IC Card vs RFIDIC Card vs RFID

資訊科技一P9374717 李駿達P9374711 顏世坤

Agenda

Smart Cards Technology

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

QampA

Smart Cards Smart Cards TechnologyTechnology

CD Lee Sam Yen

IC Card (Smart Card)

是在塑膠卡片上裝置積體電路（ IC）並在卡上外接接點使讀寫裝置可以傳輸資料 IC卡內的積體電路可包含微處理器（ MCU ） 和記憶體只有記憶體的稱為記憶卡（ Memory Card）只能儲存資料具微處理器的則有運算和資料處理能力被稱為智慧卡（ Smart Card ）

IC卡的特色有記憶容量大資料可重複多次寫入或更新資料控管功能安全性高不易偽造防止卡片犯罪的損失可採離線（ off-line）作業減少通訊成本國內目前在金融醫療電信方面已陸續導入 IC卡的應用

Plastic Cards

Visual identity application Plain plastic card is enough

Magnetic strip (eg credit cards) Visual data also available in machine

readable form No security of data

Electronic memory cards Machine readable data Some security (vendor specific)

Smart Cards Processor cards (and therefore memory too) Credit card size

With or without contacts Cards have an operating system too The OS provides

A standard way of interchanging information An interpretation of the commands and data

Cards must interface to a computer or terminal through a standard card reader

Loosely defined a smart card is any card with a capability to relate information to a particular application such as Magnetic Stripe Cards Optical Cards Memory Cards Microprocessor Cards

Magnetic Stripe Cards

Standard technology for bank cards driverrsquos licenses library cards and so onhelliphellip

Optical Cards

Uses a laser to read and write the card

CANPASS Contains Photo ID Fingerprint

Memory Cards

Can store Financial Info Personal Info Specialized Info

Cannot process Info

Microprocessor Cards Has an integrated

circuit chip Has the ability to

Store information Carry out local

processing Perform Complex

Calculations

Microprocessor CardsContact Smart Card

VCC

ResetClock

GND

VPP

IO

Reserved

Microprocessor CardsContactless Smart Card

Microprocessor CardsCombi Hybrid Cards

Hybrid Card Has two chips contact and

contactless interface The two chips are not connected

Combi Card Has a single chip with a contact

and contactless interface Can access the same chip via a

contact or contactless interface with a very high level of security

Smart Cards devices

VCC

Reset

Clock

GND

VPP

IO

Reserved

Whatrsquos in a Card

VccRSTCL

KRFU

VppIO

GND

RFU

Typical Smartcard at time of our research 8-bit CPU 384 bytes

RAM 3ndash5 Mhz clock rate

Upcoming 32-bit RISC CPU 4

Kbytes RAM 50 Mhz clock

Typical Configurations

256 bytes to 4KB RAM 8KB to 32KB ROM 1KB to 32KB EEPROM Crypto-coprocessors (implementing

3DES RSA etc in hardware) are optional

8-bit to 16-bit CPU 8051 based designs are common

The price of a mid-level chip when produced in bulk is less than US$1

Smart Card Readers

Dedicated terminalsUsually with a small screen keypad printer often alsohave biometric devices such as thumb print scanner

Computer based readersConnect through USB or COM (Serial) ports

Communication mechanisms Communication between smart card and reader

is standardized ISO 7816-4 standard

Commands are initiated by the terminal Interpreted by the card OS Card state is updated Response is given by the card

Commands have the following structure

Response from the card include 1Le bytes followed by Response Code

CLA INS P1 P2 Lc 1Lc Le

Security Mechanisms

PasswordCard holderrsquos protection

Cryptographic challenge ResponseEntity authentication

Biometric informationPersonrsquos identification

A combination of one or more

Data storage

Data is stored in smart cards in E2PROMCard OS provides a file structure

mechanism

MF

DF DF

DF

EF EF

EF

EF EF

File types

Binary file (unstructured)

Fixed size record file

Variable size record file

Access control on the files Applications may specify the access

controlsA password (PIN) on the MF selection

bull For example SIM password in mobilesMultiple passwords can be used and

levels of security access may be given

Applications may also use cryptographic authentication

How does it all work

Card is inserted in the terminal Card gets power OS boots

up Sends ATR (Answer to reset)ATR negotiations take place

to set up data transfer speeds capability negotiations etcTerminal sends first command to select MF

Card responds with an error (because MF selection is only on password presentation)

Terminal prompts the user to provide password

Terminal sends password for verification

Card verifies P2 Stores a status ldquoP2 Verifiedrdquo Responds ldquoOKrdquo

Terminal sends command to select MF again

Terminal sends command to read EF1

Card supplies personal data and responds ldquoOKrdquo

Card responds ldquoOKrdquo

CAT_TP and BIP

Server

CAT_TP

0348 security layer

application protocol

Mechanism originally specified by 3GPP T3 by which the ME provides the UICC with access to the data bearers supported by the ME and the network

BIP

How are Smart Cards Used

Commercial Applications Bankingpayment Identification Parking and toll collection Universities use smart cards for ID purposes and

at the the library vending machines copy machines and other services on campus

By 2007 end all credit cards will be smart EMV standard

Mobile Telecommunications SIM cards used on cell phones Over 300000000 GSM phones with smart cards Contains mobile phone security subscription

information phone number on the network billing information and frequently called numbers

How are Smart Cards Used Information Technology

Secure logon and authentication of users to PCs and networks

Encryption of sensitive data

Other Applications Over 4 million small dish TV satellite receivers in the US

use a smart card as its removable security element and subscription information

Pre-paid reloadable telephone cards Health Care stores the history of a patient Fast ticketing in public transport parking and road tolling

in many countries JAVA cards

What is Smart Card for Government

Authentication ArchitectureDigital Photo Biometrics Finger Print Voice Print Hand Geometry Iris Scan Keyboard Dynamics Digitized Signature Signature Dynamics Personal ID Electronic Signature

Encryption CompressionPublicPrivate Key Digital Signature (DSS) RSA for Off-line Wireless Telephony

HardwareSoftware Based Crypto Co-Processor

UsesPre-paid Money Credit Debit

Authorizations ID CertificateSecure eMail eForms Digital signature

Proximity Combi Chip are imminent - combining smart card and radio frequency into one chip

RF indicates Radio Frequency Chip

Mag Stripe on back

SmartCardChip

Digital Photo

Barcode

A Multi-Application Multi-Tech Proximity Smart CardA Hybrid Composite Card

Source John G Moore GSA 1994

E-Government Smart Card Specification ISO 7816 123 compliant bull FIPS 140-2 level 3 bull Java Applications

ndash PKI Appletndash ID PIN Verification and Management Appletndash GCA Appletndash Authentication Appletndash Biometric Authentication Appletndash Stake Holder applets (future)

bull JavaCard 21 bull Global Platform 2 Compliant bull 64 K RAM (42K available for applets) bull DES3DESAES(when available) bull RSA asymmetric 1024 2048 bull PTS speed in access of 9600 bps bull EEPROM endurance gt 250000 rw cycles bull MIFARE Proximity (contactless) chip

ndash DESFire (ISO 14443-A)ndash 4 k NV memory

Smart Card Applications

IdentityManagement

Ticketless TravelLoyalty Programs

Building SecurityArea Access

SecureNetwork Access

Information SecurityHealthcare

DebitCredit CardElectronic PurseMass Transit

Time and AttendanceAdministration

Training ManagementQualificationCertificationDistance Learning

Mobile Communications

Mary Carver

Drivers LicenseWorkEntry

PermitsParking

Mary Carver

Advantages

In comparison to itrsquos predecessor the magnetic strip card smart

cards have many advantages including

Life of a smart card is longer A single smart card can house multiple applications Just one

card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

Smart cards cannot be easily replicated and are as a general rule much more secure than magnetic stripe cards it has relatively powerful processing capabilities that allow it to do more than a magnetic stripe card (eg data encryption)

Data on a smart card can be protected against unauthorized viewing As a result of this confidential data PINs and passwords can be stored on a smart card This means merchants do not have to go online every time to authenticate a transaction

Disadvantages

NOT tamper proof Can be loststolen Lack of user mobility ndash only possible if user

has smart card reader every he goes Has to use the same reader technology Can be expensive Working from PC ndash software based token will

be better No benefits to using a token on multiple PCs

to using a smart card Still working on bugs

Over 20 programs world-wide

Over 20 programs world-wide across the financial idsecurity government mobile telecom public healthcare retail and transit markets1048713 Mobile OTA application management for USIMSIM cards (SIMToolKit CAT)1048713 US DoD CAC card1048713 Taiwan Health Card1048713 Moscow Social Card1048713 Finnish National Smart Card Program1048713 Smart Visa Card1048713 Amex Blue Card1048713 Etc

OS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market the main ones being

1 MultOS 2 JavaCard3 Cyberflex4 StarCOS5 MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle

bull File Handling and Manipulationbull Memory Managementbull Data Transmission Protocols

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Agenda

Smart Cards Technology

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

QampA

Smart Cards Smart Cards TechnologyTechnology

CD Lee Sam Yen

IC Card (Smart Card)

是在塑膠卡片上裝置積體電路（ IC）並在卡上外接接點使讀寫裝置可以傳輸資料 IC卡內的積體電路可包含微處理器（ MCU ） 和記憶體只有記憶體的稱為記憶卡（ Memory Card）只能儲存資料具微處理器的則有運算和資料處理能力被稱為智慧卡（ Smart Card ）

IC卡的特色有記憶容量大資料可重複多次寫入或更新資料控管功能安全性高不易偽造防止卡片犯罪的損失可採離線（ off-line）作業減少通訊成本國內目前在金融醫療電信方面已陸續導入 IC卡的應用

Plastic Cards

Visual identity application Plain plastic card is enough

Magnetic strip (eg credit cards) Visual data also available in machine

readable form No security of data

Electronic memory cards Machine readable data Some security (vendor specific)

Smart Cards Processor cards (and therefore memory too) Credit card size

With or without contacts Cards have an operating system too The OS provides

A standard way of interchanging information An interpretation of the commands and data

Cards must interface to a computer or terminal through a standard card reader

Loosely defined a smart card is any card with a capability to relate information to a particular application such as Magnetic Stripe Cards Optical Cards Memory Cards Microprocessor Cards

Magnetic Stripe Cards

Standard technology for bank cards driverrsquos licenses library cards and so onhelliphellip

Optical Cards

Uses a laser to read and write the card

CANPASS Contains Photo ID Fingerprint

Memory Cards

Can store Financial Info Personal Info Specialized Info

Cannot process Info

Microprocessor Cards Has an integrated

circuit chip Has the ability to

Store information Carry out local

processing Perform Complex

Calculations

Microprocessor CardsContact Smart Card

VCC

ResetClock

GND

VPP

IO

Reserved

Microprocessor CardsContactless Smart Card

Microprocessor CardsCombi Hybrid Cards

Hybrid Card Has two chips contact and

contactless interface The two chips are not connected

Combi Card Has a single chip with a contact

and contactless interface Can access the same chip via a

contact or contactless interface with a very high level of security

Smart Cards devices

VCC

Reset

Clock

GND

VPP

IO

Reserved

Whatrsquos in a Card

VccRSTCL

KRFU

VppIO

GND

RFU

Typical Smartcard at time of our research 8-bit CPU 384 bytes

RAM 3ndash5 Mhz clock rate

Upcoming 32-bit RISC CPU 4

Kbytes RAM 50 Mhz clock

Typical Configurations

256 bytes to 4KB RAM 8KB to 32KB ROM 1KB to 32KB EEPROM Crypto-coprocessors (implementing

3DES RSA etc in hardware) are optional

8-bit to 16-bit CPU 8051 based designs are common

The price of a mid-level chip when produced in bulk is less than US$1

Smart Card Readers

Dedicated terminalsUsually with a small screen keypad printer often alsohave biometric devices such as thumb print scanner

Computer based readersConnect through USB or COM (Serial) ports

Communication mechanisms Communication between smart card and reader

is standardized ISO 7816-4 standard

Commands are initiated by the terminal Interpreted by the card OS Card state is updated Response is given by the card

Commands have the following structure

Response from the card include 1Le bytes followed by Response Code

CLA INS P1 P2 Lc 1Lc Le

Security Mechanisms

PasswordCard holderrsquos protection

Cryptographic challenge ResponseEntity authentication

Biometric informationPersonrsquos identification

A combination of one or more

Data storage

Data is stored in smart cards in E2PROMCard OS provides a file structure

mechanism

MF

DF DF

DF

EF EF

EF

EF EF

File types

Binary file (unstructured)

Fixed size record file

Variable size record file

Access control on the files Applications may specify the access

controlsA password (PIN) on the MF selection

bull For example SIM password in mobilesMultiple passwords can be used and

levels of security access may be given

Applications may also use cryptographic authentication

How does it all work

Card is inserted in the terminal Card gets power OS boots

up Sends ATR (Answer to reset)ATR negotiations take place

to set up data transfer speeds capability negotiations etcTerminal sends first command to select MF

Card responds with an error (because MF selection is only on password presentation)

Terminal prompts the user to provide password

Terminal sends password for verification

Card verifies P2 Stores a status ldquoP2 Verifiedrdquo Responds ldquoOKrdquo

Terminal sends command to select MF again

Terminal sends command to read EF1

Card supplies personal data and responds ldquoOKrdquo

Card responds ldquoOKrdquo

CAT_TP and BIP

Server

CAT_TP

0348 security layer

application protocol

Mechanism originally specified by 3GPP T3 by which the ME provides the UICC with access to the data bearers supported by the ME and the network

BIP

How are Smart Cards Used

Commercial Applications Bankingpayment Identification Parking and toll collection Universities use smart cards for ID purposes and

at the the library vending machines copy machines and other services on campus

By 2007 end all credit cards will be smart EMV standard

Mobile Telecommunications SIM cards used on cell phones Over 300000000 GSM phones with smart cards Contains mobile phone security subscription

information phone number on the network billing information and frequently called numbers

How are Smart Cards Used Information Technology

Secure logon and authentication of users to PCs and networks

Encryption of sensitive data

Other Applications Over 4 million small dish TV satellite receivers in the US

use a smart card as its removable security element and subscription information

Pre-paid reloadable telephone cards Health Care stores the history of a patient Fast ticketing in public transport parking and road tolling

in many countries JAVA cards

What is Smart Card for Government

Authentication ArchitectureDigital Photo Biometrics Finger Print Voice Print Hand Geometry Iris Scan Keyboard Dynamics Digitized Signature Signature Dynamics Personal ID Electronic Signature

Encryption CompressionPublicPrivate Key Digital Signature (DSS) RSA for Off-line Wireless Telephony

HardwareSoftware Based Crypto Co-Processor

UsesPre-paid Money Credit Debit

Authorizations ID CertificateSecure eMail eForms Digital signature

Proximity Combi Chip are imminent - combining smart card and radio frequency into one chip

RF indicates Radio Frequency Chip

Mag Stripe on back

SmartCardChip

Digital Photo

Barcode

A Multi-Application Multi-Tech Proximity Smart CardA Hybrid Composite Card

Source John G Moore GSA 1994

E-Government Smart Card Specification ISO 7816 123 compliant bull FIPS 140-2 level 3 bull Java Applications

ndash PKI Appletndash ID PIN Verification and Management Appletndash GCA Appletndash Authentication Appletndash Biometric Authentication Appletndash Stake Holder applets (future)

bull JavaCard 21 bull Global Platform 2 Compliant bull 64 K RAM (42K available for applets) bull DES3DESAES(when available) bull RSA asymmetric 1024 2048 bull PTS speed in access of 9600 bps bull EEPROM endurance gt 250000 rw cycles bull MIFARE Proximity (contactless) chip

ndash DESFire (ISO 14443-A)ndash 4 k NV memory

Smart Card Applications

IdentityManagement

Ticketless TravelLoyalty Programs

Building SecurityArea Access

SecureNetwork Access

Information SecurityHealthcare

DebitCredit CardElectronic PurseMass Transit

Time and AttendanceAdministration

Training ManagementQualificationCertificationDistance Learning

Mobile Communications

Mary Carver

Drivers LicenseWorkEntry

PermitsParking

Mary Carver

Advantages

In comparison to itrsquos predecessor the magnetic strip card smart

cards have many advantages including

Life of a smart card is longer A single smart card can house multiple applications Just one

card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

Smart cards cannot be easily replicated and are as a general rule much more secure than magnetic stripe cards it has relatively powerful processing capabilities that allow it to do more than a magnetic stripe card (eg data encryption)

Data on a smart card can be protected against unauthorized viewing As a result of this confidential data PINs and passwords can be stored on a smart card This means merchants do not have to go online every time to authenticate a transaction

Disadvantages

NOT tamper proof Can be loststolen Lack of user mobility ndash only possible if user

has smart card reader every he goes Has to use the same reader technology Can be expensive Working from PC ndash software based token will

be better No benefits to using a token on multiple PCs

to using a smart card Still working on bugs

Over 20 programs world-wide

Over 20 programs world-wide across the financial idsecurity government mobile telecom public healthcare retail and transit markets1048713 Mobile OTA application management for USIMSIM cards (SIMToolKit CAT)1048713 US DoD CAC card1048713 Taiwan Health Card1048713 Moscow Social Card1048713 Finnish National Smart Card Program1048713 Smart Visa Card1048713 Amex Blue Card1048713 Etc

OS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market the main ones being

1 MultOS 2 JavaCard3 Cyberflex4 StarCOS5 MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle

bull File Handling and Manipulationbull Memory Managementbull Data Transmission Protocols

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Smart Cards Smart Cards TechnologyTechnology

CD Lee Sam Yen

IC Card (Smart Card)

是在塑膠卡片上裝置積體電路（ IC）並在卡上外接接點使讀寫裝置可以傳輸資料 IC卡內的積體電路可包含微處理器（ MCU ） 和記憶體只有記憶體的稱為記憶卡（ Memory Card）只能儲存資料具微處理器的則有運算和資料處理能力被稱為智慧卡（ Smart Card ）

IC卡的特色有記憶容量大資料可重複多次寫入或更新資料控管功能安全性高不易偽造防止卡片犯罪的損失可採離線（ off-line）作業減少通訊成本國內目前在金融醫療電信方面已陸續導入 IC卡的應用

Plastic Cards

Visual identity application Plain plastic card is enough

Magnetic strip (eg credit cards) Visual data also available in machine

readable form No security of data

Electronic memory cards Machine readable data Some security (vendor specific)

Smart Cards Processor cards (and therefore memory too) Credit card size

With or without contacts Cards have an operating system too The OS provides

A standard way of interchanging information An interpretation of the commands and data

Cards must interface to a computer or terminal through a standard card reader

Loosely defined a smart card is any card with a capability to relate information to a particular application such as Magnetic Stripe Cards Optical Cards Memory Cards Microprocessor Cards

Magnetic Stripe Cards

Standard technology for bank cards driverrsquos licenses library cards and so onhelliphellip

Optical Cards

Uses a laser to read and write the card

CANPASS Contains Photo ID Fingerprint

Memory Cards

Can store Financial Info Personal Info Specialized Info

Cannot process Info

Microprocessor Cards Has an integrated

circuit chip Has the ability to

Store information Carry out local

processing Perform Complex

Calculations

Microprocessor CardsContact Smart Card

VCC

ResetClock

GND

VPP

IO

Reserved

Microprocessor CardsContactless Smart Card

Microprocessor CardsCombi Hybrid Cards

Hybrid Card Has two chips contact and

contactless interface The two chips are not connected

Combi Card Has a single chip with a contact

and contactless interface Can access the same chip via a

contact or contactless interface with a very high level of security

Smart Cards devices

VCC

Reset

Clock

GND

VPP

IO

Reserved

Whatrsquos in a Card

VccRSTCL

KRFU

VppIO

GND

RFU

Typical Smartcard at time of our research 8-bit CPU 384 bytes

RAM 3ndash5 Mhz clock rate

Upcoming 32-bit RISC CPU 4

Kbytes RAM 50 Mhz clock

Typical Configurations

256 bytes to 4KB RAM 8KB to 32KB ROM 1KB to 32KB EEPROM Crypto-coprocessors (implementing

3DES RSA etc in hardware) are optional

8-bit to 16-bit CPU 8051 based designs are common

The price of a mid-level chip when produced in bulk is less than US$1

Smart Card Readers

Dedicated terminalsUsually with a small screen keypad printer often alsohave biometric devices such as thumb print scanner

Computer based readersConnect through USB or COM (Serial) ports

Communication mechanisms Communication between smart card and reader

is standardized ISO 7816-4 standard

Commands are initiated by the terminal Interpreted by the card OS Card state is updated Response is given by the card

Commands have the following structure

Response from the card include 1Le bytes followed by Response Code

CLA INS P1 P2 Lc 1Lc Le

Security Mechanisms

PasswordCard holderrsquos protection

Cryptographic challenge ResponseEntity authentication

Biometric informationPersonrsquos identification

A combination of one or more

Data storage

Data is stored in smart cards in E2PROMCard OS provides a file structure

mechanism

MF

DF DF

DF

EF EF

EF

EF EF

File types

Binary file (unstructured)

Fixed size record file

Variable size record file

Access control on the files Applications may specify the access

controlsA password (PIN) on the MF selection

bull For example SIM password in mobilesMultiple passwords can be used and

levels of security access may be given

Applications may also use cryptographic authentication

How does it all work

Card is inserted in the terminal Card gets power OS boots

up Sends ATR (Answer to reset)ATR negotiations take place

to set up data transfer speeds capability negotiations etcTerminal sends first command to select MF

Card responds with an error (because MF selection is only on password presentation)

Terminal prompts the user to provide password

Terminal sends password for verification

Card verifies P2 Stores a status ldquoP2 Verifiedrdquo Responds ldquoOKrdquo

Terminal sends command to select MF again

Terminal sends command to read EF1

Card supplies personal data and responds ldquoOKrdquo

Card responds ldquoOKrdquo

CAT_TP and BIP

Server

CAT_TP

0348 security layer

application protocol

Mechanism originally specified by 3GPP T3 by which the ME provides the UICC with access to the data bearers supported by the ME and the network

BIP

How are Smart Cards Used

Commercial Applications Bankingpayment Identification Parking and toll collection Universities use smart cards for ID purposes and

at the the library vending machines copy machines and other services on campus

By 2007 end all credit cards will be smart EMV standard

Mobile Telecommunications SIM cards used on cell phones Over 300000000 GSM phones with smart cards Contains mobile phone security subscription

information phone number on the network billing information and frequently called numbers

How are Smart Cards Used Information Technology

Secure logon and authentication of users to PCs and networks

Encryption of sensitive data

Other Applications Over 4 million small dish TV satellite receivers in the US

use a smart card as its removable security element and subscription information

Pre-paid reloadable telephone cards Health Care stores the history of a patient Fast ticketing in public transport parking and road tolling

in many countries JAVA cards

What is Smart Card for Government

Authentication ArchitectureDigital Photo Biometrics Finger Print Voice Print Hand Geometry Iris Scan Keyboard Dynamics Digitized Signature Signature Dynamics Personal ID Electronic Signature

Encryption CompressionPublicPrivate Key Digital Signature (DSS) RSA for Off-line Wireless Telephony

HardwareSoftware Based Crypto Co-Processor

UsesPre-paid Money Credit Debit

Authorizations ID CertificateSecure eMail eForms Digital signature

Proximity Combi Chip are imminent - combining smart card and radio frequency into one chip

