga a Mahaki the benefits would be increased

understanding of the planning process and building the capacity

of iwi working on environmental issues.

5.2 Freshwater Monitoring

To develop a Customary Environmental Monitoring Programme for

the Waipaoa River Catchment by integrating traditional

environmental management practices and ‘western’ scientific

methods.

This programme would include a freshwater taonga database and

provide freshwater ecology information for the GDC.


I a n R u r u M a y 2 0 0 6 32

6 LTCCP Submission


I a n R u r u M a y 2 0 0 6 33


I a n R u r u M a y 2 0 0 6 34


I a n R u r u M a y 2 0 0 6 35


I a n R u r u M a y 2 0 0 6 36


I a n R u r u M a y 2 0 0 6 37

7 Traditional Rohe of Te Aitanga a Mahaki

Excerpts from TE POU A HAOKAI – PANUI 3RD EDITION

Tuesday, 10 August, 2004

The article following is a translation from miscellaneous papers

compiled by Henare Ruru in 1930.

At a meeting held at Waerenga a Hika in 1866, the boundaries of

Te Aitanga a Mahaki were determined using the whakapapa of

Kiwa, Paoa, Maia, Ruariki and Houmea. Elders who were involved

in the process were Whiririwhi Turere; Nikorima Maru; Wiremu Te

Whaitaita; Te Amotahi; Tamati Te Rangi; Rawhiti Whangaingaru;

Hemi Maeha; Henare Te Kotiti; Te Roto; Manahi Tutawake; Rihara

Rahui; Pita Te Huhu; Matiu Kahore; Ruka Ruru; Ruka Te Kohu; Timoti

Rangiatea; Mohi Tamatea; Te Hurapa; Te Kihirini; Aporo

Matahuata; Keepa Pikai; Ruka Te Kahika; Ruka Haua; Natanahira

Haua and other elders of the people.

The boundary commenced at Te Toka a Huru, a reef off

Whangara, Matai Tangaroa, Te Pohue, Tikiwhakairo, ka moemoe

nga uri o Ruapani i nga uri o Waho o Te Rangi raua ko Konohi ka

hoki mai te rohe ki Tuamotu: Tuamotu, Te Rahui, Waikirikiri,

Rarohau, Waimata, Te Rua o Tainui, Whakapapatuakura

[Pukekura], ka tutuki ano ki: Tikiwhakairo, Motumatai, Arakihi,

Parikanapa, Paraheka, Tangihanga [Tirohanga], Tauwhareparae,

Pakihinui, Hinatore, Te Whakerokero, Te Ihu o Te Poko, Tutamoe,

Kakatoi, Kereruhuahua, Te Whera a Toki, Arowhana, Te Matawai o

Tutane, Te Rimu o Taumango, Tawharenga, Te Paku, kahuri mai ki:

Waikirikiri, Te Pa o Houmea, Te Tai o Ruaariki, Mango o Nuku, Te

Poroporo a Paoa, Waiopu, Te Tahora, Te Rangitiketike, Aro a

Mauku, Te Rewa, Taumatakareturetu, Kaimatangi,

Whakapaupakihi, Motuhora, Moanui, Maungapohatu, Te Ihu ki


I a n R u r u M a y 2 0 0 6 38

Raro, ka huri mai ki: Paharakeke, Te Kakapo a Te Uanati, Tupuni,

Wairapukao, Te Ana o Te Inaki, Waitangi, Kahunui, Tangarewa,

Otata, Mokonui a Rangi, Papokeka, Tahungatawa, Kanihiroa, Te

Pohatu, Waikura, Te Powha, Hunga a Henga, Otuaua, Papatu, ka

huri mai ki: Te Taumata o Te Kai, Pipiwhkao, Pokaka, Taumata o

Tamaiwaho, Horopakake, Pukearuhe, Te Kuha, Te Whangai o

Hineuru, Ohikarongo, ki waho o Tuamotu haere tonu atu i te

moana ka tutuki ano ki Te Toka a Huru.

