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10 jfookj dks ge lc cPps ikl osQ cxhps esa x,A ogk¡ lcus NqiuNqikbZ vkSj vark{kjh [ksyhA cgqr e”kk vk;kA fiQj nhnh us dgk μ vkvks] eSa rqEgsa ,d u;k [ksy fl[kkrh gw¡A geus fiNys oSaQi esa bls [ksyk FkkA eSa cu tkrh gw¡ ^ikS/ksa dh ijh*A ^ikS/ksa dh ijh* ftl ph”k dk uke ysxh] rqEgsa mls Nwuk gksxkA nhnh us [ksy 'kq: fd;kA og cksyh μ ^ikS/ksa dh ijh* dgrh gS] fdlh ikS/s dks Nw yksA bruk lqurs gh lc cPps ikS/ksa dks Nwus HkkxsA ikS/kksa dh ijh 2 2 2 'kcue us pesyh dh csy dks Nw fy;kA vEew D;kjh esa yxs xsans osQ ikS/s dks idM+ dj cSB xbZA ekbdy us esagnh dh >kM +h dks Nw fy;kA n;kjke uhe osQ isM+ dks idM+ dj [kM+k gks x;kA cPpksa ls bl ckjs esa ckrphr dh tk ldrh gS fd muosQ ;gk¡ NqiuNqikbZ] vark{kjh vkfn [ksyksa dks fdl uke ls iqdkjk tkrk gSA 2020-21

ikS/kksa dh ijh 2 - NCERTlc nkSM+ iM+ vkSj tks iÙkss uhps iMs + feys mUgsa mBk yk,As lkspks rks nhnh fdu ikS/ksa ij cSBh gksaxh\ [ksy fiQj 'kq: gqvkA vc ^ikS/ksa dh ijh* us dgk µ

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Page 1: ikS/kksa dh ijh 2 - NCERTlc nkSM+ iM+ vkSj tks iÙkss uhps iMs + feys mUgsa mBk yk,As lkspks rks nhnh fdu ikS/ksa ij cSBh gksaxh\ [ksy fiQj 'kq: gqvkA vc ^ikS/ksa dh ijh* us dgk µ

10

jfookj dks ge lc cPps ikl osQ cxhps esa x,A ogk¡ lcus NqiuNqikbZ vkSj

vark{kjh [ksyhA cgqr e”kk vk;kA fiQj nhnh us dgk µ vkvks] eSa rqEgsa ,d u;k

[ksy fl[kkrh gw¡A geus fiNys oSaQi esa bls [ksyk FkkA eSa cu tkrh gw¡ ̂ ikS/ksa dh ijh*A

^ikS/ksa dh ijh* ftl ph”k dk uke ysxh] rqEgsa mls Nwuk gksxkA

nhnh us [ksy 'kq: fd;kA og cksyh µ ̂ ikS/ksa dh ijh* dgrh gS] fdlh ikS/s dks

Nw yksA bruk lqurs gh lc cPps ikS/ksa dks Nwus HkkxsA

ikS/kksa dh ijh 22222

'kcue us pesyh dhcsy dks Nw fy;kA

vEew D;kjh esa yxs xsansosQ ikS/s dks idM+ dj

cSB xbZA

ekbdy us esagnh dh>kM+ h dks Nw fy;kA

n;kjke uhe osQisM+ dks idM+ dj[kM+k gks x;kA

cPpksa ls bl ckjs esa ckrphr dh tk ldrh gS fd muosQ ;gk¡ NqiuNqikbZ] vark{kjh vkfn [ksyksadks fdl uke ls iqdkjk tkrk gSA

2020-21

Page 2: ikS/kksa dh ijh 2 - NCERTlc nkSM+ iM+ vkSj tks iÙkss uhps iMs + feys mUgsa mBk yk,As lkspks rks nhnh fdu ikS/ksa ij cSBh gksaxh\ [ksy fiQj 'kq: gqvkA vc ^ikS/ksa dh ijh* us dgk µ