RF indicates Radio Frequency Chip

Mag Stripe on back

SmartCardChip

Digital Photo

Barcode

A Multi-Application Multi-Tech Proximity Smart CardA Hybrid Composite Card

Source John G Moore GSA 1994

E-Government Smart Card Specification ISO 7816 123 compliant bull FIPS 140-2 level 3 bull Java Applications

ndash PKI Appletndash ID PIN Verification and Management Appletndash GCA Appletndash Authentication Appletndash Biometric Authentication Appletndash Stake Holder applets (future)

bull JavaCard 21 bull Global Platform 2 Compliant bull 64 K RAM (42K available for applets) bull DES3DESAES(when available) bull RSA asymmetric 1024 2048 bull PTS speed in access of 9600 bps bull EEPROM endurance gt 250000 rw cycles bull MIFARE Proximity (contactless) chip

ndash DESFire (ISO 14443-A)ndash 4 k NV memory

Smart Card Applications

IdentityManagement

Ticketless TravelLoyalty Programs

Building SecurityArea Access

SecureNetwork Access

Information SecurityHealthcare

DebitCredit CardElectronic PurseMass Transit

Time and AttendanceAdministration

Training ManagementQualificationCertificationDistance Learning

Mobile Communications

Mary Carver

Drivers LicenseWorkEntry

PermitsParking

Mary Carver

Advantages

In comparison to itrsquos predecessor the magnetic strip card smart

cards have many advantages including

Life of a smart card is longer A single smart card can house multiple applications Just one

card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

Smart cards cannot be easily replicated and are as a general rule much more secure than magnetic stripe cards it has relatively powerful processing capabilities that allow it to do more than a magnetic stripe card (eg data encryption)

Data on a smart card can be protected against unauthorized viewing As a result of this confidential data PINs and passwords can be stored on a smart card This means merchants do not have to go online every time to authenticate a transaction

Disadvantages

NOT tamper proof Can be loststolen Lack of user mobility ndash only possible if user

has smart card reader every he goes Has to use the same reader technology Can be expensive Working from PC ndash software based token will

be better No benefits to using a token on multiple PCs

to using a smart card Still working on bugs

Over 20 programs world-wide

Over 20 programs world-wide across the financial idsecurity government mobile telecom public healthcare retail and transit markets1048713 Mobile OTA application management for USIMSIM cards (SIMToolKit CAT)1048713 US DoD CAC card1048713 Taiwan Health Card1048713 Moscow Social Card1048713 Finnish National Smart Card Program1048713 Smart Visa Card1048713 Amex Blue Card1048713 Etc

OS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market the main ones being

1 MultOS 2 JavaCard3 Cyberflex4 StarCOS5 MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle

bull File Handling and Manipulationbull Memory Managementbull Data Transmission Protocols

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

IC Card (Smart Card)

是在塑膠卡片上裝置積體電路（ IC）並在卡上外接接點使讀寫裝置可以傳輸資料 IC卡內的積體電路可包含微處理器（ MCU ） 和記憶體只有記憶體的稱為記憶卡（ Memory Card）只能儲存資料具微處理器的則有運算和資料處理能力被稱為智慧卡（ Smart Card ）

IC卡的特色有記憶容量大資料可重複多次寫入或更新資料控管功能安全性高不易偽造防止卡片犯罪的損失可採離線（ off-line）作業減少通訊成本國內目前在金融醫療電信方面已陸續導入 IC卡的應用

Plastic Cards

Visual identity application Plain plastic card is enough

Magnetic strip (eg credit cards) Visual data also available in machine

readable form No security of data

Electronic memory cards Machine readable data Some security (vendor specific)

Smart Cards Processor cards (and therefore memory too) Credit card size

With or without contacts Cards have an operating system too The OS provides

A standard way of interchanging information An interpretation of the commands and data

Cards must interface to a computer or terminal through a standard card reader

Loosely defined a smart card is any card with a capability to relate information to a particular application such as Magnetic Stripe Cards Optical Cards Memory Cards Microprocessor Cards

Magnetic Stripe Cards

Standard technology for bank cards driverrsquos licenses library cards and so onhelliphellip

Optical Cards

Uses a laser to read and write the card

CANPASS Contains Photo ID Fingerprint

Memory Cards

Can store Financial Info Personal Info Specialized Info

Cannot process Info

Microprocessor Cards Has an integrated

circuit chip Has the ability to

Store information Carry out local

processing Perform Complex

Calculations

Microprocessor CardsContact Smart Card

VCC

ResetClock

GND

VPP

IO

Reserved

Microprocessor CardsContactless Smart Card

Microprocessor CardsCombi Hybrid Cards

Hybrid Card Has two chips contact and

contactless interface The two chips are not connected

Combi Card Has a single chip with a contact

and contactless interface Can access the same chip via a

contact or contactless interface with a very high level of security

Smart Cards devices

VCC

Reset

Clock

GND

VPP

IO

Reserved

Whatrsquos in a Card

VccRSTCL

KRFU

VppIO

GND

RFU

Typical Smartcard at time of our research 8-bit CPU 384 bytes

RAM 3ndash5 Mhz clock rate

Upcoming 32-bit RISC CPU 4

Kbytes RAM 50 Mhz clock

Typical Configurations

256 bytes to 4KB RAM 8KB to 32KB ROM 1KB to 32KB EEPROM Crypto-coprocessors (implementing

3DES RSA etc in hardware) are optional

8-bit to 16-bit CPU 8051 based designs are common

The price of a mid-level chip when produced in bulk is less than US$1

Smart Card Readers

Dedicated terminalsUsually with a small screen keypad printer often alsohave biometric devices such as thumb print scanner

Computer based readersConnect through USB or COM (Serial) ports

Communication mechanisms Communication between smart card and reader

is standardized ISO 7816-4 standard

Commands are initiated by the terminal Interpreted by the card OS Card state is updated Response is given by the card

Commands have the following structure

Response from the card include 1Le bytes followed by Response Code

CLA INS P1 P2 Lc 1Lc Le

Security Mechanisms

PasswordCard holderrsquos protection

Cryptographic challenge ResponseEntity authentication

Biometric informationPersonrsquos identification

A combination of one or more

Data storage

Data is stored in smart cards in E2PROMCard OS provides a file structure

mechanism

MF

DF DF

DF

EF EF

EF

EF EF

File types

Binary file (unstructured)

Fixed size record file

Variable size record file

Access control on the files Applications may specify the access

controlsA password (PIN) on the MF selection

bull For example SIM password in mobilesMultiple passwords can be used and

levels of security access may be given

Applications may also use cryptographic authentication

How does it all work

Card is inserted in the terminal Card gets power OS boots

up Sends ATR (Answer to reset)ATR negotiations take place

to set up data transfer speeds capability negotiations etcTerminal sends first command to select MF

Card responds with an error (because MF selection is only on password presentation)

Terminal prompts the user to provide password

Terminal sends password for verification

Card verifies P2 Stores a status ldquoP2 Verifiedrdquo Responds ldquoOKrdquo

Terminal sends command to select MF again

Terminal sends command to read EF1

Card supplies personal data and responds ldquoOKrdquo

Card responds ldquoOKrdquo

CAT_TP and BIP

Server

CAT_TP

0348 security layer

application protocol

Mechanism originally specified by 3GPP T3 by which the ME provides the UICC with access to the data bearers supported by the ME and the network

BIP

How are Smart Cards Used

Commercial Applications Bankingpayment Identification Parking and toll collection Universities use smart cards for ID purposes and

at the the library vending machines copy machines and other services on campus

By 2007 end all credit cards will be smart EMV standard

Mobile Telecommunications SIM cards used on cell phones Over 300000000 GSM phones with smart cards Contains mobile phone security subscription

information phone number on the network billing information and frequently called numbers

How are Smart Cards Used Information Technology

Secure logon and authentication of users to PCs and networks

Encryption of sensitive data

Other Applications Over 4 million small dish TV satellite receivers in the US

use a smart card as its removable security element and subscription information

Pre-paid reloadable telephone cards Health Care stores the history of a patient Fast ticketing in public transport parking and road tolling

in many countries JAVA cards

What is Smart Card for Government

Authentication ArchitectureDigital Photo Biometrics Finger Print Voice Print Hand Geometry Iris Scan Keyboard Dynamics Digitized Signature Signature Dynamics Personal ID Electronic Signature

Encryption CompressionPublicPrivate Key Digital Signature (DSS) RSA for Off-line Wireless Telephony

HardwareSoftware Based Crypto Co-Processor

UsesPre-paid Money Credit Debit

Authorizations ID CertificateSecure eMail eForms Digital signature

Proximity Combi Chip are imminent - combining smart card and radio frequency into one chip

RF indicates Radio Frequency Chip

Mag Stripe on back

SmartCardChip

Digital Photo

Barcode

A Multi-Application Multi-Tech Proximity Smart CardA Hybrid Composite Card

Source John G Moore GSA 1994

E-Government Smart Card Specification ISO 7816 123 compliant bull FIPS 140-2 level 3 bull Java Applications

ndash PKI Appletndash ID PIN Verification and Management Appletndash GCA Appletndash Authentication Appletndash Biometric Authentication Appletndash Stake Holder applets (future)

bull JavaCard 21 bull Global Platform 2 Compliant bull 64 K RAM (42K available for applets) bull DES3DESAES(when available) bull RSA asymmetric 1024 2048 bull PTS speed in access of 9600 bps bull EEPROM endurance gt 250000 rw cycles bull MIFARE Proximity (contactless) chip

ndash DESFire (ISO 14443-A)ndash 4 k NV memory

Smart Card Applications

IdentityManagement

Ticketless TravelLoyalty Programs

Building SecurityArea Access

SecureNetwork Access

Information SecurityHealthcare

DebitCredit CardElectronic PurseMass Transit

Time and AttendanceAdministration

Training ManagementQualificationCertificationDistance Learning

Mobile Communications

Mary Carver

Drivers LicenseWorkEntry

PermitsParking

Mary Carver

Advantages

In comparison to itrsquos predecessor the magnetic strip card smart

cards have many advantages including

Life of a smart card is longer A single smart card can house multiple applications Just one

card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

Smart cards cannot be easily replicated and are as a general rule much more secure than magnetic stripe cards it has relatively powerful processing capabilities that allow it to do more than a magnetic stripe card (eg data encryption)

Data on a smart card can be protected against unauthorized viewing As a result of this confidential data PINs and passwords can be stored on a smart card This means merchants do not have to go online every time to authenticate a transaction

Disadvantages

NOT tamper proof Can be loststolen Lack of user mobility ndash only possible if user

has smart card reader every he goes Has to use the same reader technology Can be expensive Working from PC ndash software based token will

be better No benefits to using a token on multiple PCs

to using a smart card Still working on bugs

Over 20 programs world-wide

Over 20 programs world-wide across the financial idsecurity government mobile telecom public healthcare retail and transit markets1048713 Mobile OTA application management for USIMSIM cards (SIMToolKit CAT)1048713 US DoD CAC card1048713 Taiwan Health Card1048713 Moscow Social Card1048713 Finnish National Smart Card Program1048713 Smart Visa Card1048713 Amex Blue Card1048713 Etc

OS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market the main ones being

1 MultOS 2 JavaCard3 Cyberflex4 StarCOS5 MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle

bull File Handling and Manipulationbull Memory Managementbull Data Transmission Protocols

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Plastic Cards

Visual identity application Plain plastic card is enough

Magnetic strip (eg credit cards) Visual data also available in machine

readable form No security of data

Electronic memory cards Machine readable data Some security (vendor specific)

Smart Cards Processor cards (and therefore memory too) Credit card size

With or without contacts Cards have an operating system too The OS provides

A standard way of interchanging information An interpretation of the commands and data

Cards must interface to a computer or terminal through a standard card reader

Loosely defined a smart card is any card with a capability to relate information to a particular application such as Magnetic Stripe Cards Optical Cards Memory Cards Microprocessor Cards

Magnetic Stripe Cards

Standard technology for bank cards driverrsquos licenses library cards and so onhelliphellip

Optical Cards

Uses a laser to read and write the card

CANPASS Contains Photo ID Fingerprint

Memory Cards

Can store Financial Info Personal Info Specialized Info

Cannot process Info

Microprocessor Cards Has an integrated

circuit chip Has the ability to

Store information Carry out local

processing Perform Complex

Calculations

Microprocessor CardsContact Smart Card

VCC

ResetClock

GND

VPP

IO

Reserved

Microprocessor CardsContactless Smart Card

Microprocessor CardsCombi Hybrid Cards

Hybrid Card Has two chips contact and

contactless interface The two chips are not connected

Combi Card Has a single chip with a contact

and contactless interface Can access the same chip via a

contact or contactless interface with a very high level of security

Smart Cards devices

VCC

Reset

Clock

GND

VPP

IO

Reserved

Whatrsquos in a Card

VccRSTCL

KRFU

VppIO

GND

RFU

Typical Smartcard at time of our research 8-bit CPU 384 bytes

RAM 3ndash5 Mhz clock rate

Upcoming 32-bit RISC CPU 4

Kbytes RAM 50 Mhz clock

Typical Configurations

256 bytes to 4KB RAM 8KB to 32KB ROM 1KB to 32KB EEPROM Crypto-coprocessors (implementing

3DES RSA etc in hardware) are optional

8-bit to 16-bit CPU 8051 based designs are common

The price of a mid-level chip when produced in bulk is less than US$1

Smart Card Readers

Dedicated terminalsUsually with a small screen keypad printer often alsohave biometric devices such as thumb print scanner

Computer based readersConnect through USB or COM (Serial) ports

Communication mechanisms Communication between smart card and reader

is standardized ISO 7816-4 standard

Commands are initiated by the terminal Interpreted by the card OS Card state is updated Response is given by the card

Commands have the following structure

Response from the card include 1Le bytes followed by Response Code

CLA INS P1 P2 Lc 1Lc Le

Security Mechanisms

PasswordCard holderrsquos protection

Cryptographic challenge ResponseEntity authentication

Biometric informationPersonrsquos identification

A combination of one or more

Data storage

Data is stored in smart cards in E2PROMCard OS provides a file structure

mechanism

MF

DF DF

DF

EF EF

EF

EF EF

File types

Binary file (unstructured)

Fixed size record file

Variable size record file

Access control on the files Applications may specify the access

controlsA password (PIN) on the MF selection

bull For example SIM password in mobilesMultiple passwords can be used and

levels of security access may be given

Applications may also use cryptographic authentication

How does it all work

Card is inserted in the terminal Card gets power OS boots

up Sends ATR (Answer to reset)ATR negotiations take place

to set up data transfer speeds capability negotiations etcTerminal sends first command to select MF

Card responds with an error (because MF selection is only on password presentation)

Terminal prompts the user to provide password

Terminal sends password for verification

Card verifies P2 Stores a status ldquoP2 Verifiedrdquo Responds ldquoOKrdquo

Terminal sends command to select MF again

Terminal sends command to read EF1

Card supplies personal data and responds ldquoOKrdquo

Card responds ldquoOKrdquo

CAT_TP and BIP

Server

CAT_TP

0348 security layer

application protocol

Mechanism originally specified by 3GPP T3 by which the ME provides the UICC with access to the data bearers supported by the ME and the network

BIP

How are Smart Cards Used

Commercial Applications Bankingpayment Identification Parking and toll collection Universities use smart cards for ID purposes and

at the the library vending machines copy machines and other services on campus

By 2007 end all credit cards will be smart EMV standard

Mobile Telecommunications SIM cards used on cell phones Over 300000000 GSM phones with smart cards Contains mobile phone security subscription

information phone number on the network billing information and frequently called numbers

How are Smart Cards Used Information Technology

Secure logon and authentication of users to PCs and networks

Encryption of sensitive data

Other Applications Over 4 million small dish TV satellite receivers in the US

use a smart card as its removable security element and subscription information

Pre-paid reloadable telephone cards Health Care stores the history of a patient Fast ticketing in public transport parking and road tolling

in many countries JAVA cards

What is Smart Card for Government

Authentication ArchitectureDigital Photo Biometrics Finger Print Voice Print Hand Geometry Iris Scan Keyboard Dynamics Digitized Signature Signature Dynamics Personal ID Electronic Signature

Encryption CompressionPublicPrivate Key Digital Signature (DSS) RSA for Off-line Wireless Telephony

HardwareSoftware Based Crypto Co-Processor

UsesPre-paid Money Credit Debit

Authorizations ID CertificateSecure eMail eForms Digital signature

Proximity Combi Chip are imminent - combining smart card and radio frequency into one chip

RF indicates Radio Frequency Chip

Mag Stripe on back

SmartCardChip

Digital Photo

Barcode

A Multi-Application Multi-Tech Proximity Smart CardA Hybrid Composite Card

Source John G Moore GSA 1994

E-Government Smart Card Specification ISO 7816 123 compliant bull FIPS 140-2 level 3 bull Java Applications

ndash PKI Appletndash ID PIN Verification and Management Appletndash GCA Appletndash Authentication Appletndash Biometric Authentication Appletndash Stake Holder applets (future)

bull JavaCard 21 bull Global Platform 2 Compliant bull 64 K RAM (42K available for applets) bull DES3DESAES(when available) bull RSA asymmetric 1024 2048 bull PTS speed in access of 9600 bps bull EEPROM endurance gt 250000 rw cycles bull MIFARE Proximity (contactless) chip

ndash DESFire (ISO 14443-A)ndash 4 k NV memory

Smart Card Applications

IdentityManagement

Ticketless TravelLoyalty Programs

Building SecurityArea Access

SecureNetwork Access

Information SecurityHealthcare

DebitCredit CardElectronic PurseMass Transit

Time and AttendanceAdministration

Training ManagementQualificationCertificationDistance Learning

Mobile Communications

Mary Carver

Drivers LicenseWorkEntry

PermitsParking

Mary Carver

Advantages

In comparison to itrsquos predecessor the magnetic strip card smart

cards have many advantages including

Life of a smart card is longer A single smart card can house multiple applications Just one

card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

Smart cards cannot be easily replicated and are as a general rule much more secure than magnetic stripe cards it has relatively powerful processing capabilities that allow it to do more than a magnetic stripe card (eg data encryption)

Data on a smart card can be protected against unauthorized viewing As a result of this confidential data PINs and passwords can be stored on a smart card This means merchants do not have to go online every time to authenticate a transaction

Disadvantages

NOT tamper proof Can be loststolen Lack of user mobility ndash only possible if user

has smart card reader every he goes Has to use the same reader technology Can be expensive Working from PC ndash software based token will

be better No benefits to using a token on multiple PCs

to using a smart card Still working on bugs

Over 20 programs world-wide

Over 20 programs world-wide across the financial idsecurity government mobile telecom public healthcare retail and transit markets1048713 Mobile OTA application management for USIMSIM cards (SIMToolKit CAT)1048713 US DoD CAC card1048713 Taiwan Health Card1048713 Moscow Social Card1048713 Finnish National Smart Card Program1048713 Smart Visa Card1048713 Amex Blue Card1048713 Etc

OS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market the main ones being

1 MultOS 2 JavaCard3 Cyberflex4 StarCOS5 MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle

bull File Handling and Manipulationbull Memory Managementbull Data Transmission Protocols

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Smart Cards Processor cards (and therefore memory too) Credit card size

With or without contacts Cards have an operating system too The OS provides

A standard way of interchanging information An interpretation of the commands and data

Cards must interface to a computer or terminal through a standard card reader

Loosely defined a smart card is any card with a capability to relate information to a particular application such as Magnetic Stripe Cards Optical Cards Memory Cards Microprocessor Cards

Magnetic Stripe Cards

Standard technology for bank cards driverrsquos licenses library cards and so onhelliphellip

Optical Cards

Uses a laser to read and write the card

CANPASS Contains Photo ID Fingerprint

Memory Cards

Can store Financial Info Personal Info Specialized Info

Cannot process Info

Microprocessor Cards Has an integrated

circuit chip Has the ability to

Store information Carry out local

processing Perform Complex

Calculations

Microprocessor CardsContact Smart Card

VCC

ResetClock

GND

VPP

IO

Reserved

Microprocessor CardsContactless Smart Card

Microprocessor CardsCombi Hybrid Cards

Hybrid Card Has two chips contact and

contactless interface The two chips are not connected

Combi Card Has a single chip with a contact

and contactless interface Can access the same chip via a

contact or contactless interface with a very high level of security

Smart Cards devices

VCC

Reset

Clock

GND

VPP

IO

Reserved

Whatrsquos in a Card

VccRSTCL

KRFU

VppIO

GND

RFU

Typical Smartcard at time of our research 8-bit CPU 384 bytes

RAM 3ndash5 Mhz clock rate

Upcoming 32-bit RISC CPU 4

Kbytes RAM 50 Mhz clock

Typical Configurations

256 bytes to 4KB RAM 8KB to 32KB ROM 1KB to 32KB EEPROM Crypto-coprocessors (implementing

3DES RSA etc in hardware) are optional

8-bit to 16-bit CPU 8051 based designs are common

The price of a mid-level chip when produced in bulk is less than US$1

Smart Card Readers

Dedicated terminalsUsually with a small screen keypad printer often alsohave biometric devices such as thumb print scanner

Computer based readersConnect through USB or COM (Serial) ports

Communication mechanisms Communication between smart card and reader

is standardized ISO 7816-4 standard

Commands are initiated by the terminal Interpreted by the card OS Card state is updated Response is given by the card

Commands have the following structure

Response from the card include 1Le bytes followed by Response Code

CLA INS P1 P2 Lc 1Lc Le

Security Mechanisms

PasswordCard holderrsquos protection

Cryptographic challenge ResponseEntity authentication

Biometric informationPersonrsquos identification

A combination of one or more

Data storage

Data is stored in smart cards in E2PROMCard OS provides a file structure

mechanism

MF

DF DF

DF

EF EF

EF

EF EF

File types

Binary file (unstructured)

Fixed size record file

Variable size record file

Access control on the files Applications may specify the access

controlsA password (PIN) on the MF selection

bull For example SIM password in mobilesMultiple passwords can be used and

levels of security access may be given

Applications may also use cryptographic authentication

How does it all work

Card is inserted in the terminal Card gets power OS boots

up Sends ATR (Answer to reset)ATR negotiations take place

to set up data transfer speeds capability negotiations etcTerminal sends first command to select MF

Card responds with an error (because MF selection is only on password presentation)

Terminal prompts the user to provide password

Terminal sends password for verification

Card verifies P2 Stores a status ldquoP2 Verifiedrdquo Responds ldquoOKrdquo

Terminal sends command to select MF again

Terminal sends command to read EF1

Card supplies personal data and responds ldquoOKrdquo

Card responds ldquoOKrdquo

CAT_TP and BIP

Server

CAT_TP

0348 security layer

application protocol

Mechanism originally specified by 3GPP T3 by which the ME provides the UICC with access to the data bearers supported by the ME and the network

BIP

How are Smart Cards Used

Commercial Applications Bankingpayment Identification Parking and toll collection Universities use smart cards for ID purposes and

at the the library vending machines copy machines and other services on campus

By 2007 end all credit cards will be smart EMV standard

Mobile Telecommunications SIM cards used on cell phones Over 300000000 GSM phones with smart cards Contains mobile phone security subscription

information phone number on the network billing information and frequently called numbers

How are Smart Cards Used Information Technology

Secure logon and authentication of users to PCs and networks

Encryption of sensitive data

Other Applications Over 4 million small dish TV satellite receivers in the US

use a smart card as its removable security element and subscription information

Pre-paid reloadable telephone cards Health Care stores the history of a patient Fast ticketing in public transport parking and road tolling

in many countries JAVA cards

What is Smart Card for Government

Authentication ArchitectureDigital Photo Biometrics Finger Print Voice Print Hand Geometry Iris Scan Keyboard Dynamics Digitized Signature Signature Dynamics Personal ID Electronic Signature