7.1 Nga hapu a Te Aitanga a Mahaki me o ratou whenua: 12

(a) Ngapotiki:

(i) Ahirau, Poututu, Motu, Waikohu-Matawai, Waihuka, Hihiroroa

Tawhiritu, Toreohaua at Waituhi, Waikohu, Puhatikotiko No. 2, 3, 7

and 8, Hauomataku No. 5 (Kopuapara), part of Manukawhitikitiki,

Pukepapa, Ruangarehu, Rangatira No. 2 and Tapuihikitia.

(b) Te Whanau a Kai:

(i) Hangaroa-Matawai, Kaimoe, Okahuatiu No. 2, Patutahi,

Repongaere, Tahora, Wharekopae, Tangihanga, part of Poututu.

(c) Te Whanau a Taupara:

(i) Waerengaahika, Mangatu No. 4, Rangatira, Hauomataku,

Mangataikapua, Mangaoae, Te Karaka, Ruangarehu, Waikohu,

Waimata and Rakaiketeroa, part of Waihora.

(d) Te Whanau a Iwi:

(i) Whataupoko, Waikanae, part of Kaiti, Makauri and

Turanganui, Waerenga a Hika, Matawhero No. 3 and 5,

Mangamoteo, Tutaeorewenga Taruheru, Te Wai o Hiharore,

Tahoka.

(e) Ngai Tamatea:

12 Merata Kawharu – Te mana whenua o Te Aitanga a Mahaki


I a n R u r u M a y 2 0 0 6 39

(i) Mangatu No. 2, Waingaromia No. 1, 2 and 3, Waipawa,

Mangataikapua, Waitangi, Pakake a Whirikoka, Whatatutu,

Hauomataku No. 5, and part of Tauwhareparae and Tutamoe.

(f) Ngai Tuketenui:

(i) Waimata, Waerengaahika.

(g) Ngati Wahia:

(i) Mangatu No.s 1, 4, 5 and 6, part of Manukawhitikitiki,

Parihimanihi

(h) Ngariki:

(i) Mangatu No. 1, Arowhana


I a n R u r u M a y 2 0 0 6 40

7.2 Recognised Marae of Te Aitanga a Mahaki

7.2.1 Deed of Trust Schedule 1:

Recognised Marae of Te Aitanga a Mahaki as at 17 September

2005.