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nhnh cksyh µ vjs okg! lcus ,d&,d ikS/s dks Nw fy;kA ”kjk ns[kks rks] lcosQ

ikS/s fdrus vyx&vyx gSaA

'kcue cksyh µ nhnh] vki Hkh rks NksVs&NksVs ikS/ksa ij cSBh gksA

cPps fiQj Hkkxs eksVs vkSj irys rus okys isM+ksa dks NwusA

D;k rqeus dksbZ ,slk isM+ ns[kk gS ftldk ruk fp=k esa fn[kk, x, isM+ ftruk eksVk gks\

ekbdy dks [ksy cM+k jkspd yxus yxk FkkA [ksy esa ijh cudj og lc cPpksa

ij viuk gqDe tks pyk ldrk FkkA og cksyk µ vc eSa cuw¡xk ^ikS/ksa dh ijh*A

ij eSa ̂ ijh*! pyks] cu tkrk g¡wA lc g¡ls vkSj djus yxs ̂ ijh* osQ vkns'k dk bar”kkjA

ekbdy cksyk µ lc cPps tYnh ls eq>s oqQN iÙks ykdj nksA

nhnh us dgk µ ysfdu è;ku jgs rksM+dj ughaA

lc nkSM+ iMs+ vkSj tks iÙkss uhps iMs+ feys mUgsa mBk yk,A

lkspks rks nhnh fdu ikS/ksa ij cSBh gksaxh\

[ksy fiQj 'kq: gqvkA vc ^ikS/ksa dh ijh* us dgk µ ,d ,sls isM+ dks Nqvks

ftldk ruk ;k rks cgqr eksVk gks ;k fiQj iryk gksA

cPps ;g [ksy [kqn [ksydj isM+&ikS/ksa esa ikbZ tkus okyh fofo/rk dks ns[kdj eglwl djik,¡xsA vyx&vyx cPps ;fn ̂ ikS/ksa dh ijh* cusaxsa rks vPNk gksxk D;ksafd os [kqn oxhZdj.kdk vkèkkj pqusaxsaA

2020-21

Page 3: ikS/kksa dh ijh 2 - NCERTlc nkSM+ iM+ vkSj tks iÙkss uhps iMs + feys mUgsa mBk yk,As lkspks rks nhnh fdu ikS/ksa ij cSBh gksaxh\ [ksy fiQj 'kq: gqvkA vc ^ikS/ksa dh ijh* us dgk µ

12

n;kjke us dgk µ eq>s rks irk gh ugha Fkk fd iÙks bruh rjg osQ gksrs gSaA ns[kks]

dksbZ xksy gS] dksbZ yack vkSj dksbZ frdksuk!

vEew cksyh µ bu lcosQ jax Hkh fdrus vyx&vyx gSa µ dksbZ gYdk gjk rks

dksbZ xk<+k gjkA oQksbZ rks ihyk] yky] cSaxuh gSA ,d iÙkk gS rks gjk] ij mlesa lI+ksQn

èkCcs gSaA

'kcue cksyh µ ns[kks] iÙkksaa osQ fdukjs Hkh rks fdrus vyx&vyx gSaA fdlh iÙkh

dk fdukjk lh/k gS] rks fdlh dk dVk&iQVkA oqQN osQ fdukjs rks vkjh dh rjg gSaA

vc eSa cuw¡xh ^ikS/ksa dh ijh* µ vEew vkSj 'kcue bdêòs cksysA

nhnh us dgk µ vxys brokj dks cuukA vc ?kj tkus dk le; gks x;k gSA

jkLrs esa nhnh us lc cPpksa dks ,d dfork lqukbZ µ

D;k lHkh iÙkksa dk jax] vkdkj vkSj fdukjs ,d tSls gSa\

vè;kidksa@vfHkHkkodksa ds fy, ladsr dk fpÉ%µ cPps fofHkUu izdkj ds fxjs gq, iÙkksa dksbdêòk dj ldrs gSa vkSj muds ikS/ksa ds uke irk dj ldrs gSaA

2020-21

Page 4: ikS/kksa dh ijh 2 - NCERTlc nkSM+ iM+ vkSj tks iÙkss uhps iMs + feys mUgsa mBk yk,As lkspks rks nhnh fdu ikS/ksa ij cSBh gksaxh\ [ksy fiQj 'kq: gqvkA vc ^ikS/ksa dh ijh* us dgk µ