Encryption CompressionPublicPrivate Key Digital Signature (DSS) RSA for Off-line Wireless Telephony

HardwareSoftware Based Crypto Co-Processor

UsesPre-paid Money Credit Debit

Authorizations ID CertificateSecure eMail eForms Digital signature

Proximity Combi Chip are imminent - combining smart card and radio frequency into one chip

RF indicates Radio Frequency Chip

Mag Stripe on back

SmartCardChip

Digital Photo

Barcode

A Multi-Application Multi-Tech Proximity Smart CardA Hybrid Composite Card

Source John G Moore GSA 1994

E-Government Smart Card Specification ISO 7816 123 compliant bull FIPS 140-2 level 3 bull Java Applications

ndash PKI Appletndash ID PIN Verification and Management Appletndash GCA Appletndash Authentication Appletndash Biometric Authentication Appletndash Stake Holder applets (future)

bull JavaCard 21 bull Global Platform 2 Compliant bull 64 K RAM (42K available for applets) bull DES3DESAES(when available) bull RSA asymmetric 1024 2048 bull PTS speed in access of 9600 bps bull EEPROM endurance gt 250000 rw cycles bull MIFARE Proximity (contactless) chip

ndash DESFire (ISO 14443-A)ndash 4 k NV memory

Smart Card Applications

IdentityManagement

Ticketless TravelLoyalty Programs

Building SecurityArea Access

SecureNetwork Access

Information SecurityHealthcare

DebitCredit CardElectronic PurseMass Transit

Time and AttendanceAdministration

Training ManagementQualificationCertificationDistance Learning

Mobile Communications

Mary Carver

Drivers LicenseWorkEntry

PermitsParking

Mary Carver

Advantages

In comparison to itrsquos predecessor the magnetic strip card smart

cards have many advantages including

Life of a smart card is longer A single smart card can house multiple applications Just one

card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

Smart cards cannot be easily replicated and are as a general rule much more secure than magnetic stripe cards it has relatively powerful processing capabilities that allow it to do more than a magnetic stripe card (eg data encryption)

Data on a smart card can be protected against unauthorized viewing As a result of this confidential data PINs and passwords can be stored on a smart card This means merchants do not have to go online every time to authenticate a transaction

Disadvantages

NOT tamper proof Can be loststolen Lack of user mobility ndash only possible if user

has smart card reader every he goes Has to use the same reader technology Can be expensive Working from PC ndash software based token will

be better No benefits to using a token on multiple PCs

to using a smart card Still working on bugs

Over 20 programs world-wide

Over 20 programs world-wide across the financial idsecurity government mobile telecom public healthcare retail and transit markets1048713 Mobile OTA application management for USIMSIM cards (SIMToolKit CAT)1048713 US DoD CAC card1048713 Taiwan Health Card1048713 Moscow Social Card1048713 Finnish National Smart Card Program1048713 Smart Visa Card1048713 Amex Blue Card1048713 Etc

OS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market the main ones being

1 MultOS 2 JavaCard3 Cyberflex4 StarCOS5 MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle

bull File Handling and Manipulationbull Memory Managementbull Data Transmission Protocols

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Magnetic Stripe Cards

Standard technology for bank cards driverrsquos licenses library cards and so onhelliphellip

Optical Cards

Uses a laser to read and write the card

CANPASS Contains Photo ID Fingerprint

Memory Cards

Can store Financial Info Personal Info Specialized Info

Cannot process Info

Microprocessor Cards Has an integrated

circuit chip Has the ability to

Store information Carry out local

processing Perform Complex

Calculations

Microprocessor CardsContact Smart Card

VCC

ResetClock

GND

VPP

IO

Reserved

Microprocessor CardsContactless Smart Card

Microprocessor CardsCombi Hybrid Cards

Hybrid Card Has two chips contact and

contactless interface The two chips are not connected

Combi Card Has a single chip with a contact

and contactless interface Can access the same chip via a

contact or contactless interface with a very high level of security

Smart Cards devices

VCC

Reset

Clock

GND

VPP

IO

Reserved

Whatrsquos in a Card

VccRSTCL

KRFU

VppIO

GND

RFU

Typical Smartcard at time of our research 8-bit CPU 384 bytes

RAM 3ndash5 Mhz clock rate

Upcoming 32-bit RISC CPU 4

Kbytes RAM 50 Mhz clock

Typical Configurations

256 bytes to 4KB RAM 8KB to 32KB ROM 1KB to 32KB EEPROM Crypto-coprocessors (implementing

3DES RSA etc in hardware) are optional

8-bit to 16-bit CPU 8051 based designs are common

The price of a mid-level chip when produced in bulk is less than US$1

Smart Card Readers

Dedicated terminalsUsually with a small screen keypad printer often alsohave biometric devices such as thumb print scanner

Computer based readersConnect through USB or COM (Serial) ports

Communication mechanisms Communication between smart card and reader

is standardized ISO 7816-4 standard

Commands are initiated by the terminal Interpreted by the card OS Card state is updated Response is given by the card

Commands have the following structure

Response from the card include 1Le bytes followed by Response Code

CLA INS P1 P2 Lc 1Lc Le

Security Mechanisms

PasswordCard holderrsquos protection

Cryptographic challenge ResponseEntity authentication

Biometric informationPersonrsquos identification

A combination of one or more

Data storage

Data is stored in smart cards in E2PROMCard OS provides a file structure

mechanism

MF

DF DF

DF

EF EF

EF

EF EF

File types

Binary file (unstructured)

Fixed size record file

Variable size record file

Access control on the files Applications may specify the access

controlsA password (PIN) on the MF selection

bull For example SIM password in mobilesMultiple passwords can be used and

levels of security access may be given

Applications may also use cryptographic authentication

How does it all work

Card is inserted in the terminal Card gets power OS boots

up Sends ATR (Answer to reset)ATR negotiations take place

to set up data transfer speeds capability negotiations etcTerminal sends first command to select MF

Card responds with an error (because MF selection is only on password presentation)

Terminal prompts the user to provide password

Terminal sends password for verification

Card verifies P2 Stores a status ldquoP2 Verifiedrdquo Responds ldquoOKrdquo

Terminal sends command to select MF again

Terminal sends command to read EF1

Card supplies personal data and responds ldquoOKrdquo

Card responds ldquoOKrdquo

CAT_TP and BIP

Server

CAT_TP

0348 security layer

application protocol

Mechanism originally specified by 3GPP T3 by which the ME provides the UICC with access to the data bearers supported by the ME and the network

BIP

How are Smart Cards Used

Commercial Applications Bankingpayment Identification Parking and toll collection Universities use smart cards for ID purposes and

at the the library vending machines copy machines and other services on campus

By 2007 end all credit cards will be smart EMV standard

Mobile Telecommunications SIM cards used on cell phones Over 300000000 GSM phones with smart cards Contains mobile phone security subscription

information phone number on the network billing information and frequently called numbers

How are Smart Cards Used Information Technology

Secure logon and authentication of users to PCs and networks

Encryption of sensitive data

Other Applications Over 4 million small dish TV satellite receivers in the US

use a smart card as its removable security element and subscription information

Pre-paid reloadable telephone cards Health Care stores the history of a patient Fast ticketing in public transport parking and road tolling

in many countries JAVA cards

What is Smart Card for Government

Authentication ArchitectureDigital Photo Biometrics Finger Print Voice Print Hand Geometry Iris Scan Keyboard Dynamics Digitized Signature Signature Dynamics Personal ID Electronic Signature

Encryption CompressionPublicPrivate Key Digital Signature (DSS) RSA for Off-line Wireless Telephony

HardwareSoftware Based Crypto Co-Processor

UsesPre-paid Money Credit Debit

Authorizations ID CertificateSecure eMail eForms Digital signature

Proximity Combi Chip are imminent - combining smart card and radio frequency into one chip

RF indicates Radio Frequency Chip

Mag Stripe on back

SmartCardChip

Digital Photo

Barcode

A Multi-Application Multi-Tech Proximity Smart CardA Hybrid Composite Card

Source John G Moore GSA 1994

E-Government Smart Card Specification ISO 7816 123 compliant bull FIPS 140-2 level 3 bull Java Applications

ndash PKI Appletndash ID PIN Verification and Management Appletndash GCA Appletndash Authentication Appletndash Biometric Authentication Appletndash Stake Holder applets (future)

bull JavaCard 21 bull Global Platform 2 Compliant bull 64 K RAM (42K available for applets) bull DES3DESAES(when available) bull RSA asymmetric 1024 2048 bull PTS speed in access of 9600 bps bull EEPROM endurance gt 250000 rw cycles bull MIFARE Proximity (contactless) chip

ndash DESFire (ISO 14443-A)ndash 4 k NV memory

Smart Card Applications

IdentityManagement

Ticketless TravelLoyalty Programs

Building SecurityArea Access

SecureNetwork Access

Information SecurityHealthcare

DebitCredit CardElectronic PurseMass Transit

Time and AttendanceAdministration

Training ManagementQualificationCertificationDistance Learning

Mobile Communications

Mary Carver

Drivers LicenseWorkEntry

PermitsParking

Mary Carver

Advantages

In comparison to itrsquos predecessor the magnetic strip card smart

cards have many advantages including

Life of a smart card is longer A single smart card can house multiple applications Just one

card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

Smart cards cannot be easily replicated and are as a general rule much more secure than magnetic stripe cards it has relatively powerful processing capabilities that allow it to do more than a magnetic stripe card (eg data encryption)

Data on a smart card can be protected against unauthorized viewing As a result of this confidential data PINs and passwords can be stored on a smart card This means merchants do not have to go online every time to authenticate a transaction

Disadvantages

NOT tamper proof Can be loststolen Lack of user mobility ndash only possible if user

has smart card reader every he goes Has to use the same reader technology Can be expensive Working from PC ndash software based token will

be better No benefits to using a token on multiple PCs

to using a smart card Still working on bugs

Over 20 programs world-wide

Over 20 programs world-wide across the financial idsecurity government mobile telecom public healthcare retail and transit markets1048713 Mobile OTA application management for USIMSIM cards (SIMToolKit CAT)1048713 US DoD CAC card1048713 Taiwan Health Card1048713 Moscow Social Card1048713 Finnish National Smart Card Program1048713 Smart Visa Card1048713 Amex Blue Card1048713 Etc

OS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market the main ones being

1 MultOS 2 JavaCard3 Cyberflex4 StarCOS5 MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle

bull File Handling and Manipulationbull Memory Managementbull Data Transmission Protocols

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Optical Cards

Uses a laser to read and write the card

CANPASS Contains Photo ID Fingerprint

Memory Cards

Can store Financial Info Personal Info Specialized Info

Cannot process Info

Microprocessor Cards Has an integrated

circuit chip Has the ability to

Store information Carry out local

processing Perform Complex

Calculations

Microprocessor CardsContact Smart Card

VCC

ResetClock

GND

VPP

IO

Reserved

Microprocessor CardsContactless Smart Card

Microprocessor CardsCombi Hybrid Cards

Hybrid Card Has two chips contact and

contactless interface The two chips are not connected

Combi Card Has a single chip with a contact

and contactless interface Can access the same chip via a

contact or contactless interface with a very high level of security

Smart Cards devices

VCC

Reset

Clock

GND

VPP

IO

Reserved

Whatrsquos in a Card

VccRSTCL

KRFU

VppIO

GND

RFU

Typical Smartcard at time of our research 8-bit CPU 384 bytes

RAM 3ndash5 Mhz clock rate

Upcoming 32-bit RISC CPU 4

Kbytes RAM 50 Mhz clock

Typical Configurations

256 bytes to 4KB RAM 8KB to 32KB ROM 1KB to 32KB EEPROM Crypto-coprocessors (implementing

3DES RSA etc in hardware) are optional

8-bit to 16-bit CPU 8051 based designs are common

The price of a mid-level chip when produced in bulk is less than US$1

Smart Card Readers

Dedicated terminalsUsually with a small screen keypad printer often alsohave biometric devices such as thumb print scanner

Computer based readersConnect through USB or COM (Serial) ports

Communication mechanisms Communication between smart card and reader

is standardized ISO 7816-4 standard

Commands are initiated by the terminal Interpreted by the card OS Card state is updated Response is given by the card

Commands have the following structure

Response from the card include 1Le bytes followed by Response Code

CLA INS P1 P2 Lc 1Lc Le

Security Mechanisms

PasswordCard holderrsquos protection

Cryptographic challenge ResponseEntity authentication

Biometric informationPersonrsquos identification

A combination of one or more

Data storage

Data is stored in smart cards in E2PROMCard OS provides a file structure

mechanism

MF

DF DF

DF

EF EF

EF

EF EF

File types

Binary file (unstructured)

Fixed size record file

Variable size record file

Access control on the files Applications may specify the access

controlsA password (PIN) on the MF selection

bull For example SIM password in mobilesMultiple passwords can be used and

levels of security access may be given

Applications may also use cryptographic authentication

How does it all work

Card is inserted in the terminal Card gets power OS boots

up Sends ATR (Answer to reset)ATR negotiations take place

to set up data transfer speeds capability negotiations etcTerminal sends first command to select MF

Card responds with an error (because MF selection is only on password presentation)

Terminal prompts the user to provide password

Terminal sends password for verification

Card verifies P2 Stores a status ldquoP2 Verifiedrdquo Responds ldquoOKrdquo

Terminal sends command to select MF again

Terminal sends command to read EF1

Card supplies personal data and responds ldquoOKrdquo

Card responds ldquoOKrdquo

CAT_TP and BIP

Server

CAT_TP

0348 security layer

application protocol

Mechanism originally specified by 3GPP T3 by which the ME provides the UICC with access to the data bearers supported by the ME and the network

BIP

How are Smart Cards Used

Commercial Applications Bankingpayment Identification Parking and toll collection Universities use smart cards for ID purposes and

at the the library vending machines copy machines and other services on campus

By 2007 end all credit cards will be smart EMV standard

Mobile Telecommunications SIM cards used on cell phones Over 300000000 GSM phones with smart cards Contains mobile phone security subscription

information phone number on the network billing information and frequently called numbers

How are Smart Cards Used Information Technology

Secure logon and authentication of users to PCs and networks

Encryption of sensitive data

Other Applications Over 4 million small dish TV satellite receivers in the US

use a smart card as its removable security element and subscription information

Pre-paid reloadable telephone cards Health Care stores the history of a patient Fast ticketing in public transport parking and road tolling

in many countries JAVA cards

What is Smart Card for Government

Authentication ArchitectureDigital Photo Biometrics Finger Print Voice Print Hand Geometry Iris Scan Keyboard Dynamics Digitized Signature Signature Dynamics Personal ID Electronic Signature

Encryption CompressionPublicPrivate Key Digital Signature (DSS) RSA for Off-line Wireless Telephony

HardwareSoftware Based Crypto Co-Processor

UsesPre-paid Money Credit Debit

Authorizations ID CertificateSecure eMail eForms Digital signature

Proximity Combi Chip are imminent - combining smart card and radio frequency into one chip

RF indicates Radio Frequency Chip

Mag Stripe on back

SmartCardChip

Digital Photo

Barcode

A Multi-Application Multi-Tech Proximity Smart CardA Hybrid Composite Card

Source John G Moore GSA 1994

E-Government Smart Card Specification ISO 7816 123 compliant bull FIPS 140-2 level 3 bull Java Applications

ndash PKI Appletndash ID PIN Verification and Management Appletndash GCA Appletndash Authentication Appletndash Biometric Authentication Appletndash Stake Holder applets (future)

bull JavaCard 21 bull Global Platform 2 Compliant bull 64 K RAM (42K available for applets) bull DES3DESAES(when available) bull RSA asymmetric 1024 2048 bull PTS speed in access of 9600 bps bull EEPROM endurance gt 250000 rw cycles bull MIFARE Proximity (contactless) chip

ndash DESFire (ISO 14443-A)ndash 4 k NV memory

Smart Card Applications

IdentityManagement

Ticketless TravelLoyalty Programs

Building SecurityArea Access

SecureNetwork Access

Information SecurityHealthcare

DebitCredit CardElectronic PurseMass Transit

Time and AttendanceAdministration

Training ManagementQualificationCertificationDistance Learning

Mobile Communications

Mary Carver

Drivers LicenseWorkEntry

PermitsParking

Mary Carver

Advantages

In comparison to itrsquos predecessor the magnetic strip card smart

cards have many advantages including

Life of a smart card is longer A single smart card can house multiple applications Just one

card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

Smart cards cannot be easily replicated and are as a general rule much more secure than magnetic stripe cards it has relatively powerful processing capabilities that allow it to do more than a magnetic stripe card (eg data encryption)

Data on a smart card can be protected against unauthorized viewing As a result of this confidential data PINs and passwords can be stored on a smart card This means merchants do not have to go online every time to authenticate a transaction

Disadvantages

NOT tamper proof Can be loststolen Lack of user mobility ndash only possible if user

has smart card reader every he goes Has to use the same reader technology Can be expensive Working from PC ndash software based token will

be better No benefits to using a token on multiple PCs

to using a smart card Still working on bugs

Over 20 programs world-wide

Over 20 programs world-wide across the financial idsecurity government mobile telecom public healthcare retail and transit markets1048713 Mobile OTA application management for USIMSIM cards (SIMToolKit CAT)1048713 US DoD CAC card1048713 Taiwan Health Card1048713 Moscow Social Card1048713 Finnish National Smart Card Program1048713 Smart Visa Card1048713 Amex Blue Card1048713 Etc

OS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market the main ones being

1 MultOS 2 JavaCard3 Cyberflex4 StarCOS5 MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle

bull File Handling and Manipulationbull Memory Managementbull Data Transmission Protocols

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Memory Cards

Can store Financial Info Personal Info Specialized Info

Cannot process Info

Microprocessor Cards Has an integrated

circuit chip Has the ability to

Store information Carry out local

processing Perform Complex

Calculations

Microprocessor CardsContact Smart Card

VCC

ResetClock

GND

VPP

IO

Reserved

Microprocessor CardsContactless Smart Card

Microprocessor CardsCombi Hybrid Cards

Hybrid Card Has two chips contact and

contactless interface The two chips are not connected

Combi Card Has a single chip with a contact

and contactless interface Can access the same chip via a

contact or contactless interface with a very high level of security

Smart Cards devices

VCC

Reset

Clock

GND

VPP

IO

Reserved

Whatrsquos in a Card

VccRSTCL

KRFU

VppIO

GND

RFU

Typical Smartcard at time of our research 8-bit CPU 384 bytes

RAM 3ndash5 Mhz clock rate

Upcoming 32-bit RISC CPU 4

Kbytes RAM 50 Mhz clock

Typical Configurations

256 bytes to 4KB RAM 8KB to 32KB ROM 1KB to 32KB EEPROM Crypto-coprocessors (implementing

3DES RSA etc in hardware) are optional

8-bit to 16-bit CPU 8051 based designs are common

The price of a mid-level chip when produced in bulk is less than US$1

Smart Card Readers

Dedicated terminalsUsually with a small screen keypad printer often alsohave biometric devices such as thumb print scanner

Computer based readersConnect through USB or COM (Serial) ports

Communication mechanisms Communication between smart card and reader

is standardized ISO 7816-4 standard

Commands are initiated by the terminal Interpreted by the card OS Card state is updated Response is given by the card

Commands have the following structure

Response from the card include 1Le bytes followed by Response Code

CLA INS P1 P2 Lc 1Lc Le

Security Mechanisms

PasswordCard holderrsquos protection

Cryptographic challenge ResponseEntity authentication

Biometric informationPersonrsquos identification

A combination of one or more

Data storage

Data is stored in smart cards in E2PROMCard OS provides a file structure

mechanism

MF

DF DF

DF

EF EF

EF

EF EF

File types

Binary file (unstructured)

Fixed size record file

Variable size record file

Access control on the files Applications may specify the access

controlsA password (PIN) on the MF selection

bull For example SIM password in mobilesMultiple passwords can be used and

levels of security access may be given

Applications may also use cryptographic authentication

How does it all work

Card is inserted in the terminal Card gets power OS boots

up Sends ATR (Answer to reset)ATR negotiations take place

to set up data transfer speeds capability negotiations etcTerminal sends first command to select MF

Card responds with an error (because MF selection is only on password presentation)

Terminal prompts the user to provide password

Terminal sends password for verification

Card verifies P2 Stores a status ldquoP2 Verifiedrdquo Responds ldquoOKrdquo

Terminal sends command to select MF again

Terminal sends command to read EF1

Card supplies personal data and responds ldquoOKrdquo

Card responds ldquoOKrdquo

CAT_TP and BIP

Server

CAT_TP

0348 security layer

application protocol

Mechanism originally specified by 3GPP T3 by which the ME provides the UICC with access to the data bearers supported by the ME and the network

BIP

How are Smart Cards Used

Commercial Applications Bankingpayment Identification Parking and toll collection Universities use smart cards for ID purposes and

at the the library vending machines copy machines and other services on campus

By 2007 end all credit cards will be smart EMV standard

Mobile Telecommunications SIM cards used on cell phones Over 300000000 GSM phones with smart cards Contains mobile phone security subscription

information phone number on the network billing information and frequently called numbers

How are Smart Cards Used Information Technology

Secure logon and authentication of users to PCs and networks

Encryption of sensitive data

Other Applications Over 4 million small dish TV satellite receivers in the US

use a smart card as its removable security element and subscription information

Pre-paid reloadable telephone cards Health Care stores the history of a patient Fast ticketing in public transport parking and road tolling

in many countries JAVA cards

What is Smart Card for Government

Authentication ArchitectureDigital Photo Biometrics Finger Print Voice Print Hand Geometry Iris Scan Keyboard Dynamics Digitized Signature Signature Dynamics Personal ID Electronic Signature

Encryption CompressionPublicPrivate Key Digital Signature (DSS) RSA for Off-line Wireless Telephony

HardwareSoftware Based Crypto Co-Processor

UsesPre-paid Money Credit Debit

Authorizations ID CertificateSecure eMail eForms Digital signature

Proximity Combi Chip are imminent - combining smart card and radio frequency into one chip

RF indicates Radio Frequency Chip

Mag Stripe on back

SmartCardChip

Digital Photo

Barcode

A Multi-Application Multi-Tech Proximity Smart CardA Hybrid Composite Card

Source John G Moore GSA 1994

E-Government Smart Card Specification ISO 7816 123 compliant bull FIPS 140-2 level 3 bull Java Applications

ndash PKI Appletndash ID PIN Verification and Management Appletndash GCA Appletndash Authentication Appletndash Biometric Authentication Appletndash Stake Holder applets (future)

bull JavaCard 21 bull Global Platform 2 Compliant bull 64 K RAM (42K available for applets) bull DES3DESAES(when available) bull RSA asymmetric 1024 2048 bull PTS speed in access of 9600 bps bull EEPROM endurance gt 250000 rw cycles bull MIFARE Proximity (contactless) chip

ndash DESFire (ISO 14443-A)ndash 4 k NV memory

Smart Card Applications

IdentityManagement

Ticketless TravelLoyalty Programs

Building SecurityArea Access

SecureNetwork Access

Information SecurityHealthcare

DebitCredit CardElectronic PurseMass Transit

Time and AttendanceAdministration

Training ManagementQualificationCertificationDistance Learning

Mobile Communications

Mary Carver

Drivers LicenseWorkEntry

PermitsParking

Mary Carver

Advantages

In comparison to itrsquos predecessor the magnetic strip card smart

cards have many advantages including

Life of a smart card is longer A single smart card can house multiple applications Just one

card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

Smart cards cannot be easily replicated and are as a general rule much more secure than magnetic stripe cards it has relatively powerful processing capabilities that allow it to do more than a magnetic stripe card (eg data encryption)