Marae Location

Mangatu Marae Whatatutu

Matawai Marae Matawai

Ngatapa Marae Ngatapa

Parihimanihi Marae Waihirere

Pakohai Marae Waituhi

Rangatira Marae Te Karaka

Rongopai Marae Waituhi

Takipu Marae Te Karaka

Takitimu Marae Waituhi

Tapuihikitia Marae Puha

Tarere Marae Makauri


I a n R u r u M a y 2 0 0 6 41

7.3 Te Aitanga a Mahaki Land Blocks of Interest


I a n R u r u M a y 2 0 0 6 42

8 Te Aitanga a Mahaki Map Co-ordinates

Site Number Site Type Easting, Northing X17/1 PA Nga Tapa 2907902,6288782 Y16/7 PA 2940300,6316600 Y17/28 PA/BURIAL 2937100,6290100 Y17/3 PA/URUPA 2936400,6291500 Y17/305 PA 2935369,6293865 Y17/307 PA 2939900,6281600 Y17/31 PA/PITS 2938376,6287671 Y17/310 PA/PITS 2938224,6285585 Y17/312 PA 2940057,6280800 Y17/314 PA 2930492,6292760 Y17/315 PA 2931261,6292962 Y17/316 PA 2932528,6294296 Y17/35 PA 2936991,6283064 Y17/36 PA 2936168,6285068 Y17/37 PA 2936713,6284613 Y17/38 PA 2937400,6285400 Y17/39 PA 2939348,6282345 Y17/392 PA 2937780,6286585 Y17/396 PA 2937783,6282239 Y17/399 PA 2936200,6285400 Y17/4 PA/URUPA 2936400,6291400 Y17/403 PA 2938500,6288800 Y17/41 PA 2936900,6289700 Y17/418 PA 2939150,6281150 Y17/419 PA?/PIT/TERRACE 2939150,6281250 Y17/42 PA 2938777,6291005 Y17/422 PA 2939700,6282300 Y17/430 PA/FINDSPOT 2936850,6291500 Y17/442 PA 2932947,6293276 Y17/444 PA 2935100,6294100 Y17/445 PA 2931736,6296906 Y17/446 PA 2931839,6297277 Y17/451 PA 2936890,6289900 Y17/452 PA 2934850,6294000 Y17/454 PA 2932400,6298500 Y17/455 PA 2934200,6300400 Y17/457 PA 2931400,6291800 Y17/458 PA 2931300,6291900 Y17/461 PA/TERRACES 2934199,6301940


I a n R u r u M a y 2 0 0 6 43

Site Number Site Type Easting, Northing Y17/465 PA 2937200,6280100 Y17/472 PA ? 2931200,6302600 Y17/479 PA 2931480,6295187 Y17/493 PA/URUPA 2935352,6293872 Y18/1 PA 2932584,6274441 Y18/134 PA 2934286,6274693 Y18/163 PA/MIDDEN 2938750,6277950 Y18/190 PA 2946150,6276550 Y18/310 PA 2930290,6275894 Y18/318 PA/PITS/TERRACES 2933810,6278390 Y18/319 PA 2933628,6279248 Y18/333 PA 2943348,6277478 Y18/34 PA/CEMETERY 2938950,6278050 Y18/35 PA 2936400,6271600 Y18/35 PA Pukepoto 2936193,6277560 Y18/36 PA 2935057,6278408 Y18/385 PA/PITS 2949950,6273850 Y18/42 PA, RAISED RIM PITS 2942700,6278300 Y18/5 PA 2931928,6273624 Y17/439 CULTIVATED SOIL 2935600,6292600 Y17/431 CULTIVATED SOIL 2936500,6290900 Y17/416 CULTIVATED SOIL 2938600,6281300 Y18/169 CULTIVATED SOIL OVEN 2939150,6278850 Y18/209 Cultivated Soil/Midden 2938950,6272150 Y18/165 CULTIVATED SOIL/OVENS 2938550,6279200 Y17/450 CULTIVATED SOILS 2936850,6284300 Y18/383 MIDDEN 2935400,6278700 Y18/170 MIDDEN 2938400,6278300 Y18/143 MIDDEN 2938555,6272288 Y17/425 MIDDEN 2938900,6280400 Y18/162 MIDDEN 2939050,6271750 Y18/179 MIDDEN 2939656,6289165 Y18/161 MIDDEN 19C 2939100,6271500 Y18/298 MIDDEN (& PIT?) 2936398,6269149 Y18/309 MIDDEN, PIT 2932400,6273550 Y18/160 MIDDEN/ 19c 2939400,6271150 Y18/357 MIDDEN/BURIAL 2947510,6268787 Y17/49 MIDDEN/FINDSPOT 2937950,6280900 Y18/138 MIDDEN/FINDSPOT 2938300,6272550 Y17/50 MIDDEN/FINDSPOT/ 2937950,6280900 Y18/139 MIDDEN/OVENS/FINDSPOT 2939350,6269750 Y18/4 PIT 2930631,6274724