13

iÙksgjs&gjs vkSj xhys] <hys]yky] cSaxuh vkSj oqQN ihysA

rjg&rjg osQ gksrs iÙks]cM+h rjg osQ gksrs iÙksA

oqQN gkFkh osQ dku osQ tSls]iQM+iQM+k,¡ 'kSrku osQ tSlsA

dVs&iQVs oqQN eqMs+&rqMs+ ls][kk,¡ oqQN dks iku osQ tSlsA

lqcg losjs] cMs+ v¡/sjs]vksl osQ vk¡lw jksrs iÙksA

yxs dksbZ frryh dksbZ HkkSajk]:,¡nkj dksbZ fcYoqQy dksjkA

curk dksbZ lw[k osQ dk¡Vk]dksbZ fipddj cus dVksjkA

lk¡;&lk¡;] lu~&lu~] iQM+&iQM+]gok pys rks djrs cM+&cM+A

fnu Hkj jgrs f[kys f[kys ls]lwjt osQ lax lksrs iÙksA

rjg&rjg osQ gksrs iÙks]

cM+h rjg osQ gksrs iÙksA

µ fotsanz iky fllksfn;k

cPpksa dks dfork xkuk vPNk yxrk gSA mUgsa ”kcjnLrh ;kn djus dks ugha dgk tk,A vPNkgksxk fd lHkh cPps d{kk esa lkFk&lkFk xk,¡A

2020-21

Page 5: ikS/kksa dh ijh 2 - NCERTlc nkSM+ iM+ vkSj tks iÙkss uhps iMs + feys mUgsa mBk yk,As lkspks rks nhnh fdu ikS/ksa ij cSBh gksaxh\ [ksy fiQj 'kq: gqvkA vc ^ikS/ksa dh ijh* us dgk µ

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e'kgwj dykdkj fo".kq fpapkydj (bankSj] eè; izns'k) ,sls lw[ks iÙkksa ls cf<+;k fp=k cukrs FksA;g dykdkjh Hkh mUgha ls izsfjr gSA

i dfork osQ pkjksa rjI+kQ cus iÙkksa esa jax HkjksA

rqe Hkh vc lw[ks iÙkksa ls vyx&vyx tkuojksa osQ fp=k viuh dkWih esa cukvksA

oqQN iÙks bdêòs djks tSls && uhacw] vke] uhe] rqylh] iqnhuk] gjk èkfu;kA

bu iÙkksa dks elyks vkSj mudh egd lw¡?kksA D;k lHkh iÙkksa dh egd

,d&lh gS\ D;k rqe flI+kZQ egd ls bu iÙkksa dks igpku ikvksxs\

i ns[kks] fdrus lqanj fp=k cus gSaA gk¡] ;s lw[ks iÙkksa ls gh cus gSaA

2020-21

Page 6: ikS/kksa dh ijh 2 - NCERTlc nkSM+ iM+ vkSj tks iÙkss uhps iMs + feys mUgsa mBk yk,As lkspks rks nhnh fdu ikS/ksa ij cSBh gksaxh\ [ksy fiQj 'kq: gqvkA vc ^ikS/ksa dh ijh* us dgk µ

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i nhnh us lcdks iÙkksa vkSj ruksa dh Nki ysuk Hkh fl[kk;kA ns[kks oSQlsA

(1) ,d dkx”k vkSj ekseh jax ;k isafly yksA (2) iÙks dks es”k ;k ”kehuij j[kksA è;ku jgs ftl rjI+kQ

iÙks dh ulsa mHkjh gqbZ gSa] mls

mQij dh rjI+kQ j[kuk gSA

(3) dkx”k dks iÙks ij j[kksA

(4) vc gYosQ gkFk ls dkx”k

ij ekseh jax ;k isafly isQjksA

(5) iÙks vkSj dkx”k dks

fgykuk ughaA

i vc blh rjg fdlh rus dh

Nki Hkh yksA

blosQ fy, ,d dkx”k dks idM+dj rus

ij j[kks vkSj ml ij jax isQjksA ns[kks] rqEgkjs

dkx”k ij rus dh Nki cu xbZ!