Data on a smart card can be protected against unauthorized viewing As a result of this confidential data PINs and passwords can be stored on a smart card This means merchants do not have to go online every time to authenticate a transaction

Disadvantages

NOT tamper proof Can be loststolen Lack of user mobility ndash only possible if user

has smart card reader every he goes Has to use the same reader technology Can be expensive Working from PC ndash software based token will

be better No benefits to using a token on multiple PCs

to using a smart card Still working on bugs

Over 20 programs world-wide

Over 20 programs world-wide across the financial idsecurity government mobile telecom public healthcare retail and transit markets1048713 Mobile OTA application management for USIMSIM cards (SIMToolKit CAT)1048713 US DoD CAC card1048713 Taiwan Health Card1048713 Moscow Social Card1048713 Finnish National Smart Card Program1048713 Smart Visa Card1048713 Amex Blue Card1048713 Etc

OS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market the main ones being

1 MultOS 2 JavaCard3 Cyberflex4 StarCOS5 MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle

bull File Handling and Manipulationbull Memory Managementbull Data Transmission Protocols

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Microprocessor Cards Has an integrated

circuit chip Has the ability to

Store information Carry out local

processing Perform Complex

Calculations

Microprocessor CardsContact Smart Card

VCC

ResetClock

GND

VPP

IO

Reserved

Microprocessor CardsContactless Smart Card

Microprocessor CardsCombi Hybrid Cards

Hybrid Card Has two chips contact and

contactless interface The two chips are not connected

Combi Card Has a single chip with a contact

and contactless interface Can access the same chip via a

contact or contactless interface with a very high level of security

Smart Cards devices

VCC

Reset

Clock

GND

VPP

IO

Reserved

Whatrsquos in a Card

VccRSTCL

KRFU

VppIO

GND

RFU

Typical Smartcard at time of our research 8-bit CPU 384 bytes

RAM 3ndash5 Mhz clock rate

Upcoming 32-bit RISC CPU 4

Kbytes RAM 50 Mhz clock

Typical Configurations

256 bytes to 4KB RAM 8KB to 32KB ROM 1KB to 32KB EEPROM Crypto-coprocessors (implementing

3DES RSA etc in hardware) are optional

8-bit to 16-bit CPU 8051 based designs are common

The price of a mid-level chip when produced in bulk is less than US$1

Smart Card Readers

Dedicated terminalsUsually with a small screen keypad printer often alsohave biometric devices such as thumb print scanner

Computer based readersConnect through USB or COM (Serial) ports

Communication mechanisms Communication between smart card and reader

is standardized ISO 7816-4 standard

Commands are initiated by the terminal Interpreted by the card OS Card state is updated Response is given by the card

Commands have the following structure

Response from the card include 1Le bytes followed by Response Code

CLA INS P1 P2 Lc 1Lc Le

Security Mechanisms

PasswordCard holderrsquos protection

Cryptographic challenge ResponseEntity authentication

Biometric informationPersonrsquos identification

A combination of one or more

Data storage

Data is stored in smart cards in E2PROMCard OS provides a file structure

mechanism

MF

DF DF

DF

EF EF

EF

EF EF

File types

Binary file (unstructured)

Fixed size record file

Variable size record file

Access control on the files Applications may specify the access

controlsA password (PIN) on the MF selection

bull For example SIM password in mobilesMultiple passwords can be used and

levels of security access may be given

Applications may also use cryptographic authentication

How does it all work

Card is inserted in the terminal Card gets power OS boots

up Sends ATR (Answer to reset)ATR negotiations take place

to set up data transfer speeds capability negotiations etcTerminal sends first command to select MF

Card responds with an error (because MF selection is only on password presentation)

Terminal prompts the user to provide password

Terminal sends password for verification

Card verifies P2 Stores a status ldquoP2 Verifiedrdquo Responds ldquoOKrdquo

Terminal sends command to select MF again

Terminal sends command to read EF1

Card supplies personal data and responds ldquoOKrdquo

Card responds ldquoOKrdquo

CAT_TP and BIP

Server

CAT_TP

0348 security layer

application protocol

Mechanism originally specified by 3GPP T3 by which the ME provides the UICC with access to the data bearers supported by the ME and the network

BIP

How are Smart Cards Used

Commercial Applications Bankingpayment Identification Parking and toll collection Universities use smart cards for ID purposes and

at the the library vending machines copy machines and other services on campus

By 2007 end all credit cards will be smart EMV standard

Mobile Telecommunications SIM cards used on cell phones Over 300000000 GSM phones with smart cards Contains mobile phone security subscription

information phone number on the network billing information and frequently called numbers

How are Smart Cards Used Information Technology

Secure logon and authentication of users to PCs and networks

Encryption of sensitive data

Other Applications Over 4 million small dish TV satellite receivers in the US

use a smart card as its removable security element and subscription information

Pre-paid reloadable telephone cards Health Care stores the history of a patient Fast ticketing in public transport parking and road tolling

in many countries JAVA cards

What is Smart Card for Government

Authentication ArchitectureDigital Photo Biometrics Finger Print Voice Print Hand Geometry Iris Scan Keyboard Dynamics Digitized Signature Signature Dynamics Personal ID Electronic Signature

Encryption CompressionPublicPrivate Key Digital Signature (DSS) RSA for Off-line Wireless Telephony

HardwareSoftware Based Crypto Co-Processor

UsesPre-paid Money Credit Debit

Authorizations ID CertificateSecure eMail eForms Digital signature

Proximity Combi Chip are imminent - combining smart card and radio frequency into one chip

RF indicates Radio Frequency Chip

Mag Stripe on back

SmartCardChip

Digital Photo

Barcode

A Multi-Application Multi-Tech Proximity Smart CardA Hybrid Composite Card

Source John G Moore GSA 1994

E-Government Smart Card Specification ISO 7816 123 compliant bull FIPS 140-2 level 3 bull Java Applications

ndash PKI Appletndash ID PIN Verification and Management Appletndash GCA Appletndash Authentication Appletndash Biometric Authentication Appletndash Stake Holder applets (future)

bull JavaCard 21 bull Global Platform 2 Compliant bull 64 K RAM (42K available for applets) bull DES3DESAES(when available) bull RSA asymmetric 1024 2048 bull PTS speed in access of 9600 bps bull EEPROM endurance gt 250000 rw cycles bull MIFARE Proximity (contactless) chip

ndash DESFire (ISO 14443-A)ndash 4 k NV memory

Smart Card Applications

IdentityManagement

Ticketless TravelLoyalty Programs

Building SecurityArea Access

SecureNetwork Access

Information SecurityHealthcare

DebitCredit CardElectronic PurseMass Transit

Time and AttendanceAdministration

Training ManagementQualificationCertificationDistance Learning

Mobile Communications

Mary Carver

Drivers LicenseWorkEntry

PermitsParking

Mary Carver

Advantages

In comparison to itrsquos predecessor the magnetic strip card smart

cards have many advantages including

Life of a smart card is longer A single smart card can house multiple applications Just one

card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

Smart cards cannot be easily replicated and are as a general rule much more secure than magnetic stripe cards it has relatively powerful processing capabilities that allow it to do more than a magnetic stripe card (eg data encryption)

Data on a smart card can be protected against unauthorized viewing As a result of this confidential data PINs and passwords can be stored on a smart card This means merchants do not have to go online every time to authenticate a transaction

Disadvantages

NOT tamper proof Can be loststolen Lack of user mobility ndash only possible if user

has smart card reader every he goes Has to use the same reader technology Can be expensive Working from PC ndash software based token will

be better No benefits to using a token on multiple PCs

to using a smart card Still working on bugs

Over 20 programs world-wide

Over 20 programs world-wide across the financial idsecurity government mobile telecom public healthcare retail and transit markets1048713 Mobile OTA application management for USIMSIM cards (SIMToolKit CAT)1048713 US DoD CAC card1048713 Taiwan Health Card1048713 Moscow Social Card1048713 Finnish National Smart Card Program1048713 Smart Visa Card1048713 Amex Blue Card1048713 Etc

OS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market the main ones being

1 MultOS 2 JavaCard3 Cyberflex4 StarCOS5 MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle

bull File Handling and Manipulationbull Memory Managementbull Data Transmission Protocols

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Microprocessor CardsContact Smart Card

VCC

ResetClock

GND

VPP

IO

Reserved

Microprocessor CardsContactless Smart Card

Microprocessor CardsCombi Hybrid Cards

Hybrid Card Has two chips contact and

contactless interface The two chips are not connected

Combi Card Has a single chip with a contact

and contactless interface Can access the same chip via a

contact or contactless interface with a very high level of security

Smart Cards devices

VCC

Reset

Clock

GND

VPP

IO

Reserved

Whatrsquos in a Card

VccRSTCL

KRFU

VppIO

GND

RFU

Typical Smartcard at time of our research 8-bit CPU 384 bytes

RAM 3ndash5 Mhz clock rate

Upcoming 32-bit RISC CPU 4

Kbytes RAM 50 Mhz clock

Typical Configurations

256 bytes to 4KB RAM 8KB to 32KB ROM 1KB to 32KB EEPROM Crypto-coprocessors (implementing

3DES RSA etc in hardware) are optional

8-bit to 16-bit CPU 8051 based designs are common

The price of a mid-level chip when produced in bulk is less than US$1

Smart Card Readers

Dedicated terminalsUsually with a small screen keypad printer often alsohave biometric devices such as thumb print scanner

Computer based readersConnect through USB or COM (Serial) ports

Communication mechanisms Communication between smart card and reader

is standardized ISO 7816-4 standard

Commands are initiated by the terminal Interpreted by the card OS Card state is updated Response is given by the card

Commands have the following structure

Response from the card include 1Le bytes followed by Response Code

CLA INS P1 P2 Lc 1Lc Le

Security Mechanisms

PasswordCard holderrsquos protection

Cryptographic challenge ResponseEntity authentication

Biometric informationPersonrsquos identification

A combination of one or more

Data storage

Data is stored in smart cards in E2PROMCard OS provides a file structure

mechanism

MF

DF DF

DF

EF EF

EF

EF EF

File types

Binary file (unstructured)

Fixed size record file

Variable size record file

Access control on the files Applications may specify the access

controlsA password (PIN) on the MF selection

bull For example SIM password in mobilesMultiple passwords can be used and

levels of security access may be given

Applications may also use cryptographic authentication

How does it all work

Card is inserted in the terminal Card gets power OS boots

up Sends ATR (Answer to reset)ATR negotiations take place

to set up data transfer speeds capability negotiations etcTerminal sends first command to select MF

Card responds with an error (because MF selection is only on password presentation)

Terminal prompts the user to provide password

Terminal sends password for verification

Card verifies P2 Stores a status ldquoP2 Verifiedrdquo Responds ldquoOKrdquo

Terminal sends command to select MF again

Terminal sends command to read EF1

Card supplies personal data and responds ldquoOKrdquo

Card responds ldquoOKrdquo

CAT_TP and BIP

Server

CAT_TP

0348 security layer

application protocol

Mechanism originally specified by 3GPP T3 by which the ME provides the UICC with access to the data bearers supported by the ME and the network

BIP

How are Smart Cards Used

Commercial Applications Bankingpayment Identification Parking and toll collection Universities use smart cards for ID purposes and

at the the library vending machines copy machines and other services on campus

By 2007 end all credit cards will be smart EMV standard

Mobile Telecommunications SIM cards used on cell phones Over 300000000 GSM phones with smart cards Contains mobile phone security subscription

information phone number on the network billing information and frequently called numbers

How are Smart Cards Used Information Technology

Secure logon and authentication of users to PCs and networks

Encryption of sensitive data

Other Applications Over 4 million small dish TV satellite receivers in the US

use a smart card as its removable security element and subscription information

Pre-paid reloadable telephone cards Health Care stores the history of a patient Fast ticketing in public transport parking and road tolling

in many countries JAVA cards

What is Smart Card for Government

Authentication ArchitectureDigital Photo Biometrics Finger Print Voice Print Hand Geometry Iris Scan Keyboard Dynamics Digitized Signature Signature Dynamics Personal ID Electronic Signature

Encryption CompressionPublicPrivate Key Digital Signature (DSS) RSA for Off-line Wireless Telephony

HardwareSoftware Based Crypto Co-Processor

UsesPre-paid Money Credit Debit

Authorizations ID CertificateSecure eMail eForms Digital signature

Proximity Combi Chip are imminent - combining smart card and radio frequency into one chip

RF indicates Radio Frequency Chip

Mag Stripe on back

SmartCardChip

Digital Photo

Barcode

A Multi-Application Multi-Tech Proximity Smart CardA Hybrid Composite Card

Source John G Moore GSA 1994

E-Government Smart Card Specification ISO 7816 123 compliant bull FIPS 140-2 level 3 bull Java Applications

ndash PKI Appletndash ID PIN Verification and Management Appletndash GCA Appletndash Authentication Appletndash Biometric Authentication Appletndash Stake Holder applets (future)

bull JavaCard 21 bull Global Platform 2 Compliant bull 64 K RAM (42K available for applets) bull DES3DESAES(when available) bull RSA asymmetric 1024 2048 bull PTS speed in access of 9600 bps bull EEPROM endurance gt 250000 rw cycles bull MIFARE Proximity (contactless) chip

ndash DESFire (ISO 14443-A)ndash 4 k NV memory

Smart Card Applications

IdentityManagement

Ticketless TravelLoyalty Programs

Building SecurityArea Access

SecureNetwork Access

Information SecurityHealthcare

DebitCredit CardElectronic PurseMass Transit

Time and AttendanceAdministration

Training ManagementQualificationCertificationDistance Learning

Mobile Communications

Mary Carver

Drivers LicenseWorkEntry

PermitsParking

Mary Carver

Advantages

In comparison to itrsquos predecessor the magnetic strip card smart

cards have many advantages including

Life of a smart card is longer A single smart card can house multiple applications Just one

card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

Smart cards cannot be easily replicated and are as a general rule much more secure than magnetic stripe cards it has relatively powerful processing capabilities that allow it to do more than a magnetic stripe card (eg data encryption)

Data on a smart card can be protected against unauthorized viewing As a result of this confidential data PINs and passwords can be stored on a smart card This means merchants do not have to go online every time to authenticate a transaction

Disadvantages

NOT tamper proof Can be loststolen Lack of user mobility ndash only possible if user

has smart card reader every he goes Has to use the same reader technology Can be expensive Working from PC ndash software based token will

be better No benefits to using a token on multiple PCs

to using a smart card Still working on bugs

Over 20 programs world-wide

Over 20 programs world-wide across the financial idsecurity government mobile telecom public healthcare retail and transit markets1048713 Mobile OTA application management for USIMSIM cards (SIMToolKit CAT)1048713 US DoD CAC card1048713 Taiwan Health Card1048713 Moscow Social Card1048713 Finnish National Smart Card Program1048713 Smart Visa Card1048713 Amex Blue Card1048713 Etc

OS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market the main ones being

1 MultOS 2 JavaCard3 Cyberflex4 StarCOS5 MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle

bull File Handling and Manipulationbull Memory Managementbull Data Transmission Protocols

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Microprocessor CardsContactless Smart Card

Microprocessor CardsCombi Hybrid Cards

Hybrid Card Has two chips contact and

contactless interface The two chips are not connected

Combi Card Has a single chip with a contact

and contactless interface Can access the same chip via a

contact or contactless interface with a very high level of security

Smart Cards devices

VCC

Reset

Clock

GND

VPP

IO

Reserved

Whatrsquos in a Card

VccRSTCL

KRFU

VppIO

GND

RFU

Typical Smartcard at time of our research 8-bit CPU 384 bytes

RAM 3ndash5 Mhz clock rate

Upcoming 32-bit RISC CPU 4

Kbytes RAM 50 Mhz clock

Typical Configurations

256 bytes to 4KB RAM 8KB to 32KB ROM 1KB to 32KB EEPROM Crypto-coprocessors (implementing

3DES RSA etc in hardware) are optional

8-bit to 16-bit CPU 8051 based designs are common

The price of a mid-level chip when produced in bulk is less than US$1

Smart Card Readers

Dedicated terminalsUsually with a small screen keypad printer often alsohave biometric devices such as thumb print scanner

Computer based readersConnect through USB or COM (Serial) ports

Communication mechanisms Communication between smart card and reader

is standardized ISO 7816-4 standard

Commands are initiated by the terminal Interpreted by the card OS Card state is updated Response is given by the card

Commands have the following structure

Response from the card include 1Le bytes followed by Response Code

CLA INS P1 P2 Lc 1Lc Le

Security Mechanisms

PasswordCard holderrsquos protection

Cryptographic challenge ResponseEntity authentication

Biometric informationPersonrsquos identification

A combination of one or more

Data storage

Data is stored in smart cards in E2PROMCard OS provides a file structure

mechanism

MF

DF DF

DF

EF EF

EF

EF EF

File types

Binary file (unstructured)

Fixed size record file

Variable size record file

Access control on the files Applications may specify the access

controlsA password (PIN) on the MF selection

bull For example SIM password in mobilesMultiple passwords can be used and

levels of security access may be given

Applications may also use cryptographic authentication

How does it all work

Card is inserted in the terminal Card gets power OS boots

up Sends ATR (Answer to reset)ATR negotiations take place

to set up data transfer speeds capability negotiations etcTerminal sends first command to select MF

Card responds with an error (because MF selection is only on password presentation)

Terminal prompts the user to provide password

Terminal sends password for verification

Card verifies P2 Stores a status ldquoP2 Verifiedrdquo Responds ldquoOKrdquo

Terminal sends command to select MF again

Terminal sends command to read EF1

Card supplies personal data and responds ldquoOKrdquo

Card responds ldquoOKrdquo

CAT_TP and BIP

Server

CAT_TP

0348 security layer

application protocol

Mechanism originally specified by 3GPP T3 by which the ME provides the UICC with access to the data bearers supported by the ME and the network

BIP

How are Smart Cards Used

Commercial Applications Bankingpayment Identification Parking and toll collection Universities use smart cards for ID purposes and

at the the library vending machines copy machines and other services on campus

By 2007 end all credit cards will be smart EMV standard

Mobile Telecommunications SIM cards used on cell phones Over 300000000 GSM phones with smart cards Contains mobile phone security subscription

information phone number on the network billing information and frequently called numbers

How are Smart Cards Used Information Technology

Secure logon and authentication of users to PCs and networks

Encryption of sensitive data

Other Applications Over 4 million small dish TV satellite receivers in the US

use a smart card as its removable security element and subscription information

Pre-paid reloadable telephone cards Health Care stores the history of a patient Fast ticketing in public transport parking and road tolling

in many countries JAVA cards

What is Smart Card for Government

Authentication ArchitectureDigital Photo Biometrics Finger Print Voice Print Hand Geometry Iris Scan Keyboard Dynamics Digitized Signature Signature Dynamics Personal ID Electronic Signature

Encryption CompressionPublicPrivate Key Digital Signature (DSS) RSA for Off-line Wireless Telephony

HardwareSoftware Based Crypto Co-Processor

UsesPre-paid Money Credit Debit

Authorizations ID CertificateSecure eMail eForms Digital signature

Proximity Combi Chip are imminent - combining smart card and radio frequency into one chip

RF indicates Radio Frequency Chip

Mag Stripe on back

SmartCardChip

Digital Photo

Barcode

A Multi-Application Multi-Tech Proximity Smart CardA Hybrid Composite Card

Source John G Moore GSA 1994

E-Government Smart Card Specification ISO 7816 123 compliant bull FIPS 140-2 level 3 bull Java Applications

ndash PKI Appletndash ID PIN Verification and Management Appletndash GCA Appletndash Authentication Appletndash Biometric Authentication Appletndash Stake Holder applets (future)

bull JavaCard 21 bull Global Platform 2 Compliant bull 64 K RAM (42K available for applets) bull DES3DESAES(when available) bull RSA asymmetric 1024 2048 bull PTS speed in access of 9600 bps bull EEPROM endurance gt 250000 rw cycles bull MIFARE Proximity (contactless) chip

ndash DESFire (ISO 14443-A)ndash 4 k NV memory

Smart Card Applications

IdentityManagement

Ticketless TravelLoyalty Programs

Building SecurityArea Access

SecureNetwork Access

Information SecurityHealthcare

DebitCredit CardElectronic PurseMass Transit

Time and AttendanceAdministration

Training ManagementQualificationCertificationDistance Learning

Mobile Communications

Mary Carver

Drivers LicenseWorkEntry

PermitsParking

Mary Carver

Advantages

In comparison to itrsquos predecessor the magnetic strip card smart

cards have many advantages including

Life of a smart card is longer A single smart card can house multiple applications Just one

card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

Smart cards cannot be easily replicated and are as a general rule much more secure than magnetic stripe cards it has relatively powerful processing capabilities that allow it to do more than a magnetic stripe card (eg data encryption)

Data on a smart card can be protected against unauthorized viewing As a result of this confidential data PINs and passwords can be stored on a smart card This means merchants do not have to go online every time to authenticate a transaction

Disadvantages

NOT tamper proof Can be loststolen Lack of user mobility ndash only possible if user

has smart card reader every he goes Has to use the same reader technology Can be expensive Working from PC ndash software based token will

be better No benefits to using a token on multiple PCs

to using a smart card Still working on bugs

Over 20 programs world-wide

Over 20 programs world-wide across the financial idsecurity government mobile telecom public healthcare retail and transit markets1048713 Mobile OTA application management for USIMSIM cards (SIMToolKit CAT)1048713 US DoD CAC card1048713 Taiwan Health Card1048713 Moscow Social Card1048713 Finnish National Smart Card Program1048713 Smart Visa Card1048713 Amex Blue Card1048713 Etc

OS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market the main ones being

1 MultOS 2 JavaCard3 Cyberflex4 StarCOS5 MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle

bull File Handling and Manipulationbull Memory Managementbull Data Transmission Protocols

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Microprocessor CardsCombi Hybrid Cards

Hybrid Card Has two chips contact and

contactless interface The two chips are not connected

Combi Card Has a single chip with a contact

and contactless interface Can access the same chip via a

contact or contactless interface with a very high level of security

Smart Cards devices

VCC

Reset

Clock

GND

VPP

IO

Reserved

Whatrsquos in a Card

VccRSTCL

KRFU

VppIO

GND

RFU

Typical Smartcard at time of our research 8-bit CPU 384 bytes

RAM 3ndash5 Mhz clock rate

Upcoming 32-bit RISC CPU 4

Kbytes RAM 50 Mhz clock

Typical Configurations

256 bytes to 4KB RAM 8KB to 32KB ROM 1KB to 32KB EEPROM Crypto-coprocessors (implementing

3DES RSA etc in hardware) are optional

8-bit to 16-bit CPU 8051 based designs are common

The price of a mid-level chip when produced in bulk is less than US$1

Smart Card Readers

Dedicated terminalsUsually with a small screen keypad printer often alsohave biometric devices such as thumb print scanner

Computer based readersConnect through USB or COM (Serial) ports

Communication mechanisms Communication between smart card and reader

is standardized ISO 7816-4 standard

Commands are initiated by the terminal Interpreted by the card OS Card state is updated Response is given by the card

Commands have the following structure

Response from the card include 1Le bytes followed by Response Code

CLA INS P1 P2 Lc 1Lc Le

Security Mechanisms

PasswordCard holderrsquos protection

Cryptographic challenge ResponseEntity authentication

Biometric informationPersonrsquos identification

A combination of one or more

Data storage

Data is stored in smart cards in E2PROMCard OS provides a file structure

mechanism

MF

DF DF

DF

EF EF

EF

EF EF

File types

Binary file (unstructured)

