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Reflection on Lesson:
(Lesson Plan attached as Appendix A)
What went well:
I think that the activities were varied, which helped make the lesson interesting
for the students. “Not only does a frequent change of topic in itself help to
maintain attention and interest in the classroom, it also makes it more likely
that sooner or later every student may get to something that interests him or
her.” (Ur: 1988: 20) Also, the pace was right as it ensured plenty of repetition of
the target structure, allowing it to be cemented into the Ss’ memories. Also, the
preparation was detailed and comprehensive. The Ss found the activities simple
to follow, because they were modeled for the Ss by the teacher. “There are
various ways of making sure that instructions are clear: by... doing a 'trial run',
or demonstration of an activity with the full class before letting them work
independently..." (Ur: 1988: 34).
Moreover, the Teacher was able to anticipate that Ss will be having difficulty
with word order as this is a more complex and less commonly used structure.
Therefore, keeping the resolutions simple helped keep the focus on the structure
that was being introduced in the lesson as did ensuring that inappropriate or
incorrect language was not accepted. "Without corrective feedback and
guidance, second language learners may persist in using certain ungrammatical
forms for years"(Lightbown, Spada: 2006:184)
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What didn’t go well:
I think that the time allocation was not very realistic. I should have anticipated
that it takes Students time to understand instructions and get started on
different activities. Also, the production activity could have been made more
relevant to their own jobs rather than asking them to imagine another business’s
objectives and learning to articulate them as it wasted plenty of time while Ss
were trying to imagine what kind of objectives/ goals that certain business would
have.
What can be improved in the next lesson:
I will remember to allocate my time more appropriately. I will try to have a
“stand by” production activity, while making the other stages less intense.
Therefore, if my Ss are able to finish, then they will have time to do the standby
activity, otherwise if it takes them more time then I can have time to achieve my
entire lesson plan.
How my teaching has improved since the last feedback:
I was able to anticipate the kind of grouping that each activity would require.
Rather than assigning four people in the practice stage, I was able to gauge that
only two persons would be enough for the activity, therefore I understand
groupings better, and take time to analyse an activity from that point of view in
my planning.
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Assignment No. 2: Planning Beyond the Lesson
Introduction:
Very often second language students need more practice than is available in a
text book. As they have no platform to practise the language outside the
classroom, the teacher must provide a variety of contexts and situations in which
mimic real life as closely as they can. The Teacher must also introduce authentic
language so that the learners are aware of accurate use of the structures. Some
structures which may be more complex or less frequently used require more
extensive work than do simpler structures. “When, however, the material is
specific, as in the learning of a grammatical structure, most of the volume
should consist of repetition of the items to be learnt. “(Ur :1988: 12)
For this very reason, it is important that the Instructor understands how to vary
activities so that the students do not get bored with the amount of repetition
that is needed. The practice should be done over a few days rather than in one
solitary class to ensure a higher rate of retention. I have learned during the
course that it is essential to sometimes alter the lesson plans and be able to
create/ adapt remedial work and extra practice (Practice may be defined as any
kind of engaging with the language on the part of the learner, usually under
teacher supervision, whose primary objective is to consolidate learning.
(Ur :1988: 11).
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1.Further Practice for Grammar Lesson on Future Perfect.
At the end of the lesson, I feel that the Ss still need more practice to ensure that
they are able to retain the new structures that were introduced in this lesson.
“(Some linguistic forms are so rare in classroom language that learners have
little opportunity to hear, use and learn them if the teacher does not make a
point of providing them
(Lightbown,Spada : 2006:190)
When, however, the material is specific, as in the learning of a grammatical
structure, most of the volume should consist of repetition of the items to be
learnt. “(Ur :1988: 12)
Therefore, to further consolidate and build on the lesson, I plan to continue my
lessons with further practice on the same structure using a variety of activities for
my purpose. “Not only does a frequent change of topic in itself help to maintain
attention and interest in the classroom, it also makes it more likely that sooner
or later every student may get to something that interests him or her.
“(Ur :1988: 20)
Lesson 2:
(Teacher Assistance in Analytical Understanding) To help the Ss understand the
context in which this particular tense is useful, I would like to introduce a timeline
on the Board (Board Plan attached Appendix A). With the help of a timeline, I
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would be able to convey examples of scenarios in which the future perfect tense is
used. E.g. Theme: Moving House Next week.
T: By what time will we have finished packing the dishes?
S: We will have finished packing the dishes by 5:30.
Practice will follow with the same Timeline on board with different activities and
the time mentioned by which they are expected to be completed. Ss can practice
in pairs (with cues provided by Instructor). The audio lingual approach with its
emphasis on speaking and listening was used successfully with highly
motivated adult learners in training programmes for government personnel in
the United States(Lightbown,Spada : 2006:140)
Later, in the Production stage, another timeline in a similar format will be used
(e.g. Theme: Preparing to throw a dinner party [Appendix B])
5:00-5:30 Grocery shopping
6:00-7:00 Cleaning the house.
Ss will be grouped in pairs again and they will be free to ask each other questions
about whichever activity they choose on the timeline. “Some (second language
learners) may find that they benefit from opportunities to imitate samples of
the new language, and imitation is clearly important in developing
pronunciation and intonation"(Lightbown,Spada : 2006:184)
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Lesson 3:
(Extra Practice) The Ss will be given Worksheet A[Appendix C]. T will ask them
to list out their business objectives against an expected date of completion.