vc ,d&nwljs dh cukbZ Nki dks ns[kksA

D;k lc isM+ksa dh Nki ,d tSlh gS\

dkSu&ls iÙks dh Nki vPNh cuh\

fdl isM+ dh Nki ysuk eqf'dy Fkk\

D;ksa\

2020-21

Page 7: ikS/kksa dh ijh 2 - NCERTlc nkSM+ iM+ vkSj tks iÙkss uhps iMs + feys mUgsa mBk yk,As lkspks rks nhnh fdu ikS/ksa ij cSBh gksaxh\ [ksy fiQj 'kq: gqvkA vc ^ikS/ksa dh ijh* us dgk µ

16

fp=k esa dkSu&dkSu lh ph”kksa ij iwQy&ifÙk;ksa dk fM”kkbu cuk gqvk gS\

isM+&ikS/ksa osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh ysus osQ fy, cPps vius cM+ ksa ls iwNsa vFkok fdlh fdlku ;kekyh ls irk djsaA isM+&ikS/ksa osQ izfr laosnu'khyrk] muls tqM+s vuqHkoksa dks NksVs&NksVs fdLlslqukdj fodflr djsaA

2020-21

Page 8: ikS/kksa dh ijh 2 - NCERTlc nkSM+ iM+ vkSj tks iÙkss uhps iMs + feys mUgsa mBk yk,As lkspks rks nhnh fdu ikS/ksa ij cSBh gksaxh\ [ksy fiQj 'kq: gqvkA vc ^ikS/ksa dh ijh* us dgk µ

17

i vius ?kj esa ns[kks fdu&fdu ph”kksa ij iwQy&ifÙk;ksa osQ fM”kkbu cus gSa\_________ _________ _________ _________

i rqeus cgqr lkjs isM+&ikS/s ns[ks gSaA muesa ls rqe fdruksa osQ uke tkurs

gks\ muosQ uke fy[kksA_________ _________ _________ _________

_________ _________ _________ _________

i ,sls isM+&ikS/ksa osQ uke fy[kks ftudks rqeus dHkh ugha ns[kk] ysfdu

muosQ uke lqus gSaA_________ _________ _________ _________

_________ _________ _________ _________

i fdlh cq”kqxZ ls irk djksA D;k dksbZ ,sls isM+&ikS/s gSa] tks ml le;

gksrs Fks tc os NksVs Fks] ysfdu vc os fn[kkbZ ugha nsrs\

i D;k dksbZ ,sls isM+&ikS/s gSa] tks igys ugha Fks] ij vc fn[krs gSa\

isM+ ls nksLrh

i ;g fdl ph”k dk isM+ gS\ ;fn ugha tkurs rks cM+ ksa ls iwNksA

i D;k rqe nksLr isM+ dks oqQN [kkl uke nsuk pkgksxs\ D;k j[kksxs mldk uke\

cPpksa dks fdlh ,d isM+ ls fj'rk cukus osQ fy, izsfjr djsa µ mls ikuh nsuk] mldh ns[kHkkydjuk] mldks ckjhdh ls ns[kuk vkfnA blls i;kZoj.k osQ izfr mudk yxko Hkh c<+sxkA

rqEgkjs LowQy ;k ?kj osQ vkl&ikl dksbZ ,d isM+ <w¡<+ks vkSj mlls nksLrh djksA

,d yach nksLrh!

2020-21

Page 9: ikS/kksa dh ijh 2 - NCERTlc nkSM+ iM+ vkSj tks iÙkss uhps iMs + feys mUgsa mBk yk,As lkspks rks nhnh fdu ikS/ksa ij cSBh gksaxh\ [ksy fiQj 'kq: gqvkA vc ^ikS/ksa dh ijh* us dgk µ

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i D;k ;g isM+ iwQy ;k iQy nsrk gS\ crkvks dkSu&ls\

i bl isM+ osQ iÙks oSQls gSa\

i D;k bl isM+ ij i{kh ;k vU; tkuoj jgrs gSa\ dkSu&ls\

vius bl nksLr isM+ osQ ckjs esa vkSj Hkh cgqr&lh ckrsa irk djks vkSj lHkh

dks crkvksA

vius fdlh nksLr] isM+ dk fp=k uhps cukb, rFkk jax Hkfj,A

2020-21