Fixed size record file

Variable size record file

Access control on the files Applications may specify the access

controlsA password (PIN) on the MF selection

bull For example SIM password in mobilesMultiple passwords can be used and

levels of security access may be given

Applications may also use cryptographic authentication

How does it all work

Card is inserted in the terminal Card gets power OS boots

up Sends ATR (Answer to reset)ATR negotiations take place

to set up data transfer speeds capability negotiations etcTerminal sends first command to select MF

Card responds with an error (because MF selection is only on password presentation)

Terminal prompts the user to provide password

Terminal sends password for verification

Card verifies P2 Stores a status ldquoP2 Verifiedrdquo Responds ldquoOKrdquo

Terminal sends command to select MF again

Terminal sends command to read EF1

Card supplies personal data and responds ldquoOKrdquo

Card responds ldquoOKrdquo

CAT_TP and BIP

Server

CAT_TP

0348 security layer

application protocol

Mechanism originally specified by 3GPP T3 by which the ME provides the UICC with access to the data bearers supported by the ME and the network

BIP

How are Smart Cards Used

Commercial Applications Bankingpayment Identification Parking and toll collection Universities use smart cards for ID purposes and

at the the library vending machines copy machines and other services on campus

By 2007 end all credit cards will be smart EMV standard

Mobile Telecommunications SIM cards used on cell phones Over 300000000 GSM phones with smart cards Contains mobile phone security subscription

information phone number on the network billing information and frequently called numbers

How are Smart Cards Used Information Technology

Secure logon and authentication of users to PCs and networks

Encryption of sensitive data

Other Applications Over 4 million small dish TV satellite receivers in the US

use a smart card as its removable security element and subscription information

Pre-paid reloadable telephone cards Health Care stores the history of a patient Fast ticketing in public transport parking and road tolling

in many countries JAVA cards

What is Smart Card for Government

Authentication ArchitectureDigital Photo Biometrics Finger Print Voice Print Hand Geometry Iris Scan Keyboard Dynamics Digitized Signature Signature Dynamics Personal ID Electronic Signature

Encryption CompressionPublicPrivate Key Digital Signature (DSS) RSA for Off-line Wireless Telephony

HardwareSoftware Based Crypto Co-Processor

UsesPre-paid Money Credit Debit

Authorizations ID CertificateSecure eMail eForms Digital signature

Proximity Combi Chip are imminent - combining smart card and radio frequency into one chip

RF indicates Radio Frequency Chip

Mag Stripe on back

SmartCardChip

Digital Photo

Barcode

A Multi-Application Multi-Tech Proximity Smart CardA Hybrid Composite Card

Source John G Moore GSA 1994

E-Government Smart Card Specification ISO 7816 123 compliant bull FIPS 140-2 level 3 bull Java Applications

ndash PKI Appletndash ID PIN Verification and Management Appletndash GCA Appletndash Authentication Appletndash Biometric Authentication Appletndash Stake Holder applets (future)

bull JavaCard 21 bull Global Platform 2 Compliant bull 64 K RAM (42K available for applets) bull DES3DESAES(when available) bull RSA asymmetric 1024 2048 bull PTS speed in access of 9600 bps bull EEPROM endurance gt 250000 rw cycles bull MIFARE Proximity (contactless) chip

ndash DESFire (ISO 14443-A)ndash 4 k NV memory

Smart Card Applications

IdentityManagement

Ticketless TravelLoyalty Programs

Building SecurityArea Access

SecureNetwork Access

Information SecurityHealthcare

DebitCredit CardElectronic PurseMass Transit

Time and AttendanceAdministration

Training ManagementQualificationCertificationDistance Learning

Mobile Communications

Mary Carver

Drivers LicenseWorkEntry

PermitsParking

Mary Carver

Advantages

In comparison to itrsquos predecessor the magnetic strip card smart

cards have many advantages including

Life of a smart card is longer A single smart card can house multiple applications Just one

card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

Smart cards cannot be easily replicated and are as a general rule much more secure than magnetic stripe cards it has relatively powerful processing capabilities that allow it to do more than a magnetic stripe card (eg data encryption)

Data on a smart card can be protected against unauthorized viewing As a result of this confidential data PINs and passwords can be stored on a smart card This means merchants do not have to go online every time to authenticate a transaction

Disadvantages

NOT tamper proof Can be loststolen Lack of user mobility ndash only possible if user

has smart card reader every he goes Has to use the same reader technology Can be expensive Working from PC ndash software based token will

be better No benefits to using a token on multiple PCs

to using a smart card Still working on bugs

Over 20 programs world-wide

Over 20 programs world-wide across the financial idsecurity government mobile telecom public healthcare retail and transit markets1048713 Mobile OTA application management for USIMSIM cards (SIMToolKit CAT)1048713 US DoD CAC card1048713 Taiwan Health Card1048713 Moscow Social Card1048713 Finnish National Smart Card Program1048713 Smart Visa Card1048713 Amex Blue Card1048713 Etc

OS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market the main ones being

1 MultOS 2 JavaCard3 Cyberflex4 StarCOS5 MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle

bull File Handling and Manipulationbull Memory Managementbull Data Transmission Protocols

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Smart Cards devices

VCC

Reset

Clock

GND

VPP

IO

Reserved

Whatrsquos in a Card

VccRSTCL

KRFU

VppIO

GND

RFU

Typical Smartcard at time of our research 8-bit CPU 384 bytes

RAM 3ndash5 Mhz clock rate

Upcoming 32-bit RISC CPU 4

Kbytes RAM 50 Mhz clock

Typical Configurations

256 bytes to 4KB RAM 8KB to 32KB ROM 1KB to 32KB EEPROM Crypto-coprocessors (implementing

3DES RSA etc in hardware) are optional

8-bit to 16-bit CPU 8051 based designs are common

The price of a mid-level chip when produced in bulk is less than US$1

Smart Card Readers

Dedicated terminalsUsually with a small screen keypad printer often alsohave biometric devices such as thumb print scanner

Computer based readersConnect through USB or COM (Serial) ports

Communication mechanisms Communication between smart card and reader

is standardized ISO 7816-4 standard

Commands are initiated by the terminal Interpreted by the card OS Card state is updated Response is given by the card

Commands have the following structure

Response from the card include 1Le bytes followed by Response Code

CLA INS P1 P2 Lc 1Lc Le

Security Mechanisms

PasswordCard holderrsquos protection

Cryptographic challenge ResponseEntity authentication

Biometric informationPersonrsquos identification

A combination of one or more

Data storage

Data is stored in smart cards in E2PROMCard OS provides a file structure

mechanism

MF

DF DF

DF

EF EF

EF

EF EF

File types

Binary file (unstructured)

Fixed size record file

Variable size record file

Access control on the files Applications may specify the access

controlsA password (PIN) on the MF selection

bull For example SIM password in mobilesMultiple passwords can be used and

levels of security access may be given

Applications may also use cryptographic authentication

How does it all work

Card is inserted in the terminal Card gets power OS boots

up Sends ATR (Answer to reset)ATR negotiations take place

to set up data transfer speeds capability negotiations etcTerminal sends first command to select MF

Card responds with an error (because MF selection is only on password presentation)

Terminal prompts the user to provide password

Terminal sends password for verification

Card verifies P2 Stores a status ldquoP2 Verifiedrdquo Responds ldquoOKrdquo

Terminal sends command to select MF again

Terminal sends command to read EF1

Card supplies personal data and responds ldquoOKrdquo

Card responds ldquoOKrdquo

CAT_TP and BIP

Server

CAT_TP

0348 security layer

application protocol

Mechanism originally specified by 3GPP T3 by which the ME provides the UICC with access to the data bearers supported by the ME and the network

BIP

How are Smart Cards Used

Commercial Applications Bankingpayment Identification Parking and toll collection Universities use smart cards for ID purposes and

at the the library vending machines copy machines and other services on campus

By 2007 end all credit cards will be smart EMV standard

Mobile Telecommunications SIM cards used on cell phones Over 300000000 GSM phones with smart cards Contains mobile phone security subscription

information phone number on the network billing information and frequently called numbers

How are Smart Cards Used Information Technology

Secure logon and authentication of users to PCs and networks

Encryption of sensitive data

Other Applications Over 4 million small dish TV satellite receivers in the US

use a smart card as its removable security element and subscription information

Pre-paid reloadable telephone cards Health Care stores the history of a patient Fast ticketing in public transport parking and road tolling

in many countries JAVA cards

What is Smart Card for Government

Authentication ArchitectureDigital Photo Biometrics Finger Print Voice Print Hand Geometry Iris Scan Keyboard Dynamics Digitized Signature Signature Dynamics Personal ID Electronic Signature

Encryption CompressionPublicPrivate Key Digital Signature (DSS) RSA for Off-line Wireless Telephony

HardwareSoftware Based Crypto Co-Processor

UsesPre-paid Money Credit Debit

Authorizations ID CertificateSecure eMail eForms Digital signature

Proximity Combi Chip are imminent - combining smart card and radio frequency into one chip

RF indicates Radio Frequency Chip

Mag Stripe on back

SmartCardChip

Digital Photo

Barcode

A Multi-Application Multi-Tech Proximity Smart CardA Hybrid Composite Card

Source John G Moore GSA 1994

E-Government Smart Card Specification ISO 7816 123 compliant bull FIPS 140-2 level 3 bull Java Applications

ndash PKI Appletndash ID PIN Verification and Management Appletndash GCA Appletndash Authentication Appletndash Biometric Authentication Appletndash Stake Holder applets (future)

bull JavaCard 21 bull Global Platform 2 Compliant bull 64 K RAM (42K available for applets) bull DES3DESAES(when available) bull RSA asymmetric 1024 2048 bull PTS speed in access of 9600 bps bull EEPROM endurance gt 250000 rw cycles bull MIFARE Proximity (contactless) chip

ndash DESFire (ISO 14443-A)ndash 4 k NV memory

Smart Card Applications

IdentityManagement

Ticketless TravelLoyalty Programs

Building SecurityArea Access

SecureNetwork Access

Information SecurityHealthcare

DebitCredit CardElectronic PurseMass Transit

Time and AttendanceAdministration

Training ManagementQualificationCertificationDistance Learning

Mobile Communications

Mary Carver

Drivers LicenseWorkEntry

PermitsParking

Mary Carver

Advantages

In comparison to itrsquos predecessor the magnetic strip card smart

cards have many advantages including

Life of a smart card is longer A single smart card can house multiple applications Just one

card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

Smart cards cannot be easily replicated and are as a general rule much more secure than magnetic stripe cards it has relatively powerful processing capabilities that allow it to do more than a magnetic stripe card (eg data encryption)

Data on a smart card can be protected against unauthorized viewing As a result of this confidential data PINs and passwords can be stored on a smart card This means merchants do not have to go online every time to authenticate a transaction

Disadvantages

NOT tamper proof Can be loststolen Lack of user mobility ndash only possible if user

has smart card reader every he goes Has to use the same reader technology Can be expensive Working from PC ndash software based token will

be better No benefits to using a token on multiple PCs

to using a smart card Still working on bugs

Over 20 programs world-wide

Over 20 programs world-wide across the financial idsecurity government mobile telecom public healthcare retail and transit markets1048713 Mobile OTA application management for USIMSIM cards (SIMToolKit CAT)1048713 US DoD CAC card1048713 Taiwan Health Card1048713 Moscow Social Card1048713 Finnish National Smart Card Program1048713 Smart Visa Card1048713 Amex Blue Card1048713 Etc

OS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market the main ones being

1 MultOS 2 JavaCard3 Cyberflex4 StarCOS5 MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle

bull File Handling and Manipulationbull Memory Managementbull Data Transmission Protocols

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Whatrsquos in a Card

VccRSTCL

KRFU

VppIO

GND

RFU

Typical Smartcard at time of our research 8-bit CPU 384 bytes

RAM 3ndash5 Mhz clock rate

Upcoming 32-bit RISC CPU 4

Kbytes RAM 50 Mhz clock

Typical Configurations

256 bytes to 4KB RAM 8KB to 32KB ROM 1KB to 32KB EEPROM Crypto-coprocessors (implementing

3DES RSA etc in hardware) are optional

8-bit to 16-bit CPU 8051 based designs are common

The price of a mid-level chip when produced in bulk is less than US$1

Smart Card Readers

Dedicated terminalsUsually with a small screen keypad printer often alsohave biometric devices such as thumb print scanner

Computer based readersConnect through USB or COM (Serial) ports

Communication mechanisms Communication between smart card and reader

is standardized ISO 7816-4 standard

Commands are initiated by the terminal Interpreted by the card OS Card state is updated Response is given by the card

Commands have the following structure

Response from the card include 1Le bytes followed by Response Code

CLA INS P1 P2 Lc 1Lc Le

Security Mechanisms

PasswordCard holderrsquos protection

Cryptographic challenge ResponseEntity authentication

Biometric informationPersonrsquos identification

A combination of one or more

Data storage

Data is stored in smart cards in E2PROMCard OS provides a file structure

mechanism

MF

DF DF

DF

EF EF

EF

EF EF

File types

Binary file (unstructured)

Fixed size record file

Variable size record file

Access control on the files Applications may specify the access

controlsA password (PIN) on the MF selection

bull For example SIM password in mobilesMultiple passwords can be used and

levels of security access may be given

Applications may also use cryptographic authentication

How does it all work

Card is inserted in the terminal Card gets power OS boots

up Sends ATR (Answer to reset)ATR negotiations take place

to set up data transfer speeds capability negotiations etcTerminal sends first command to select MF

Card responds with an error (because MF selection is only on password presentation)

Terminal prompts the user to provide password

Terminal sends password for verification

Card verifies P2 Stores a status ldquoP2 Verifiedrdquo Responds ldquoOKrdquo

Terminal sends command to select MF again

Terminal sends command to read EF1

Card supplies personal data and responds ldquoOKrdquo

Card responds ldquoOKrdquo

CAT_TP and BIP

Server

CAT_TP

0348 security layer

application protocol

Mechanism originally specified by 3GPP T3 by which the ME provides the UICC with access to the data bearers supported by the ME and the network

BIP

How are Smart Cards Used

Commercial Applications Bankingpayment Identification Parking and toll collection Universities use smart cards for ID purposes and

at the the library vending machines copy machines and other services on campus

By 2007 end all credit cards will be smart EMV standard

Mobile Telecommunications SIM cards used on cell phones Over 300000000 GSM phones with smart cards Contains mobile phone security subscription

information phone number on the network billing information and frequently called numbers

How are Smart Cards Used Information Technology

Secure logon and authentication of users to PCs and networks

Encryption of sensitive data

Other Applications Over 4 million small dish TV satellite receivers in the US

use a smart card as its removable security element and subscription information

Pre-paid reloadable telephone cards Health Care stores the history of a patient Fast ticketing in public transport parking and road tolling

in many countries JAVA cards

What is Smart Card for Government

Authentication ArchitectureDigital Photo Biometrics Finger Print Voice Print Hand Geometry Iris Scan Keyboard Dynamics Digitized Signature Signature Dynamics Personal ID Electronic Signature

Encryption CompressionPublicPrivate Key Digital Signature (DSS) RSA for Off-line Wireless Telephony

HardwareSoftware Based Crypto Co-Processor

UsesPre-paid Money Credit Debit

Authorizations ID CertificateSecure eMail eForms Digital signature

Proximity Combi Chip are imminent - combining smart card and radio frequency into one chip

RF indicates Radio Frequency Chip

Mag Stripe on back

SmartCardChip

Digital Photo

Barcode

A Multi-Application Multi-Tech Proximity Smart CardA Hybrid Composite Card

Source John G Moore GSA 1994

E-Government Smart Card Specification ISO 7816 123 compliant bull FIPS 140-2 level 3 bull Java Applications

ndash PKI Appletndash ID PIN Verification and Management Appletndash GCA Appletndash Authentication Appletndash Biometric Authentication Appletndash Stake Holder applets (future)

bull JavaCard 21 bull Global Platform 2 Compliant bull 64 K RAM (42K available for applets) bull DES3DESAES(when available) bull RSA asymmetric 1024 2048 bull PTS speed in access of 9600 bps bull EEPROM endurance gt 250000 rw cycles bull MIFARE Proximity (contactless) chip

ndash DESFire (ISO 14443-A)ndash 4 k NV memory

Smart Card Applications

IdentityManagement

Ticketless TravelLoyalty Programs

Building SecurityArea Access

SecureNetwork Access

Information SecurityHealthcare

DebitCredit CardElectronic PurseMass Transit

Time and AttendanceAdministration

Training ManagementQualificationCertificationDistance Learning

Mobile Communications

Mary Carver

Drivers LicenseWorkEntry

PermitsParking

Mary Carver

Advantages

In comparison to itrsquos predecessor the magnetic strip card smart

cards have many advantages including

Life of a smart card is longer A single smart card can house multiple applications Just one

card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

Smart cards cannot be easily replicated and are as a general rule much more secure than magnetic stripe cards it has relatively powerful processing capabilities that allow it to do more than a magnetic stripe card (eg data encryption)

Data on a smart card can be protected against unauthorized viewing As a result of this confidential data PINs and passwords can be stored on a smart card This means merchants do not have to go online every time to authenticate a transaction

Disadvantages

NOT tamper proof Can be loststolen Lack of user mobility ndash only possible if user

has smart card reader every he goes Has to use the same reader technology Can be expensive Working from PC ndash software based token will

be better No benefits to using a token on multiple PCs

to using a smart card Still working on bugs

Over 20 programs world-wide

Over 20 programs world-wide across the financial idsecurity government mobile telecom public healthcare retail and transit markets1048713 Mobile OTA application management for USIMSIM cards (SIMToolKit CAT)1048713 US DoD CAC card1048713 Taiwan Health Card1048713 Moscow Social Card1048713 Finnish National Smart Card Program1048713 Smart Visa Card1048713 Amex Blue Card1048713 Etc

OS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market the main ones being

1 MultOS 2 JavaCard3 Cyberflex4 StarCOS5 MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle

bull File Handling and Manipulationbull Memory Managementbull Data Transmission Protocols

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Typical Configurations

256 bytes to 4KB RAM 8KB to 32KB ROM 1KB to 32KB EEPROM Crypto-coprocessors (implementing

3DES RSA etc in hardware) are optional

8-bit to 16-bit CPU 8051 based designs are common

The price of a mid-level chip when produced in bulk is less than US$1

Smart Card Readers

Dedicated terminalsUsually with a small screen keypad printer often alsohave biometric devices such as thumb print scanner

Computer based readersConnect through USB or COM (Serial) ports

Communication mechanisms Communication between smart card and reader

is standardized ISO 7816-4 standard

Commands are initiated by the terminal Interpreted by the card OS Card state is updated Response is given by the card

Commands have the following structure

Response from the card include 1Le bytes followed by Response Code

CLA INS P1 P2 Lc 1Lc Le

Security Mechanisms

PasswordCard holderrsquos protection

Cryptographic challenge ResponseEntity authentication

Biometric informationPersonrsquos identification

A combination of one or more

Data storage

Data is stored in smart cards in E2PROMCard OS provides a file structure

mechanism

MF

DF DF

DF

EF EF

EF

EF EF

File types

Binary file (unstructured)

Fixed size record file

Variable size record file

Access control on the files Applications may specify the access

controlsA password (PIN) on the MF selection

bull For example SIM password in mobilesMultiple passwords can be used and

levels of security access may be given

Applications may also use cryptographic authentication

How does it all work

Card is inserted in the terminal Card gets power OS boots

up Sends ATR (Answer to reset)ATR negotiations take place

to set up data transfer speeds capability negotiations etcTerminal sends first command to select MF

Card responds with an error (because MF selection is only on password presentation)

Terminal prompts the user to provide password

Terminal sends password for verification

Card verifies P2 Stores a status ldquoP2 Verifiedrdquo Responds ldquoOKrdquo

Terminal sends command to select MF again

Terminal sends command to read EF1

Card supplies personal data and responds ldquoOKrdquo

Card responds ldquoOKrdquo

CAT_TP and BIP

Server

CAT_TP

0348 security layer

application protocol

Mechanism originally specified by 3GPP T3 by which the ME provides the UICC with access to the data bearers supported by the ME and the network

BIP

How are Smart Cards Used

Commercial Applications Bankingpayment Identification Parking and toll collection Universities use smart cards for ID purposes and

at the the library vending machines copy machines and other services on campus

By 2007 end all credit cards will be smart EMV standard

Mobile Telecommunications SIM cards used on cell phones Over 300000000 GSM phones with smart cards Contains mobile phone security subscription

information phone number on the network billing information and frequently called numbers

How are Smart Cards Used Information Technology

Secure logon and authentication of users to PCs and networks

Encryption of sensitive data

Other Applications Over 4 million small dish TV satellite receivers in the US

use a smart card as its removable security element and subscription information

Pre-paid reloadable telephone cards Health Care stores the history of a patient Fast ticketing in public transport parking and road tolling

in many countries JAVA cards

What is Smart Card for Government

Authentication ArchitectureDigital Photo Biometrics Finger Print Voice Print Hand Geometry Iris Scan Keyboard Dynamics Digitized Signature Signature Dynamics Personal ID Electronic Signature

Encryption CompressionPublicPrivate Key Digital Signature (DSS) RSA for Off-line Wireless Telephony

HardwareSoftware Based Crypto Co-Processor

UsesPre-paid Money Credit Debit

Authorizations ID CertificateSecure eMail eForms Digital signature

Proximity Combi Chip are imminent - combining smart card and radio frequency into one chip

RF indicates Radio Frequency Chip

Mag Stripe on back

SmartCardChip

Digital Photo

Barcode

A Multi-Application Multi-Tech Proximity Smart CardA Hybrid Composite Card

Source John G Moore GSA 1994

E-Government Smart Card Specification ISO 7816 123 compliant bull FIPS 140-2 level 3 bull Java Applications

ndash PKI Appletndash ID PIN Verification and Management Appletndash GCA Appletndash Authentication Appletndash Biometric Authentication Appletndash Stake Holder applets (future)

bull JavaCard 21 bull Global Platform 2 Compliant bull 64 K RAM (42K available for applets) bull DES3DESAES(when available) bull RSA asymmetric 1024 2048 bull PTS speed in access of 9600 bps bull EEPROM endurance gt 250000 rw cycles bull MIFARE Proximity (contactless) chip

ndash DESFire (ISO 14443-A)ndash 4 k NV memory

Smart Card Applications

IdentityManagement

Ticketless TravelLoyalty Programs

Building SecurityArea Access

SecureNetwork Access

Information SecurityHealthcare

DebitCredit CardElectronic PurseMass Transit

Time and AttendanceAdministration

Training ManagementQualificationCertificationDistance Learning

Mobile Communications

Mary Carver

Drivers LicenseWorkEntry

PermitsParking

Mary Carver

Advantages

In comparison to itrsquos predecessor the magnetic strip card smart

cards have many advantages including

Life of a smart card is longer A single smart card can house multiple applications Just one

card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

Smart cards cannot be easily replicated and are as a general rule much more secure than magnetic stripe cards it has relatively powerful processing capabilities that allow it to do more than a magnetic stripe card (eg data encryption)

Data on a smart card can be protected against unauthorized viewing As a result of this confidential data PINs and passwords can be stored on a smart card This means merchants do not have to go online every time to authenticate a transaction