I a n R u r u M a y 2 0 0 6 44

Site Number Site Type Easting, Northing Y17/463 PIT 2931506,6304300 Y18/311 PIT 2931790,6274828 Y18/308 PIT 2932300,6272950 Y18/389 PIT 2932420,6270680 Y18/146 PIT 2933236,6277691 Y18/145 PIT 2933710,6276956 Y17/464 PIT 2936550,6282100 Y17/406 PIT 2936753,6288374 Y18/155 PIT 2937000,6277450 Y17/313 PIT 2938500,6285400 Y17/471 PIT 2942045,6280559 Y18/330 PIT 2942495,6279119 Y18/401 PIT 2942900,6278400 Y18/329 PIT 2943700,6279700 Y17/420 PIT/TERRACE 2939700,6281200 Mangatu marae 2931703,6301931 Taihamuti marae 2933954,6299759 Tapuihikitia marae 2932359,6295872 Rangatira marae 2933734,6292394 Takipu marae 2936019,6291465 Takitimu marae 2937047,6280055 Rongopai marae 2936432,6279315 Pakowhai marae 2936717,6278554 Parihimanihi marae 2940391,6279785 Tarere marae 2941353,6272996 Ngatapa marae 2927337,6280018 Matawai marae 2906276,6306319


I a n R u r u M a y 2 0 0 6 45

9 Presentation to Te Aitanga A Mahaki by Gisborne District Council

Points to Cover • Council’s Planning Documents • The National Water Scene • The Gisborne District Scene • The Waipaoa River & its tributaries Council’s Plans • Regional Policy Statement (RPS) • Proposed Combined Regional Land and District Plan (PCRLDP) • Transitional Regional Plan (TRP) • Proposed Regional Plan For Discharges to Land & Water, Waste

Management & Hazardous Substances (PRPDLW) • Proposed Regional Coastal Environment Plan (PRCEP) • Transitional Regional Coastal Plan (TRCP) • Proposed Regional Air Quality Management Plan Water • Council allocates water under the provisions of: • Section 14 Resource Management Act 1991 • Allows permitted takes of water for domestic, stock water and fire

fighting use • Transitional Regional Plan: spray water for crop spraying is

permitted • Other uses, irrigation etc require a resource consent Proposed Regional Land & District Plan • Chapter 3 Cultural Heritage • Chapter 4 Natural Heritage • Chapter 5 Natural Hazards • Chapter 6 Land Disturbance • Chapter 7 Beds of Lakes and Rivers Cultural Heritage • Heritage Alert Layer • Waahi Tapu • Archaeological Sites • Post European Sites of importance • All are outlined on Council’s Plan Maps • Information has been collated during an intensive consultation

programme Natural Heritage • Protection Management Areas • Riparian Management Areas • Wetlands • Outstanding Landscapes • Coastal Environment Overlay • Ridgelines in Gisborne Urban Area


I a n R u r u M a y 2 0 0 6 46

Natural Hazards • Flood Areas • Coastal Hazards • Site Caution (soil erosion with regard to buildings) Land Disturbance • Land divided into Land Overlays: 1, 2 & 3 • Earthworks • Vegetation removal Beds of Lakes and Rivers • Structures • River Crossings • Disturbance of bed of lakes and rivers • Shingle Removal • Drains-maintenance and clearance Transitional Regional Plan • Provisions from ECCB prior to formation of Gisborne District Council • Authorisations: Land Drainage & Minor takes of groundwater (10

cubic metres per day) • ECCB By-Laws: Obstructions in watercourses • Underground water: rules for bores • Was rule for shingle extraction Proposed Regional Plan For Discharges to Land & Water, Waste

Management & Hazardous Substances (PRPDLW) • Waste Minimisation • Solid Discharges: inert material, vegetable waste, bark, manures. • Hazardous Substances • Contaminated Sites • Liquid Discharges: industrial waste • Wastewater systems • Uncontaminated Water to Water Proposed Regional Coastal Environment Plan (PRCEP) • Objectives & Policies for Coastal Environment and Coastal Marine