(Justification) This will allow them to use the structure which they have been
practicing for the previous two classes, allowing them to become familiar with
and confident in the use of the particular structure. Attaching it to business
objectives would give them a clear example of its real life usage. “Varying the
activities, tasks, and materials can help to avoid this (boredom) and increase
student's interest levels” (Lightbown,Spada : 2006:65)
Because these Ss are mostly working adults, they will find this particular
adaptation particularly useful. Allowing them to see its practical implementation
will also increase their interest, which may be waning by the third lesson on the
same topic, suggested also in “The two features of interest and repetition,
though not easily combined, are by no means mutually exclusive, and thinking
of ways to achieve both of them simultaneously is perhaps the central
challenge facing the teacher and materials writer in designing effective
practice techniques. (Ur :1988: 12)
T will divided Ss into groups of 4, trying to group Ss from similar jobs/industry
together. Ss are required to role-play, and present their Year’s Business /
Departmental Objectives to the CEO (Teacher).
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Lesson 4:
(Extra Practice) To provide Ss with extra practice, Ss will be given Worksheet
[Appendix D] in which they are required to correct the errors in the given
speeches.
(Justification)This will ensure that Ss themselves do not repeat the same error,
and it will provide an easily assessable format for the Teacher to evaluate the Ss’
understanding and learning, and to serve the purpose of critical analysis as
demonstrated ".. to train them to look at written work critically, as readers, and
will help them to view their own work in the same way at a later stage in the
course"(Byrne: 1988:33)
The T may, at this point, progress to structures such as could have/ might have.
2. Detailed Explanation of Activity to help Implementation of Objectives
Following is a detailed description of the activity mentioned for Lesson 2. This
involves the use of a timeline which is how I believe the teacher can assist in
furthering the Ss’ analytical understanding of the chosen structure. With the
assistance of a timeline, I think the Ss will be given a visual representation of a
timeframe , thereby providing a better understanding of the practical usage of this
structure. Moreover, because the activities are centered around a theme, Ss will be
able to understand its implementation in context.
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a) How you will organize the activity
Stages
Interaction
Time Procedure/ Activity Skill in
Focus
Stage
Aim
Warm up 2-3
Mins
T will come into the classroom. T announces that she
needs to move house next week
T asks Ss what kind of chores such a task may involve
(Elicit packing/ shifting/ etc).
Listening To focus
the Ss on
a theme
Presentation 5
mins
T will post a timeline on BB. Timeline reflects various
activities and times by which they are expected to be
completed.
T models: “By 5:30, I will have packed all my dishes.”
Repeats same structure.
T models another cue: “By 6 o’ clock, I will have
finished my dinner.
T asks S, “What will you have done by 8:30?”
S to respond: “I will have packed my furniture by 8:30.”
T then asks Another S, for another time limitation.
Repeat until Ss are comfortable.
Practice 15 T tells Ss to divide into pairs. T hands out blue cards and
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mins red cards (one blue one red to each pair) blue and red
card to have different sets of times on them so Ss can ask
each other about different cues.
T then holds up one red card that belongs to a Student,
and models the activity by showing the time on the card
to the class, then framing a question accordingly “What
will you have done by 12:34?”
Ss to continue practice in pairs.
T goes around the class discreetly monitoring and
vigilantly listening for errors.
Production 20
mins
T signals end of previous activity.
T asks Ss what kind of tasks they have to do when
planning a party. Class brainstorms together, and T
writes responses on BB.
Ss are given a blank piece of paper in which they will
write down their own timeline for planning a party, and
their partner will ask them questions about the timeframe.
b)difficulties that the learner might have and how T can help.
The learner may have difficulties in being able to articulate their responses in
“Throwing a Party” production activity. This is why a few ideas will be posted on
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the BB so that Ss’ conversation is not hindered by their lexical limitations.Also,
the learner might have difficulties in understanding the Practice stage activity.
The T can assist in this regard by providing a model for the activity, and then
monitoring all pairs to ensure that she is able to instruct and guide Ss where
needed.
c) justify
I believe the activity has been logically organized in this way. The reason is that
Ss are first introduced to the concept of a timeline and why one prepares it. This is
then followed by an understanding of how it is used to ensure that a deadline is
met by saying that by this time, XYZ will have been completed. The Ss are given
a chance to practise this structure with the Teacher so that any minor errors that
occur will be corrected instantly. Also, this will help all the Ss gain confidence in
using the target structure. Once this has been established, the Ss are then given a
chance to practice with a partner using the same timeline. This gives Ss a chance
to practice the required structure on their own, while the guiding hand of the
teacher is still present. The activity then leads onto an entirely new timeline that
they are free to create, and the questions are no longer dictated by the Teacher.
However, by this time, the Ss have received ample practice and are more
confident in using the familiar structure.
I choose to model the activities and brainstorm with the Ss so that the Ss’ lesson is
not hindered by their misunderstanding of instructions/ lack of ideas/ inability to
articulate some thoughts into English.
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Conclusion
The above assignment proves that it is necessary for the teacher to not plan a
lesson in isolation, but as a component of several in a series or in a progression.
One lesson might be the pre requisite for another, or it may be a logical
predecessor to the one that follows. Often the lesson may even serve as a
building block for the one to follow. Lessons may be linked in theme or objective.
It provides a continuum for the Ss as well as cues for the teacher so that he or
she may link the new items to be taught, providing Ss with the opportunity to
attach new language to previously learnt language. Hence, the learning becomes
more permenant.
In this particular instance, At the end of the above series of lessons, it became
clear that most of my Ss had a fair grasp on the new structure. The use of the
new grammatical structure in a variety of ways helped them understand some of
the real life applications of the new structures, making their learning more
meaningful and useful in their daily lives.
(1,584 words)
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