Disadvantages

NOT tamper proof Can be loststolen Lack of user mobility ndash only possible if user

has smart card reader every he goes Has to use the same reader technology Can be expensive Working from PC ndash software based token will

be better No benefits to using a token on multiple PCs

to using a smart card Still working on bugs

Over 20 programs world-wide

Over 20 programs world-wide across the financial idsecurity government mobile telecom public healthcare retail and transit markets1048713 Mobile OTA application management for USIMSIM cards (SIMToolKit CAT)1048713 US DoD CAC card1048713 Taiwan Health Card1048713 Moscow Social Card1048713 Finnish National Smart Card Program1048713 Smart Visa Card1048713 Amex Blue Card1048713 Etc

OS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market the main ones being

1 MultOS 2 JavaCard3 Cyberflex4 StarCOS5 MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle

bull File Handling and Manipulationbull Memory Managementbull Data Transmission Protocols

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Smart Card Readers

Dedicated terminalsUsually with a small screen keypad printer often alsohave biometric devices such as thumb print scanner

Computer based readersConnect through USB or COM (Serial) ports

Communication mechanisms Communication between smart card and reader

is standardized ISO 7816-4 standard

Commands are initiated by the terminal Interpreted by the card OS Card state is updated Response is given by the card

Commands have the following structure

Response from the card include 1Le bytes followed by Response Code

CLA INS P1 P2 Lc 1Lc Le

Security Mechanisms

PasswordCard holderrsquos protection

Cryptographic challenge ResponseEntity authentication

Biometric informationPersonrsquos identification

A combination of one or more

Data storage

Data is stored in smart cards in E2PROMCard OS provides a file structure

mechanism

MF

DF DF

DF

EF EF

EF

EF EF

File types

Binary file (unstructured)

Fixed size record file

Variable size record file

Access control on the files Applications may specify the access

controlsA password (PIN) on the MF selection

bull For example SIM password in mobilesMultiple passwords can be used and

levels of security access may be given

Applications may also use cryptographic authentication

How does it all work

Card is inserted in the terminal Card gets power OS boots

up Sends ATR (Answer to reset)ATR negotiations take place

to set up data transfer speeds capability negotiations etcTerminal sends first command to select MF

Card responds with an error (because MF selection is only on password presentation)

Terminal prompts the user to provide password

Terminal sends password for verification

Card verifies P2 Stores a status ldquoP2 Verifiedrdquo Responds ldquoOKrdquo

Terminal sends command to select MF again

Terminal sends command to read EF1

Card supplies personal data and responds ldquoOKrdquo

Card responds ldquoOKrdquo

CAT_TP and BIP

Server

CAT_TP

0348 security layer

application protocol

Mechanism originally specified by 3GPP T3 by which the ME provides the UICC with access to the data bearers supported by the ME and the network

BIP

How are Smart Cards Used

Commercial Applications Bankingpayment Identification Parking and toll collection Universities use smart cards for ID purposes and

at the the library vending machines copy machines and other services on campus

By 2007 end all credit cards will be smart EMV standard

Mobile Telecommunications SIM cards used on cell phones Over 300000000 GSM phones with smart cards Contains mobile phone security subscription

information phone number on the network billing information and frequently called numbers

How are Smart Cards Used Information Technology

Secure logon and authentication of users to PCs and networks

Encryption of sensitive data

Other Applications Over 4 million small dish TV satellite receivers in the US

use a smart card as its removable security element and subscription information

Pre-paid reloadable telephone cards Health Care stores the history of a patient Fast ticketing in public transport parking and road tolling

in many countries JAVA cards

What is Smart Card for Government

Authentication ArchitectureDigital Photo Biometrics Finger Print Voice Print Hand Geometry Iris Scan Keyboard Dynamics Digitized Signature Signature Dynamics Personal ID Electronic Signature

Encryption CompressionPublicPrivate Key Digital Signature (DSS) RSA for Off-line Wireless Telephony

HardwareSoftware Based Crypto Co-Processor

UsesPre-paid Money Credit Debit

Authorizations ID CertificateSecure eMail eForms Digital signature

Proximity Combi Chip are imminent - combining smart card and radio frequency into one chip

RF indicates Radio Frequency Chip

Mag Stripe on back

SmartCardChip

Digital Photo

Barcode

A Multi-Application Multi-Tech Proximity Smart CardA Hybrid Composite Card

Source John G Moore GSA 1994

E-Government Smart Card Specification ISO 7816 123 compliant bull FIPS 140-2 level 3 bull Java Applications

ndash PKI Appletndash ID PIN Verification and Management Appletndash GCA Appletndash Authentication Appletndash Biometric Authentication Appletndash Stake Holder applets (future)

bull JavaCard 21 bull Global Platform 2 Compliant bull 64 K RAM (42K available for applets) bull DES3DESAES(when available) bull RSA asymmetric 1024 2048 bull PTS speed in access of 9600 bps bull EEPROM endurance gt 250000 rw cycles bull MIFARE Proximity (contactless) chip

ndash DESFire (ISO 14443-A)ndash 4 k NV memory

Smart Card Applications

IdentityManagement

Ticketless TravelLoyalty Programs

Building SecurityArea Access

SecureNetwork Access

Information SecurityHealthcare

DebitCredit CardElectronic PurseMass Transit

Time and AttendanceAdministration

Training ManagementQualificationCertificationDistance Learning

Mobile Communications

Mary Carver

Drivers LicenseWorkEntry

PermitsParking

Mary Carver

Advantages

In comparison to itrsquos predecessor the magnetic strip card smart

cards have many advantages including

Life of a smart card is longer A single smart card can house multiple applications Just one

card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

Smart cards cannot be easily replicated and are as a general rule much more secure than magnetic stripe cards it has relatively powerful processing capabilities that allow it to do more than a magnetic stripe card (eg data encryption)

Data on a smart card can be protected against unauthorized viewing As a result of this confidential data PINs and passwords can be stored on a smart card This means merchants do not have to go online every time to authenticate a transaction

Disadvantages

NOT tamper proof Can be loststolen Lack of user mobility ndash only possible if user

has smart card reader every he goes Has to use the same reader technology Can be expensive Working from PC ndash software based token will

be better No benefits to using a token on multiple PCs

to using a smart card Still working on bugs

Over 20 programs world-wide

Over 20 programs world-wide across the financial idsecurity government mobile telecom public healthcare retail and transit markets1048713 Mobile OTA application management for USIMSIM cards (SIMToolKit CAT)1048713 US DoD CAC card1048713 Taiwan Health Card1048713 Moscow Social Card1048713 Finnish National Smart Card Program1048713 Smart Visa Card1048713 Amex Blue Card1048713 Etc

OS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market the main ones being

1 MultOS 2 JavaCard3 Cyberflex4 StarCOS5 MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle

bull File Handling and Manipulationbull Memory Managementbull Data Transmission Protocols

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Communication mechanisms Communication between smart card and reader

is standardized ISO 7816-4 standard

Commands are initiated by the terminal Interpreted by the card OS Card state is updated Response is given by the card

Commands have the following structure

Response from the card include 1Le bytes followed by Response Code

CLA INS P1 P2 Lc 1Lc Le

Security Mechanisms

PasswordCard holderrsquos protection

Cryptographic challenge ResponseEntity authentication

Biometric informationPersonrsquos identification

A combination of one or more

Data storage

Data is stored in smart cards in E2PROMCard OS provides a file structure

mechanism

MF

DF DF

DF

EF EF

EF

EF EF

File types

Binary file (unstructured)

Fixed size record file

Variable size record file

Access control on the files Applications may specify the access

controlsA password (PIN) on the MF selection

bull For example SIM password in mobilesMultiple passwords can be used and

levels of security access may be given

Applications may also use cryptographic authentication

How does it all work

Card is inserted in the terminal Card gets power OS boots

up Sends ATR (Answer to reset)ATR negotiations take place

to set up data transfer speeds capability negotiations etcTerminal sends first command to select MF

Card responds with an error (because MF selection is only on password presentation)

Terminal prompts the user to provide password

Terminal sends password for verification

Card verifies P2 Stores a status ldquoP2 Verifiedrdquo Responds ldquoOKrdquo

Terminal sends command to select MF again

Terminal sends command to read EF1

Card supplies personal data and responds ldquoOKrdquo

Card responds ldquoOKrdquo

CAT_TP and BIP

Server

CAT_TP

0348 security layer

application protocol

Mechanism originally specified by 3GPP T3 by which the ME provides the UICC with access to the data bearers supported by the ME and the network

BIP

How are Smart Cards Used

Commercial Applications Bankingpayment Identification Parking and toll collection Universities use smart cards for ID purposes and

at the the library vending machines copy machines and other services on campus

By 2007 end all credit cards will be smart EMV standard

Mobile Telecommunications SIM cards used on cell phones Over 300000000 GSM phones with smart cards Contains mobile phone security subscription

information phone number on the network billing information and frequently called numbers

How are Smart Cards Used Information Technology

Secure logon and authentication of users to PCs and networks

Encryption of sensitive data

Other Applications Over 4 million small dish TV satellite receivers in the US

use a smart card as its removable security element and subscription information

Pre-paid reloadable telephone cards Health Care stores the history of a patient Fast ticketing in public transport parking and road tolling

in many countries JAVA cards

What is Smart Card for Government

Authentication ArchitectureDigital Photo Biometrics Finger Print Voice Print Hand Geometry Iris Scan Keyboard Dynamics Digitized Signature Signature Dynamics Personal ID Electronic Signature

Encryption CompressionPublicPrivate Key Digital Signature (DSS) RSA for Off-line Wireless Telephony

HardwareSoftware Based Crypto Co-Processor

UsesPre-paid Money Credit Debit

Authorizations ID CertificateSecure eMail eForms Digital signature

Proximity Combi Chip are imminent - combining smart card and radio frequency into one chip

RF indicates Radio Frequency Chip

Mag Stripe on back

SmartCardChip

Digital Photo

Barcode

A Multi-Application Multi-Tech Proximity Smart CardA Hybrid Composite Card

Source John G Moore GSA 1994

E-Government Smart Card Specification ISO 7816 123 compliant bull FIPS 140-2 level 3 bull Java Applications

ndash PKI Appletndash ID PIN Verification and Management Appletndash GCA Appletndash Authentication Appletndash Biometric Authentication Appletndash Stake Holder applets (future)

bull JavaCard 21 bull Global Platform 2 Compliant bull 64 K RAM (42K available for applets) bull DES3DESAES(when available) bull RSA asymmetric 1024 2048 bull PTS speed in access of 9600 bps bull EEPROM endurance gt 250000 rw cycles bull MIFARE Proximity (contactless) chip

ndash DESFire (ISO 14443-A)ndash 4 k NV memory

Smart Card Applications

IdentityManagement

Ticketless TravelLoyalty Programs

Building SecurityArea Access

SecureNetwork Access

Information SecurityHealthcare

DebitCredit CardElectronic PurseMass Transit

Time and AttendanceAdministration

Training ManagementQualificationCertificationDistance Learning

Mobile Communications

Mary Carver

Drivers LicenseWorkEntry

PermitsParking

Mary Carver

Advantages

In comparison to itrsquos predecessor the magnetic strip card smart

cards have many advantages including

Life of a smart card is longer A single smart card can house multiple applications Just one

card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

Smart cards cannot be easily replicated and are as a general rule much more secure than magnetic stripe cards it has relatively powerful processing capabilities that allow it to do more than a magnetic stripe card (eg data encryption)

Data on a smart card can be protected against unauthorized viewing As a result of this confidential data PINs and passwords can be stored on a smart card This means merchants do not have to go online every time to authenticate a transaction

Disadvantages

NOT tamper proof Can be loststolen Lack of user mobility ndash only possible if user

has smart card reader every he goes Has to use the same reader technology Can be expensive Working from PC ndash software based token will

be better No benefits to using a token on multiple PCs

to using a smart card Still working on bugs

Over 20 programs world-wide

Over 20 programs world-wide across the financial idsecurity government mobile telecom public healthcare retail and transit markets1048713 Mobile OTA application management for USIMSIM cards (SIMToolKit CAT)1048713 US DoD CAC card1048713 Taiwan Health Card1048713 Moscow Social Card1048713 Finnish National Smart Card Program1048713 Smart Visa Card1048713 Amex Blue Card1048713 Etc

OS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market the main ones being

1 MultOS 2 JavaCard3 Cyberflex4 StarCOS5 MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle

bull File Handling and Manipulationbull Memory Managementbull Data Transmission Protocols

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Security Mechanisms

PasswordCard holderrsquos protection

Cryptographic challenge ResponseEntity authentication

Biometric informationPersonrsquos identification

A combination of one or more

Data storage

Data is stored in smart cards in E2PROMCard OS provides a file structure

mechanism

MF

DF DF

DF

EF EF

EF

EF EF

File types

Binary file (unstructured)

Fixed size record file

Variable size record file

Access control on the files Applications may specify the access

controlsA password (PIN) on the MF selection

bull For example SIM password in mobilesMultiple passwords can be used and

levels of security access may be given

Applications may also use cryptographic authentication

How does it all work

Card is inserted in the terminal Card gets power OS boots

up Sends ATR (Answer to reset)ATR negotiations take place

to set up data transfer speeds capability negotiations etcTerminal sends first command to select MF

Card responds with an error (because MF selection is only on password presentation)

Terminal prompts the user to provide password

Terminal sends password for verification

Card verifies P2 Stores a status ldquoP2 Verifiedrdquo Responds ldquoOKrdquo

Terminal sends command to select MF again

Terminal sends command to read EF1

Card supplies personal data and responds ldquoOKrdquo

Card responds ldquoOKrdquo

CAT_TP and BIP

Server

CAT_TP

0348 security layer

application protocol

Mechanism originally specified by 3GPP T3 by which the ME provides the UICC with access to the data bearers supported by the ME and the network

BIP

How are Smart Cards Used

Commercial Applications Bankingpayment Identification Parking and toll collection Universities use smart cards for ID purposes and

at the the library vending machines copy machines and other services on campus

By 2007 end all credit cards will be smart EMV standard

Mobile Telecommunications SIM cards used on cell phones Over 300000000 GSM phones with smart cards Contains mobile phone security subscription

information phone number on the network billing information and frequently called numbers

How are Smart Cards Used Information Technology

Secure logon and authentication of users to PCs and networks

Encryption of sensitive data

Other Applications Over 4 million small dish TV satellite receivers in the US

use a smart card as its removable security element and subscription information

Pre-paid reloadable telephone cards Health Care stores the history of a patient Fast ticketing in public transport parking and road tolling

in many countries JAVA cards

What is Smart Card for Government

Authentication ArchitectureDigital Photo Biometrics Finger Print Voice Print Hand Geometry Iris Scan Keyboard Dynamics Digitized Signature Signature Dynamics Personal ID Electronic Signature

Encryption CompressionPublicPrivate Key Digital Signature (DSS) RSA for Off-line Wireless Telephony

HardwareSoftware Based Crypto Co-Processor

UsesPre-paid Money Credit Debit

Authorizations ID CertificateSecure eMail eForms Digital signature

Proximity Combi Chip are imminent - combining smart card and radio frequency into one chip

RF indicates Radio Frequency Chip

Mag Stripe on back

SmartCardChip

Digital Photo

Barcode

A Multi-Application Multi-Tech Proximity Smart CardA Hybrid Composite Card

Source John G Moore GSA 1994

E-Government Smart Card Specification ISO 7816 123 compliant bull FIPS 140-2 level 3 bull Java Applications

ndash PKI Appletndash ID PIN Verification and Management Appletndash GCA Appletndash Authentication Appletndash Biometric Authentication Appletndash Stake Holder applets (future)

bull JavaCard 21 bull Global Platform 2 Compliant bull 64 K RAM (42K available for applets) bull DES3DESAES(when available) bull RSA asymmetric 1024 2048 bull PTS speed in access of 9600 bps bull EEPROM endurance gt 250000 rw cycles bull MIFARE Proximity (contactless) chip

ndash DESFire (ISO 14443-A)ndash 4 k NV memory

Smart Card Applications

IdentityManagement

Ticketless TravelLoyalty Programs

Building SecurityArea Access

SecureNetwork Access

Information SecurityHealthcare

DebitCredit CardElectronic PurseMass Transit

Time and AttendanceAdministration

Training ManagementQualificationCertificationDistance Learning

Mobile Communications

Mary Carver

Drivers LicenseWorkEntry

PermitsParking

Mary Carver

Advantages

In comparison to itrsquos predecessor the magnetic strip card smart

cards have many advantages including

Life of a smart card is longer A single smart card can house multiple applications Just one

card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

Smart cards cannot be easily replicated and are as a general rule much more secure than magnetic stripe cards it has relatively powerful processing capabilities that allow it to do more than a magnetic stripe card (eg data encryption)

Data on a smart card can be protected against unauthorized viewing As a result of this confidential data PINs and passwords can be stored on a smart card This means merchants do not have to go online every time to authenticate a transaction

Disadvantages

NOT tamper proof Can be loststolen Lack of user mobility ndash only possible if user

has smart card reader every he goes Has to use the same reader technology Can be expensive Working from PC ndash software based token will

be better No benefits to using a token on multiple PCs

to using a smart card Still working on bugs

Over 20 programs world-wide

Over 20 programs world-wide across the financial idsecurity government mobile telecom public healthcare retail and transit markets1048713 Mobile OTA application management for USIMSIM cards (SIMToolKit CAT)1048713 US DoD CAC card1048713 Taiwan Health Card1048713 Moscow Social Card1048713 Finnish National Smart Card Program1048713 Smart Visa Card1048713 Amex Blue Card1048713 Etc

OS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market the main ones being

1 MultOS 2 JavaCard3 Cyberflex4 StarCOS5 MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle

bull File Handling and Manipulationbull Memory Managementbull Data Transmission Protocols

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Data storage

Data is stored in smart cards in E2PROMCard OS provides a file structure

mechanism

MF

DF DF

DF

EF EF

EF

EF EF

File types

Binary file (unstructured)

Fixed size record file

Variable size record file

Access control on the files Applications may specify the access

controlsA password (PIN) on the MF selection

bull For example SIM password in mobilesMultiple passwords can be used and

levels of security access may be given

Applications may also use cryptographic authentication

How does it all work

Card is inserted in the terminal Card gets power OS boots

up Sends ATR (Answer to reset)ATR negotiations take place

to set up data transfer speeds capability negotiations etcTerminal sends first command to select MF

Card responds with an error (because MF selection is only on password presentation)

Terminal prompts the user to provide password

Terminal sends password for verification

Card verifies P2 Stores a status ldquoP2 Verifiedrdquo Responds ldquoOKrdquo

Terminal sends command to select MF again

Terminal sends command to read EF1

Card supplies personal data and responds ldquoOKrdquo

Card responds ldquoOKrdquo

CAT_TP and BIP

Server

CAT_TP

0348 security layer

application protocol

Mechanism originally specified by 3GPP T3 by which the ME provides the UICC with access to the data bearers supported by the ME and the network

BIP

How are Smart Cards Used

Commercial Applications Bankingpayment Identification Parking and toll collection Universities use smart cards for ID purposes and

at the the library vending machines copy machines and other services on campus

By 2007 end all credit cards will be smart EMV standard

Mobile Telecommunications SIM cards used on cell phones Over 300000000 GSM phones with smart cards Contains mobile phone security subscription

information phone number on the network billing information and frequently called numbers

How are Smart Cards Used Information Technology

Secure logon and authentication of users to PCs and networks

Encryption of sensitive data

Other Applications Over 4 million small dish TV satellite receivers in the US

use a smart card as its removable security element and subscription information

Pre-paid reloadable telephone cards Health Care stores the history of a patient Fast ticketing in public transport parking and road tolling

in many countries JAVA cards

What is Smart Card for Government

Authentication ArchitectureDigital Photo Biometrics Finger Print Voice Print Hand Geometry Iris Scan Keyboard Dynamics Digitized Signature Signature Dynamics Personal ID Electronic Signature

Encryption CompressionPublicPrivate Key Digital Signature (DSS) RSA for Off-line Wireless Telephony

HardwareSoftware Based Crypto Co-Processor

UsesPre-paid Money Credit Debit

Authorizations ID CertificateSecure eMail eForms Digital signature

Proximity Combi Chip are imminent - combining smart card and radio frequency into one chip

RF indicates Radio Frequency Chip

Mag Stripe on back

SmartCardChip

Digital Photo

Barcode

A Multi-Application Multi-Tech Proximity Smart CardA Hybrid Composite Card

Source John G Moore GSA 1994

E-Government Smart Card Specification ISO 7816 123 compliant bull FIPS 140-2 level 3 bull Java Applications

ndash PKI Appletndash ID PIN Verification and Management Appletndash GCA Appletndash Authentication Appletndash Biometric Authentication Appletndash Stake Holder applets (future)

bull JavaCard 21 bull Global Platform 2 Compliant bull 64 K RAM (42K available for applets) bull DES3DESAES(when available) bull RSA asymmetric 1024 2048 bull PTS speed in access of 9600 bps bull EEPROM endurance gt 250000 rw cycles bull MIFARE Proximity (contactless) chip

ndash DESFire (ISO 14443-A)ndash 4 k NV memory

Smart Card Applications

IdentityManagement

Ticketless TravelLoyalty Programs

Building SecurityArea Access

SecureNetwork Access

Information SecurityHealthcare

DebitCredit CardElectronic PurseMass Transit

Time and AttendanceAdministration

Training ManagementQualificationCertificationDistance Learning

Mobile Communications

Mary Carver

Drivers LicenseWorkEntry

PermitsParking

Mary Carver

Advantages

In comparison to itrsquos predecessor the magnetic strip card smart

cards have many advantages including

Life of a smart card is longer A single smart card can house multiple applications Just one

card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

Smart cards cannot be easily replicated and are as a general rule much more secure than magnetic stripe cards it has relatively powerful processing capabilities that allow it to do more than a magnetic stripe card (eg data encryption)

Data on a smart card can be protected against unauthorized viewing As a result of this confidential data PINs and passwords can be stored on a smart card This means merchants do not have to go online every time to authenticate a transaction

Disadvantages

NOT tamper proof Can be loststolen Lack of user mobility ndash only possible if user

has smart card reader every he goes Has to use the same reader technology Can be expensive Working from PC ndash software based token will

be better No benefits to using a token on multiple PCs

to using a smart card Still working on bugs

Over 20 programs world-wide

Over 20 programs world-wide across the financial idsecurity government mobile telecom public healthcare retail and transit markets1048713 Mobile OTA application management for USIMSIM cards (SIMToolKit CAT)1048713 US DoD CAC card1048713 Taiwan Health Card1048713 Moscow Social Card1048713 Finnish National Smart Card Program1048713 Smart Visa Card1048713 Amex Blue Card1048713 Etc

OS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market the main ones being

1 MultOS 2 JavaCard3 Cyberflex4 StarCOS5 MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle

bull File Handling and Manipulationbull Memory Managementbull Data Transmission Protocols

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Access control on the files Applications may specify the access

controlsA password (PIN) on the MF selection

bull For example SIM password in mobilesMultiple passwords can be used and

levels of security access may be given

Applications may also use cryptographic authentication

How does it all work

Card is inserted in the terminal Card gets power OS boots

up Sends ATR (Answer to reset)ATR negotiations take place

to set up data transfer speeds capability negotiations etcTerminal sends first command to select MF

Card responds with an error (because MF selection is only on password presentation)

Terminal prompts the user to provide password

Terminal sends password for verification

Card verifies P2 Stores a status ldquoP2 Verifiedrdquo Responds ldquoOKrdquo

Terminal sends command to select MF again

Terminal sends command to read EF1

Card supplies personal data and responds ldquoOKrdquo

Card responds ldquoOKrdquo

CAT_TP and BIP

Server

CAT_TP

0348 security layer

application protocol

Mechanism originally specified by 3GPP T3 by which the ME provides the UICC with access to the data bearers supported by the ME and the network