Area • Objectives, Policies and Rules for Coastal Marine Area: below

Mean High Water Springs • Rules for: structures, occupation of space, disturbance, discharges,

noise, water takes and activities on the waters surface Transitional Regional Coastal Plan (TRCP) • Includes issues which were authorisations and by-laws of the ECCB

in the coastal marine area • Includes activites deemed to be Restricted Coastal Activities

(RCA’s) by the Minister of Conservation Proposed Regional Air Quality Management Plan • Most new activities are short duration: spraying, burning, dust,

odour • Council encourages dialogue regarding future activities


I a n R u r u M a y 2 0 0 6 47

National Water Issues • Increased surface and groundwater demand • With increased water use, there is an increase in other inputs:

fertiliser and electricity • Dramatic change in dairying: in total area, stocking rates and use

of marginal areas • Some areas over-allocated Government Initiatives • Significant comment in recent Parliamentary Commissioner for the

Environment (PCE) Report • Water Programme of Action-earlier in 2005 • New legislation: Waitaki and recent 2005 RMA Amendment Uses • Irrigation • Hydroelectricity • Instream values • Conflicts between users • Conflicts between local, regional and national interests Water Quality • Nutrient contamination subsequent to intensification • In NZ nitrate levels are increasing • Local risk of nitrate contamination is considered low • Pesticide levels in groundwater assessments suggest levels in

groundwater are declining • Microbiological contamination • Sediment Gisborne Water Resource • Resource consent issues confined predominantly to: • Poverty Bay Flats for groundwater, and • Waipaoa Catchment and its tributaries for surface water takes • Are some isolated takes elsewhere


I a n R u r u M a y 2 0 0 6 48

Waipaoa River Catchment Monitoring • All consented takes must have a water meter • Consent holders are required to provide information relating to

volumes used to Council on a regular basis, particularly during the summer-early autumn irrigation season

Council Monitoring • Council carries out regular monitoring of: • A wide range of water bores • East Coast Rivers • Waipaoa Rivers and tributaries • Coastal waters Groundwater • Several important aquifers: • Makauri gravels • Te Hapara sands • Matokitoki gravels • Waipaoa gravels • Shallow alluvial deposits • Council has database commencing in early 1980’s Groundwater Allocation • 65,000 cubic metres per day allocated • Almost half from Makauri gravels • Resource consent requires a Pump Test • This determines effects upon other users • Takes from bores restricted once a certain level of decline in the

aquifer is reached Sustainability Of Groundwater • Ongoing monitoring indicates present abstraction volumes are

sustainable • Prior to 1997 water levels in the Makauri aquifer were declining • Recent years have been wetter • Types of crops have changed • Existing groundwater quality is reasonable to poor due to natural

effects, such as Iron Surface Waters • Consents for water takes from: • Waipaoa River • Whakaahu Stream • Te Arai River • From all watercourses for other than domestic and stockwater

needs • Amount of water abstracted for domestic and stockwater needs is

not known


I a n R u r u M a y 2 0 0 6 49

Water Allocation • Excellent background information obtained from intensive water

use for kiwifruit during 1980’s • All takes were metered and this has continued • Water permit applications are nearly all Publicly Notified • Water Permits are generally issued for 5 years • Renewals are advertised in “blocks” Surface Water Takes • Irrigation • Frost Protection • City Supply • Mobile Takes • Consented Water Restrictions • Water can be restricted depending upon the catchment • Waipaoa, Whakaahu and Te Arai all have minimum flow levels. • Once minimum flows are reached the ongoing use of water is

determined by Council In Stream Values • River system values can be grouped into the following categories: • Ecological • Landscape • Recreational • Cultural Ecological Values • Fish passage in rivers, many indigenous fish have life cycles

including marine habitation • Habitats in terms of food sources, water quality and living space • Breeding areas, riparian areas for nesting or spawning sites for fish Landscape Values • Natural character • Instrinsic values • Aesthetic values • Ephemeral values Recreational Values • Within a river (rafting) • Consumptive (fishing) • Site specific (swimming) • Motorised activities (jet boating) Cultural values • Spiritual continuity- protection of Mauri, water quality, life-

supporting capacity • Present and future generations • Tribal and individual identity • Shared community history • Physical health and sustenance