BIP

How are Smart Cards Used

Commercial Applications Bankingpayment Identification Parking and toll collection Universities use smart cards for ID purposes and

at the the library vending machines copy machines and other services on campus

By 2007 end all credit cards will be smart EMV standard

Mobile Telecommunications SIM cards used on cell phones Over 300000000 GSM phones with smart cards Contains mobile phone security subscription

information phone number on the network billing information and frequently called numbers

How are Smart Cards Used Information Technology

Secure logon and authentication of users to PCs and networks

Encryption of sensitive data

Other Applications Over 4 million small dish TV satellite receivers in the US

use a smart card as its removable security element and subscription information

Pre-paid reloadable telephone cards Health Care stores the history of a patient Fast ticketing in public transport parking and road tolling

in many countries JAVA cards

What is Smart Card for Government

Authentication ArchitectureDigital Photo Biometrics Finger Print Voice Print Hand Geometry Iris Scan Keyboard Dynamics Digitized Signature Signature Dynamics Personal ID Electronic Signature

Encryption CompressionPublicPrivate Key Digital Signature (DSS) RSA for Off-line Wireless Telephony

HardwareSoftware Based Crypto Co-Processor

UsesPre-paid Money Credit Debit

Authorizations ID CertificateSecure eMail eForms Digital signature

Proximity Combi Chip are imminent - combining smart card and radio frequency into one chip

RF indicates Radio Frequency Chip

Mag Stripe on back

SmartCardChip

Digital Photo

Barcode

A Multi-Application Multi-Tech Proximity Smart CardA Hybrid Composite Card

Source John G Moore GSA 1994

E-Government Smart Card Specification ISO 7816 123 compliant bull FIPS 140-2 level 3 bull Java Applications

ndash PKI Appletndash ID PIN Verification and Management Appletndash GCA Appletndash Authentication Appletndash Biometric Authentication Appletndash Stake Holder applets (future)

bull JavaCard 21 bull Global Platform 2 Compliant bull 64 K RAM (42K available for applets) bull DES3DESAES(when available) bull RSA asymmetric 1024 2048 bull PTS speed in access of 9600 bps bull EEPROM endurance gt 250000 rw cycles bull MIFARE Proximity (contactless) chip

ndash DESFire (ISO 14443-A)ndash 4 k NV memory

Smart Card Applications

IdentityManagement

Ticketless TravelLoyalty Programs

Building SecurityArea Access

SecureNetwork Access

Information SecurityHealthcare

DebitCredit CardElectronic PurseMass Transit

Time and AttendanceAdministration

Training ManagementQualificationCertificationDistance Learning

Mobile Communications

Mary Carver

Drivers LicenseWorkEntry

PermitsParking

Mary Carver

Advantages

In comparison to itrsquos predecessor the magnetic strip card smart

cards have many advantages including

Life of a smart card is longer A single smart card can house multiple applications Just one

card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

Smart cards cannot be easily replicated and are as a general rule much more secure than magnetic stripe cards it has relatively powerful processing capabilities that allow it to do more than a magnetic stripe card (eg data encryption)

Data on a smart card can be protected against unauthorized viewing As a result of this confidential data PINs and passwords can be stored on a smart card This means merchants do not have to go online every time to authenticate a transaction

Disadvantages

NOT tamper proof Can be loststolen Lack of user mobility ndash only possible if user

has smart card reader every he goes Has to use the same reader technology Can be expensive Working from PC ndash software based token will

be better No benefits to using a token on multiple PCs

to using a smart card Still working on bugs

Over 20 programs world-wide

Over 20 programs world-wide across the financial idsecurity government mobile telecom public healthcare retail and transit markets1048713 Mobile OTA application management for USIMSIM cards (SIMToolKit CAT)1048713 US DoD CAC card1048713 Taiwan Health Card1048713 Moscow Social Card1048713 Finnish National Smart Card Program1048713 Smart Visa Card1048713 Amex Blue Card1048713 Etc

OS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market the main ones being

1 MultOS 2 JavaCard3 Cyberflex4 StarCOS5 MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle

bull File Handling and Manipulationbull Memory Managementbull Data Transmission Protocols

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

How does it all work

Card is inserted in the terminal Card gets power OS boots

up Sends ATR (Answer to reset)ATR negotiations take place

to set up data transfer speeds capability negotiations etcTerminal sends first command to select MF

Card responds with an error (because MF selection is only on password presentation)

Terminal prompts the user to provide password

Terminal sends password for verification

Card verifies P2 Stores a status ldquoP2 Verifiedrdquo Responds ldquoOKrdquo

Terminal sends command to select MF again

Terminal sends command to read EF1

Card supplies personal data and responds ldquoOKrdquo

Card responds ldquoOKrdquo

CAT_TP and BIP

Server

CAT_TP

0348 security layer

application protocol

Mechanism originally specified by 3GPP T3 by which the ME provides the UICC with access to the data bearers supported by the ME and the network

BIP

How are Smart Cards Used

Commercial Applications Bankingpayment Identification Parking and toll collection Universities use smart cards for ID purposes and

at the the library vending machines copy machines and other services on campus

By 2007 end all credit cards will be smart EMV standard

Mobile Telecommunications SIM cards used on cell phones Over 300000000 GSM phones with smart cards Contains mobile phone security subscription

information phone number on the network billing information and frequently called numbers

How are Smart Cards Used Information Technology

Secure logon and authentication of users to PCs and networks

Encryption of sensitive data

Other Applications Over 4 million small dish TV satellite receivers in the US

use a smart card as its removable security element and subscription information

Pre-paid reloadable telephone cards Health Care stores the history of a patient Fast ticketing in public transport parking and road tolling

in many countries JAVA cards

What is Smart Card for Government

Authentication ArchitectureDigital Photo Biometrics Finger Print Voice Print Hand Geometry Iris Scan Keyboard Dynamics Digitized Signature Signature Dynamics Personal ID Electronic Signature

Encryption CompressionPublicPrivate Key Digital Signature (DSS) RSA for Off-line Wireless Telephony

HardwareSoftware Based Crypto Co-Processor

UsesPre-paid Money Credit Debit

Authorizations ID CertificateSecure eMail eForms Digital signature

Proximity Combi Chip are imminent - combining smart card and radio frequency into one chip

RF indicates Radio Frequency Chip

Mag Stripe on back

SmartCardChip

Digital Photo

Barcode

A Multi-Application Multi-Tech Proximity Smart CardA Hybrid Composite Card

Source John G Moore GSA 1994

E-Government Smart Card Specification ISO 7816 123 compliant bull FIPS 140-2 level 3 bull Java Applications

ndash PKI Appletndash ID PIN Verification and Management Appletndash GCA Appletndash Authentication Appletndash Biometric Authentication Appletndash Stake Holder applets (future)

bull JavaCard 21 bull Global Platform 2 Compliant bull 64 K RAM (42K available for applets) bull DES3DESAES(when available) bull RSA asymmetric 1024 2048 bull PTS speed in access of 9600 bps bull EEPROM endurance gt 250000 rw cycles bull MIFARE Proximity (contactless) chip

ndash DESFire (ISO 14443-A)ndash 4 k NV memory

Smart Card Applications

IdentityManagement

Ticketless TravelLoyalty Programs

Building SecurityArea Access

SecureNetwork Access

Information SecurityHealthcare

DebitCredit CardElectronic PurseMass Transit

Time and AttendanceAdministration

Training ManagementQualificationCertificationDistance Learning

Mobile Communications

Mary Carver

Drivers LicenseWorkEntry

PermitsParking

Mary Carver

Advantages

In comparison to itrsquos predecessor the magnetic strip card smart

cards have many advantages including

Life of a smart card is longer A single smart card can house multiple applications Just one

card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

Smart cards cannot be easily replicated and are as a general rule much more secure than magnetic stripe cards it has relatively powerful processing capabilities that allow it to do more than a magnetic stripe card (eg data encryption)

Data on a smart card can be protected against unauthorized viewing As a result of this confidential data PINs and passwords can be stored on a smart card This means merchants do not have to go online every time to authenticate a transaction

Disadvantages

NOT tamper proof Can be loststolen Lack of user mobility ndash only possible if user

has smart card reader every he goes Has to use the same reader technology Can be expensive Working from PC ndash software based token will

be better No benefits to using a token on multiple PCs

to using a smart card Still working on bugs

Over 20 programs world-wide

Over 20 programs world-wide across the financial idsecurity government mobile telecom public healthcare retail and transit markets1048713 Mobile OTA application management for USIMSIM cards (SIMToolKit CAT)1048713 US DoD CAC card1048713 Taiwan Health Card1048713 Moscow Social Card1048713 Finnish National Smart Card Program1048713 Smart Visa Card1048713 Amex Blue Card1048713 Etc

OS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market the main ones being

1 MultOS 2 JavaCard3 Cyberflex4 StarCOS5 MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle

bull File Handling and Manipulationbull Memory Managementbull Data Transmission Protocols

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

CAT_TP and BIP

Server

CAT_TP

0348 security layer

application protocol

Mechanism originally specified by 3GPP T3 by which the ME provides the UICC with access to the data bearers supported by the ME and the network

BIP

How are Smart Cards Used

Commercial Applications Bankingpayment Identification Parking and toll collection Universities use smart cards for ID purposes and

at the the library vending machines copy machines and other services on campus

By 2007 end all credit cards will be smart EMV standard

Mobile Telecommunications SIM cards used on cell phones Over 300000000 GSM phones with smart cards Contains mobile phone security subscription

information phone number on the network billing information and frequently called numbers

How are Smart Cards Used Information Technology

Secure logon and authentication of users to PCs and networks

Encryption of sensitive data

Other Applications Over 4 million small dish TV satellite receivers in the US

use a smart card as its removable security element and subscription information

Pre-paid reloadable telephone cards Health Care stores the history of a patient Fast ticketing in public transport parking and road tolling

in many countries JAVA cards

What is Smart Card for Government

Authentication ArchitectureDigital Photo Biometrics Finger Print Voice Print Hand Geometry Iris Scan Keyboard Dynamics Digitized Signature Signature Dynamics Personal ID Electronic Signature

Encryption CompressionPublicPrivate Key Digital Signature (DSS) RSA for Off-line Wireless Telephony

HardwareSoftware Based Crypto Co-Processor

UsesPre-paid Money Credit Debit

Authorizations ID CertificateSecure eMail eForms Digital signature

Proximity Combi Chip are imminent - combining smart card and radio frequency into one chip

RF indicates Radio Frequency Chip

Mag Stripe on back

SmartCardChip

Digital Photo

Barcode

A Multi-Application Multi-Tech Proximity Smart CardA Hybrid Composite Card

Source John G Moore GSA 1994

E-Government Smart Card Specification ISO 7816 123 compliant bull FIPS 140-2 level 3 bull Java Applications

ndash PKI Appletndash ID PIN Verification and Management Appletndash GCA Appletndash Authentication Appletndash Biometric Authentication Appletndash Stake Holder applets (future)

bull JavaCard 21 bull Global Platform 2 Compliant bull 64 K RAM (42K available for applets) bull DES3DESAES(when available) bull RSA asymmetric 1024 2048 bull PTS speed in access of 9600 bps bull EEPROM endurance gt 250000 rw cycles bull MIFARE Proximity (contactless) chip

ndash DESFire (ISO 14443-A)ndash 4 k NV memory

Smart Card Applications

IdentityManagement

Ticketless TravelLoyalty Programs

Building SecurityArea Access

SecureNetwork Access

Information SecurityHealthcare

DebitCredit CardElectronic PurseMass Transit

Time and AttendanceAdministration

Training ManagementQualificationCertificationDistance Learning

Mobile Communications

Mary Carver

Drivers LicenseWorkEntry

PermitsParking

Mary Carver

Advantages

In comparison to itrsquos predecessor the magnetic strip card smart

cards have many advantages including

Life of a smart card is longer A single smart card can house multiple applications Just one

card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

Smart cards cannot be easily replicated and are as a general rule much more secure than magnetic stripe cards it has relatively powerful processing capabilities that allow it to do more than a magnetic stripe card (eg data encryption)

Data on a smart card can be protected against unauthorized viewing As a result of this confidential data PINs and passwords can be stored on a smart card This means merchants do not have to go online every time to authenticate a transaction

Disadvantages

NOT tamper proof Can be loststolen Lack of user mobility ndash only possible if user

has smart card reader every he goes Has to use the same reader technology Can be expensive Working from PC ndash software based token will

be better No benefits to using a token on multiple PCs

to using a smart card Still working on bugs

Over 20 programs world-wide

Over 20 programs world-wide across the financial idsecurity government mobile telecom public healthcare retail and transit markets1048713 Mobile OTA application management for USIMSIM cards (SIMToolKit CAT)1048713 US DoD CAC card1048713 Taiwan Health Card1048713 Moscow Social Card1048713 Finnish National Smart Card Program1048713 Smart Visa Card1048713 Amex Blue Card1048713 Etc

OS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market the main ones being

1 MultOS 2 JavaCard3 Cyberflex4 StarCOS5 MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle

bull File Handling and Manipulationbull Memory Managementbull Data Transmission Protocols

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

How are Smart Cards Used

Commercial Applications Bankingpayment Identification Parking and toll collection Universities use smart cards for ID purposes and

at the the library vending machines copy machines and other services on campus

By 2007 end all credit cards will be smart EMV standard

Mobile Telecommunications SIM cards used on cell phones Over 300000000 GSM phones with smart cards Contains mobile phone security subscription

information phone number on the network billing information and frequently called numbers

How are Smart Cards Used Information Technology

Secure logon and authentication of users to PCs and networks

Encryption of sensitive data

Other Applications Over 4 million small dish TV satellite receivers in the US

use a smart card as its removable security element and subscription information

Pre-paid reloadable telephone cards Health Care stores the history of a patient Fast ticketing in public transport parking and road tolling

in many countries JAVA cards

What is Smart Card for Government

Authentication ArchitectureDigital Photo Biometrics Finger Print Voice Print Hand Geometry Iris Scan Keyboard Dynamics Digitized Signature Signature Dynamics Personal ID Electronic Signature

Encryption CompressionPublicPrivate Key Digital Signature (DSS) RSA for Off-line Wireless Telephony

HardwareSoftware Based Crypto Co-Processor

UsesPre-paid Money Credit Debit

Authorizations ID CertificateSecure eMail eForms Digital signature

Proximity Combi Chip are imminent - combining smart card and radio frequency into one chip

RF indicates Radio Frequency Chip

Mag Stripe on back

SmartCardChip

Digital Photo

Barcode

A Multi-Application Multi-Tech Proximity Smart CardA Hybrid Composite Card

Source John G Moore GSA 1994

E-Government Smart Card Specification ISO 7816 123 compliant bull FIPS 140-2 level 3 bull Java Applications

ndash PKI Appletndash ID PIN Verification and Management Appletndash GCA Appletndash Authentication Appletndash Biometric Authentication Appletndash Stake Holder applets (future)

bull JavaCard 21 bull Global Platform 2 Compliant bull 64 K RAM (42K available for applets) bull DES3DESAES(when available) bull RSA asymmetric 1024 2048 bull PTS speed in access of 9600 bps bull EEPROM endurance gt 250000 rw cycles bull MIFARE Proximity (contactless) chip

ndash DESFire (ISO 14443-A)ndash 4 k NV memory

Smart Card Applications

IdentityManagement

Ticketless TravelLoyalty Programs

Building SecurityArea Access

SecureNetwork Access

Information SecurityHealthcare

DebitCredit CardElectronic PurseMass Transit

Time and AttendanceAdministration

Training ManagementQualificationCertificationDistance Learning

Mobile Communications

Mary Carver

Drivers LicenseWorkEntry

PermitsParking

Mary Carver

Advantages

In comparison to itrsquos predecessor the magnetic strip card smart

cards have many advantages including

Life of a smart card is longer A single smart card can house multiple applications Just one

card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

Smart cards cannot be easily replicated and are as a general rule much more secure than magnetic stripe cards it has relatively powerful processing capabilities that allow it to do more than a magnetic stripe card (eg data encryption)

Data on a smart card can be protected against unauthorized viewing As a result of this confidential data PINs and passwords can be stored on a smart card This means merchants do not have to go online every time to authenticate a transaction

Disadvantages

NOT tamper proof Can be loststolen Lack of user mobility ndash only possible if user

has smart card reader every he goes Has to use the same reader technology Can be expensive Working from PC ndash software based token will

be better No benefits to using a token on multiple PCs

to using a smart card Still working on bugs

Over 20 programs world-wide

Over 20 programs world-wide across the financial idsecurity government mobile telecom public healthcare retail and transit markets1048713 Mobile OTA application management for USIMSIM cards (SIMToolKit CAT)1048713 US DoD CAC card1048713 Taiwan Health Card1048713 Moscow Social Card1048713 Finnish National Smart Card Program1048713 Smart Visa Card1048713 Amex Blue Card1048713 Etc

OS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market the main ones being

1 MultOS 2 JavaCard3 Cyberflex4 StarCOS5 MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle

bull File Handling and Manipulationbull Memory Managementbull Data Transmission Protocols

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

How are Smart Cards Used Information Technology

Secure logon and authentication of users to PCs and networks

Encryption of sensitive data

Other Applications Over 4 million small dish TV satellite receivers in the US

use a smart card as its removable security element and subscription information

Pre-paid reloadable telephone cards Health Care stores the history of a patient Fast ticketing in public transport parking and road tolling

in many countries JAVA cards

What is Smart Card for Government

Authentication ArchitectureDigital Photo Biometrics Finger Print Voice Print Hand Geometry Iris Scan Keyboard Dynamics Digitized Signature Signature Dynamics Personal ID Electronic Signature

Encryption CompressionPublicPrivate Key Digital Signature (DSS) RSA for Off-line Wireless Telephony

HardwareSoftware Based Crypto Co-Processor

UsesPre-paid Money Credit Debit

Authorizations ID CertificateSecure eMail eForms Digital signature

Proximity Combi Chip are imminent - combining smart card and radio frequency into one chip

RF indicates Radio Frequency Chip

Mag Stripe on back

SmartCardChip

Digital Photo

Barcode

A Multi-Application Multi-Tech Proximity Smart CardA Hybrid Composite Card

Source John G Moore GSA 1994

E-Government Smart Card Specification ISO 7816 123 compliant bull FIPS 140-2 level 3 bull Java Applications

ndash PKI Appletndash ID PIN Verification and Management Appletndash GCA Appletndash Authentication Appletndash Biometric Authentication Appletndash Stake Holder applets (future)

bull JavaCard 21 bull Global Platform 2 Compliant bull 64 K RAM (42K available for applets) bull DES3DESAES(when available) bull RSA asymmetric 1024 2048 bull PTS speed in access of 9600 bps bull EEPROM endurance gt 250000 rw cycles bull MIFARE Proximity (contactless) chip

ndash DESFire (ISO 14443-A)ndash 4 k NV memory

Smart Card Applications

IdentityManagement

Ticketless TravelLoyalty Programs

Building SecurityArea Access

SecureNetwork Access

Information SecurityHealthcare

DebitCredit CardElectronic PurseMass Transit

Time and AttendanceAdministration

Training ManagementQualificationCertificationDistance Learning

Mobile Communications

Mary Carver

Drivers LicenseWorkEntry

PermitsParking

Mary Carver

Advantages

In comparison to itrsquos predecessor the magnetic strip card smart

cards have many advantages including

Life of a smart card is longer A single smart card can house multiple applications Just one

card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

Smart cards cannot be easily replicated and are as a general rule much more secure than magnetic stripe cards it has relatively powerful processing capabilities that allow it to do more than a magnetic stripe card (eg data encryption)

Data on a smart card can be protected against unauthorized viewing As a result of this confidential data PINs and passwords can be stored on a smart card This means merchants do not have to go online every time to authenticate a transaction

Disadvantages

NOT tamper proof Can be loststolen Lack of user mobility ndash only possible if user

has smart card reader every he goes Has to use the same reader technology Can be expensive Working from PC ndash software based token will

be better No benefits to using a token on multiple PCs

to using a smart card Still working on bugs

Over 20 programs world-wide

Over 20 programs world-wide across the financial idsecurity government mobile telecom public healthcare retail and transit markets1048713 Mobile OTA application management for USIMSIM cards (SIMToolKit CAT)1048713 US DoD CAC card1048713 Taiwan Health Card1048713 Moscow Social Card1048713 Finnish National Smart Card Program1048713 Smart Visa Card1048713 Amex Blue Card1048713 Etc

OS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market the main ones being

1 MultOS 2 JavaCard3 Cyberflex4 StarCOS5 MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle

bull File Handling and Manipulationbull Memory Managementbull Data Transmission Protocols

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

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en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

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n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

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Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

What is Smart Card for Government

Authentication ArchitectureDigital Photo Biometrics Finger Print Voice Print Hand Geometry Iris Scan Keyboard Dynamics Digitized Signature Signature Dynamics Personal ID Electronic Signature

Encryption CompressionPublicPrivate Key Digital Signature (DSS) RSA for Off-line Wireless Telephony

HardwareSoftware Based Crypto Co-Processor

UsesPre-paid Money Credit Debit

Authorizations ID CertificateSecure eMail eForms Digital signature

Proximity Combi Chip are imminent - combining smart card and radio frequency into one chip

RF indicates Radio Frequency Chip

Mag Stripe on back

SmartCardChip

Digital Photo

Barcode

A Multi-Application Multi-Tech Proximity Smart CardA Hybrid Composite Card

Source John G Moore GSA 1994

E-Government Smart Card Specification ISO 7816 123 compliant bull FIPS 140-2 level 3 bull Java Applications

ndash PKI Appletndash ID PIN Verification and Management Appletndash GCA Appletndash Authentication Appletndash Biometric Authentication Appletndash Stake Holder applets (future)

bull JavaCard 21 bull Global Platform 2 Compliant bull 64 K RAM (42K available for applets) bull DES3DESAES(when available) bull RSA asymmetric 1024 2048 bull PTS speed in access of 9600 bps bull EEPROM endurance gt 250000 rw cycles bull MIFARE Proximity (contactless) chip

ndash DESFire (ISO 14443-A)ndash 4 k NV memory

Smart Card Applications

IdentityManagement

Ticketless TravelLoyalty Programs

Building SecurityArea Access

SecureNetwork Access

Information SecurityHealthcare

DebitCredit CardElectronic PurseMass Transit

Time and AttendanceAdministration

Training ManagementQualificationCertificationDistance Learning

Mobile Communications

Mary Carver

Drivers LicenseWorkEntry

PermitsParking

Mary Carver

Advantages

In comparison to itrsquos predecessor the magnetic strip card smart

cards have many advantages including

Life of a smart card is longer A single smart card can house multiple applications Just one

card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

Smart cards cannot be easily replicated and are as a general rule much more secure than magnetic stripe cards it has relatively powerful processing capabilities that allow it to do more than a magnetic stripe card (eg data encryption)

Data on a smart card can be protected against unauthorized viewing As a result of this confidential data PINs and passwords can be stored on a smart card This means merchants do not have to go online every time to authenticate a transaction