I a n R u r u M a y 2 0 0 6 50

In Stream Values Existing Information • The East Coast Hawkes Bay Conservancy of the Department of

Conservation carried out an inventory of freshwater diversity • There is large amount of information for some waterbodies: Motu

River, Mohaka River, Whakaki Lagoon, Lake Waikaremoana. • The report identifies a lack of information for waters draining into

Poverty Bay Freshwater Biodiversity • Lack of information due to: • Remoteness • Difficult access (upper reaches) • Perception of low biodiversity values due to high sediment volumes • Lack of perceived management issues (other than sediment) • Lack of Council and Fish and game monitoring programmes • Need for further biological research Research Priorities • Blue Duck • Hochstetter’s frog • Invertebrate species in rivers Wharekahika to Waiapu. Presence of Freshwater Species • Electric fishing has indicated there may be more species than

expected in waters with high sediment content Summary • Further work into freshwater ecology is required


© C o p y r i g h t : M a p s b y I a n R u r u 51

10 Rohe Maps

The following maps demonstrate the level of detail possible in determining:

• Geograhical, aerial and orthographic information

• Layers identifying remnants of native bush and exotic forest blocks

• Locations of historic: Pa sites, cultivated soil sites, middens, pits and terraces

• Property boundary information

• Maori Land Use Options

Further historical information may be sourced by cross-referencing NZ Archaeological Archive Metric Site

Numbers

For best results print in colour, and print the ‘OVERLAY’ pages onto transparencies. They can then be overlaid

onto the corresponding ‘UNDERLAY’ pages to give the reader a choice of viewing any particular layer order.



Rohe UNDERLAY 1: Greyscale.



Rohe UNDERLAY 2: Main Roads.



Rohe UNDERLAY 3: Shaded Contours.



Rohe UNDERLAY 4: Native Bush remnants in Dark Green / Exotic Forest in Light Green



Rohe OVERLAY 1: Te Aitanga a Mahaki MARAE.



Rohe OVERLAY 2: PA SITES.



Rohe OVERLAY3: CULTIVATED SOIL SITES.



Rohe OVERLAY 4: MIDDEN SITES.



Rohe OVERLAY 5: PITS & TERRACES.



11 Te Aitanga a Mahaki Marae

Tarere Marae



Takitimu Marae, Rongopai Marae & Pakowhai Marae



Parihimanahi Marae



Rangatira Marae and Takipu Marae



Tapuihikitia Marae



Mangatu Marae and Taihamuti Marae



Matawai Marae



Ngatapa Marae



12 Three Pa sites

Ngatapa Pa



Areoma Pa



Popoia Pa



13 Mid-catchment example

Mid-catchment UNDERLAY.



Mid-catchment OVERLAY 1: Te Aitanga a Mahaki MARAE.



Mid-catchment OVERLAY 2: PA SITES.



Mid-catchment OVERLAY 3: CULTIVATED SOIL SITES.



Mid-catchment OVERLAY 4: MIDDEN SITES.



Mid-catchment OVERLAY 5: PITS & TERRACES.



14 Patutahi – Waituhi example

PATUTAHI – WAITUHI AERIAL UNDERLAY



PATUTAHI – WAITUHI MARAE OVERLAY



PATUTAHI – WAITUHI PA SITE OVERLAY



PATUTAHI – WAITUHI PITS & TERRACES OVERLAY



15 Pukepoto Pa

PUKEPOTO AERIAL UNDERLAY



PUKEPOTO CONTOUR OVERLAY 1



PUKEPOTO PROPERTY BOUNDARY OVERLAY 2



PUKEPOTO PA OVERLAY: Archaeological Record Y18/35