Disadvantages

NOT tamper proof Can be loststolen Lack of user mobility ndash only possible if user

has smart card reader every he goes Has to use the same reader technology Can be expensive Working from PC ndash software based token will

be better No benefits to using a token on multiple PCs

to using a smart card Still working on bugs

Over 20 programs world-wide

Over 20 programs world-wide across the financial idsecurity government mobile telecom public healthcare retail and transit markets1048713 Mobile OTA application management for USIMSIM cards (SIMToolKit CAT)1048713 US DoD CAC card1048713 Taiwan Health Card1048713 Moscow Social Card1048713 Finnish National Smart Card Program1048713 Smart Visa Card1048713 Amex Blue Card1048713 Etc

OS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market the main ones being

1 MultOS 2 JavaCard3 Cyberflex4 StarCOS5 MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle

bull File Handling and Manipulationbull Memory Managementbull Data Transmission Protocols

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

E-Government Smart Card Specification ISO 7816 123 compliant bull FIPS 140-2 level 3 bull Java Applications

ndash PKI Appletndash ID PIN Verification and Management Appletndash GCA Appletndash Authentication Appletndash Biometric Authentication Appletndash Stake Holder applets (future)

bull JavaCard 21 bull Global Platform 2 Compliant bull 64 K RAM (42K available for applets) bull DES3DESAES(when available) bull RSA asymmetric 1024 2048 bull PTS speed in access of 9600 bps bull EEPROM endurance gt 250000 rw cycles bull MIFARE Proximity (contactless) chip

ndash DESFire (ISO 14443-A)ndash 4 k NV memory

Smart Card Applications

IdentityManagement

Ticketless TravelLoyalty Programs

Building SecurityArea Access

SecureNetwork Access

Information SecurityHealthcare

DebitCredit CardElectronic PurseMass Transit

Time and AttendanceAdministration

Training ManagementQualificationCertificationDistance Learning

Mobile Communications

Mary Carver

Drivers LicenseWorkEntry

PermitsParking

Mary Carver

Advantages

In comparison to itrsquos predecessor the magnetic strip card smart

cards have many advantages including

Life of a smart card is longer A single smart card can house multiple applications Just one

card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

Smart cards cannot be easily replicated and are as a general rule much more secure than magnetic stripe cards it has relatively powerful processing capabilities that allow it to do more than a magnetic stripe card (eg data encryption)

Data on a smart card can be protected against unauthorized viewing As a result of this confidential data PINs and passwords can be stored on a smart card This means merchants do not have to go online every time to authenticate a transaction

Disadvantages

NOT tamper proof Can be loststolen Lack of user mobility ndash only possible if user

has smart card reader every he goes Has to use the same reader technology Can be expensive Working from PC ndash software based token will

be better No benefits to using a token on multiple PCs

to using a smart card Still working on bugs

Over 20 programs world-wide

Over 20 programs world-wide across the financial idsecurity government mobile telecom public healthcare retail and transit markets1048713 Mobile OTA application management for USIMSIM cards (SIMToolKit CAT)1048713 US DoD CAC card1048713 Taiwan Health Card1048713 Moscow Social Card1048713 Finnish National Smart Card Program1048713 Smart Visa Card1048713 Amex Blue Card1048713 Etc

OS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market the main ones being

1 MultOS 2 JavaCard3 Cyberflex4 StarCOS5 MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle

bull File Handling and Manipulationbull Memory Managementbull Data Transmission Protocols

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Smart Card Applications

IdentityManagement

Ticketless TravelLoyalty Programs

Building SecurityArea Access

SecureNetwork Access

Information SecurityHealthcare

DebitCredit CardElectronic PurseMass Transit

Time and AttendanceAdministration

Training ManagementQualificationCertificationDistance Learning

Mobile Communications

Mary Carver

Drivers LicenseWorkEntry

PermitsParking

Mary Carver

Advantages

In comparison to itrsquos predecessor the magnetic strip card smart

cards have many advantages including

Life of a smart card is longer A single smart card can house multiple applications Just one

card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

Smart cards cannot be easily replicated and are as a general rule much more secure than magnetic stripe cards it has relatively powerful processing capabilities that allow it to do more than a magnetic stripe card (eg data encryption)

Data on a smart card can be protected against unauthorized viewing As a result of this confidential data PINs and passwords can be stored on a smart card This means merchants do not have to go online every time to authenticate a transaction

Disadvantages

NOT tamper proof Can be loststolen Lack of user mobility ndash only possible if user

has smart card reader every he goes Has to use the same reader technology Can be expensive Working from PC ndash software based token will

be better No benefits to using a token on multiple PCs

to using a smart card Still working on bugs

Over 20 programs world-wide

Over 20 programs world-wide across the financial idsecurity government mobile telecom public healthcare retail and transit markets1048713 Mobile OTA application management for USIMSIM cards (SIMToolKit CAT)1048713 US DoD CAC card1048713 Taiwan Health Card1048713 Moscow Social Card1048713 Finnish National Smart Card Program1048713 Smart Visa Card1048713 Amex Blue Card1048713 Etc

OS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market the main ones being

1 MultOS 2 JavaCard3 Cyberflex4 StarCOS5 MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle

bull File Handling and Manipulationbull Memory Managementbull Data Transmission Protocols

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Advantages

In comparison to itrsquos predecessor the magnetic strip card smart

cards have many advantages including

Life of a smart card is longer A single smart card can house multiple applications Just one

card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

Smart cards cannot be easily replicated and are as a general rule much more secure than magnetic stripe cards it has relatively powerful processing capabilities that allow it to do more than a magnetic stripe card (eg data encryption)

Data on a smart card can be protected against unauthorized viewing As a result of this confidential data PINs and passwords can be stored on a smart card This means merchants do not have to go online every time to authenticate a transaction

Disadvantages

NOT tamper proof Can be loststolen Lack of user mobility ndash only possible if user

has smart card reader every he goes Has to use the same reader technology Can be expensive Working from PC ndash software based token will

be better No benefits to using a token on multiple PCs

to using a smart card Still working on bugs

Over 20 programs world-wide

Over 20 programs world-wide across the financial idsecurity government mobile telecom public healthcare retail and transit markets1048713 Mobile OTA application management for USIMSIM cards (SIMToolKit CAT)1048713 US DoD CAC card1048713 Taiwan Health Card1048713 Moscow Social Card1048713 Finnish National Smart Card Program1048713 Smart Visa Card1048713 Amex Blue Card1048713 Etc

OS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market the main ones being

1 MultOS 2 JavaCard3 Cyberflex4 StarCOS5 MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle

bull File Handling and Manipulationbull Memory Managementbull Data Transmission Protocols

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Disadvantages

NOT tamper proof Can be loststolen Lack of user mobility ndash only possible if user

has smart card reader every he goes Has to use the same reader technology Can be expensive Working from PC ndash software based token will

be better No benefits to using a token on multiple PCs

to using a smart card Still working on bugs

Over 20 programs world-wide

Over 20 programs world-wide across the financial idsecurity government mobile telecom public healthcare retail and transit markets1048713 Mobile OTA application management for USIMSIM cards (SIMToolKit CAT)1048713 US DoD CAC card1048713 Taiwan Health Card1048713 Moscow Social Card1048713 Finnish National Smart Card Program1048713 Smart Visa Card1048713 Amex Blue Card1048713 Etc

OS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market the main ones being

1 MultOS 2 JavaCard3 Cyberflex4 StarCOS5 MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle

bull File Handling and Manipulationbull Memory Managementbull Data Transmission Protocols

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Over 20 programs world-wide

Over 20 programs world-wide across the financial idsecurity government mobile telecom public healthcare retail and transit markets1048713 Mobile OTA application management for USIMSIM cards (SIMToolKit CAT)1048713 US DoD CAC card1048713 Taiwan Health Card1048713 Moscow Social Card1048713 Finnish National Smart Card Program1048713 Smart Visa Card1048713 Amex Blue Card1048713 Etc

OS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market the main ones being

1 MultOS 2 JavaCard3 Cyberflex4 StarCOS5 MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle

bull File Handling and Manipulationbull Memory Managementbull Data Transmission Protocols

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

OS Based Classification Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their

Operating System There are many Smart Card Operating Systems available in the market the main ones being

1 MultOS 2 JavaCard3 Cyberflex4 StarCOS5 MFC

Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are commonly called are placed on the ROM and usually occupy lesser than 16 KB SCOS handle

bull File Handling and Manipulationbull Memory Managementbull Data Transmission Protocols

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

International Standardization

Mobile Telecom Standards1048713 ETSI GSM 0348 TS 230481048713 ETSI amp 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP) TS 102225

102226 Government Standards

1048713 US Federal Government GSC-IS1048713 Under review (US) FIPS 201 PIV

ISO new part 13 of 7816 series1048713 New Work Item from Japan approved by ISO SC171048713 Work assigned to ISO SC17WG4 editor Japan1048713 Scope commands for application management in

multi application environment1048713 Contribution a subset of GlobalPlatform Card

Specification endorsed by ANSI1048713 US official contribution to ISO

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA) application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial IDsecurity government mobile telecom healthcare retail and transit markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in 2005 and 2006

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Worldwide Industry

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Radio FrequencyRadio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Identification (RFID)

CD Lee Sam Yen

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Internet of THIINGS

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID Radio Frequency IDentifier RFID combines the features of traditional IDs

bull Barcodes used to identify and track objectsbull OCR and biometrics enables automatic ID and verificationbull Smart cardsIC card store information and provide interactive

processing How RFID different

Used to identify objects and store information about the object Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF

signals Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID

chip and RFID system

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

The RFID tag is made up of several The RFID tag is made up of several partsparts

A microchip that stores data and A microchip that stores data and modulates and demodulates modulates and demodulates analog radio wavesanalog radio waves

An antenna that gathers RF energy An antenna that gathers RF energy from a reader and reflects back a from a reader and reflects back a signalsignal

A protective layer that can be used A protective layer that can be used to create a label or other type of to create a label or other type of transpondertransponder

The RFID Tag The RFID Tag ComponentsComponents

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

How it worksHow it works The reader emits radio wavesThe reader emits radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves The tag coverts the radio waves

into electricity to power up the into electricity to power up the microchip microchip

The microchip modulates and The microchip modulates and demodulates the antenna and demodulates the antenna and sends backs long and short waves sends backs long and short waves or waves of different amplitudeor waves of different amplitude

The reader converts these waves The reader converts these waves into a string of ones and zerosinto a string of ones and zeros

A computer turns the ones and A computer turns the ones and zeros into digital informationzeros into digital information

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

RFID Overview(3)

wwwnidaorkr

20325411010

Web server

4321rfidorkr

Web ServiceWeb Service RFID ServiceRFID Service

DNS

RFIDODS

object info server

object info serverrsquos IP address

object information serverrsquos domain name

object info

20325411010

Homepage (HTML)

bull Web service vs RFID service

ODS Object Directory System

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISOIEC 15961 ISOIEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISOIEC 15962 ISOIEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

Ap

plication

Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

A digital signal A digital signal processor and a processor and a microcontrollermicrocontroller

An internal or An internal or external antennaexternal antenna

A network or A network or serial port serial port connectionconnection

Inputoutput Inputoutput ports for linking ports for linking to other devicesto other devices

The RFID reader The RFID reader also has several also has several partsparts

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

RFIDrsquos Unique Capabilities No ldquoline of sightrdquo required to read tags Simultaneous communication with

multiple tags Each Item is unique prevents double

counting Bulk reading capability Can store information directly on tags High memory capacity Long read ranges Performance not limited by harsh

environments versus bar codes

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Are All Tags The SameBasic Types Active

Tag transmits radio signal Internally powered memory radio amp

circuitryHigh Read Range (300 feet)

PassiveTag reflects radio signal from readerReader poweredShorter Read Range (4 inches - 15

feet)

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Active RFID

Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of reflecting the signal)

Active tags have longer range than passive tags

Most active tags have batteries though emerging technology may provide active transmission WITHOUT batteries

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Passive RFID

Passive tags (also referred to as ldquofield disturbance devicesrdquo) reflect and modulate radio waves received by the tag from the interrogator

Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters depending upon national regulations

Passive tags do not require an on-board power source but some do have batteries to support sensors and faster response times

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

RFID Operation (Passive Tags)

Sequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

ldquosends backrdquo modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as ldquofield disturbance devicerdquo)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

How far how fast how much how many attached to whatFrequency Regulation Range Data

SpeedComments

120 ndash 150 kHz 18000-2(passive)

Basically unregulated

lt 1m Low Animal identification and factory data

collection

1356 MHz18000-3(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

lt 1m Low to moderate

Popular frequency for IC Cards (Smart

Cards) Libraries

433 MHz18000-7(active)

Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD) Location

Systems

1 ndash 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking Asset

tracking for US DoD (Pallets) ndash

Active

860 ndash 960 MHz

18000-6(passive)

ISM band increasing use in

other regions differing power levels and duty

cycle

2 ndash 5 m Moderate to high

MH 1084 (RTI) AIAG B-11 (tires) EPC (18000-6C)

DoD Passive

2450 MHz18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

ISM band differing power levels and

duty cycle

1 ndash 2 m High IEEE 80211 bg Bluetooth cordless

telephones

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

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en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Minimum Requirements

Passive Technology Active TechnologyHow far 3 meters How far 100 meters

How fast 10 mph How fast 35 mph

How much 256 bitsNote How much 256 bytesNote

How many 500 tagssecond How many500 tagsminute

Technology

860-960 MHzISOIEC 18000-6UHF Gen 2 (Type C)EPC Class I II III

Technology

433 MHzISOIEC 18000-7 EPC Class IV

Note While minimums are stated supply chain applications are common for passive tags at 256 bytes and active tags at 128 Kbytes

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

RFID Scenario(1)

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

RFID Scenario(2)Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Implementation Issues

Read zone control Application of tags

Where in the process Where on the container How are the labels being applied

Use ISO standards EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient

(X12 856 EDIFACT DESADV XML) or access to the EPCIS

Back-up in case of tag failure Recycling Data concerns Return on investment

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

RFID Standardization-ISO(1) Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104SC4WG2ContainerJTC1SC17

Personal ID

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23SC19WG3Animals

TC204Transportation

TC68SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

TC Technical CommitteeJTC Joint Technical CommitteeSC Sub-CommitteeWG Woking GroupISO International Organization for Standards

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Application StandardsRadio Frequency Identification - Open Standards

ISO 10374 - Freight containers mdash Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol

for electronic seal ISO 11784 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 ndash Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced

Transponders - Part 1 Air Interface ISO 21007-1 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio

Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1 Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 ndash Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2 Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH1084 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire amp Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containersISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport itemsISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport unitsISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packagingISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product taggingISO 17367 - Product tagging

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

SG1SG1 ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

ISOIEC 159612004 200410ISOIEC 159622004 200410

SG2SG2 IOSIEC 159632004 200410IOSIEC 159632004 200410

SG1SG1

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Data Protocol Application Interface Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF TagUnique Identification for RF Tag

IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049IOSIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-2 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-1 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-3 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-4 2004 20049

ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-6 2004 20049

ARPARP

ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049ISOIEC 18000-7 2004 20049

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

ISOIEC TR 18000200410ISOIEC 24729-1 NowISOIEC 24729-2 NowISOIEC 24729-3 Now

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines ndash Part1 RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part2 Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines ndash Part3 RFID Interrogator Antenna Installation

Part1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaizedPart1 Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized

Part6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHzPart6 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

Part4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHzPart4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 245GHz

Part3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHzPart3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 1356MHz

Part2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHzPart2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHzPart7 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISOIEC JTC1SC31WG4ARP Application Requirement ProfileSG Sub-Group

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Technology Standards ISOIEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

Data StandardsData Standards ISOIEC 15418 - Application Identifiers amp Data Identifiers ISOIEC 15434 - Syntax ISOIEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISOIEC 15961 - Data Protocol Application Interface ISOIEC 15962 - Data Protocol Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISOIEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Ra

dio

Fre

qu

en

cy Id

en

tificatio

n O

pe

n

Sta

nd

ard

sS

tan

da

rds

Conformance StandardsConformance Standards ISOIEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)

Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz Part 3 - 1356 MHz Part 4 - 2450 MHz Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz Part 7 - 43392 MHz (active)

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC Electronic Product Code)

Historybull Developed by Auto-ID center an academic

research project headquartered at MIT with five universities around the globe

bull VerSign initiative Work scope

bull EPCglobal Networkbull EPCglobal Services

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standardsSpecStardnard Project Title Remarks

EPCglobalSpecification

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag Specification

RF and tag requirements for each band

1356 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz ndash 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification Tag Radio Frequency amp Logical Communication Interface Specification

Ratified EPCglobal Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 11 rev 126

Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard version 109

Physicallogical requirements for passive

RFID systems

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

RFID Components and Standardization

Antenna Reader

RFID TagMemory map Host

Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2 EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISOIEC

15963 WG4SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISOIEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READERHOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISOIEC

15961 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE

EPCglobal

Application condition

ISOIEC

TR1800124729 WG4ARP

Object information

search

ONS EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4SG1

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEEE INCITS

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Standards Organizations

International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)

TC 122104 JWGSC Apps RFID

TC 8Ships amp Marine Tech

SC 31Automatic Data Capture

ISOIEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)

ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications

ITU-R (fka CCIR amp IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues

ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development

ECMAComiteacute Europeacuteen Normalisation(CEN)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)

Comiteacute Europeacuteen Postal ampTelegraph (CEPT)

TC 104Freight Containers

International

Regional

NationalStandards Assoc of

China (SAC)AFNOR

Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards

Institution (BSI)

AIMMHI GS 1 CEA

Industry

Other

DoD ATA CEA AIA HIBCC AIAG GS 1 Other

WG 1 - Symbology

WG 2 - Data Content

WG 3 - Conformance

WG 4 - RFID

Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)

T6 B10

SC 17IC Cards

VDA

ODETTE

WG 5 - RTLS

TC 122Packaging

SC 6Telcom amp info exchbtwn systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

ISOIEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT

ISOIEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31

WG 1Data Carrier

SecretariatGS 1

WG 2Data Structure

WG 3Conformance

ConvenerS Ackley (US)

ConvenerT Yoshioka (JP)

ConvenerC Biss (US)

Code 39

ITF

MaxiCode

Data Matrix

EANUPC

Code 128

PDF417

DAI

Data Syntax

Symbology Identifiers

Linear Print Quality

2D Print Quality

Printing Specs

Test Specs BC Printers

Test Specs BC Readers

Test Specs BC Verifiers

WG 4RF Tags

ConvenerH Barthel

Unique ID

Air Interface

Unique RF Tag ID

Defs Logical Mem Map

Encoding Rules

Application Interface

QR CodeRFID Performance

RFID Conformance

WG 5RTLS

ConvenerM Harmon

API2450 MHz433 MHzGLSNear Field

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 31 Structure

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

SC 31WG 4 (RFID) Technology ProjectsISO Designation Title Status

Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management

ISOIEC 18000 Part 1 Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 2Type A - ISO 11785 basedType B - Yoshikawa RF

Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz Published 2004-07-30 Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 3Mode 1 - ISOIEC 15693 basedMode 2 - Magellan based

Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 1356 MHz Published 2004-08-06Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 4Mode 1 - Intermec basedMode 2 - SiemensNEDAP based

Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 245 GHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 18000 Part 6Type A - BTG basedType B - IntermecPhilips basedType C - UHFGen2 (v109) based

Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz Published 2004-08-15Amendment FDIS Ballot 2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03Revision beginning 2006-03

ISOIEC 18000 Part 7Savi based

Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz Published 2004-05-31Revision in process

ISOIEC 15961 Data protocol Application interface Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15962 Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory functions Published 2004-10-15Revision in process

ISOIEC 15963Unique Identification of RF Tag Published 2004-09-01

ISOIEC 24752 System Management Protocol NP Approved 2005-04-05

ISOIEC 24753

Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality NP Approved 2005-04-07

ISOIEC TR 24729 Implementation guidelines Part 1 RFID-enabled labels Part 2 Recyclability of RF tags Part 3 RFID interrogatorantenna installation

NPs Approved 2005-01-12

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Unit LoadldquoPalletrdquo

Container(eg 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck airplane ship train)

Layer 5

Layer 4 (433 MHz)ISO 17363(Freight containers)

Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)(Other 18000 with TPA) ISO 17364(Returnable transport items)

Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)ISO 17365(Transport units)

Layer 1 (860-960 MHz) ISO 17366(Product packaging)

Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)(1356 MHz with TPA)ISO 17367(Product tagging)

The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)

ldquo TPArdquo - Trading Partner Agreement Concept Source Akira Shibata DENSO-Wave Corporation

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Three tags - different purposes

Electronic Seal -ISO 18185

Container ID Tag - ISO 103742

Supply Chain Tag - ISO 17363

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Bolt Seal Security Tag Electronically secures ocean

containers air cargo ULD containers trailers

Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage

Re-usable tag Reduces manual inspections Minimizes theft loss and tampering

Sealing andSealing and anti-tamper capabilityanti-tamper capability

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

ASC MH10 PINS

Customs

Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)with Fingerprint Biometric

ISOIEC 14443

Fingerprint Reader

Tractor TagTC 204 Standard

Chassis TagTC 204 Standard

103742 Tag

18185 TagSeal

17363 Tag

17364 Tags

17365 Tags

ContainerReader

CommunicatorOn Board

Unit (OBU)

Customs

Road SideUnit (RSU)

On BoardUnit (OBU)

Part of CALMNetwork

Today

Proposed

Tomorrow

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

EPCglobal and ISO

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v109Standard to cover the widest possible set of applications for a common protocol

Restricted to ldquoEPC-onlyrdquo data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications

Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags to comply with ISOIEC 18000-7

No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands eg sensors write

No extensibilities beyond Class 1

RANDEPCglobalrsquos IP not disclosed ldquoroyalty-freerdquo

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID Item ID Object ID Chip ID etc

Usages are not mainstream and are confusing

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

IC Card Comparison

Maximum Data Capacity

Processing Power

Cost of Card

Cost of Reader and Connection

Magnetic Stripe Cards

140 bytes None $020 - $075

$750

Integrated Circuit Memory Cards

1 Kbyte None $1 - $250 $500

Integrated Circuit Processor Cards

8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu moving to 16- and 32-bit

$7-$15 $500

Optical Memory Cards

49 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3500 - $4000

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

RFID vs Smart CardRFID Smart Card

No need for contactor line-of-sight

Contact and Contactless (short distance)

Data retrive Can scan entire pallets at once

Need to issue command for response for data request

Communication

Simultaneous communication with multiple tags

One at a time

speed Greater speed Lack of user mobility

Size Size ndash a grain of rice Credit Card size

Storage 64 ndash 128 bits EEPROM 8K - 128K bit

Cost 2005 $005 per tag hundreds of dollars per reader2008 $001 per tag several dollars per reader ()

Typical costs range from $200 to $1000

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

RFID Smart Card

Application Multiple data storage but no applet

multiple applications- Just one card can be used as your license passport credit card ATM card ID Card etc

rewrite EPC tags are read-onlyAlso have rewritable tags (containing EEPROM)

Rewritable

Processing Power

Little computational power-A few thousand gates-Static keys for readwrite permission-No real cryptographic functions available

Capable of processing not just storing information- Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader- information and applications on a card can be updated

Security EPC tags no computing power for basic cryptographicMore expensive tags can perform basic cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric-key encryption and challenge-response identification protocols

Chip microprocessor and Co-processor supports DES 3-DES RSA or ECC standards for encryption authentication and digital signature for non-repudiation

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits

Error Correction

The anti-collision protocol used in HF tags is generally a variant of the classic ALOHA protocol ALOHA-based RFID reading leaks less information than most UHF tree-walking protocols

Current Chip Operating Systems (COS) perform their own error checking

Usage General Merchant Personal use

Proprietary Features

On expensive tag could handle some encryption feature

include Chip Operating System and System Development Kits